1
|
Chandley P, Ranjan R, Kumar S, Rohatgi S. Host-parasite interactions during Plasmodium infection: Implications for immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1091961. [PMID: 36685595 PMCID: PMC9845897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1091961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a global infectious disease that remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Multiple environmental and host and parasite factors govern the clinical outcomes of malaria. The host immune response against the Plasmodium parasite is heterogenous and stage-specific both in the human host and mosquito vector. The Plasmodium parasite virulence is predominantly associated with its ability to evade the host's immune response. Despite the availability of drug-based therapies, Plasmodium parasites can acquire drug resistance due to high antigenic variations and allelic polymorphisms. The lack of licensed vaccines against Plasmodium infection necessitates the development of effective, safe and successful therapeutics. To design an effective vaccine, it is important to study the immune evasion strategies and stage-specific Plasmodium proteins, which are targets of the host immune response. This review provides an overview of the host immune defense mechanisms and parasite immune evasion strategies during Plasmodium infection. Furthermore, we also summarize and discuss the current progress in various anti-malarial vaccine approaches, along with antibody-based therapy involving monoclonal antibodies, and research advancements in host-directed therapy, which can together open new avenues for developing novel immunotherapies against malaria infection and transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chandley
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Ravikant Ranjan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Soma Rohatgi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India,*Correspondence: Soma Rohatgi,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nateghpour M, Etemadi S, Motevalli Haghi A, Eslami H, Mohebali M, Farivar L. Serological responses to a soluble recombinant circumsporozoite protein-VK210 of Plasmodium vivax (rPvCSP-VK210) among Iranian malaria patients. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:134. [PMID: 34823591 PMCID: PMC8620637 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-021-00607-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) has a central immune domain that includes short regions of repeating amino acid sequences. This immunodynamic region is an epitope of B cells that can elicit an immune response in human and laboratory animals. The aim of the present study was to express the recombinant PvCSP-VK210 antigen and evaluate it for assaying antibodies obtained during human P. vivax infection by Western blotting and indirect ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). METHOD Genomic DNA of P. vivax was isolated from a blood sample of an Iranian person with vivax malaria, and by PCR, the fragment of the PvCSP-VK210 gene was amplified. The gene fragment was cut after gel purification by BamHI and HindIII enzymes and then cloned into pET28a expression vector. Finally, the recombinant pET28a was transformed into the E. coli BL21 (DE3) as the expression host. In order to produce His-tagged protein, the expression host was cultured in LB medium. The protein was purified by Ni-NTA columns and immobilized metal affinity chromatography, and after confirmation by Western blotting technique, was used as the antigen in the indirect ELISA test. RESULTS The recombinant protein was expressed and purified as a 32-kDa protein. The sensitivity and specificity of the indirect ELISA test with the recombinant PvCSP-VK210 antigen were 61.42% and 97.14%, respectively, based on OD = 0.313. Between the results of the microscopic test and the indirect ELISA test with the recombinant PvCSP-VK210 antigen there was a Kappa coefficient of 0.586. The positive and negative predictive value and validity of the ELISA test with the recombinant PvCSP-VK210 antigen were 95.55%, 71.57%, 79.28%, respectively. CONCLUSION The sensitivity of the indirect ELISA method with the recombinant PvCSP-VK210 antigen was 61.42%, which is the first report from Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Nateghpour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Etemadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. .,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Eslami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Farivar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reyes-Sandoval A. Plasmodium vivax pre-erythrocytic vaccines. Parasitol Int 2021; 84:102411. [PMID: 34166786 PMCID: PMC8606753 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 229 million cases of malaria occurred worldwide in 2019. Both, Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax are responsible for most of the malaria disease burden in the world. Despite difficulties in obtaining an accurate number, the global estimates of cases in 2019 are approximately 229 million of which 2.8% are due to P. vivax, and the total number of malaria deaths are approximately 409 million. Regional elimination or global eradication of malaria will be a difficult task, particularly for P. vivax due to the particular biological features related to the hypnozoite, leading to relapse. Countries that have shown successful episodes of a decrease in P. falciparum malaria, are left with remaining P. vivax malaria cases. This is caused by the mechanism that the parasite has evolved to remain dormant in the liver forming hypnozoites. Furthermore, while clinical trials of vaccines against P. falciparum are making fast progress, a very different picture is seen with P. vivax, where only few candidates are currently active in clinical trials. We discuss the challenge that represent the hypnozoite for P. vivax vaccine development, the potential of Controlled Human Malaria Challenges (CHMI) and the leading vaccine candidates assessed in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Reyes-Sandoval
