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Gomez-Martinez MI, Hughes J, Alderson B, Deutsch J. A randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of lidocaine administered intravenously, intranasally or as infraorbital nerve block in dogs undergoing rostral rhinosocopy. Vet Anaesth Analg 2024; 51:372-380. [PMID: 38772853 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of lidocaine administered intravenously, intranasally or as an infraorbital nerve block in dogs undergoing rostral rhinoscopy. STUDY DESIGN Randomized clinical trial. ANIMALS A total of 43 client-owned dogs. METHODS After premedication with medetomidine 0.01 mg kg-1 and methadone 0.2 mg kg-1 intramuscularly, anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Dogs were randomly allocated to receive 2 mg kg-1 of 2% lidocaine as a bilateral infraorbital nerve block (INB) via the caudal intraoral approach, via bilateral topical intranasal administration (TIA) or as an intravenous bolus (IVB). At 5 minutes following lidocaine administration, responses to rhinoscopy (RR) and biopsies (RB) were evaluated using a simple scoring system (0: no reaction; 1: reaction). Response to the rhinoscopy in the recovery period (RE) was recorded. Recovery quality was scored using a simple descriptive score. Heart rate, respiratory rate and noninvasive arterial blood pressure were recorded. Intravenous (IV) fentanyl 0.001 mg kg-1 was administered if an increase > 20% in any variable occurred. Gross movement was attenuated using propofol 0.5 mg kg-1 IV. Scores were analysed using the Chi-square test with Monte Carlo method. Cardiorespiratory changes among and overtime between groups were compared using one-way anova and one-way anova for repeated measures, respectively, or the correspondent non-parametric tests; p < 0.05. RESULT Of the 43 dogs, 42 completed the study. No statistically significant differences were detected in either physical reactions or changes in cardiorespiratory variables for RR, RB, RE or recovery quality, although RB tended to be higher in group TIA (7/10 versus 1/10 INB and 3/13 IVB).Various cardiorespiratory variables changed overtime within groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In dogs, all three investigated techniques attenuated responses during rostral rhinoscopy in dogs, although INB and IVB were more efficacious when biopsies were taken.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jodie Hughes
- North Down Specialist Referrals, Bletchingley, UK
| | - Briony Alderson
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Julia Deutsch
- Langford Vets Small Animal Referral Hospital, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
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Brunner A, Lehmann A, Hettlich B, Peters LM, Doras CJ, Adamik KN. Inflammatory biomarker concentrations in dogs with gastric dilatation volvulus with and without 24-h intravenous lidocaine. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1287844. [PMID: 38239745 PMCID: PMC10794732 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1287844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Canine gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV) is characterized by tissue ischemia, reperfusion, and systemic inflammation. Evidence exists that lidocaine exerts anti-inflammatory properties and potentially improves outcome. Design and setting Prospective, randomized observational cohort study in client-owned dogs with GDV. Objective The primary objective of the study was the determination of pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarker concentrations in dogs with GDV with and without intravenous (IV) lidocaine therapy. The second objective was the evaluation of side effects of lidocaine. Methods Of 35 dogs included in the study, 20 dogs were assigned to receive lidocaine (LIDO) (2 mg/kg initially, followed by a continuous infusion at a rate of 50 μg/kg/min over 24 h) and 15 dogs not to receive lidocaine (NO-LIDO). Plasma concentrations of cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, interferon gamma, keratinocyte chemotactic-like, monocyte chemotactic protein, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured at admission (prior any therapeutic intervention, T0), immediately after surgery (T1), at 24 h (T24), and at 48 h (T48) post-surgery. Results No significant differences in concentrations of any cytokines were found between the LIDO- and the NO-LIDO group. Significant lower CRP concentrations (median [range]) were found in dogs with lidocaine compared to dogs without at T24 (97.5 pg/mL [46.3-161.7] vs. 127.9 pg/mL [26.9-182.0]; p = 0.046) and T48 (73.7 pg/mL [18.4-169.4] vs. 116.3 pg/mL [71.4-176.8]; p = 0.002). Dogs receiving lidocaine exhibited significantly impaired mentation, a prolonged period of anorexia, and longer hospitalization compared to dogs without lidocaine. Conclusion Lidocaine administration had no impact on the plasma levels of cytokines during the 48-h study period, but significantly lower CRP concentrations were found at T24 and T48. Lidocaine's potential side effects require careful decision making regarding its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brunner
- Division of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lehmann
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bianca Hettlich
- Division of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laureen M. Peters
- Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Camille Julie Doras
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja-Nicole Adamik
- Division of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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DiGeronimo PM, da Cunha AF. Local and Regional Anesthesia in Zoological Companion Animal Practice. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2021; 25:321-336. [PMID: 34823697 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Local anesthetics provide analgesia and can be incorporated into multimodal anesthetic protocols. They work by blocking the voltage-dependent sodium ion channels along neurons that mediate nociception. Systemically, these drugs can be cardiotoxic in a dose-dependent manner. Lidocaine and bupivacaine are the most commonly used local anesthetics and their use has been reported in all classes of vertebrates. Despite anecdotal reports to the contrary, zoologic companion animals are unlikely to be more susceptible to the cardiotoxic effects of local anesthetics than domestic small animals. Local anesthetics can be clinically useful for analgesia and anesthesia in zoologic companion animal practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M DiGeronimo
- Adventure Aquarium, 1 Riverside Drive, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; Animal & Bird Health Care Center, 1785 Springdale Road, Cherry Hill, NJ 08003, USA.
