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Lutala P, Nyasulu P, Muula AS. Perceived readiness for diabetes and cardiovascular care delivery in Mangochi, Malawi: multicentre study from healthcare providers' perspectives. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2023; 24:85. [PMID: 36973655 PMCID: PMC10042413 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-023-02033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the expected prevalence rise of 98.1% for diabetes between 2010 and 2030 in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and the anticipated rise of both diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Malawi from their current figures ( 5.6 and 8.9%; respectively), data on the readiness of health facilities to provide diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in Mangochi district is not available. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the readiness of health facilities to provide services for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. METHODS An exploratory study was conducted from July to early September 2021 in 34 health facilities in Mangochi, Malawi. Forty-two participants were purposefully selected. They included medical officers, clinical officers, medical assistants, and registered nurses. The study used semi-structured interviews (for qualitative data) with a checklist (for quantitative data) to provide information about the readiness of services (such as guidelines and trained staff, drugs, diagnosis capacity and equipment, essential medicines, community services, and education/counseling).The thematic content analysis and basic descriptive statistics were carried out. RESULTS The following main theme emerged from the qualitative part: low use of diabetes-cardiovascular disease (CVD) services. This was due to: health facility factors (shortage of drugs and supplies, poor knowledge, few numbers and lack of training of providers, and absent copies of guidelines), patients factors (poor health-seeking behaviour, lack of education and counseling for many), and community factors (very limited community services for diabetes and CVDs, lack of transport policy and high transportation costs). Data from the checklists revealed low readiness scores across domains (below the 75% target) in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: trained staff and guidelines (26.5% vs. 32.4%); diagnosis capacity and equipment (63.7% vs. 66.2%); essential medicines (33.5% vs. 41.9%), and community services, and education and counseling (37.5% vs. 42.5%). CONCLUSION There were several noticeable shortfalls identified in the readiness of health facilities to provide diabetes and cardiovascular disease services in Mangochi health facilities. Any future intervention in diabetes-cardiovascular disease care in these areas must include these elements in its basic package.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosper Lutala
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine and Oral Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS), Private Bag 360 Blantyre, Blantyre, Malawi.
- Department of Community & Environmental Health, School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS), Blantyre, Malawi.
| | - Peter Nyasulu
- Department of Global Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adamson S Muula
- Department of Community & Environmental Health, School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS), Blantyre, Malawi
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Abey S, Anil K, Hendy P, Demain S. The application, character, and effectiveness of person-centred care with service-users, and the community within the discipline of podiatry: a scoping review. J Foot Ankle Res 2022; 15:63. [PMID: 35986405 PMCID: PMC9389826 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-022-00566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The concept of person-centred care is embedded within healthcare policy, focusing on long-term conditions and multimorbidity. The evidence that person-centred care is being operationalised effectively across all areas of healthcare is limited. The aim of this scoping review was to explore the application, features, and effectiveness of person-centred care with service-users, carers, and the community within podiatry. Methods The scoping review was based upon Arksey and Malley’s five stage framework. The following databases were searched between January 2010 and March 2021: AMED, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane library, SocINDEX, British Education Index, Business Source Complete, MEDLINE (EBSCO), and the EThOS 'Global electronic thesis and dissertation' repository, Prospero, and reference lists of included papers. Primary research articles were included if they reported on a person-centred care focused intervention with podiatry. Research terms were developed, appropriate databases identified, and an initial search resulted in 622 papers which, following removal of duplicates and critical appraisal, resulted in 18 eligible papers. Data extracted involved the types of person-centred care utilised, intervention details, motivations for engaging in person-centred care interventions, and intervention barriers and challenges. Results Eighteen articles were included in the review. The main type of person-centred care utilised was patient/carer activities around self-management. None of the studies considered the role of the podiatrist as a person-centred care agent. The data on interventions generated the following themes ‘service facilitated person-centred care’ where a change has been made to service delivery, ‘direct clinician delivery’ where the intervention is delivered by the clinician with the patient present and ‘patient instigated participation’ where patient motivation is required to engage with an activity beyond the consultation. Outcome measures associated with quality of care and effectiveness were absent. Conclusion There is a lack of congruency between the concept of person-centred care and how it is operationalised. A whole system approach that considers commissioning, organisational leadership, the role of the practitioners and patients has not been considered. There is immense scope for the podiatrist to play an important part in the personalised-care agenda, but currently research that can evidence the effectiveness of person-centred care in podiatry is absent. Review registration Open Science Framework (osf.io/egjsd).