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Instituto Politécnico Nacional, IPN, Av. Luis Enrique Erro s/n, Unidad Adolfo López Mateos, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Imai T, Suzue K, Ngo-Thanh H, Shimokawa C, Hisaeda H. Potential and Limitations of Cross-Protective Vaccine against Malaria by Blood-Stage Naturally Attenuated Parasite. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030375. [PMID: 32664476 PMCID: PMC7564742 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human malaria vaccine trials have revealed vaccine efficacy but improvement is still needed. In this study, we aimed to re-evaluate vaccination with blood-stage naturally attenuated parasites, as a whole-organism vaccine model against cross-strain and cross-species malaria, to establish a better vaccination strategy. C57BL/6 mice controlled blood-stage Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL (PyNL) within 1 month of infection, while mice with a variety of immunodeficiencies demonstrated different susceptibilities to PyNL, including succumbing to hyperparasitemia. However, after recovery, survivors had complete protection against a challenge with the lethal strain PyL. Unlike cross-strain protection, PyNL-recovered mice failed to induce sterile immunity against Plasmodium berghei ANKA, although prolonged survival was observed in some vaccinated mice. Splenomegaly is a typical characteristic of malaria; the splenic structure became reorganized to prioritize extra-medullary hematopoiesis and to eliminate parasites. We also found that the peritoneal lymph node was enlarged, containing activated/memory phenotype cells that did not confer protection against PyL challenge. Hemozoins remained in the spleen several months after PyNL infection. Generation of an attenuated human blood-stage parasite expressing proteins from multiple species of malaria would greatly improve anti-malaria vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Imai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan; (K.S.); (H.N.-T.)
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-27-220-8023
| | - Kazutomo Suzue
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan; (K.S.); (H.N.-T.)
| | - Ha Ngo-Thanh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan; (K.S.); (H.N.-T.)
| | - Chikako Shimokawa
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-0052, Japan; (C.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Hajime Hisaeda
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-0052, Japan; (C.S.); (H.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Marin-Mogollon C, van Pul FJA, Miyazaki S, Imai T, Ramesar J, Salman AM, Winkel BMF, Othman AS, Kroeze H, Chevalley-Maurel S, Reyes-Sandoval A, Roestenberg M, Franke-Fayard B, Janse CJ, Khan SM. Chimeric Plasmodium falciparum parasites expressing Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein fail to produce salivary gland sporozoites. Malar J 2018; 17:288. [PMID: 30092798 PMCID: PMC6085629 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodent malaria parasites where the gene encoding circumsporozoite protein (CSP) has been replaced with csp genes from the human malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax, are used as pre-clinical tools to evaluate CSP vaccines in vivo. These chimeric rodent parasites produce sporozoites in Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes that are capable of infecting rodent and human hepatocytes. The availability of chimeric P. falciparum parasites where the pfcsp gene has been replaced by the pvcsp would open up possibilities to test P. vivax CSP vaccines in small scale clinical trials using controlled human malaria infection studies. METHODS Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing two chimeric P. falciparum parasites, were generated, where the pfcsp gene has been replaced by either one of the two major pvcsp alleles, VK210 or VK247. In addition, a P. falciparum parasite line that lacks CSP expression was also generated. These parasite lines have been analysed for sporozoite production in An. stephensi mosquitoes. RESULTS The two chimeric Pf-PvCSP lines exhibit normal asexual and sexual blood stage development in vitro and produce sporozoite-containing oocysts in An. stephensi mosquitoes. Expression of the corresponding PvCSP was confirmed in oocyst-derived Pf-PvCSP sporozoites. However, most oocysts degenerate before sporozoite formation and sporozoites were not found in either the mosquito haemocoel or salivary glands. Unlike the chimeric Pf-PvCSP parasites, oocysts of P. falciparum parasites lacking CSP expression do not produce sporozoites. CONCLUSIONS Chimeric P. falciparum parasites expressing P. vivax circumsporozoite protein fail to produce salivary gland sporozoites. Combined, these studies show that while PvCSP can partially complement the function of PfCSP, species-specific features of CSP govern full sporozoite maturation and development in the two human malaria parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherin Marin-Mogollon
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona J A van Pul
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shinya Miyazaki
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Takashi Imai
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8510, Japan
| | - Jai Ramesar
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmed M Salman
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Henry Welcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Beatrice M F Winkel
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmad Syibli Othman
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Hans Kroeze
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Severine Chevalley-Maurel
