1
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Hata S, Tsuda R, Kojima S, Tanaka A, Kouchi H. Both incompatible and compatible rhizobia inhabit the intercellular spaces of leguminous root nodules. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2245995. [PMID: 37573516 PMCID: PMC10424618 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2245995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In addition to rhizobia, many types of co-existent bacteria are found in leguminous root nodules, but their habitats are unclear. To investigate this phenomenon, we labeled Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA122 and Bradyrhizobium sp. SSBR45 with Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein (DsRed) or enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). USDA122 enhances soybean growth by forming effective root nodules, but SSBR45 does not form any nodules. Using low-magnification laser scanning confocal microscopy, we found that infected cells in the central zone of soybean nodules appeared to be occupied by USDA122. Notably, high-magnification microscopy after co-inoculation of non-fluorescent USDA122 and fluorescence-labeled SSBR45 also revealed that SSBR45 inhabits the intercellular spaces of healthy nodules. More unexpectedly, co-inoculation of eGFP-labeled USDA122 and DsRed-labeled SSBR45 (and vice versa) revealed the presence of USDA122 bacteria in both the symbiosomes of infected cells and in the apoplasts of healthy nodules. We then next inspected nodules formed after a mixed inoculation of differently-labeled USDA122, without SSBR45, and confirmed the inhabitation of the both populations of USDA122 in the intercellular spaces. In contrast, infected cells were occupied by single-labeled USDA122. We also observed Mesorhizobium loti in the intercellular spaces of active wild-type nodules of Lotus japonicus using transmission electron microscopy. Compatible intercellular rhizobia have been described during nodule formation of several legume species and in some mutants, but our evidence suggests that this type of colonization may occur much more commonly in leguminous root nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hata
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Risa Tsuda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Serina Kojima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Aiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kouchi
- Division of Arts and Sciences, International Christian University, Mitaka, Japan
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2
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Hlaváčková K, Šamaj J, Ovečka M. Cytoskeleton as a roadmap navigating rhizobia to establish symbiotic root nodulation in legumes. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108263. [PMID: 37775072 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Legumes enter into symbiotic associations with soil nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, culminating in the creation of new organs, root nodules. This complex process relies on chemical and physical interaction between legumes and rhizobia, including early signalling events informing the host legume plant of a potentially beneficial microbe and triggering the nodulation program. The great significance of this plant-microbe interaction rests upon conversion of atmospheric dinitrogen not accessible to plants into a biologically active form of ammonia available to plants. The plant cytoskeleton consists in a highly dynamic network and undergoes rapid remodelling upon sensing various developmental and environmental cues, including response to attachment, internalization, and accommodation of rhizobia in plant root and nodule cells. This dynamic nature is governed by cytoskeleton-associated proteins that modulate cytoskeletal behaviour depending on signal perception and transduction. Precisely localized cytoskeletal rearrangements are therefore essential for the uptake of rhizobia, their targeted delivery, and establishing beneficial root nodule symbiosis. This review summarizes current knowledge about rhizobia-dependent rearrangements and functions of the cytoskeleton in legume roots and nodules. General patterns and nodule type-, nodule stage-, and species-specific aspects of actin filaments and microtubules remodelling are discussed. Moreover, emerging evidence is provided about fine-tuning the root nodulation process through cytoskeleton-associated proteins. We also consider future perspectives on dynamic localization studies of the cytoskeleton during early symbiosis utilizing state of the art molecular and advanced microscopy approaches. Based on acquired detailed knowledge of the mutualistic interactions with microbes, these approaches could contribute to broader biotechnological crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Hlaváčková
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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3
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Libourel C, Keller J, Brichet L, Cazalé AC, Carrère S, Vernié T, Couzigou JM, Callot C, Dufau I, Cauet S, Marande W, Bulach T, Suin A, Masson-Boivin C, Remigi P, Delaux PM, Capela D. Comparative phylotranscriptomics reveals ancestral and derived root nodule symbiosis programmes. NATURE PLANTS 2023:10.1038/s41477-023-01441-w. [PMID: 37322127 PMCID: PMC10356618 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic interactions such as the nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis (RNS) have structured ecosystems during the evolution of life. Here we aimed at reconstructing ancestral and intermediate steps that shaped RNS observed in extant flowering plants. We compared the symbiotic transcriptomic responses of nine host plants, including the mimosoid legume Mimosa pudica for which we assembled a chromosome-level genome. We reconstructed the ancestral RNS transcriptome composed of most known symbiotic genes together with hundreds of novel candidates. Cross-referencing with transcriptomic data in response to experimentally evolved bacterial strains with gradual symbiotic proficiencies, we found the response to bacterial signals, nodule infection, nodule organogenesis and nitrogen fixation to be ancestral. By contrast, the release of symbiosomes was associated with recently evolved genes encoding small proteins in each lineage. We demonstrate that the symbiotic response was mostly in place in the most recent common ancestor of the RNS-forming species more than 90 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Libourel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean Keller
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Lukas Brichet
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Sébastien Carrère
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Tatiana Vernié
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Malo Couzigou
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Caroline Callot
- INRAE, CNRGV French Plant Genomic Resource Center, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Isabelle Dufau
- INRAE, CNRGV French Plant Genomic Resource Center, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Stéphane Cauet
- INRAE, CNRGV French Plant Genomic Resource Center, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - William Marande
- INRAE, CNRGV French Plant Genomic Resource Center, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Tabatha Bulach
- INRAE, US1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Amandine Suin