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Effectiveness of Integrated Diabetes Care Interventions Involving Diabetes Specialists Working in Primary and Community Care Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Integr Care 2022; 22:11. [PMID: 35634254 PMCID: PMC9104489 DOI: 10.5334/ijic.6025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Evidence that integrated diabetes care interventions can substantially improve clinical outcomes is mixed. However, previous systematic reviews have not focussed on clinical effectiveness where the endocrinologist was actively involved in guiding diabetes management. Methods: We searched EMBASE, COCHRANE, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, CINAHL, Google Scholar databases and grey literature published in English language up to 25 January 2021. Reviewed articles included Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) and pre-post studies testing the effectiveness on clinical outcomes after ≥6 months intervention in non-pregnant adults (age ≥ 18 years) with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Two reviewers independently extracted data and completed a risk of bias assessment. Appropriate meta-analyses for each outcome from RCTs and pre-post studies were performed. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic and Cochran’s Q and publication bias assessed using Doi plots. Studies were not pooled to estimate the cost-effectiveness as the cost outcomes were not comparable across trials/studies. Results: We reviewed 4 RCTs and 12 pre-post studies. The integrated care model of diabetes specialists working with primary care health professionals had a positive impact on HbA1c in both RCTs and pre-post studies and on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and weight in pre-post studies. In the RCTs, interventions reduced HbA1c (–0.10% [–0.15 to –0.05]) (–1.1 mmol/mol [–1.6 to –0.5]), versus control. Pre-post studies demonstrated improvements in HbA1c (–0.77% [–1.12 to –0.42]) (–8.4 mmol/mol [–12.2 to –4.6]), systolic blood pressure (–3.30 mmHg [–5.16 to –1.44]), diastolic blood pressure (–3.61 mmHg [–4.82 to –2.39]), total cholesterol (–0.33 mmol/L [–0.52 to –0.14]) and weight (–2.53 kg [–3.86 to –1.19]). In a pre-post study with no control group only 4% patients experienced hypoglycaemia after one year of intervention compared to baseline. Conclusions: Integrated interventions with an active endocrinologist involvement can result in modest improvements in HbA1c, blood pressure and weight management. Although the improvements per clinical outcome are modest, there is possible net improvements at a holistic level.
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Is the Risk Really Shared? A Retrospective Analysis of Healthcare Costs of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on a Capitation Model. Value Health Reg Issues 2021; 28:29-37. [PMID: 34800829 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Private managed healthcare organizations in South Africa (SA) use a capitation model of care for patients within their healthcare delivery systems for the optimal management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to reduce healthcare costs. Few studies have categorized healthcare costs at a patient level to determine the actual healthcare costs incurred by private insurers for T2DM in SA. This study estimated the direct medical costs of patients with T2DM registered with a private health insurer over a 5-year period between 2 funding models: a capitated risk-sharing model (CM) versus a traditional fee-for-service (FFS) model. METHODS This population-based cohort study used retrospective claims data of patients with T2DM from 2012 to 2016 of a private medical scheme in SA. Annual healthcare costs of T2DM were assessed. RESULTS During the 5-year period, most of the identified patients with T2DM were enrolled in CM-534 (64%) of 828 in 2012, which rose to 789 (81%) of 971 in 2016. The median annual healthcare costs of the treatment and management of the patients with T2DM was significantly higher in CM ($2002 [interquartile range (IQR) 2106] in 2012 to $1095 [IQR 1042] in 2016) than FFS ($582 [IQR 772] to $296 [IQR 507]) (P<.0001). A total of 46 patients with T2DM incurred hospitalization costs of ≥$24 243 for a T2DM or other event; 33 were enrolled on CM. CONCLUSIONS The patients with T2DM on CM accrue significantly higher annual healthcare costs than patients on FFS. The greatest portion of the overall T2DM healthcare costs was associated with high-cost hospitalization of T2DM complications.
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Bunn C, Harwood E, Akhter K, Simmons D. Integrating care: the work of diabetes care technicians in an integrated care initiative. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:235. [PMID: 32192474 PMCID: PMC7082957 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As diabetes prevalence rises world-wide, the arrangement of clinics and care packages is increasingly debated by health care professionals (HCPs), health service researchers, patient groups and policy makers. ‘Integrated care’, while representing a range of approaches, has been positioned as a promising solution with potential to benefit patients and health systems. This is particularly the case in rural populations which are often removed from centres of specialist care. The social arrangements within diabetes integrated care initiatives are understudied but are of particular importance to those implementing such initiatives. In this paper we explore the ‘work’ of integration through an analysis of the role played by Health Care Assistants (HCAs) who were specially trained in aspects of diabetes care and given the title ‘Diabetes Care Technician’ (DCT). Methods Using thematic analysis of interview (n = 55) and observation data (n = 40), we look at: how the role of DCTs was understood by patients and other HCPs, as well as the DCTs; and explore what DCTs did within the integrated care initiative. Results Our findings suggested that the DCTs saw their role as part of a hierarchy, providing links between members of the integrated team, and explaining and validating clinical decisions. Patients characterised DCTs as friends and advisors who provided continuity. Other HCPs perceived the DCTs as supportive, providing long-term monitoring and doing a different job to conventional HCAs. We found that DCTs had to navigate local terrain (social, ethical and physical), engage in significant conversation and negotiate treatment plans created through integrated care. The analysis suggests that relationships between patients and the DCTs were strong, had the quality of friendship and mitigated loneliness. Conclusions DCTs played multidimensional roles in the integrated care initiative that required great social and emotional skill. Building friendships with patients was central to their work, which mitigated loneliness and facilitated the care they provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bunn
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RS, UK
| | - Elissa Harwood
- Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine & Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Kalsoom Akhter
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
| | - David Simmons
- Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrinology Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK. .,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia.