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arturo Reyes-Sandoval
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Henry Welcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Meta Roestenberg
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Blandine Franke-Fayard
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J Janse
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shahid M Khan
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ferguson DJP, Balaban AE, Patzewitz EM, Wall RJ, Hopp CS, Poulin B, Mohmmed A, Malhotra P, Coppi A, Sinnis P, Tewari R. The repeat region of the circumsporozoite protein is critical for sporozoite formation and maturation in Plasmodium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113923. [PMID: 25438048 PMCID: PMC4250072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is the major surface protein of the sporozoite stage of malaria parasites and has multiple functions as the parasite develops and then migrates from the mosquito midgut to the mammalian liver. The overall structure of CSP is conserved among Plasmodium species, consisting of a species-specific central tandem repeat region flanked by two conserved domains: the NH2-terminus and the thrombospondin repeat (TSR) at the COOH-terminus. Although the central repeat region is an immunodominant B-cell epitope and the basis of the only candidate malaria vaccine in Phase III clinical trials, little is known about its functional role(s). We used the rodent malaria model Plasmodium berghei to investigate the role of the CSP tandem repeat region during sporozoite development. Here we describe two mutant parasite lines, one lacking the tandem repeat region (ΔRep) and the other lacking the NH2-terminus as well as the repeat region (ΔNΔRep). We show that in both mutant lines oocyst formation is unaffected but sporozoite development is defective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. P. Ferguson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda E. Balaban
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eva-Maria Patzewitz
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG2 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Wall
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG2 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Christine S. Hopp
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benoit Poulin
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG2 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Asif Mohmmed
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Pawan Malhotra
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Alida Coppi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Photini Sinnis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RT); (PS)
| | - Rita Tewari
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG2 7UH, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RT); (PS)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cheng Y, Ito D, Sattabongkot J, Lim CS, Kong DH, Ha KS, Wang B, Tsuboi T, Han ET. Serological responses to a soluble recombinant chimeric Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein in VK210 and VK247 population. Malar J 2013; 12:323. [PMID: 24034268 PMCID: PMC3847697 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is essential for sporozoite formation and sporozoite invasion into human hepatocyte. Previously, a recombinant P. vivax CSP based on chimeric repeats (rPvCSP-c) representing two major alleles VK210 and VK247 within central region has been designed. Naturally acquired humoral immune responses study show that antigenicity of rPvCSP-c was much higher than that of native strain. However, the serologic reactivity of rPvCSP-c was still unclear in detail. Methods In present study, recognition of rPvCSP-c in vivax malaria typed VK210 and VK247 alleles was assessed. VK210 typed and VK247 typed sera from adult residents reacted specifically with rPvCSP-c using protein array and immunoblot assay. Additionally, anti-rPvCSP-c serum recognized the fixed VK210 and VK247 sporozoites by immunofluorescence assay. Furthermore, statistic analysis was performed for correlational detection. Results The rPvCSP-c reacted with both VK210 typed and VK247 typed P. vivax infected patient sera and anti-rPvCSP-c immune serum also reacted with VK210 and VK247 sporozoite parasites of P. vivax specifically. There was a positive correlation between increased antibody level, age of patients and also associated with pvcsp repeat number, although the level of responses did vary considerably in their reactivity to the rPvCSP-c from negative to very high level within each age group. Conclusions These data confirmed the serologic reactivity of the novel rPvCSP-c in exposed both VK210 and VK247 populations. These results strongly suggested that this recombinant CSP was biologically active and potently immunogenic across major strains and raised the prospect that this protein could be used as serologic marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cheng
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aldrich C, Magini A, Emiliani C, Dottorini T, Bistoni F, Crisanti A, Spaccapelo R. Roles of the amino terminal region and repeat region of the Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein in parasite infectivity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32524. [PMID: 22393411 PMCID: PMC3290588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) plays a key role in malaria sporozoite infection of both mosquito salivary glands and the vertebrate host. The conserved Regions I and II have been well studied but little is known about the immunogenic central repeat region and the N-terminal region of the protein. Rodent malaria Plasmodium berghei parasites, in which the endogenous CS gene has been replaced with the avian Plasmodium gallinaceum CS (PgCS) sequence, develop normally in the A. stephensi mosquito midgut but the sporozoites