- INRAE, US1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Philippe Remigi
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Delphine Capela
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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4
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Msaddak A, Mars M, Quiñones MA, Lucas MM, Pueyo JJ. Lupin, a Unique Legume That Is Nodulated by Multiple Microsymbionts: The Role of Horizontal Gene Transfer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076496. [PMID: 37047476 PMCID: PMC10094711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lupin is a high-protein legume crop that grows in a wide range of edaphoclimatic conditions where other crops are not viable. Its unique seed nutrient profile can promote health benefits, and it has been proposed as a phytoremediation plant. Most rhizobia nodulating Lupinus species belong to the genus Bradyrhizobium, comprising strains that are phylogenetically related to B. cytisi, B. hipponenese, B. rifense, B. iriomotense/B. stylosanthis, B. diazoefficiens, B. japonicum, B. canariense/B. lupini, and B. retamae/B. valentinum. Lupins are also nodulated by fast-growing bacteria within the genera Microvirga, Ochrobactrum, Devosia, Phyllobacterium, Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, and Neorhizobium. Phylogenetic analyses of the nod and nif genes, involved in microbial colonization and symbiotic nitrogen fixation, respectively, suggest that fast-growing lupin-nodulating bacteria have acquired their symbiotic genes from rhizobial genera other than Bradyrhizobium. Horizontal transfer represents a key mechanism allowing lupin to form symbioses with bacteria that were previously considered as non-symbiotic or unable to nodulate lupin, which might favor lupin’s adaptation to specific habitats. The characterization of yet-unstudied Lupinus species, including microsymbiont whole genome analyses, will most likely expand and modify the current lupin microsymbiont taxonomy, and provide additional knowledge that might help to further increase lupin’s adaptability to marginal soils and climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhakim Msaddak
- Department of Soil. Plant and Environmental Quality, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ICA-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Valorization of Arid Areas Bioresources, BVBAA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Gabès, Erriadh, Zrig, Gabès 6072, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Mars
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Valorization of Arid Areas Bioresources, BVBAA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Gabès, Erriadh, Zrig, Gabès 6072, Tunisia
| | - Miguel A. Quiñones
- Department of Soil. Plant and Environmental Quality, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ICA-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Mercedes Lucas
- Department of Soil. Plant and Environmental Quality, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ICA-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José J. Pueyo
- Department of Soil. Plant and Environmental Quality, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ICA-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Ayala-García P, Jiménez-Guerrero I, Jacott CN, López-Baena FJ, Ollero FJ, Del Cerro P, Pérez-Montaño F. The Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 NodD2 protein promotes symbiosis and extends rhizobial nodulation range by constitutive nodulation factor synthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6931-6941. [PMID: 35901852 PMCID: PMC9629785 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the symbiotic associations between rhizobia and legumes, the NodD regulators orchestrate the transcription of the specific nodulation genes. This set of genes is involved in the synthesis of nodulation factors, which are responsible for initiating the nodulation process. Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 is the most successful symbiont of Phaseolus vulgaris and can nodulate a variety of legumes. Among the five NodD regulators present in this rhizobium, only NodD1 and NodD2 seem to have a role in the symbiotic process. However, the individual role of each NodD in the absence of the other proteins has remained elusive. In this work, we show that the CIAT 899 NodD2 does not require activation by inducers to promote the synthesis of nodulation factors. A CIAT 899 strain overexpressing nodD2, but lacking all additional nodD genes, can nodulate three different legumes as efficiently as the wild type. Interestingly, CIAT 899 NodD2-mediated gain of nodulation can be extended to another rhizobial species, since its overproduction in Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 not only increases the number of nitrogen-fixing nodules in two host legumes but also results in nodule development in incompatible legumes. These findings potentially open exciting opportunities to develop rhizobial inoculants and increase legume crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ayala-García
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Jiménez-Guerrero
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Catherine N Jacott
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Pablo Del Cerro
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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6
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Quiñones MA, Lucas MM, Pueyo JJ. Adaptive Mechanisms Make Lupin a Choice Crop for Acidic Soils Affected by Aluminum Toxicity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:810692. [PMID: 35069669 PMCID: PMC8766672 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.810692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Almost half of the world's agricultural soils are acidic, and most of them present significant levels of aluminum (Al) contamination, with Al3+ as the prevailing phytotoxic species. Lupin is a protein crop that is considered as an optimal alternative to soybean cultivation in cold climates. Lupins establish symbiosis with certain soil bacteria, collectively known as rhizobia, which are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Moreover, some lupin species, especially white lupin, form cluster roots, bottlebrush-like structures specialized in the mobilization and uptake of nutrients in poor soils. Cluster roots are also induced by Al toxicity. They exude phenolic compounds and organic acids that chelate Al to form non-phytotoxic complexes in the rhizosphere and inside the root cells, where Al complexes are accumulated in the vacuole. Lupins flourish in highly acidic soils where most crops, including other legumes, are unable to grow. Some lupin response mechanisms to Al toxicity are common to other plants, but lupin presents specific tolerance mechanisms, partly as a result of the formation of cluster roots. Al-induced lupin organic acid secretion differs from P-induced secretion, and organic acid transporters functions differ from those in other legumes. Additionally, symbiotic rhizobia can contribute to Al detoxification. After revising the existing knowledge on lupin distinct Al tolerance mechanisms, we conclude that further research is required to elucidate the specific organic acid secretion and Al accumulation mechanisms in this unique legume, but definitely, white lupin arises as a choice crop for cultivation in Al-rich acidic soils in temperate climate regions.