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Mollentze WF, Joubert G, Prins A, van der Linde S, Marx GM, Tsie KG. The safety and efficacy of a low-energy diet to induce weight loss, improve metabolic health, and induce diabetes remission in insulin-treated obese men with type 2 diabetes: a pilot RCT. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-019-00734-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Pinchevsky Y, Raal F, Butkow N, Chirwa T, Distiller L, Rothberg A. Quality of care delivered to type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in public and private sector facilities in Johannesburg, South Africa. Int J Gen Med 2018; 11:383-390. [PMID: 30323645 PMCID: PMC6173174 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s165545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose With the realities of resource constraints existing in South Africa's public sector and the evidence of disparities in health care between populations, the study sought to compare the quality of diabetes care and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) receiving care within two specialized settings: one in the public and the other in the private sector. Particular emphasis was placed on complication rates at the two sites. Patients and methods Quantitative and qualitative data were collected between June and October 2016 from existing patients' records at each setting. Data included patient demographics, potential barriers to accessing care, medical history, laboratory results, pharmacological treatment and diabetes-related clinical, biochemical and HRQoL outcomes. With outcome measurements being the priority, methodology incorporated the Donabedian model in which "structure" of health care systems, access to care and processes of care are key to determine outcomes. Results A total of 290 T2DM patients were enrolled. Analysis revealed that private patients were predominantly Caucasian with higher socioeconomic indicators (p<0.01) and education levels (p<0.0001) and experienced fewer access barriers to clinical services/care (p<0.00001). Private patients also had more frequent consultations with dietitians (p<0.0001), podiatrists (p<0.0001) and biokineticists (p<0.0001). In the important area of complications, which ultimately determine the course of T2DM, rates of micro- and macrovascular disease as well as HRQoL scores and sub-scores were similar between the sites, which were measured by the EuroQoL-5 dimension (EQ-5D) assessment tool. While results indicated that public sector care may be equivalent in terms of the latter outcomes, a smaller number of patients are treated in the clinic than would be ideal in terms of the public sector burden of T2DM. Conclusion Contrary to expectation, despite differences in patient demographics and resources, the HRQoL and quality of care, particularly in terms of T2DM-related complications, were found to be similar across the two settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacob Pinchevsky
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,
| | - Frederick Raal
- Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Neil Butkow
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,
| | - Tobias Chirwa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Larry Distiller
- Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alan Rothberg
- School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Nuche-Berenguer B, Kupfer LE. Readiness of Sub-Saharan Africa Healthcare Systems for the New Pandemic, Diabetes: A Systematic Review. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:9262395. [PMID: 29670916 PMCID: PMC5835275 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9262395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Effective health systems are needed to care for the coming surge of diabetics in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Objective We conducted a systematic review of literature to determine the capacity of SSA health systems to manage diabetes. Methodology We used three different databases (Embase, Scopus, and PubMed) to search for studies, published from 2004 to 2017, on diabetes care in SSA. Results Fifty-five articles met the inclusion criteria, covering the different aspects related to diabetes care such as availability of drugs and diagnostic tools, the capacity of healthcare workers, and the integration of diabetes care into HIV and TB platforms. Conclusion Although chronic care health systems in SSA have developed significantly in the last decade, the capacity for managing diabetes remains in its infancy. We identified pilot projects to enhance these capacities. The scale-up of these pilot interventions and the integration of diabetes care into existing robust chronic disease platforms may be a feasible approach to begin to tackle the upcoming pandemic in diabetes. Nonetheless, much more work needs to be done to address the health system-wide deficiencies in diabetes care. More research is also needed to determine how to integrate diabetes care into the healthcare system in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Nuche-Berenguer
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | - Linda E. Kupfer
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Masupe TK, Ndayi K, Tsolekile L, Delobelle P, Puoane T. Redefining diabetes and the concept of self-management from a patient's perspective: implications for disease risk factor management. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2018; 33:40-54. [PMID: 29315392 PMCID: PMC6018984 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyx077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The colliding epidemics of non-communicable diseases including diabetes with chronic infectious diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa requires contextualized innovative disease management strategies. This qualitative study conducted in a peri-urban township near Cape Town, South Africa aimed to identify and gain in-depth understanding of contextual and environmental issues pertinent to the patient that could influence Type 2-diabetes mellitus (T2DM) care and self-management. Participants included purposively sampled diabetics or pre-diabetics from the community, PURE study database, facility health club and health care providers. Data collection employed in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) using structured interviews and FGD topic guides. Thematic data analysis was done to identify recurrent themes. Themes identified: knowledge and awareness about T2DM; health-seeking behaviour; weight perceptions; healthy lifestyles; self-management; health education needs and health care provider experiences. Patients defined T2DM as a physically and emotionally dangerous disease caused by socio-cultural factors, influenced by the sufferers' food and socio-cultural environment with significance placed on physical, social and emotional effects of T2DM diagnosis. Patient-centred definition of T2DM is key to enhancing T2DM self-management. Patients suggested that personally rewarding benefits of physical activity and healthy diet such as anti-ageing, brain boosting, energy boosting which are commonly harnessed by food, tobacco and beauty industry should be considered in T2DM self-management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Masupe