are not infectious. We therefore generated P. berghei transgenic parasites carrying the PgCS gene, in which the repeat region was replaced with the homologous region of P. berghei CS (PbCS). A further line, in which both the N-terminal region and repeat region were replaced with the homologous regions of PbCS, was also generated. Introduction of the PbCS repeat region alone, into the PgCS gene, did not rescue sporozoite species-specific infectivity. However, the introduction of both the PbCS repeat region and the N-terminal region into the PgCS gene completely rescued infectivity, in both the mosquito vector and the mammalian host. Immunofluorescence experiments and western blot analysis revealed correct localization and proteolytic processing of CSP in the chimeric parasites. The results demonstrate, in vivo, that the repeat region of P. berghei CSP, alone, is unable to mediate sporozoite infectivity in either the mosquito or the mammalian host, but suggest an important role for the N-terminal region in sporozoite host cell invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Aldrich
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Keble College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Magini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia Italy
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia Italy
| | - Tania Dottorini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia Italy
| | - Francesco Bistoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia Italy
| | - Andrea Crisanti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberta Spaccapelo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Coppi A, Natarajan R, Pradel G, Bennett BL, James ER, Roggero MA, Corradin G, Persson C, Tewari R, Sinnis P. The malaria circumsporozoite protein has two functional domains, each with distinct roles as sporozoites journey from mosquito to mammalian host. J Exp Med 2011; 208:341-56. [PMID: 21262960 PMCID: PMC3039851 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoites make a remarkable journey from the mosquito midgut to the mammalian liver. The sporozoite's major surface protein, circumsporozoite protein (CSP), is a multifunctional protein required for sporozoite development and likely mediates several steps of this journey. In this study, we show that CSP has two conformational states, an adhesive conformation in which the C-terminal cell-adhesive domain is exposed and a nonadhesive conformation in which the N terminus masks this domain. We demonstrate that the cell-adhesive domain functions in sporozoite development and hepatocyte invasion. Between these two events, the sporozoite must travel from the mosquito midgut to the mammalian liver, and N-terminal masking of the cell-adhesive domain maintains the sporozoite in a migratory state. In the mammalian host, proteolytic cleavage of CSP regulates the switch to an adhesive conformation, and the highly conserved region I plays a critical role in this process. If the CSP domain architecture is altered such that the cell-adhesive domain is constitutively exposed, the majority of sporozoites do not reach their target organs, and in the mammalian host, they initiate a blood stage infection directly from the inoculation site. These data provide structure-function information relevant to malaria vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alida Coppi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010
| | - Ramya Natarajan
- Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010
| | - Gabriele Pradel
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Brandy L. Bennett
- Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010
| | | | - Mario A. Roggero
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Giampietro Corradin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Cathrine Persson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden
| | - Rita Tewari
- Center for Genetics and Genomics, School of Biology, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England, UK
| | - Photini Sinnis
- Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Minimal role for the circumsporozoite protein in the induction of sterile immunity by vaccination with live rodent malaria sporozoites. Infect Immun 2010; 78:2182-8. [PMID: 20194600 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01415-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization with live Plasmodium sporozoites under chloroquine prophylaxis (Spz plus CQ) induces sterile immunity against sporozoite challenge in rodents and, more importantly, in humans. Full protection is obtained with substantially fewer parasites than with the classic immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites. The sterile protection observed comprised a massive reduction in the hepatic parasite load and an additional effect at the blood stage level. Differences in the immune responses induced by the two protocols occur but are as yet little characterized. We have previously demonstrated that in mice immunized with irradiated sporozoites, immune responses against the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), the major component of the sporozoite's surface and the leading malaria vaccine candidate, were not essential for sterile protection. Here, we have employed transgenic Plasmodium berghei parasites in which the endogenous CSP was replaced by that of Plasmodium yoelii, another rodent malaria species, to assess the role of CSP in the sterile protection induced by the Spz-plus-CQ protocol. The data demonstrated that this role was minor because sterile immunity was obtained irrespective of the origin of CSP expressed by the parasites in this model of protection. The immunity was obtained through a single transient exposure of the host to the immunizing parasites (preerythrocytic and erythrocytic), a dose much smaller than that required for immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites.