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7
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Buoso S, Zamboni A, Franco A, Commisso M, Guzzo F, Varanini Z, Pinton R, Tomasi N, Zanin L. Nodulating white lupins take advantage of the reciprocal interplay between N and P nutritional responses. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13607. [PMID: 34837246 PMCID: PMC9303408 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The low bioavailability of nutrients, especially nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), is one of the most limiting factors for crop production. In this study, under N- and P-free nutrient solution (-N-P), nodulating white lupin plants developed some nodules and analogous cluster root structures characterized by different morphological, physiological, and molecular responses than those observed upon single nutrient deficiency (strong acidification of external media, a better nutritional status than -N+P and +N-P plants). The multi-elemental analysis highlighted that the concentrations of nutrients in white lupin plants were mainly affected by P availability. Gene-expression analyses provided evidence of interconnections between N and P nutritional pathways that are active to promote N and P balance in plants. The root exudome was mainly characterized by N availability in nutrient solution, and, in particular, the absence of N and P in the nutrient solution triggered a high release of phenolic compounds, nucleosides monophosphate and saponines by roots. These morphological, physiological, and molecular responses result from a close interplay between N and P nutritional pathways. They contribute to the good development of nodulating white lupin plants when grown on N- and P-free media. This study provides evidence that limited N and P availability in the nutrient solution can promote white lupin-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis, which is favourable for the sustainability of legume production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Buoso
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal SciencesUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
| | - Anita Zamboni
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Alessandro Franco
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal SciencesUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
| | - Mauro Commisso
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Flavia Guzzo
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Zeno Varanini
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Roberto Pinton
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal SciencesUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
| | - Nicola Tomasi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal SciencesUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
| | - Laura Zanin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal SciencesUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
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8
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Montiel J, Reid D, Grønbæk TH, Benfeldt CM, James EK, Ott T, Ditengou FA, Nadzieja M, Kelly S, Stougaard J. Distinct signaling routes mediate intercellular and intracellular rhizobial infection in Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1131-1147. [PMID: 33793909 PMCID: PMC8133683 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobial infection of legume roots during the development of nitrogen-fixing root nodules can occur intracellularly, through plant-derived infection threads traversing cells, or intercellularly, via bacterial entry between epidermal plant cells. Although it is estimated that around 25% of all legume genera are intercellularly infected, the pathways and mechanisms supporting this process have remained virtually unexplored due to a lack of genetically amenable legumes that exhibit this form of infection. In this study, we report that the model legume Lotus japonicus is infected intercellularly by the IRBG74 strain, recently proposed to belong to the Agrobacterium clade of the Rhizobiaceae. We demonstrate that the resources available for L. japonicus enable insight into the genetic requirements and fine-tuning of the pathway governing intercellular infection in this species. Inoculation of L. japonicus mutants shows that Ethylene-responsive factor required for nodulation 1 (Ern1) and Leu-rich Repeat Receptor-Like Kinase (RinRK1) are dispensable for intercellular infection in contrast to intracellular infection. Other symbiotic genes, including nod factor receptor 5 (NFR5), symbiosis receptor-like kinase (SymRK), Ca2+/calmodulin dependent kinase (CCaMK), exopolysaccharide receptor 3 (Epr3), Cyclops, nodule inception (Nin), nodulation signaling pathway 1 (Nsp1), nodulation signaling pathway 2 (Nsp2), cystathionine-β-synthase (Cbs), and Vapyrin are equally important for both entry modes. Comparative RNAseq analysis of roots inoculated with IRBG74 revealed a distinctive transcriptome response compared with intracellular colonization. In particular, several cytokinin-related genes were differentially regulated. Corroborating this observation, cyp735A and ipt4 cytokinin biosynthesis mutants were significantly affected in their nodulation with IRBG74, whereas lhk1 cytokinin receptor mutants formed no nodules. These results indicate a differential requirement for cytokinin signaling during intercellular rhizobial entry and highlight distinct modalities of inter- and intracellular infection mechanisms in L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Montiel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Dugald Reid
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas H Grønbæk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Caroline M Benfeldt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Euan K James
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Thomas Ott
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franck A Ditengou
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcin Nadzieja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simon Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Author for ommunication:
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9
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Pueyo JJ, Quiñones MA, Coba de la Peña T, Fedorova EE, Lucas MM. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Interplay in Lupin Root Nodules and Cluster Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:644218. [PMID: 33747024 PMCID: PMC7966414 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.644218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two major plant nutrients, and their deficiencies often limit plant growth and crop yield. The uptakes of N or P affect each other, and consequently, understanding N-P interactions is fundamental. Their signaling mechanisms have been studied mostly separately, and integrating N-P interactive regulation is becoming the aim of some recent works. Lupins are singular plants, as, under N and P deficiencies, they are capable to develop new organs, the N2-fixing symbiotic nodules, and some species can also transform their root architecture to form cluster roots, hundreds of short rootlets that alter their metabolism to induce a high-affinity P transport system and enhance synthesis and secretion of organic acids, flavonoids, proteases, acid phosphatases, and proton efflux. These modifications lead to mobilization in the soil of, otherwise unavailable, P. White lupin (Lupinus albus) represents a model plant to study cluster roots and for understanding plant acclimation to nutrient deficiency. It tolerates simultaneous P and N deficiencies and also enhances uptake of additional nutrients. Here, we present the structural and functional modifications that occur in conditions of P and N deficiencies and lead to the organogenesis and altered metabolism of nodules and cluster roots. Some known N and P signaling mechanisms include different factors, including phytohormones and miRNAs. The combination of the individual N and P mechanisms uncovers interactive regulation pathways that concur in nodules and cluster roots. L. albus interlinks N and P recycling processes both in the plant itself and in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J. Pueyo