| | - Anderson F da Cunha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 5715 W Utopia Road, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
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Vullo C, Tambella AM, Falcone A, Marino G, Catone G. Constant Rate Infusion of Lidocaine, Tumescent Anesthesia and Their Combination in Dogs Undergoing Unilateral Mastectomy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051280. [PMID: 33946987 PMCID: PMC8146467 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumescent anesthesia (TUM) is a technique that was initially used to perform liposuction under local anesthesia, which consists of the injection of such large volumes of local anesthetic until to produce swelling and firmness (tumescence) of the surgical area. The aim of this study was to compare the intraoperative analgesic efficacy of lidocaine (LID) constant rate infusion (CRI), of TUM, or their combination (LID/TUM) and the postoperative pain and analgesic requirement in dogs undergoing unilateral mastectomy. Twenty-four dogs were premedicated with dexmedetomidine (3 μg/kg) and methadone (0.2 mg/kg) intravenously (IV). After induction with propofol IV to effect, dogs were randomly allocated to receive a loading dose of lidocaine (2 mg/kg) followed by a CRI of 100 μg/kg/min (Group LID) in addition to an equivalent volume of lactated Ringer's solution instead of local TUM; a loading dose of lactated Ringer's solution followed by a CRI of Ringer's solution in addition to TUM (Group TUM); a loading dose of lidocaine (2 mg/kg) followed by a CRI of 100 μg/kg/min in addition to TUM (Group LID/TUM). Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Postoperative pain scores were assessed once the dogs had fully recovered from the sedative effects, and following 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. The results of the current study allow us to assert that all three treatments provided satisfactory intraoperative antinociceptive effects but administration of LID/TUM induced greater inhibition on sympathetic stimulating effect up to 60 min from recovery, thus, providing better early postoperative pain relief in dogs undergoing mastectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Vullo
- Department of ChiBioFarm, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Adolfo Maria Tambella
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy;
| | - Annastella Falcone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (A.F.); (G.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Gabriele Marino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (A.F.); (G.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Catone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (A.F.); (G.M.); (G.C.)
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Tisotti T, Valverde A, Hopkins A, O'Sullivan ML, Hanna B, Arroyo L. Use of intravenous lidocaine to treat dexmedetomidine-induced bradycardia in sedated and anesthetized dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 48:174-186. [PMID: 33485784 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess cardiopulmonary function in sedated and anesthetized dogs administered intravenous (IV) dexmedetomidine and subsequently administered IV lidocaine to treat dexmedetomidine-induced bradycardia. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, crossover experimental trial. ANIMALS A total of six purpose-bred female Beagle dogs, weighing 9.1 ± 0.6 kg (mean ± standard deviation). METHODS Dogs were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: dexmedetomidine (10 μg kg-1 IV) administered to conscious (treatments SED1 and SED2) or isoflurane-anesthetized dogs (end-tidal isoflurane concentration 1.19 ± 0.04%; treatment ISO). After 30 minutes, a lidocaine bolus (2 mg kg-1) IV was administered in treatments SED1 and ISO, followed 20 minutes later by a second bolus (2 mg kg-1) and a 30 minute lidocaine constant rate infusion (L-CRI) at 50 (SED1) or 100 μg kg-1 minute-1 (ISO). In SED2, lidocaine bolus and L-CRI (50 μg kg-1 minute-1) were administered 5 minutes after dexmedetomidine. Cardiopulmonary measurements were obtained after dexmedetomidine, after lidocaine bolus, during L-CRI and 30 minutes after discontinuing L-CRI. A mixed linear model was used for comparisons within treatments (p < 0.05). RESULTS When administered after a bolus of dexmedetomidine, lidocaine bolus and L-CRI significantly increased heart rate and cardiac index, decreased mean blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance index and oxygen extraction ratio, and did not affect stroke volume index in all treatments. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lidocaine was an effective treatment for dexmedetomidine-induced bradycardia in healthy research dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainor Tisotti
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Valverde
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Ashley Hopkins
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - M Lynne O'Sullivan
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PE, Canada
| | - Brad Hanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Luis Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Moreira CM, Oliveira RL, Costa GA, Corgozinho KB, Luna SP, Souza HJ. Evaluation of tumescent local anesthesia in cats undergoing unilateral mastectomy. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 48:134-141. [PMID: 33036890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of tumescent local anesthesia (TLA) in cats undergoing unilateral mastectomy. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS A total of 12 ovariohysterectomized female cats. METHODS All animals were premedicated with pethidine (4 mg kg-1) intramuscularly (IM), followed by induction of anesthesia with propofol (5 mg kg-1) intravenously and maintenance with isoflurane in oxygen. A refrigerated TLA solution (15 mL kg-1, 8 °C) was injected using a Klein cannula. The solution was composed of 0.5 mL of epinephrine (1 mg mL-1) and 40 mL of 2% lidocaine added to 210 mL lactated Ringer's solution (final lidocaine concentration 0.32%). Heart and respiratory rates, systolic arterial blood pressure, temperature and oxygen saturation were measured during anesthesia. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein for measurement of plasma lidocaine concentration using high performance liquid chromatography. Postoperative pain scores were evaluated hourly for 6 hours. Analgesic rescue was performed with tramadol (2 mg kg-1) IM and meloxicam (0.15 mg kg-1) subcutaneously. RESULTS Plasma lidocaine concentration peaked at 90 minutes after injection of TLA, but no concentration considered toxic for the species was measured. The median postoperative analgesia time was 6 hours after injection of TLA. CONCLUSIONS This study found that TLA prevented sympathetic response to noxious stimuli during anesthesia and provided satisfactory postoperative analgesia in cats submitted to total unilateral mastectomy, with no apparent signs of toxicity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE TLA can prevent sympathetic stimulation resulting from noxious stimuli during anesthesia, promoting good intraoperative conditions, proving to be a viable addition to analgesia in cats submitted to a total unilateral mastectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Mr Moreira
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Renato Ls Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Stelio Pl Luna
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Jm Souza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
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Khezri MB, Rajabi M, Yaghoobi S, Barikani A. Effect of intravenous lignocaine infusion on bispectral index during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: A prospective randomised double-blind study. Indian J Anaesth 2020; 64:369-374. [PMID: 32724244 PMCID: PMC7286398 DOI: 10.4103/ija.ija_424_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Systemic lignocaine has been shown to have sedative effects. We designed this randomised-double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of intravenous lignocaine on the bispectral index (BIS) during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Methods: 80 patients scheduled for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia were randomly allocated to 2 study groups. Group L received intravenous 1.5 mg/kg of lignocaine bolus, 15 minutes before spinal anaesthesia followed by an intravenous infusion 1.5 mg/kg/h for 60 minutes intravenously. The patients in the control group (C group) were given 0.9% sodium chloride in a double-blind fashion. Spinal anaesthesia was performed with 10 mg of 0.5% bupivacaine. The changes of Sao2, BIS and hemodynamic variables during caesarean section, Apgar score of neonate and the incidence of adverse effects were recorded. Results: BIS values were lower in the L group compared to C group (P ≤ 0.001). Comparison of mean arterial pressure (MAP) changes during spinal anaesthesia and surgery reveal statistically significant difference between two groups through repeated measure analysis (P ≤ 0.001), but comparision of heart rate (HR) changes during spinal anaesthesia and surgery failed to reveal any statistically significant difference between two groups. (P = 0.261). The Apgar scores did not reveal a significant difference between the two groups at first and five minutes after delivery (P = 0.99). Conclusion: Intravenous lignocaine infusion given with spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing elective caesarean delivery providing lower BIS values without respiratory depression, in the absence of foetal compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Beigom Khezri
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kosar Hospital Research Center, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Maryam Rajabi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kosar Hospital Research Center, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Siamak Yaghoobi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ameneh Barikani
- Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin, Iran
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Cazlan CE, Hay Kraus BL. Effects of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride solution as a coinduction agent with propofol on cardiopulmonary variables and administered propofol doses in healthy dogs premedicated with hydromorphone hydrochloride and acepromazine maleate. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:93-101. [PMID: 31841086 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of lidocaine as a coinduction agent with propofol on cardiopulmonary variables and administered propofol doses in healthy dogs premedicated with hydromorphone hydrochloride and acepromazine maleate and anesthetized with isoflurane. ANIMALS 40 client-owned dogs (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification I or II and age ≥ 6 months) scheduled to undergo anesthesia for elective procedures. PROCEDURES In a randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial, dogs received 2% lidocaine hydrochloride solution (2.0 mg/kg [0.9 mg/lb], IV; n = 20) or buffered crystalloid solution (0.1 mL/kg [0.05 mL/lb], IV; 20; control treatment) after premedication with acepromazine (0.005 mg/kg [0.002 mg/lb], IM) and hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg, IM). Anesthesia was induced with propofol (1 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb], IV, with additional doses administered as needed) and maintained with isoflurane. Sedation was assessed, and anesthetic and cardiopulmonary variables were measured at various points; values were compared between treatment groups. RESULTS Propofol doses, total sedation scores, and anesthetic and most cardiopulmonary measurements did not differ significantly between treatment groups over the monitoring period; only oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry differed significantly (lower in the lidocaine group). Mean ± SD propofol dose required for endotracheal intubation was 1.30 ± 0.68 mg/kg (0.59 ± 0.31 mg/lb) and 1.41 ± 0.40 mg/kg (0.64 ± 0.18 mg/lb) for the lidocaine and control groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE No propofol-sparing effect was observed with administration of lidocaine as a coinduction agent for the premedicated dogs of this study. Mean propofol doses required for endotracheal intubation were considerably lower than currently recommended doses for premedicated dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020;256:93-101).