- School of Public Health, University of The Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
- Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Corner Notwane & Mabuto Road, Gaborone, Botswana
- Correspondence to: T. K. Masupe. E-mail:
| | - K Ndayi
- School of Public Health, University of The Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - L Tsolekile
- School of Public Health, University of The Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - P Delobelle
- School of Public Health, University of The Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
- Chronic Disease Initiative for Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - T Puoane
- School of Public Health, University of The Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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Atun R, Davies JI, Gale EAM, Bärnighausen T, Beran D, Kengne AP, Levitt NS, Mangugu FW, Nyirenda MJ, Ogle GD, Ramaiya K, Sewankambo NK, Sobngwi E, Tesfaye S, Yudkin JS, Basu S, Bommer C, Heesemann E, Manne-Goehler J, Postolovska I, Sagalova V, Vollmer S, Abbas ZG, Ammon B, Angamo MT, Annamreddi A, Awasthi A, Besançon S, Bhadriraju S, Binagwaho A, Burgess PI, Burton MJ, Chai J, Chilunga FP, Chipendo P, Conn A, Joel DR, Eagan AW, Gishoma C, Ho J, Jong S, Kakarmath SS, Khan Y, Kharel R, Kyle MA, Lee SC, Lichtman A, Malm CP, Mbaye MN, Muhimpundu MA, Mwagomba BM, Mwangi KJ, Nair M, Niyonsenga SP, Njuguna B, Okafor OLO, Okunade O, Park PH, Pastakia SD, Pekny C, Reja A, Rotimi CN, Rwunganira S, Sando D, Sarriera G, Sharma A, Sidibe A, Siraj ES, Syed AS, Van Acker K, Werfalli M. Diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa: from clinical care to health policy. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 5:622-667. [PMID: 28688818 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Atun
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Justine I Davies
- Centre for Global Health, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, London, UK; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Education Campus, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa
| | | | - Till Bärnighausen
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu, South Africa
| | - David Beran
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, University of Geneva and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andre Pascal Kengne
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Naomi S Levitt
- Division of Diabetic Medicine & Endocrinology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Chronic Disease Initiative for Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Moffat J Nyirenda
- Department of NCD Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; NCD Theme, MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Graham D Ogle
- International Diabetes Federation Life for a Child Program, Glebe, NSW, Australia; Diabetes NSW & ACT, Glebe, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Nelson K Sewankambo
- Department of Medicine, and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eugene Sobngwi
- University of Newcastle at Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Solomon Tesfaye
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals and University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - John S Yudkin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sanjay Basu
- Center for Population Health Sciences and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine and Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Christian Bommer
- University of Goettingen, Centre for Modern Indian Studies & Department of Economics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Esther Heesemann
- University of Goettingen, Centre for Modern Indian Studies & Department of Economics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Manne-Goehler
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iryna Postolovska
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vera Sagalova
- University of Goettingen, Centre for Modern Indian Studies & Department of Economics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Vollmer
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; University of Goettingen, Centre for Modern Indian Studies & Department of Economics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Zulfiqarali G Abbas
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, and Abbas Medical Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Benjamin Ammon
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Akhila Annamreddi
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ananya Awasthi
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Agnes Binagwaho
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Matthew J Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jeanne Chai
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Felix P Chilunga
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Anna Conn
- The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Dipesalema R Joel
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana and Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Arielle W Eagan
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Julius Ho
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simcha Jong
- Leiden University, Science Based Business, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sujay S Kakarmath
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ramu Kharel
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael A Kyle
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seitetz C Lee
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amos Lichtman
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Maïmouna N Mbaye