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Elena E. Fedorova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Liu J, Bisseling T. Evolution of NIN and NIN-like Genes in Relation to Nodule Symbiosis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E777. [PMID: 32664480 PMCID: PMC7397163 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Legumes and actinorhizal plants are capable of forming root nodules symbiosis with rhizobia and Frankia bacteria. All these nodulating species belong to the nitrogen fixation clade. Most likely, nodulation evolved once in the last common ancestor of this clade. NIN (NODULE INCEPTION) is a transcription factor that is essential for nodulation in all studied species. Therefore, it seems probable that it was recruited at the start when nodulation evolved. NIN is the founding member of the NIN-like protein (NLP) family. It arose by duplication, and this occurred before nodulation evolved. Therefore, several plant species outside the nitrogen fixation clade have NLP(s), which is orthologous to NIN. In this review, we discuss how NIN has diverged from the ancestral NLP, what minimal changes would have been essential for it to become a key transcription controlling nodulation, and which adaptations might have evolved later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Ton Bisseling
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
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11
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Zhou Y, Neuhäuser B, Neumann G, Ludewig U. LaALMT1 mediates malate release from phosphorus-deficient white lupin root tips and metal root to shoot translocation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1691-1706. [PMID: 32239684 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Under phosphorus (P) deficiency, Lupinus albus (white lupin) releases large amounts of organic acid anions from specialized root structures, so-called cluster or proteoid roots, to mobilize and acquire sparingly soluble phosphates from a restricted soil volume. The molecular mechanisms underlying this release and its regulation are, however, poorly understood. Here, we identified a gene belonging to the aluminium (Al)-activated malate transporter (ALMT) family that specifically contributes to malate, but not citrate release. This gene, LaALMT1, was most prominently expressed in the root apices under P deficiency, including those of cluster roots and was also detected in the root stele. Contrary to several ALMT homologs in other species, the expression was not stimulated, but moderately repressed by Al. Aluminium-independent malate currents were recorded from the plasma membrane localized LaALMT1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes. In composite lupins with transgenic roots, LaALMT1 was efficiently mutated by CRISPR-Cas9, leading to diminished malate efflux and lower xylem sap malate concentrations. When grown in an alkaline P-deficient soil, mutant shoot phosphate concentrations were similar, but iron and potassium concentrations were diminished in old leaves, suggesting a role for ALMT1 in metal root to shoot translocation, a function that was also supported by growth in hydroponics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benjamin Neuhäuser
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Günter Neumann
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Uwe Ludewig
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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12
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Shen D, Bisseling T. The Evolutionary Aspects of Legume Nitrogen-Fixing Nodule Symbiosis. Results Probl Cell Differ 2020; 69:387-408. [PMID: 33263880 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis can sustain the development of the host plants under nitrogen-limiting conditions. Such symbiosis occurs only in a clade of angiosperms known as the nitrogen-fixing clade (NFC). It has long been proposed that root nodule symbiosis evolved several times (in parallel) in the NFC. Two recent phylogenomic studies compared the genomes of nodulating and related non-nodulating species across the four orders of the NFC and found that genes essential for nodule formation are lost or pseudogenized in the non-nodulating species. As these symbiosis genes are specifically involved in the symbiotic interaction, it means that the presence of pseudogenes and the loss of symbiosis genes strongly suggest that their ancestor, which still had functional genes, most likely had a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. These findings agree with the hypothesis that nodulation evolved once at the common ancestor of the NFC, and challenge the hypothesis of parallel evolution. In this chapter, we will cover the current understandings on actinorhizal-type and legume nodule development, and discuss the evolution of the legume nodule type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defeng Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Bisseling
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Rejili M, Msaddak A, Filali I, Benabderrahim MA, Mars M, Marín M. New chromosomal lineages within Microvirga and Bradyrhizobium genera nodulate Lupinus angustifolius growing on different Tunisian soils. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 95:5537381. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTThirty-one rhizobial isolates nodulating native Lupinus angustifolius (blue lupine) plants growing in Northern Tunisian soils were isolated and analysed using different chromosomal and symbiotic gene markers. Phylogenetic analyses based on recA partial sequences grouped them into at least five groups: four of them within the genus Bradyrhizobium (26 isolates) and one into the genus Microvirga (5 isolates). Representative strains were analysed by multilocus sequence analysis of three housekeeping genes rrs-recA-glnII and rrs-gyrB-dnaK for Bradyrhizobium and Microvirga isolates, respectively. Based on this analysis, eight isolates clustered with the previously described strains Bradyrhizobium lupini USDA3051 and Bradyrhizobium canariense BTA-1. However, five of the isolates clustered separately and may constitute a new species within the Bradyrhizobium genus. The remaining five isolates were closely related to the strain Microvirga sp. LmiM8 and may constitute a new Microvirga species. The analysis of the nodC gene showed that all Bradyrhizobium strains nodulating blue lupine belong to the symbiovar genistearum, whereas the Microvirga isolates are associated with the symbiovar mediterranense. The results of this study support that the L. angustifolius root nodule symbionts isolated in Northern Tunisia belong mostly to the B. canariense/B. lupini lineages. However, new clades of Bradyrhizobium and Microvirga have been identified as L. angustifolius endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rejili
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Valorization of Arid Areas Bioresources (BVBAA) – Faculty of Sciences of Gabes, University of Gabes, Erriadh, Zrig 6072, Gabes, Tunisia
| | - A Msaddak
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Valorization of Arid Areas Bioresources (BVBAA) – Faculty of Sciences of Gabes, University of Gabes, Erriadh, Zrig 6072, Gabes, Tunisia
| | - I Filali
- College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh PO Box 84428, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Benabderrahim
- Arid and Oases Cropping Laboratory, Arid Area Institute, Gabes 6051, Tunisia
| | - M Mars
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Valorization of Arid Areas Bioresources (BVBAA) – Faculty of Sciences of Gabes, University of Gabes, Erriadh, Zrig 6072, Gabes, Tunisia
| | - M Marín
- Institute of Genetics, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich (LMU), Grosshaderner Str. 2–4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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14
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Liang J, Klingl A, Lin YY, Boul E, Thomas-Oates J, Marín M. A subcompatible rhizobium strain reveals infection duality in Lotus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1903-1913. [PMID: 30775775 PMCID: PMC6436148 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Lotus species develop infection threads to guide rhizobia into nodule cells. However, there is evidence that some species have a genetic repertoire to allow other modes of infection. By conducting confocal and electron microscopy, quantification of marker gene expression, and phenotypic analysis of transgenic roots infected with mutant rhizobia, we elucidated the infection mechanism used by Rhizobium leguminosarum Norway to colonize Lotus burttii. Rhizobium leguminosarum Norway induces a distinct host transcriptional response compared with Mesorhizobium loti. It infects L. burttii utilizing an epidermal and transcellular infection thread-independent mechanism at high frequency. The entry into plant cells occurs directly from the apoplast and is primarily mediated by 'peg'-like structures, the formation of which is dependent on the production of Nod factor by the rhizobia. These results demonstrate that Lotus species can exhibit duality in their infection mechanisms depending on the rhizobial strain that they encounter. This is especially relevant in the context of interactions in the rhizosphere where legumes do not encounter single strains, but complex rhizobial communities. Additionally, our findings support a perception mechanism at the nodule cell entry interface, reinforcing the idea that there are successive checkpoints during rhizobial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liang
- Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Klingl
- Botany, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Germany
| | - Yen-Yu Lin
- Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Germany
| | - Emily Boul
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK
| | | | - Macarena Marín
- Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Germany
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15
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Stępkowski T, Banasiewicz J, Granada CE, Andrews M, Passaglia LMP. Phylogeny and Phylogeography of Rhizobial Symbionts Nodulating Legumes of the Tribe Genisteae. Genes (Basel) 2018. [PMID: 29538303 PMCID: PMC5867884 DOI: 10.3390/genes9030163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The legume tribe Genisteae comprises 618, predominantly temperate species, showing an amphi-Atlantic distribution that was caused by several long-distance dispersal events. Seven out of the 16 authenticated rhizobial genera can nodulate particular Genisteae species. Bradyrhizobium predominates among rhizobia nodulating Genisteae legumes. Bradyrhizobium strains that infect Genisteae species belong to both the Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium elkanii superclades. In symbiotic gene phylogenies, Genisteae bradyrhizobia are scattered among several distinct clades, comprising strains that originate from phylogenetically distant legumes. This indicates that the capacity for nodulation of Genisteae spp. has evolved independently in various symbiotic gene clades, and that it has not been a long-multi-step process. The exception is Bradyrhizobium Clade II, which unlike other clades comprises strains that are specialized in nodulation of Genisteae, but also Loteae spp. Presumably, Clade II represents an example of long-lasting co-evolution of bradyrhizobial symbionts with their legume hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Stępkowski
- Autonomous Department of Microbial Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Banasiewicz
- Autonomous Department of Microbial Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Camille E Granada
- Universidade do Vale do Taquari-UNIVATES, Rua Avelino Tallini, 171, 95900-000 Lajeado, RS, Brazil.
| | - Mitchell Andrews
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand.
| | - Luciane M P Passaglia
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Caixa Postal 15.053, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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16
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Coba de la Peña T, Fedorova E, Pueyo JJ, Lucas MM. The Symbiosome: Legume and Rhizobia Co-evolution toward a Nitrogen-Fixing Organelle? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2229. [PMID: 29403508 PMCID: PMC5786577 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In legume nodules, symbiosomes containing endosymbiotic rhizobial bacteria act as temporary plant organelles that are responsible for nitrogen fixation, these bacteria develop mutual metabolic dependence with the host legume. In most legumes, the rhizobia infect post-mitotic cells that have lost their ability to divide, although in some nodules cells do maintain their mitotic capacity after infection. Here, we review what is currently known about legume symbiosomes from an evolutionary and developmental perspective, and in the context of the different interactions between diazotroph bacteria and eukaryotes. As a result, it can be concluded that the symbiosome possesses organelle-like characteristics due to its metabolic behavior, the composite origin and differentiation of its membrane, the retargeting of host cell proteins, the control of microsymbiont proliferation and differentiation by the host legume, and the cytoskeletal dynamics and symbiosome segregation during the division of rhizobia-infected cells. Different degrees of symbiosome evolution can be defined, specifically in relation to rhizobial infection and to the different types of nodule. Thus, our current understanding of the symbiosome suggests that it might be considered a nitrogen-fixing link in organelle evolution and that the distinct types of legume symbiosomes could represent different evolutionary stages toward the generation of a nitrogen-fixing organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Coba de la Peña
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | - Elena Fedorova
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - José J Pueyo
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Keller J, Imperial J, Ruiz-Argüeso T, Privet K, Lima O, Michon-Coudouel S, Biget M, Salmon A, Aïnouche A, Cabello-Hurtado F. RNA sequencing and analysis of three Lupinus nodulomes provide new insights into specific host-symbiont relationships with compatible and incompatible Bradyrhizobium strains. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 266:102-116. [PMID: 29241560 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation in the legume root-nodule symbiosis has a critical importance in natural and agricultural ecosystems and depends on the proper choice of the symbiotic partners. However, the genetic determinism of symbiotic specificity remains unclear. To study this process, we inoculated three Lupinus species (L. albus, L. luteus, L. mariae-josephae), belonging to the under-investigated tribe of Genistoids, with two Bradyrhizobium strains (B. japonicum, B. valentinum) presenting contrasted degrees of symbiotic specificity depending on the host. We produced the first transcriptomes (RNA-Seq) from lupine nodules in a context of symbiotic specificity. For each lupine species, we compared gene expression between functional and non-functional interactions and determined differentially expressed (DE) genes. This revealed that L. luteus and L. mariae-josephae (nodulated by only one of the Bradyrhizobium strains) specific nodulomes were richest in DE genes than L. albus (nodulation with both microsymbionts, but non-functional with B. valentinum) and share a higher number of these genes between them than with L. albus. In addition, a functional analysis of DE genes highlighted the central role of the genetic pathways controlling infection and nodule organogenesis, hormones, secondary, carbon and nitrogen metabolisms, as well as the implication of plant defence in response to compatible or incompatible Bradyrhizobium strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Keller
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, OSUR (Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes), Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - J Imperial
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - T Ruiz-Argüeso
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - K Privet
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, OSUR (Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes), Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - O Lima
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, OSUR (Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes), Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - S Michon-Coudouel
- Environmental and Human Genomics Platform, OSUR (Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes), Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - M Biget
- Environmental and Human Genomics Platform, OSUR (Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes), Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - A Salmon
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, OSUR (Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes), Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - A Aïnouche
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, OSUR (Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes), Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - F Cabello-Hurtado
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, OSUR (Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes), Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France.