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St. James ML, Kosanovich DL, Snyder LB, Zhao Q, Jones BG, Johnson RA. Effects of acupuncture at Pericardium-6 and Stomach-36 on nausea, sedation and gastrointestinal motility in healthy dogs administered intravenous lidocaine infusions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226065. [PMID: 31805134 PMCID: PMC6894766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to assess gastrointestinal transit times, sedation, and signs of nausea associated with intravenous lidocaine infusions in dogs following targeted acupuncture at Pericardium-6 (PC6) and Stomach-36 (ST36). In a randomized, blind crossover design, 6 healthy, adult Beagles were fed thirty 1.5 mm barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS), then were subject to 30 minutes of: 1) no acupuncture, 2) bilateral targeted acupuncture at PC6 and ST36, or 3) bilateral non-target acupuncture at Lung-5 (LU5) and Bladder-55 (BL55). Lidocaine was immediately administered at 1 mg/kg intravenously followed by 50 μg/kg/min. BIPS were tracked radiographically; sedation and nausea were scored at baseline (Time 0) and for 11 hours during lidocaine infusions. Transit times and sedation and nausea scores were analyzed with a linear mixed-effects model; the number of BIPS at defined time points was analyzed with a piecewise linear mixed-effects model. All P values were two-sided and P < 0.05 was considered significant. Sedation and nausea scores did not differ between treatments at any time point (all P > 0.05). However, nausea scores in all groups were significantly greater at Times 5 through 7 and at Time 11 compared to Time 0 whereas sedation scores in all groups were significantly greater at Times 2 through 11 compared to Time 0 (all P < 0.05). The number of BIPs found out of the stomach, the number found in the large intestine, gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit times did not differ between treatments (all P > 0.05). Acupuncture at PC6 and ST36 did not alleviate nausea and sedation associated with lidocaine infusions in clinically normal animals or affect gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko L. St. James
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - DeAnna L. Kosanovich
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Lindsey B. Snyder
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brian G. Jones
- Antech Imaging Services, Fountain Valley, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Johnson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pierce-Tomlin T, Shaughnessy MR, Hofmeister EH. A systematic review of the effects of injectable sedative and anesthetic drugs and inhalant anesthetics on intraocular pressure in the dog. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 47:145-151. [PMID: 32014398 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the results of studies that have determined the effect of injectable and inhalant drugs used in anesthesia on intraocular pressure (IOP) in dogs. DATABASES USED A comprehensive search of research literature was performed without language restriction. The search utilized the PubMed, CAB Abstracts and the University of Georgia's Galileo electronic databases using a combination of free text terms 'Ophthalmology', 'Intraocular Pressure', 'Anesthetic', 'Anesthesia', 'Canine' or 'Dog'. The time frame searched was from 1970 to October 2018. Any published research paper that dealt with sedatives or anesthetics administered systemically and the canine eye was evaluated. CONCLUSIONS The effects of many anesthetic drugs in dogs with ocular pathology are largely unknown. Many anesthetic drugs do not induce clinically relevant changes in IOP in dogs with normal eyes, although some studies demonstrated results with statistically significant changes. The dose, route of administration, experimental conditions, drug combinations, timing of measurements, measurement technology and setting or individual animal characteristics may all produce some heterogeneity in results from multiple studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erik H Hofmeister
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Chiavaccini L, Claude AK, Meyer RE. Comparison of Morphine, Morphine-Lidocaine, and Morphine-Lidocaine-Ketamine Infusions in Dogs Using an Incision-Induced Pain Model. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2017; 53:65-72. [PMID: 28282236 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to compare antinociceptive effects of IV infusions of morphine (M), morphine-lidocaine (ML), or morphine-lidocaine-ketamine (MLK) combined, in a mild-to-moderate pain model in dogs. Eighteen adult hounds were heavily sedated with IV morphine (0.2 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine to undergo thoracic skin incisions. After reversal, dogs were randomly assigned to receive loading doses of lidocaine and ketamine (MLK), lidocaine and saline (ML), or equivalent volume of saline (M), followed by 18 hr constant infusions of morphine (0.12 mg/kg/hr), lidocaine (3 mg/kg/hr) and ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/hr); morphine (0.12 mg/kg/hr) and lidocaine (3 mg/kg/hr); or morphine (0.12 mg/kg/hr), respectively. Pain was assessed with Short Form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale and mechanical nociception with von Frey filaments (VFFS). Data were analyzed with linear mixed model on ranks. Independently of treatment, Short Form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale was significantly higher than baseline for 24 hr (p < .0001), while VFFS was significantly lower than baseline for 48 hr post-recovery (p < .0001), with no difference between MLK and M groups. The ML group recorded significantly lower VFFS (p = .02) than the M group for the entire study. In conclusion, there was no significant analgesic difference between MLK and M alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew K Claude
- From the Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.C.); and College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State, Starkville, Mississippi (A.K.C., R.E.M.)
| | - Robert E Meyer
- From the Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.C.); and College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State, Starkville, Mississippi (A.K.C., R.E.M.)
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Johnson RA, Kierski KR, Jones BG. Evaluation of gastric emptying time, gastrointestinal transit time, sedation score, and nausea score associated with intravenous constant rate infusion of lidocaine hydrochloride in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:550-557. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.5.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kaka U, Saifullah B, Abubakar AA, Goh YM, Fakurazi S, Kaka A, Behan AA, Ebrahimi M, Chen HC. Serum concentration of ketamine and antinociceptive effects of ketamine and ketamine-lidocaine infusions in conscious dogs. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:198. [PMID: 27612660 PMCID: PMC5016942 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Central sensitization is a potential severe consequence of invasive surgical procedures. It results in postoperative and potentially chronic pain enhancement. It results in postoperative pain enhancement; clinically manifested as hyperalgesia and allodynia. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor plays a crucial role in the mechanism of central sensitisation. Ketamine is most commonly used NMDA-antagonist in human and veterinary practice. However, the antinociceptive serum concentration of ketamine is not yet properly established in dogs. Six dogs were used in a crossover design, with one week washout period. Treatments consisted of: 1) 0.5 mg/kg ketamine followed by continuous rate infusion (CRI) of 30 μg/kg/min; 2) 0.5 mg/kg ketamine followed by CRI of 30 μg/kg/min and lidocaine (2 mg/kg followed by CRI of 100 μg/kg/min); and 3) 0.5 mg/kg ketamine followed by CRI of 50 μg/kg/min. The infusion was administered up to 120 min. Nociceptive thresholds and ketamine serum concentrations were measured before drug administration, and at 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 90, 120, 140 and 160 min after the start of infusion. Results Maximum concentration recorded was 435.34 ± 26.18 ng/mL, 582.34 ± 227.46 ng/mL and 733.77 ± 133.6 ng/mL for K30, KL30 and K50, respectively. The concentration at 120 min was 250.87 ± 39.87, 221.73 ± 91.03 and 343.67 ± 63.21 ng/mL at 120 min in K30, KL30 and K50, respectively. All the three infusion regimes maintained serum concentrations above 200 ng/mL. The thresholds returned towards baseline values within 20 min, after cessation of infusion. Conclusion Serum concentration to produce mechanical antinociceptive effects in dogs is between 100 and 200 ng/mL. All the three infusion regimes in this study provided antinociceptive effects throughout the infusions. In this study, we found that the serum concentration of ketamine to produce mechanical antinociceptive effects in dogs is above 200 ng/mL. All three infusion regimes provided antinociceptive effects throughout the infusions without causing harmful effects. Further studies are recommended in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubedullah Kaka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh, 70060, Pakistan
| | - Bullo Saifullah
- Material Synthesis and characterization laboratory, Institute of Advanced technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adamu Abdul Abubakar
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yong Meng Goh
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institutes of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Asmatullah Kaka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh, 70060, Pakistan
| | - Atique Ahmed Behan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh, 70060, Pakistan
| | - Mahdi Ebrahimi
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hui Cheng Chen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Panti A, Cafrita IC, Clark L. Effect of intravenous lidocaine on cough response to endotracheal intubation in propofol-anaesthetized dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016; 43:405-11. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Changes of lidocaine concentration and physiological indices in dogs during anaesthesia with lidocaine and isoflurane combined with ketamine or fentanyl. ACTA VET BRNO 2016. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201685010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fentanyl and ketamine are often used as adjuvants in intravenous anaesthesia to prolong analgesia. The aim of this study was to compare changes of the basic physiological variables of intravenous lidocaine administration in combination with ketamine or fentanyl, and to evaluate the impact of addition of fentanyl or ketamine to lidocaine on serum lidocaine concentrations in dogs after intravenous administration. During general anaesthesia, dogs of group L received 2% lidocaine intravenously, dogs of group LF received 2% lidocaine and fentanyl, and dogs of the group LK received 2% lidocaine and ketamine. The heart rate, systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure and rectal temperature decreased in all groups, and group LF showed the biggest effect on the basic physiological variables, with the lowest heart rate during the test, significantly decreased rectal temperature, and the most decreased values of arterial pressure. Blood for determination of serum lidocaine concentration was taken before anaesthesia and 5, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min after initial intravenous injection of drugs. Fentanyl and ketamine did not cause significant changes of serum lidocaine concentration in dogs and may be used as adjuvant in intravenous anaesthesia without a significant increase in lidocaine absorption.
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16
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van der Wal SEI, van den Heuvel SAS, Radema SA, van Berkum BFM, Vaneker M, Steegers MAH, Scheffer GJ, Vissers KCP. The in vitro mechanisms and in vivo efficacy of intravenous lidocaine on the neuroinflammatory response in acute and chronic pain. Eur J Pain 2015; 20:655-74. [PMID: 26684648 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neuroinflammatory response plays a key role in several pain syndromes. Intravenous (iv) lidocaine is beneficial in acute and chronic pain. This review delineates the current literature concerning in vitro mechanisms and in vivo efficacy of iv lidocaine on the neuroinflammatory response in acute and chronic pain. DATABASES AND DATA TREATMENT We searched PUBMED and the Cochrane Library for in vitro and in vivo studies from July 1975 to August 2014. In vitro articles providing an explanation for the mechanisms of action of lidocaine on the neuroinflammatory response in pain were included. Animal or clinical studies were included concerning iv lidocaine for acute or chronic pain or during inflammation. RESULTS Eighty-eight articles regarding iv lidocaine were included: 36 in vitro studies evaluating the effect on ion channels and receptors; 31 animal studies concerning acute and chronic pain and inflammatory models; 21 clinical studies concerning acute and chronic pain. Low-dose lidocaine inhibits in vitro voltage-gated sodium channels, the glycinergic system, some potassium channels and Gαq-coupled protein receptors. Higher lidocaine concentrations block potassium and calcium channels, and NMDA receptors. Animal studies demonstrate lidocaine to have analgesic effects in acute and neuropathic pain syndromes and anti-inflammatory effects early in the inflammatory response. Clinical studies demonstrate lidocaine to have advantage in abdominal surgery and in some neuropathic pain syndromes. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous lidocaine has analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antihyperalgesic properties mediated by an inhibitory effect on ion channels and receptors. It attenuates the neuroinflammatory response in perioperative pain and chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E I van der Wal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center (RUMC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S A S van den Heuvel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center (RUMC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S A Radema
- Department of Medical Oncology, RUMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B F M van Berkum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center (RUMC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Vaneker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center (RUMC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M A H Steegers
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center (RUMC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G J Scheffer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center (RUMC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - K C P Vissers