Collapse
|
11
|
Smith RC, Jacobs-Lorena M. Plasmodium-Mosquito Interactions: A Tale of Roadblocks and Detours. ADVANCES IN INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 39:119-149. [PMID: 23729903 PMCID: PMC3666160 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381387-9.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Smith
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mauduit M, Grüner AC, Tewari R, Depinay N, Kayibanda M, Chavatte JM, Franetich JF, Crisanti A, Mazier D, Snounou G, Rénia L. A role for immune responses against non-CS components in the cross-species protection induced by immunization with irradiated malaria sporozoites. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7717. [PMID: 19890387 PMCID: PMC2766644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with irradiated Plasmodium sporozoites induces sterile immunity in rodents, monkeys and humans. The major surface component of the sporozoite the circumsporozoite protein (CS) long considered as the antigen predominantly responsible for this immunity, thus remains the leading candidate antigen for vaccines targeting the parasite's pre-erythrocytic (PE) stages. However, this role for CS was questioned when we recently showed that immunization with irradiated sporozoites (IrrSpz) of a P. berghei line whose endogenous CS was replaced by that of P. falciparum still conferred sterile protection against challenge with wild type P. berghei sporozoites. In order to investigate the involvement of CS in the cross-species protection recently observed between the two rodent parasites P. berghei and P. yoelii, we adopted our gene replacement approach for the P. yoelii CS and exploited the ability to conduct reciprocal challenges. Overall, we found that immunization led to sterile immunity irrespective of the origin of the CS in the immunizing or challenge sporozoites. However, for some combinations, immune responses to CS contributed to the acquisition of protective immunity and were dependent on the immunizing IrrSpz dose. Nonetheless, when data from all the cross-species immunization/challenges were considered, the immune responses directed against non-CS parasite antigens shared by the two parasite species played a major role in the sterile protection induced by immunization with IrrSpz. This opens the perspective to develop a single vaccine formulation that could protect against multiple parasite species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Mauduit
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Immunology, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- INSERM, U567, Paris, France
| | - Anne Charlotte Grüner
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Immunology, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- INSERM, U567, Paris, France
| | - Rita Tewari
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Genetics, School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nadya Depinay
- Department of Immunology, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- INSERM, U567, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Kayibanda
- Department of Immunology, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- INSERM, U567, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Chavatte
- Parasitologie Comparée et Modèles Expérimentaux USM0307, CNRS IFR101, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | | | - Andrea Crisanti
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Mazier
- INSERM U945, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMR S945, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris (AP HP), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service parasito-Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Georges Snounou
- Parasitologie Comparée et Modèles Expérimentaux USM0307, CNRS IFR101, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- INSERM U945, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMR S945, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Immunology, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- INSERM, U567, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tufet-Bayona M, Janse CJ, Khan SM, Waters AP, Sinden RE, Franke-Fayard B. Localisation and timing of expression of putative Plasmodium berghei rhoptry proteins in merozoites and sporozoites. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2009; 166:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
14
|
Disruption of Plasmodium sporozoite transmission by depletion of sporozoite invasion-associated protein 1. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2009; 8:640-8. [PMID: 19181869 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00347-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of infectious Plasmodium sporozoites in Anopheles spp. salivary glands marks the final step of the complex development of the malaria parasite in the insect vector. Sporozoites are formed inside midgut-associated oocysts and actively egress into the mosquito hemocoel. Traversal of the salivary gland acinar cells correlates with the sporozoite's capacity to perform continuous gliding motility. Here, we characterized the cellular role of the Plasmodium berghei sporozoite invasion-associated protein 1 (SIAP-1). Intriguingly, SIAP-1 orthologs are found exclusively in apicomplexan hemoprotozoa, parasites that are transmitted by arthropod vectors, e.g., Plasmodium, Babesia, and Theileria species. By fluorescent tagging with mCherry, we show that SIAP-1 is expressed in oocyst-derived and salivary gland-associated sporozoites, where it accumulates at the apical tip. Targeted disruption of SIAP-1 does not affect sporozoite formation but causes a partial defect in sporozoite egress from oocysts and abolishes sporozoite colonization of mosquito salivary glands. Parasites with the siap-1(-) mutation are blocked in their capacity to perform continuous gliding motility. We propose that arthropod-transmitted apicomplexan parasites specifically express secretory factors, such as SIAP-1, that mediate efficient oocyst exit and migration to the salivary glands.