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18
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Benito P, Alonso-Vega P, Aguado C, Luján R, Anzai Y, Hirsch AM, Trujillo ME. Monitoring the colonization and infection of legume nodules by Micromonospora in co-inoculation experiments with rhizobia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11051. [PMID: 28887555 PMCID: PMC5591303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that the actinobacterium Micromonospora inhabits nitrogen-fixing nodules raised questions as to its potential ecological role. The capacity of two Micromonospora strains to infect legumes other than their original host, Lupinus angustifolius, was investigated using Medicago and Trifolium as test plants. Compatible rhizobial strains were used for coinoculation of the plants because Micromonospora itself does not induce nodulation. Over 50% of nodules from each legume housed Micromonospora, and using 16S rRNA gene sequence identification, we verified that the reisolated strains corresponded to the microorganisms inoculated. Entry of the bacteria and colonization of the plant hosts were monitored using a GFP-tagged Lupac 08 mutant together with rhizobia, and by using immunogold labeling. Strain Lupac 08 was localized in plant tissues, confirming its capacity to enter and colonize all hosts. Based on studying three different plants, our results support a non-specific relationship between Micromonospora and legumes. Micromonospora Lupac 08, originally isolated from Lupinus re-enters root tissue, but only when coinoculated with the corresponding rhizobia. The ability of Micromonospora to infect and colonize different legume species and function as a potential plant-growth promoting bacterium is relevant because this microbe enhances the symbiosis without interfering with the host and its nodulating and nitrogen-fixing microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Benito
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Alonso-Vega
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carolina Aguado
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Departamento Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha Albacete, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rafael Luján
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Departamento Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha Albacete, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Yojiro Anzai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ann M Hirsch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martha E Trujillo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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19
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Ibáñez F, Wall L, Fabra A. Starting points in plant-bacteria nitrogen-fixing symbioses: intercellular invasion of the roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1905-1918. [PMID: 27756807 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural practices contribute to climate change by releasing greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide that are mainly derived from nitrogen fertilizers. Therefore, understanding biological nitrogen fixation in farming systems is beneficial to agriculture and environmental preservation. In this context, a better grasp of nitrogen-fixing systems and nitrogen-fixing bacteria-plant associations will contribute to the optimization of these biological processes. Legumes and actinorhizal plants can engage in a symbiotic interaction with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia or actinomycetes, resulting in the formation of specialized root nodules. The legume-rhizobia interaction is mediated by a complex molecular signal exchange, where recognition of different bacterial determinants activates the nodulation program in the plant. To invade plants roots, bacteria follow different routes, which are determined by the host plant. Entrance via root hairs is probably the best understood. Alternatively, entry via intercellular invasion has been observed in many legumes. Although there are common features shared by intercellular infection mechanisms, differences are observed in the site of root invasion and bacterial spread on the cortex reaching and infecting a susceptible cell to form a nodule. This review focuses on intercellular bacterial invasion of roots observed in the Fabaceae and considers, within an evolutionary context, the different variants, distribution and molecular determinants involved. Intercellular invasion of actinorhizal plants and Parasponia is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ibáñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luis Wall
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Fabra
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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20
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Andrews M, Andrews ME. Specificity in Legume-Rhizobia Symbioses. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E705. [PMID: 28346361 PMCID: PMC5412291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most species in the Leguminosae (legume family) can fix atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) via symbiotic bacteria (rhizobia) in root nodules. Here, the literature on legume-rhizobia symbioses in field soils was reviewed and genotypically characterised rhizobia related to the taxonomy of the legumes from which they were isolated. The Leguminosae was divided into three sub-families, the Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae. Bradyrhizobium spp. were the exclusive rhizobial symbionts of species in the Caesalpinioideae, but data are limited. Generally, a range of rhizobia genera nodulated legume species across the two Mimosoideae tribes Ingeae and Mimoseae, but Mimosa spp. show specificity towards Burkholderia in central and southern Brazil, Rhizobium/Ensifer in central Mexico and Cupriavidus in southern Uruguay. These specific symbioses are likely to be at least in part related to the relative occurrence of the potential symbionts in soils of the different regions. Generally, Papilionoideae species were promiscuous in relation to rhizobial symbionts, but specificity for rhizobial genus appears to hold at the tribe level for the Fabeae (Rhizobium), the genus level for Cytisus (Bradyrhizobium), Lupinus (Bradyrhizobium) and the New Zealand native Sophora spp. (Mesorhizobium) and species level for Cicer arietinum (Mesorhizobium), Listia bainesii (Methylobacterium) and Listia angolensis (Microvirga). Specificity for rhizobial species/symbiovar appears to hold for Galega officinalis (Neorhizobium galegeae sv. officinalis), Galega orientalis (Neorhizobium galegeae sv. orientalis), Hedysarum coronarium (Rhizobium sullae), Medicago laciniata (Ensifer meliloti sv. medicaginis), Medicago rigiduloides (Ensifer meliloti sv. rigiduloides) and Trifolium ambiguum (Rhizobium leguminosarum sv. trifolii). Lateral gene transfer of specific symbiosis genes within rhizobial genera is an important mechanism allowing legumes to form symbioses with rhizobia adapted to particular soils. Strain-specific legume rhizobia symbioses can develop in particular habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Andrews
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand.
| | - Morag E Andrews
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand.