- Clinique Médicale II, Centre de diabétologie Marc Sankale, Hôpital Abass Ndao, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Marie A Muhimpundu
- The Institute of HIV/AIDS, Disease Prevention & Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | | | - Mohit Nair
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon P Niyonsenga
- The Institute of HIV/AIDS, Disease Prevention & Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Obiageli L O Okafor
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oluwakemi Okunade
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul H Park
- Partners In Health, Rwinkwavu, South Kayonza, Rwanda
| | - Sonak D Pastakia
- Purdue University College of Pharmacy (Purdue Kenya Partnership), Indiana Institute for Global Health, Uasin Gishu, Kenya
| | | | - Ahmed Reja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samuel Rwunganira
- The Institute of HIV/AIDS, Disease Prevention & Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - David Sando
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Anshuman Sharma
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Azhra S Syed
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristien Van Acker
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mahmoud Werfalli
- Chronic Disease Initiative for Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Bellon ML, Barton C, McCaffrey N, Parker D, Hutchinson C. Seizure-related hospital admissions, readmissions and costs: Comparisons with asthma and diabetes in South Australia. Seizure 2017. [PMID: 28624716 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Seizures are listed as an Ambulatory Care Sensitive Condition (ACSC), where, in some cases, hospitalisation may be avoided with appropriate preventative and early management in primary care. We examined the frequencies, trends and financial costs of first and subsequent seizure-related hospital admissions in the adult and paediatric populations, with comparisons to bronchitis/asthma and diabetes admissions in South Australia between 2012 and 2014. METHODS De-identified hospital separation data from five major public hospitals in metropolitan South Australia were analysed to determine the number of children and adults admitted for the following Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups: seizure related conditions; bronchitis/asthma; and diabetes. Additional data included length of hospital stay and type of admission. Demographic data were analysed to identify whether social determinants influence admission, and a macro costing approach was then applied to calculate the financial costs to the Health Care System. RESULTS The rate of total seizure hospitalizations was 649 per 100,000; lower than bronchitis/asthma (751/100,000), yet higher than diabetes (500/100,000). The highest proportions of subsequent separations were recorded by children with seizures regardless of complexity (47% +CSCC; 17% -CSCC) compared with asthma (11% +CSCC; 14% -CSCC) or diabetes (14% +CSCC; 13% -CSCC), and by adults with seizures with catastrophic or severe complications/comorbidity (25%), compared with diabetes (22%) or asthma (14%). The mean cost per separation in both children and adults was highest for diabetes (AU$4438/$7656), followed by seizures (AU$2408/$5691) and asthma (AU$2084/$3295). CONCLUSIONS Following the lead of well-developed and resourced health promotion initiatives in asthma and diabetes, appropriate primary care, community education and seizure management services (including seizure clinics) should be targeted in an effort to reduce seizure related hospitalisations which may be avoidable, minimise costs to the health budget, and maximise health care quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Bellon
- School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | | | - Nikki McCaffrey
- School of Health & Social Development, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Denise Parker
- School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Claire Hutchinson
- School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
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12
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Distiller LA, Cranston I, Mazze R. First Clinical Experience with Retrospective Flash Glucose Monitoring (FGM) Analysis in South Africa: Characterizing Glycemic Control with Ambulatory Glucose Profile. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2016; 10:1294-1302. [PMID: 27154973 PMCID: PMC5094324 DOI: 10.1177/1932296816648165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2014, an innovative blinded continuous glucose monitoring system was introduced with automated ambulatory glucose profile (AGP) reporting. The clinical use and interpretation of this new technology has not previously been described. Therefore we wanted to understand its use in characterizing key factors related to glycemic control: glucose exposure, variability, and stability, and risk of hypoglycemia in clinical practice. METHODS Clinicians representing affiliated diabetes centers throughout South Africa were trained and subsequently were given flash glucose monitoring readers and 2-week glucose sensors to use at their discretion. After patient use, sensor data were collected and uploaded for AGP reporting. RESULTS Complete data (sensor AGP with corresponding clinical information) were obtained for 50 patients with type 1 (70%) and type 2 diabetes (30%), irrespective of therapy. Aggregated analysis of AGP data comparing patients with type 1 versus type 2 diabetes, revealed that despite similar HbA1c values between both groups (8.4 ± 2 vs 8.6 ± 1.7%, respectively), those with type 2 diabetes had lower mean glucose levels (9.2 ± 3 vs 10.3 mmol/l [166 ± 54 vs 185 mg/dl]) and lower indices of glucose variability (3.0 ± 1.5 vs 5.0 ± 1.9 mmol/l [54 ± 27 vs 90 ± 34.2 mg/dl]). This highlights key areas for future focus. CONCLUSIONS Using AGP, the characteristics of glucose exposure, variability, stability, and hypoglycemia risk and occurrence were obtained within a short time and with minimal provider and patient input. In a survey at the time of the follow-up visit, clinicians indicated that aggregated AGP data analysis provided important new clinical information and insights.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iain Cranston
- AGP Clinical Academy, Portsmouth Hospitals, NHST, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Roger Mazze
- AGP Clinical Academy, Portsmouth Hospitals, NHST, Portsmouth, UK
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13