Collapse
|
15
|
Frevert U, Usynin I, Baer K, Klotz C. Plasmodium sporozoite passage across the sinusoidal cell layer. Subcell Biochem 2008; 47:182-97. [PMID: 18512352 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78267-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malaria sporozoites must cross at least two cell barriers to reach their initial site of replication in the mammalian host. After transmission into the skin by an infected mosquito, they migrate towards small dermal capillaries, traverse the vascular endothelial layer, and rapidly home to the liver. To infect hepatocytes, the parasites must cross the sinusoidal cell layer, composed of specialized highly fenestrated sinusoidal endothelia and Kupffer cells, the resident macrophages of the liver (Fig. 1). The exact route Plasmodium sporozoites take to hepatocytes has been subject of controversial discussions for many years. Recent cell biological, microscopic, and genetic approaches have considerably enhanced our understanding of the initial events leading to the establishment of a malaria infection in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Frevert
- NYU School of Medicine, Department of Medical Parasitology, 341 E. 25 Street, New York, New York 10010, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
In this chapter, we outline the tools and techniques available to study the process of host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites and we provide specific examples of how these methods have been used to further our understanding of apicomplexan invasive mechanisms. Throughout the chapter we focus our discussion on Toxoplasmagondii, because T. gondii is the most experimentally accessible model organism for studying apicomplexan invasion (discussed further in the section, "Toxoplasma as a Model Apicomplexan") and more is known about invasion in T. gondii than in any other apicomplexan.
Collapse
|
17
|
Frevert U, Späth GF, Yee H. Exoerythrocytic development of Plasmodium gallinaceum in the White Leghorn chicken. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:655-72. [PMID: 18005972 PMCID: PMC2430052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 09/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium gallinaceum typically causes sub-clinical disease with low mortality in its primary host, the Indian jungle fowl Gallus sonnerati. Domestic chickens of European origin, however, are highly susceptible to this avian malaria parasite. Here we describe the development of P. gallinaceum in young White Leghorn chicks with emphasis on the primary exoerythrocytic phase of the infection. Using various regimens for infection, we found that P. gallinaceum induced a transient primary exoerythrocytic infection followed by a fulminant lethal erythrocytic phase. Prerequisite for the appearance of secondary exoerythrocytic stages was the development of a certain level of parasitaemia. Once established, secondary exoerythrocytic stages could be propagated from bird to bird for several generations without causing fatalities. Infected brains contained large secondary exoerythrocytic stages in capillary endothelia, while in the liver primary and secondary erythrocytic stages developed primarily in Kupffer cells and remained smaller. At later stages, livers exhibited focal hepatocyte necrosis, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, stellate cell proliferation, inflammatory cell infiltration and granuloma formation. Because P. gallinaceum selectively infected Kupffer cells in the liver and caused a histopathology strikingly similar to mammalian species, this avian Plasmodium species represents an evolutionarily closely related model for studies on the hepatic phase of mammalian malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Frevert
- Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Matuschewski K. Getting infectious: formation and maturation of Plasmodium sporozoites in the Anopheles vector. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8:1547-56. [PMID: 16984410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Research on Plasmodium sporozoite biology aims at understanding the developmental program steering the formation of mature infectious sporozoites - the transmission stage of the malaria parasite. The recent identification of genes that are vital for sporozoite egress from oocysts and subsequent targeting and transmigration of the mosquito salivary glands allows the identification of mosquito factors required for life cycle completion. Mature sporozoites appear to be equipped with the entire molecular repertoire for successful transmission and subsequent initiation of liver stage development. Innovative malaria intervention strategies that target the early, non-pathogenic phases of the life cycle will crucially depend on our insights into sporozoite biology and the underlying molecular mechanisms that lead the parasite from the mosquito midgut to the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Matuschewski