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center (RUMC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Vilhegas S, Cassu RN, Barbero RC, Crociolli GC, Rocha TLA, Gomes DR. Botulinum toxin type A as an adjunct in postoperative pain management in dogs undergoing radical mastectomy. Vet Rec 2015; 177:391. [PMID: 26446882 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this randomised placebo-controlled, observer-blinded study was to evaluate the analgesic effects of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) as an adjunct for postoperative pain control in dogs. Sixteen dogs undergoing bilateral radical mastectomy for treatment of mammary tumours were enrolled. Twenty-four hours before surgery, the subjects were distributed into two groups of eight dogs each: 7 iu/kg BoNT-A (BoNT-A) or saline (Control) was administered subcutaneously in each mammary gland. Following sedation with intramuscular 0.03 mg/kg acepromazine and 0.3 mg/kg morphine, anaesthesia was induced intravenously with 4 mg/kg propofol and maintained with isoflurane/O2. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated for 72 hours after extubation using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and modified Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (modified-GCMPS). Rescue analgesia was provided with intramuscular morphine (0.5 mg/kg). Data were analysed using analysis of variance, Tukey's test, Mann-Whitney U test and Friedman test (P<0.05). The pain scores were significantly lower in the BoNT-A than in the Control from 8 hours to 60 hours and from 12 hours to 60 hours after extubation, based on the VAS and modified-GCMPS, respectively. Rescue analgesia was required by significantly more dogs in the Control (7/8) compared with the BoNT-A (2/8) (P=0.022). Pre-emptive BoNT-A appears to be effective as an adjuvant for postoperative pain management in dogs undergoing bilateral radical mastectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vilhegas
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Unoeste, 19067-175, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R N Cassu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Unoeste, 19067-175, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R C Barbero
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Unoeste, 19067-175, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G C Crociolli
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Unoeste, 19067-175, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T L A Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Unoeste, 19067-175, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D R Gomes
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Unoeste, 19067-175, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
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Crociolli GC, Cassu RN, Barbero RC, Rocha TLA, Gomes DR, Nicácio GM. Gabapentin as an adjuvant for postoperative pain management in dogs undergoing mastectomy. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1011-5. [PMID: 25816802 PMCID: PMC4565804 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of gabapentin as an adjuvant for postoperative pain management in dogs. Twenty dogs undergoing mastectomy were randomized to receive perioperative oral placebo or gabapentin (10 mg/kg). All dogs were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine (0.03 mg/kg) and morphine (0.3 mg/ kg). Anesthesia was induced with propofol (4 mg/kg) intravenously and maintained with isoflurane. Intravenous meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) was administered preoperatively. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated for 72 hr. Rescue analgesia was provided with intramuscular morphine (0.5 mg/kg). Dogs in the Placebo group received significantly more morphine doses than the Gabapentin group (P=0.021), despite no significant differences in pain scores. Perioperative gabapentin reduced the postoperative morphine requirements in dogs after mastectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulianne Carla Crociolli
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
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19
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Kaka U, Hui Cheng C, Meng GY, Fakurazi S, Kaka A, Behan AA, Ebrahimi M. Electroencephalographic changes associated with antinociceptive actions of lidocaine, ketamine, meloxicam, and morphine administration in minimally anaesthetized dogs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:305367. [PMID: 25695060 PMCID: PMC4324106 DOI: 10.1155/2015/305367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Effects of ketamine and lidocaine on electroencephalographic (EEG) changes were evaluated in minimally anaesthetized dogs, subjected to electric stimulus. Six dogs were subjected to six treatments in a crossover design with a washout period of one week. Dogs were subjected to intravenous boluses of lidocaine 2 mg/kg, ketamine 3 mg/kg, meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg, morphine 0.2 mg/kg and loading doses of lidocaine 2 mg/kg followed by continuous rate infusion (CRI) of 50 and 100 mcg/kg/min, and ketamine 3 mg/kg followed by CRI of 10 and 50 mcg/kg/min. Electroencephalogram was recorded during electrical stimulation prior to any drug treatment (before treatment) and during electrical stimulation following treatment with the drugs (after treatment) under anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with halothane at a stable concentration between 0.85 and 0.95%. Pretreatment median frequency was evidently increased (P < 0.05) for all treatment groups. Lidocaine, ketamine, and morphine depressed the median frequency resulting from the posttreatment stimulation. The depression of median frequency suggested evident antinociceptive effects of these treatments in dogs. It is therefore concluded that lidocaine and ketamine can be used in the analgesic protocol for the postoperative pain management in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubedullah Kaka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh 70060, Pakistan
| | - Chen Hui Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Goh Yong Meng
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institutes of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Asmatullah Kaka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh 70060, Pakistan
| | - Atique Ahmed Behan
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh 70060, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mahdi Ebrahimi
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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20
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Epstein ME. Adjunctive, pain-modifying, analgesic drugs. Top Companion Anim Med 2014; 29:30-4. [PMID: 25454373 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Outside the realm of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug(NSAID) and opioid exist a broad range of medications that exert an analgesic effect, or otherwise modify and protect against pain, by manipulating various targets along the nociceptive pathway. Strength of evidence for dogs and cats can vary widely, and this article will review the available literature that may guide clinical usage in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Epstein
- TotalBond Veterinary Hospitals, Gastonia, NC, USA; Carolinas Animal Pain Management, Gastonia, NC, USA; International Veterinary Academy of Pain Management, Nashville, TN, USA.