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Zhang J, Donald M, Baxter KA, Ware RS, Burridge L, Russell AW, Jackson CL. Impact of an integrated model of care on potentially preventable hospitalizations for people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2015; 32:872-80. [PMID: 25615800 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the impact of an integrated model of care for patients with complex Type 2 diabetes mellitus on potentially preventable hospitalizations. METHODS A prospective controlled trial was conducted comparing a multidisciplinary, community-based, integrated primary-secondary care diabetes service with usual care at a hospital diabetes outpatient clinic. Study and hospital admissions data were linked for the period from 12 months before to 24 months after commencement of the trial. The primary outcome was the number of potentially preventable hospitalizations with diabetes-related principal diagnoses. Length of stay once hospitalized was also reported. RESULTS Of 327 adult participants, 206 were hospitalized and accounted for 667 admissions during the study period. Compared with the usual care group, patients in the integrated model of care group were nearly half as likely to be hospitalized for a potentially preventable diabetes-related principal diagnosis in the 24 months after study commencement (incidence rate ratio 0.53, 95% CI 0.29, 0.96; P = 0.04). The magnitude of the result remained similar after adjusting for age, sex, education and baseline HbA1c concentration (incidence rate ratio 0.54, 95% CI 0.29, 1.01; P = 0.05).When hospitalized, patients in the integrated care group had a similar length of stay compared with those in the usual care group (median difference -2 days, 95% CI -6.5, 2.3; P = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS Patients receiving the integrated model of care had a reduction in the number of hospitalizations when the principal diagnosis for admission was a diabetes-related complication. Integrated models of care for people with complex diabetes can reduce hospitalizations and help attempts to curtail increasing demand on finite health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Discipline of General Practice, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Donald
- Discipline of General Practice, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - K A Baxter
- Discipline of General Practice, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - R S Ware
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - L Burridge
- Discipline of General Practice, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - A W Russell
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - C L Jackson
- Discipline of General Practice, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Simmons D, Yu D, Bunn C, Cohn S, Wenzel H, Prevost T. Hospitalisation among patients with diabetes associated with a Diabetes Integrated Care Initiative: a mixed methods case study. Future Hosp J 2015; 2:92-98. [PMID: 31098093 DOI: 10.7861/futurehosp.2-2-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Integrated care has been postulated to result in improvements to diabetes outcomes, including reduced hospitalisation. The Diabetes Integrated Care Initiative (DICI) aimed to integrate primary, secondary and community diabetes care in East Cambridgeshire and Fenland (ECF). The aims of this study were to describe changes in care and hospitalisation rates over the first 3 years of the initiative, 2009-2012. The evaluation involved a mixed-methods approach, including a before-after design with controls from adjacent geographical areas and from patients without diabetes, alongside a 30-month ethnographic study including interviews with patients and health professionals. Over the three years, admission rates among patients with diabetes in the intervention area continued to grow. In fact, the increases in admissions in ECF were 7.4% (95% CI 5.2-9.2) and 45.5% (95% CI 42.5-48.5) greater than in the neighbouring areas of Huntingdonshire and Greater Cambridge, respectively. The rates of increase in diabetic foot, non-elective or other hospital admissions were not reduced. In summary, the DICI was not associated with improved diabetes care or reduced diabetes hospitalisation over the 3 years studied, despite substantial investment. While the principle of integration remains an ideal, linking different providers in ECF, especially those that are positioned between primary and secondary care, created barriers rather than bridges to better diabetes outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Simmons
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK, and Macarthur Clinical School, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dahai Yu
- Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Stafford, UK
| | - Christopher Bunn
- King's Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Simon Cohn
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, LSHTM, London, UK
| | | | - Toby Prevost
- King's College London, Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, London, UK
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15
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AL-Rawajfah OM, Aloush S, Hewitt JB. Use of Electronic Health-Related Datasets in Nursing and Health-Related Research. West J Nurs Res 2014; 37:952-83. [DOI: 10.1177/0193945914558426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Datasets of gigabyte size are common in medical sciences. There is increasing consensus that significant untapped knowledge lies hidden in these large datasets. This review article aims to discuss Electronic Health-Related Datasets (EHRDs) in terms of types, features, advantages, limitations, and possible use in nursing and health-related research. Major scientific databases, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, were searched for studies or review articles regarding using EHRDs in research. A total number of 442 articles were located. After application of study inclusion criteria, 113 articles were included in the final review. EHRDs were categorized into Electronic Administrative Health-Related Datasets and Electronic Clinical Health-Related Datasets. Subcategories of each major category were identified. EHRDs are invaluable assets for nursing the health-related research. Advanced research skills such as using analytical softwares, advanced statistical procedures, dealing with missing data and missing variables will maximize the efficient utilization of EHRDs in research.