- Department of Parasitology, Heidelberg University School of Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Siden-Kiamos I, Ecker A, Nybäck S, Louis C, Sinden RE, Billker O. Plasmodium berghei calcium-dependent protein kinase 3 is required for ookinete gliding motility and mosquito midgut invasion. Mol Microbiol 2006; 60:1355-63. [PMID: 16796674 PMCID: PMC1513514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites critically depend on a unique form of gliding motility to colonize their hosts and to invade cells. Gliding requires different stage and species-specific transmembrane adhesins, which interact with an intracellular motor complex shared across parasite stages and species. How gliding is regulated by extracellular factors and intracellular signalling mechanisms is largely unknown, but current evidence suggests an important role for cytosolic calcium as a second messenger. Studying a Plasmodium berghei gene deletion mutant, we here provide evidence that a calcium-dependent protein kinase, CDPK3, has an important function in regulating motility of the ookinete in the mosquito midgut. We show that a cdpk3– parasite clone produces morphologically normal ookinetes, which fail to engage the midgut epithelium, due to a marked reduction in their ability to glide productively, resulting in marked reduction in malaria transmission to the mosquito. The mutant was successfully complemented with an episomally maintained cdpk3 gene, restoring mosquito transmission to wild-type level. cdpk3– ookinetes maintain their full genetic differentiation potential when microinjected into the mosquito haemocoel and cdpk3– sporozoites produced in this way are motile and infectious, suggesting an ookinete-limited essential function for CDPK3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Siden-Kiamos
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College LondonLondon SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology – HellasVassilika Vouton, PO Box 1527, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Andrea Ecker
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College LondonLondon SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Saga Nybäck
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College LondonLondon SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Christos Louis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology – HellasVassilika Vouton, PO Box 1527, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Robert E Sinden
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College LondonLondon SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Oliver Billker
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College LondonLondon SW7 2AZ, UK
- For correspondence. E-mail ; Tel. (+44) 207 594 5461; Fax (+44) 207 594 5424
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Baton LA, Ranford-Cartwright LC. Spreading the seeds of million-murdering death**This title and some subheadings are taken from lines in Ronald Ross' poem In Exile, Reply – What Ails the Solitude, written on 21 August 1897, the day after he made his Nobel-Prize-winning discovery of parasite stages in the mosquito. ‘This day relenting God hath placed within my hand a wondrous thing; and God be praised. At His command, seeking His secret deeds with tears and toiling breath I find thy cunning seeds, O million-murdering Death. I know this little thing a myriad men will save. O Death, where is thy sting, thy victory, O Grave!’: metamorphoses of malaria in the mosquito. Trends Parasitol 2005; 21:573-80. [PMID: 16236552 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium spp. undergo a complex obligate developmental cycle within their invertebrate vectors that enables transmission between vertebrate hosts. This developmental cycle involves sexual reproduction and then asexual multiplication, separated by phases of invasion and colonization of distinct vector tissues. As with other stages in the Plasmodium life cycle, there is exquisite adaptation of the malaria parasite to its changing environment as it transforms within the blood of its vertebrate host, through the different tissues of its mosquito vector and onwards to infect a new vertebrate host. Despite the intricacies inherent in these successive transformations, malaria parasites remain staggeringly successful at disseminating through their vertebrate host populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Baton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
To complete their life cycle, Plasmodium parasites must survive the environment in the insect host, cross multiple barriers including epithelial layers, and avoid destruction by the mosquito immune system. Completion of the Anopheles gambiae and Plasmodium falciparum genomes has opened the opportunity to apply high throughput methods to the analysis of gene function. The burst of information generated by these approaches and the use of molecular markers to investigate the cell biology of these interactions is broadening our understanding of this complex system. This review discusses our current understanding of the critical interactions that take place during the journey of Plasmodium through the mosquito host, with special emphasis on the responses of midgut epithelial cells to parasite invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Barillas-Mury
- Mosquito Immunity & Vector Competence Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|