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21
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Guimarães Alves IP, Montoro Nicácio G, Diniz MS, Alves Rocha TL, Prada Kanashiro G, Navarro Cassu R. Analgesic comparison of systemic lidocaine, morphine or lidocaine plus morphine infusion in dogs undergoing fracture repair. Acta Cir Bras 2014; 29:245-51. [PMID: 24760025 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502014000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the postoperative analgesic effects of lidocaine, morphine and lidocaine plus morphine administered by constant rate infusion (CRI) and analyzing their effects on opioid requirements after orthopedic surgery in dogs. METHODS Twenty-four dogs underwent fracture repairs were premedicated with IM acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) combined with morphine (0.3mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with IV propofol (4 to 5 mg/ kg) and maintained with isoflurane. The dogs were randomly assigned to 3 groups and administered a CRI IV of lidocaine (T-L), morphine (T-M) or lidocaine plus morphine (T-LM) at the same doses. Postoperative analgesia was assessed for 24 hours using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale (GCPS). Rescue analgesia was performed if the evaluation score exceeded 50% of the VAS and/or 33% of the GCPS. RESULTS The pain score and postoperative opioid requirements did not differ among the treatments. Rescue analgesia was administered to 1/8 dogs in the T-M and T-LM, and to 3/8 dogs in the T-L. CONCLUSION Lidocaine, morphine or lidocaine/morphine CRI may be efficacious techniques for pain management in the first 24 hours post-surgery. However, the two drugs administered together did not reduce the postoperative opioid requirement in dogs undergoing fracture repair. Key words: Anesthesia. Analgesics. Analgesics, Opioid. Lidocaine. Morphine. Dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Montoro Nicácio
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Miriely Steim Diniz
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Thalita Leone Alves Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Prada Kanashiro
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Navarro Cassu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
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Acevedo-Arcique CM, Ibancovichi JA, Chavez JR, Gutierrez-Blanco E, Moran-Muñoz R, Victoria-Mora JM, Tendillo-Cortijo F, Santos-González M, Sanchez-Aparicio P. Lidocaine, dexmedetomidine and their combination reduce isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in dogs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106620. [PMID: 25232737 PMCID: PMC4169398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of intravenous (IV) lidocaine, dexmedetomidine and their combination delivered as a bolus followed by a constant rate infusion (CRI) on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (MACISO) in dogs were evaluated. Seven healthy adult dogs were included. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. For each dog, baseline MAC (MACISO/BASAL) was determined after a 90-minute equilibration period. Thereafter, each dog received one of the following treatments (loading dose, CRI): lidocaine 2 mg kg−1, 100 µg kg−1 minute−1; dexmedetomidine 2 µg kg−1, 2 µg kg−1 hour−1; or their combination. MAC was then determined again after 45- minutes of treatment by CRI. At the doses administered, lidocaine, dexmedetomidine and their combination significantly reduced MACISO by 27.3% (range: 12.5–39.2%), 43.4% (33.3–53.3%) and 60.9% (46.1–78.1%), respectively, when compared to MACISO/BASAL. The combination resulted in a greater MACISO reduction than the two drugs alone. Their use, at the doses studied, provides a clinically important reduction in the concentration of ISO during anaesthesia in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Acevedo-Arcique
- Department of Anaesthesia and Analgesia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - José A. Ibancovichi
- Department of Anaesthesia and Analgesia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
- * E-mail:
| | - Julio R. Chavez
- Department of Anaesthesia and Analgesia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Gutierrez-Blanco
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, State of Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Rafael Moran-Muñoz
- Department of Anaesthesia and Analgesia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - José M. Victoria-Mora
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | | | | | - Pedro Sanchez-Aparicio
- Department of Anaesthesia and Analgesia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
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Gutierrez-Blanco E, Victoria-Mora JM, Ibancovichi-Camarillo JA, Sauri-Arceo CH, Bolio-González ME, Acevedo-Arcique CM, Marin-Cano G, Steagall PV. Postoperative analgesic effects of either a constant rate infusion of fentanyl, lidocaine, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, or the combination lidocaine-ketamine-dexmedetomidine after ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 42:309-18. [PMID: 25039918 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the postoperative analgesic effects of a constant rate infusion (CRI) of either fentanyl (FENT), lidocaine (LIDO), ketamine (KET), dexmedetomidine (DEX), or the combination lidocaine-ketamine-dexmedetomidine (LKD) in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, prospective, blinded, clinical study. ANIMALS Fifty-four dogs. METHODS Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Treatments were intravenous (IV) administration of a bolus at start of anesthesia, followed by an IV CRI until the end of anesthesia, then a CRI at a decreased dose for a further 4 hours: CONTROL/BUT (butorphanol 0.4 mg kg(-1), infusion rate of saline 0.9% 2 mLkg(-1) hour(-1)); FENT (5 μg kg(-1), 10 μg kg(-1) hour(-1), then 2.5 μg kg(-1) hour(-1)); KET (1 mgkg(-1) , 40 μg kg(-1) minute(-1), then 10 μg kg(-1) minute(-1) ; LIDO (2 mg kg(-1), 100 μg kg(-1) minute(-1), then 25 μg kg(-1) minute(-1)); DEX (1 μgkg(-1), 3 μg kg(-1) hour(-1), then 1 μg kg(-1) hour(-1)); or a combination of LKD at the aforementioned doses. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated using the Glasgow composite pain scale, University of Melbourne pain scale, and numerical rating scale. Rescue analgesia was morphine and carprofen. Data were analyzed using Friedman or Kruskal-Wallis test with appropriate post-hoc testing (p < 0.05). RESULTS Animals requiring rescue analgesia included CONTROL/BUT (n = 8), KET (n = 3), DEX (n = 2), and LIDO (n = 2); significantly higher in CONTROL/BUT than other groups. No dogs in LKD and FENT groups received rescue analgesia. CONTROL/BUT pain scores were significantly higher at 1 hour than FENT, DEX and LKD, but not than KET or LIDO. Fentanyl and LKD sedation scores were higher than CONTROL/BUT at 1 hour. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE LKD and FENT resulted in adequate postoperative analgesia. LIDO, CONTROL/BUT, KET and DEX may not be effective for treatment of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gutierrez-Blanco
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yucatan Autonomous University, Merida, Mexico