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21
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Hane JK, Ming Y, Kamphuis LG, Nelson MN, Garg G, Atkins CA, Bayer PE, Bravo A, Bringans S, Cannon S, Edwards D, Foley R, Gao L, Harrison MJ, Huang W, Hurgobin B, Li S, Liu C, McGrath A, Morahan G, Murray J, Weller J, Jian J, Singh KB. A comprehensive draft genome sequence for lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), an emerging health food: insights into plant-microbe interactions and legume evolution. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:318-330. [PMID: 27557478 PMCID: PMC5316927 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lupins are important grain legume crops that form a critical part of sustainable farming systems, reducing fertilizer use and providing disease breaks. It has a basal phylogenetic position relative to other crop and model legumes and a high speciation rate. Narrow-leafed lupin (NLL; Lupinus angustifolius L.) is gaining popularity as a health food, which is high in protein and dietary fibre but low in starch and gluten-free. We report the draft genome assembly (609 Mb) of NLL cultivar Tanjil, which has captured >98% of the gene content, sequences of additional lines and a dense genetic map. Lupins are unique among legumes and differ from most other land plants in that they do not form mycorrhizal associations. Remarkably, we find that NLL has lost all mycorrhiza-specific genes, but has retained genes commonly required for mycorrhization and nodulation. In addition, the genome also provided candidate genes for key disease resistance and domestication traits. We also find evidence of a whole-genome triplication at around 25 million years ago in the genistoid lineage leading to Lupinus. Our results will support detailed studies of legume evolution and accelerate lupin breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K. Hane
- CSIRO AgricultureWembleyWAAustralia
- Department of Environment and AgricultureCCDM BioinformaticsCentre for Crop and Disease ManagementCurtin UniversityBentleyWAAustralia
- Curtin Institute for ComputationCurtin UniversityBentleyWAAustralia
| | - Yao Ming
- Department of Plant and Animal Genome ResearchBeijing Genome InstituteShenzhenChina
| | - Lars G. Kamphuis
- CSIRO AgricultureWembleyWAAustralia
- UWA Institute of AgricultureUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
| | - Matthew N. Nelson
- UWA Institute of AgricultureUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
- School of Plant BiologyUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
- Present address: Royal Botanic Gardens KewNatural Capital and Plant HealthArdinglyRH17 6TNUK
| | | | - Craig A. Atkins
- UWA Institute of AgricultureUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
- School of Plant BiologyUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
| | - Philipp E. Bayer
- School of Plant BiologyUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
| | - Armando Bravo
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant ResearchIthacaNYUSA
| | | | - Steven Cannon
- USDA‐ARS Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research UnitCrop Genome Informatics LabIowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA
- Department of AgronomyIowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA
| | - David Edwards
- School of Plant BiologyUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
- University of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | | | | | | | - Wei Huang
- Department of AgronomyIowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA
| | - Bhavna Hurgobin
- School of Plant BiologyUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
- University of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Sean Li
- Data61CSIROCanberraACTAustralia
| | | | | | - Grant Morahan
- Centre for Diabetes ResearchUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
| | | | - James Weller
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
| | - Jianbo Jian
- Department of Plant and Animal Genome ResearchBeijing Genome InstituteShenzhenChina
| | - Karam B. Singh
- CSIRO AgricultureWembleyWAAustralia
- UWA Institute of AgricultureUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
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22
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Possible reasons for tolerance to mercury of Lupinus albus cv. G1 inoculated with Hg-resistant and sensitive Bradyrhizobium canariense strains. Symbiosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-015-0362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Granqvist E, Sun J, Op den Camp R, Pujic P, Hill L, Normand P, Morris RJ, Downie JA, Geurts R, Oldroyd GED. Bacterial-induced calcium oscillations are common to nitrogen-fixing associations of nodulating legumes and nonlegumes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:551-8. [PMID: 26010117 PMCID: PMC4736677 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants that form root-nodule symbioses are within a monophyletic 'nitrogen-fixing' clade and associated signalling processes are shared with the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Central to symbiotic signalling are nuclear-associated oscillations in calcium ions (Ca(2+) ), occurring in the root hairs of several legume species in response to the rhizobial Nod factor signal. In this study we expanded the species analysed for activation of Ca(2+) oscillations, including nonleguminous species within the nitrogen-fixing clade. We showed that Ca(2+) oscillations are a common feature of legumes in their association with rhizobia, while Cercis, a non-nodulating legume, does not show Ca(2+) oscillations in response to Nod factors from Sinorhizobium fredii NGR234. Parasponia andersonii, a nonlegume that can associate with rhizobia, showed Nod factor-induced calcium oscillations to S. fredii NGR234 Nod factors, but its non-nodulating sister species, Trema tomentosa, did not. Also within the nitrogen-fixing clade are actinorhizal species that associate with Frankia bacteria and we showed that Alnus glutinosa induces Ca(2+) oscillations in root hairs in response to exudates from Frankia alni, but not to S. fredii NGR234 Nod factors. We conclude that the ability to mount Ca(2+) oscillations in response to symbiotic bacteria is a common feature of nodulating species within the nitrogen-fixing clade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jongho Sun
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Rik Op den Camp
- Department of Plant ScienceLaboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Petar Pujic
- Ecologie MicrobienneCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5557Université Lyon IUniversité LyonVilleurbanneFrance
| | - Lionel Hill
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Philippe Normand
- Ecologie MicrobienneCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5557Université Lyon IUniversité LyonVilleurbanneFrance
| | | | | | - Rene Geurts
- Department of Plant ScienceLaboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
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24
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Ardley JK, Reeve WG, O'Hara GW, Yates RJ, Dilworth MJ, Howieson JG. Nodule morphology, symbiotic specificity and association with unusual rhizobia are distinguishing features of the genus Listia within the Southern African crotalarioid clade Lotononis s.l. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:1-15. [PMID: 23712451 PMCID: PMC3690986 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The legume clade Lotononis sensu lato (s.l.; tribe Crotalarieae) comprises three genera: Listia, Leobordea and Lotononis sensu stricto (s.s.). Listia species are symbiotically specific and form lupinoid nodules with rhizobial species of Methylobacterium and Microvirga. This work investigated whether these symbiotic traits were confined to Listia by determining the ability of rhizobial strains isolated from species of Lotononis s.l. to nodulate Listia, Leobordea and Lotononis s.s. hosts and by examining the morphology and structure of the resulting nodules. METHODS Rhizobia were characterized by sequencing their 16S rRNA and nodA genes. Nodulation and N2 fixation on eight taxonomically diverse Lotononis s.l. species were determined in glasshouse trials. Nodules of all hosts, and the process of infection and nodule initiation in Listia angolensis and Listia bainesii, were examined by light microscopy. KEY RESULTS Rhizobia associated with Lotononis s.l. were phylogenetically diverse. Leobordea and Lotononis s.s. isolates were most closely related to Bradyrhizobium spp., Ensifer meliloti, Mesorhizobium tianshanense and Methylobacterium nodulans. Listia angolensis formed effective nodules only with species of Microvirga. Listia bainesii nodulated only with pigmented Methylobacterium. Five lineages of nodA were found. Listia angolensis and L. bainesii formed lupinoid nodules, whereas nodules of Leobordea and Lotononis s.s. species were indeterminate. All effective nodules contained uniformly infected central tissue. Listia angolensis and L. bainesii nodule initials occurred on the border of the hypocotyl and along the tap root, and nodule primordia developed in the outer cortical layer. Neither root hair curling nor infection threads were seen. CONCLUSIONS Two specificity groups occur within Lotononis s.l.: Listia species are symbiotically specific, while species of Leobordea and Lotononis s.s. are generally promiscuous and interact with rhizobia of diverse chromosomal and symbiotic lineages. The seasonally waterlogged habitat of Listia species may favour the development of symbiotic specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Ardley
- Centre for Rhizobium Studies, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia.