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Volmink HC, Bertram MY, Jina R, Wade AN, Hofman KJ. Applying a private sector capitation model to the management of type 2 diabetes in the South African public sector: a cost-effectiveness analysis. BMC Health Serv Res 2014; 14:444. [PMID: 25265883 PMCID: PMC4263039 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-14-444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus contributes substantially to the non-communicable disease burden in South Africa. The proposed National Health Insurance system provides an opportunity to consider the development of a cost-effective capitation model of care for patients with type 2 diabetes. The objective of the study was to determine the potential cost-effectiveness of adapting a private sector diabetes management programme (DMP) to the South African public sector. METHODS Cost-effectiveness analysis was undertaken with a public sector model of the DMP as the intervention and a usual practice model as the comparator. Probabilistic modelling was utilized for incremental cost-effectiveness ratio analysis with life years gained selected as the outcome. Secondary data were used to design the model while cost information was obtained from various sources, taking into account public sector billing. RESULTS Modelling found an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of ZAR 8 356 (USD 1018) per life year gained (LYG) for the DMP against the usual practice model. This fell substantially below the Willingness-to-Pay threshold with bootstrapping analysis. Furthermore, a national implementation of the intervention could potentially result in an estimated cumulative gain of 96 997 years of life (95% CI 71 073 years - 113 994 years). CONCLUSIONS Probabilistic modelling found the capitation intervention to be cost-effective, with an ICER of ZAR 8 356 (USD 1018) per LYG. Piloting the service within the public sector is recommended as an initial step, as this would provide data for more accurate economic evaluation, and would also allow for qualitative analysis of the programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich C Volmink
- />Gauteng Department of Health, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
- />Department of Community Health of the School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Melanie Y Bertram
- />Priority Cost Effective Lessons for Systems Strengthening South Africa (PRICELESS SA), MRC/WITS Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa
- />School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ruxana Jina
- />Department of Community Health of the School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- />Gauteng Department of Health, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alisha N Wade
- />School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Karen J Hofman
- />Priority Cost Effective Lessons for Systems Strengthening South Africa (PRICELESS SA), MRC/WITS Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa
- />School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Bastawrous A, Burgess PI, Mahdi AM, Kyari F, Burton MJ, Kuper H. Posterior segment eye disease in sub-Saharan Africa: review of recent population-based studies. Trop Med Int Health 2014; 19:600-9. [PMID: 24479434 PMCID: PMC4065367 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective To assess the burden of posterior segment eye diseases (PSEDs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods We reviewed published population-based data from SSA and other relevant populations on the leading PSED, specifically glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration, as causes of blindness and visual impairment in adults. Data were extracted from population-based studies conducted in SSA and elsewhere where relevant. Results PSEDs, when grouped or as individual diseases, are a major contributor to blindness and visual impairment in SSA. PSED, grouped together, was usually the second leading cause of blindness after cataract, ranging as a proportion of blindness from 13 to 37%. Conclusions PSEDs are likely to grow in importance as causes of visual impairment and blindness in SSA in the coming years as populations grow, age and become more urban in lifestyle. African-based cohort studies are required to help estimate present and future needs and plan services to prevent avoidable blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bastawrous
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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18
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Simmons D, Yu D, Wenzel H. Changes in hospital admissions and inpatient tariff associated with a Diabetes Integrated Care Initiative: preliminary findings. J Diabetes 2014; 6:81-9. [PMID: 23782469 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Diabetes Integrated Care Initiative (DICI) has tested whether hospital admissions and total amounts paid for inpatient care have declined through closer (integrated) working between primary, secondary and community diabetes services in Cambridgeshire. METHOD Poisson regression models were used to compare the percentage change in hospital admissions, and tariff paid, before and after each of 43 months (April 2007 - November 2010). East Cambridgeshire and Fenland (ECF) practices were divided into those fully (n = 10) and less (n = 7) "engaged" with the intervention defined by the extent of their uptake of intervention components between July 2009 and June 2010. Other parts of the county were "controls". RESULTS Among patients with diabetes in the fully engaged ECF practices, the monthly average hospital admission rate was 19.0% (13.9, 24.2) higher (7.7 hospital admissions per 1000 patients) and the monthly tariff paid was 28.8% (28.7, 28.9) higher (£19.60 per patient per month), at the time of introducing the DICI versus the pre-implementation period (April 2007 to June 2009). These differences, had dropped to 8.7% (1.9, 15.6) and 13.4% (13.2, 13.5) (£9.92 per patient per month) higher 12 months after introduction. Comparable reductions in the rate of increase were not seen among those without diabetes or in control areas. CONCLUSION During the DICI, patients with diabetes from "fully engaged" practices experienced increased hospitalization and amount paid for in-patient care, the extent of which trended downwards by 12 months. Further time is needed to monitor whether this trend is sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Simmons