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24
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Tsai TY, Chang SK, Chou PY, Yeh LS. Comparison of postoperative effects between lidocaine infusion, meloxicam, and their combination in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Vet Anaesth Analg 2013; 40:615-22. [PMID: 23837712 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the postoperative analgesic effects of intravenous (IV) lidocaine, meloxicam, and their combination in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS Twenty-seven dogs aged (mean ± SD) 16.1 ± 7.5 months and weighing 22.4 ± 17.9 kg scheduled for ovariohysterectomy. METHODS Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Dogs (n = 9 in each group) were allocated to receive just prior to and during surgery one of the following regimens: M group, 0.2 mg kg(-1) IV meloxicam then a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of lactated Ringer's at 10 mL kg(-1) hour(-1); L group, a bolus of lidocaine (1 mg kg(-1) IV) then a CRI of lidocaine at 0.025 mg kg(-1) minute(-1); and M + L group, both the above meloxicam and lidocaine treatments. Pain and sedation were scored, and venous samples taken for serum cortisol and glucose measurement before and at intervals for 12 hours after anaesthesia. Pain scores were assessed using a multi-parameter subjective scoring scale (cumulative scale 0-21) by three observers. The protocol stated that dogs with a total score exceeding 9 or a sub-score above 3 in any one category would receive rescue analgesia. Sedation was scored on a scale of 0-4. RESULTS There were no significant differences in subjective pain scores, serum cortisol, and glucose concentrations between the three groups. The highest pain score at any time was 5, and no dog required rescue analgesia. None of the three regimens caused any observable side effects during or after anaesthesia. At 1 and 2 hours after extubation dogs in group L were significantly more sedated than in the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study suggests that, with the scoring system used, IV lidocaine and meloxicam provide similar and adequate post-operative analgesia in healthy dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Yu Tsai
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Columbano N, Secci F, Careddu GM, Sotgiu G, Rossi G, Driessen B. Effects of lidocaine constant rate infusion on sevoflurane requirement, autonomic responses, and postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariectomy under opioid-based balanced anesthesia. Vet J 2012; 193:448-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gurney MA. Pharmacological options for intra-operative and early postoperative analgesia: an update. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 53:377-86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.01243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Gurney
- Department of Anaesthesia; Northwest Surgeons; Cheshire; WA7 3FW
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Vesal N, Spadavecchia C, Steiner A, Kirscher F, Levionnois OL. Evaluation of the isoflurane-sparing effects of lidocaine infusion during umbilical surgery in calves. Vet Anaesth Analg 2011; 38:451-60. [PMID: 21831050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the isoflurane-sparing effects of lidocaine administered by constant rate infusion (CRI) during umbilical surgery in calves. STUDY DESIGN Randomized 'blinded' prospective clinical study. ANIMALS Thirty calves (mean 4.7 ± SD 2.5 weeks old) undergoing umbilical surgery. METHODS After premedication with xylazine (0.1 mg kg(-1) , IM), anaesthesia was induced with ketamine (4 mg kg(-1) , IV) and maintained with isoflurane in O(2) administered through a circle breathing system. The calves were assigned randomly to receive a bolus of 2 mg kg(-1) lidocaine IV after induction of anaesthesia, followed by CRI of 50 μg kg(-1) minute(-1) (group L, n=15) or a bolus and CRI of 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl, group S, n=15). End-tidal isoflurane was adjusted to achieve adequate depth of anaesthesia. Heart rate, direct arterial blood pressure and body temperature were measured intraoperatively. Groups were compared by t- tests, anova or Mann-Whitney rank sum test as appropriate. RESULTS The end-tidal concentration of isoflurane (median, IQR) was significantly lower in group L [1.0% (0.94-1.1)] compared to group S [1.2% (1.1-1.5)], indicating a 16.7% reduction in anaesthetic requirement during lidocaine CRI. Cardiopulmonary parameters and recovery times did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lidocaine CRI may be used as a supplement to inhalation anaesthesia during umbilical surgery in calves in countries where such a protocol would be within the legal requirements for veterinary use in food animals. This study did not show any measurable benefit to the calves other than a reduction in isoflurane requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Vesal
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Vivancos GG, Klamt JG, Garcia LV. Effects of 2 mg.kg⁻¹ of intravenous lidocaine on the latency of two different doses of rocuronium and on the hemodynamic response to orotracheal intubation. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2011; 61:1-12. [PMID: 21334502 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-7094(11)70001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Lidocaine potentiates the effects of neuromuscular blockers and attenuates the hemodynamic response to orotracheal intubation. The objective of the present study was to test the effects of lidocaine on the latency of two different doses of rocuronium and on the hemodynamic response to intubation. METHODS Eighty patients were distributed in 4 groups: Groups 1 and 2 received 0.6 mg.kg(-1) of rocuronium; patients in Group 2 also received 2 mg.kg(-1) of lidocaine before intubation. Patients in Groups 3 and 4 received 1.2 mg.kg(-1) of rocuronium; patients in Group 4 received additional 2 mg.kg(-1) of lidocaine. The latency of the neuromuscular blockade was measured by acceleromyography. Hemodynamic evaluation was performed at baseline, immediately before, and 1 minute after orotracheal intubation (OI). RESULTS Statistically significant differences were not observed between the latency from 0.6 mg.kg(-1) and 1.2 mg.kg(-1) of rocuronium in patients who received lidocaine before induction and those who did not. The latency in patients who received 0.6 mg.kg(-1) of rocuronium with lidocaine was statistically similar to that of those who received 1.2 mg.kg(-1) rocuronium independently of whether lidocaine was administered or not. Patients who did not receive lidocaine before induction showed the same increases in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure and heart rate after OI, which was not observed in those patients who received lidocaine. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous lidocaine before anesthetic induction was capable of attenuating the hemodynamic response associated to OI maneuvers, but it did not reduce the latency of the neuromuscular blockade produced by two different doses of rocuronium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Gameiro Vivancos
- Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - FMRP, Brazil
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