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Burgess PI, MacCormick IJC, Harding SP, Bastawrous A, Beare NAV, Garner P. Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy in Africa: a systematic review. Diabet Med 2013; 30:399-412. [PMID: 22817387 PMCID: PMC4463765 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM To summarize findings from studies reporting the prevalence and incidence of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic maculopathy in African countries in light of the rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus. METHODS Using a predefined search strategy, we systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation index and Conference Proceedings Citation index, African Index Medicus and the grey literature database 'OpenSIGLE' for studies published between January 1990 and February 2011. Included studies reported prevalence or incidence of diabetic retinopathy or diabetic maculopathy of subjects with diabetes resident in African countries. RESULTS Sixty-two studies from 21 countries were included: three population-based surveys; two cohort studies; five case-control studies; 32 diabetes clinic-based, nine eye clinic-based and 11 other hospital-based surveys. Included studies varied considerably in terms of patient selection, method of assessing the eye and retinopathy classification. In population-based studies, the reported prevalence range in patients with diabetes for diabetic retinopathy was 30.2 to 31.6%, proliferative diabetic retinopathy 0.9 to 1.3%, and any maculopathy 1.2 to 4.5%. In diabetes clinic-based surveys, the reported prevalence range for diabetic retinopathy was 7.0 to 62.4%, proliferative diabetic retinopathy 0 to 6.9%, and any maculopathy 1.2 to 31.1%. No obvious association between prevalence and income level of the country was detected. CONCLUSIONS Large, community-based cross-sectional and cohort studies are needed to investigate rates and determinants of prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, incidence and progression in Africa. Consensus is needed on the most appropriate methods of identification and classification of retinopathy for research and clinical practice. Estimates of prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy are comparable with recent European and American studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Burgess
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi, UK.
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20
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Thomas RL, Distiller L, Luzio SD, Chowdhury SR, Melville VJ, Kramer B, Owens DR. Ethnic differences in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in persons with diabetes when first presenting at a diabetes clinic in South Africa. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:336-41. [PMID: 23033236 PMCID: PMC3554268 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence and associated risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) within a multiethnic population at presentation to a diabetes clinic in South Africa. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Retinal photography was conducted using a nonmydriatic digital camera without mydriasis and graded by one of three senior graders. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between any DR, referable DR, and clinical risk factors. RESULTS A total of 1,537 persons with type 1 and 3,978 with type 2 diabetes were included. Prevalence of any DR in type 1 diabetes was 35.2% (background DR 26% and referable DR 9.2%) and in type 2 diabetes was 20.5% (14.1 and 6.4%, respectively). In type 1 diabetes, there was an increased risk of any DR in Asian Indians, whereas the risk of referable DR was increased for indigenous Africans compared with Caucasians. In type 2 diabetes, the risk was increased for all non-Caucasians compared with Caucasians. Longer duration of diabetes and elevated HbA(1c) were independently associated with any and referable DR in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, with the addition of hypertension and smoking in type 1 diabetes when adjusted for age at diagnosis of diabetes, sex, and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of DR in this population from South Africa was similar to that reported globally; however, ethnic differences were observed. Increasing duration of diabetes and poor glycemic control were the strongest risk factors associated with any and referable DR in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Thomas
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Wales, United Kingdom
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Mollentze WF. What the primary healthcare worker needs to know about the management of type 2 diabetes. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/20786204.2012.10874205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- WF Mollentze
- Department of Medicine, University of the Free State
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Walger O. Similitudes, différences, complémentarités entre médecins et infirmières en interaction avec le patient dans le cadre de programmes en éducation du patient diabétique : une revue de la littérature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1051/tpe/2011107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Kitzmiller JL, Wallerstein R, Correa A, Kwan S. Preconception care for women with diabetes and prevention of major congenital malformations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:791-803. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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