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25
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Okubo T, Fukushima S, Minamisawa K. Evolution of Bradyrhizobium-Aeschynomene mutualism: living testimony of the ancient world or highly evolved state? PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:2000-2007. [PMID: 23161855 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Until recently it had been well established that the initial step in legume-rhizobia symbioses was flavonoid and Nod factor (NF) signaling. However, NF-independent symbiosis is now known to occur between Bradyrhizobium and some species of Aeschynomene. Since its discovery, this unusual symbiotic system has attracted attention, and efforts have been devoted to revealing the NF-independent symbiotic mechanism, although the molecular mechanisms of nodule initiation still remain to be elucidated. NF-independent symbiosis is also interesting from the perspective of the evolution of legume-rhizobia symbiosis. In this mini-review, we discuss the current literature on the NF-independent symbiotic system in terms of phylogeny of the partners, infection, bacteroid differentiation, nodule structure, photosynthesis, endophytic features and model host plant. We also discuss NF-independent symbiosis, which is generally regarded to be more primitive than NF-dependent symbiosis, because the bacteria invade host plants via 'crack entry'. We propose three possible scenarios concerning the evolution of NF-independent symbiosis, which do not exclude the possibility that the NF-independent system evolved from NF-dependent interactions. Finally, we examine an interesting question on Bradyrhizobium-Aeschynomene mutualism, which is how do they initiate symbiosis without NF. Phylogenetic and genomic analyses of symbiotic and non-symbiotic bradyrhizobia with A. indica may be crucial to address the question, because of the very narrow phylogeny of natural endosymbionts without nod genes compared with other legume-rhizobia symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Okubo
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
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26
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Fonseca MB, Peix A, de Faria SM, Mateos PF, Rivera LP, Simões-Araujo JL, França MGC, dos Santos Isaias RM, Cruz C, Velázquez E, Scotti MR, Sprent JI, James EK. Nodulation in Dimorphandra wilsonii Rizz. (Caesalpinioideae), a threatened species native to the Brazilian Cerrado. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49520. [PMID: 23185349 PMCID: PMC3501520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The threatened caesalpinioid legume Dimorphandra wilsonii, which is native to the Cerrado biome in Brazil, was examined for its nodulation and N(2)-fixing ability, and was compared with another, less-threatened species, D. jorgei. Nodulation and potential N(2) fixation was shown on seedlings that had been inoculated singly with five bradyrhizobial isolates from mature D. wilsonii nodules. The infection of D. wilsonii by two of these strains (Dw10.1, Dw12.5) was followed in detail using light and transmission electron microscopy, and was compared with that of D. jorgei by Bradyrhizobium strain SEMIA6099. The roots of D. wilsonii were infected via small transient root hairs at 42 d after inoculation (dai), and nodules were sufficiently mature at 63 dai to express nitrogenase protein. Similar infection and nodule developmental processes were observed in D. jorgei. The bacteroids in mature Dimorphandra nodules were enclosed in plant cell wall material containing a homogalacturonan (pectic) epitope that was recognized by the monoclonal antibody JIM5. Analysis of sequences of their rrs (16S rRNA) genes and their ITS regions showed that the five D. wilsonii strains, although related to SEMIA6099, may constitute five undescribed species of genus Bradyrhizobium, whilst their nodD and nifH gene sequences showed that they formed clearly separated branches from other rhizobial strains. This is the first study to describe in full the N(2)-fixing symbiotic interaction between defined rhizobial strains and legumes in the sub-family Caesalpinioideae. This information will hopefully assist in the conservation of the threatened species D. wilsonii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Bacelar Fonseca
- Depto de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Peix
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, IRNASA-CSIC, Unidad Asociada Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC ‘Interacción Planta-Microorganismo’, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Pedro F. Mateos
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética-CIALE, Universidad de Salamanca, Unidad Asociada Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC ‘Interacción Planta-Microorganismo’, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Lina P. Rivera
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética-CIALE, Universidad de Salamanca, Unidad Asociada Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC ‘Interacción Planta-Microorganismo’, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Cristina Cruz
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Centro de Biologia Ambiental (CBA), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Encarna Velázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética-CIALE, Universidad de Salamanca, Unidad Asociada Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC ‘Interacción Planta-Microorganismo’, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria Rita Scotti
- Depto de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Janet I. Sprent
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Arrighi JF, Cartieaux F, Brown SC, Rodier-Goud M, Boursot M, Fardoux J, Patrel D, Gully D, Fabre S, Chaintreuil C, Giraud E. Aeschynomene evenia, a model plant for studying the molecular genetics of the nod-independent rhizobium-legume symbiosis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:851-861. [PMID: 22475377 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-12-0045-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Research on the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis has been focused, thus far, on two model legumes, Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus, which use a sophisticated infection process involving infection thread formation. However, in 25% of the legumes, the bacterial entry occurs more simply in an intercellular fashion. Among them, some Aeschynomene spp. are nodulated by photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium spp. that do not produce Nod factors. This interaction is believed to represent a living testimony of the ancestral state of the rhizobium-legume symbiosis. To decipher the mechanisms of this Nod-independent process, we propose Aeschynomene evenia as a model legume because it presents all the characteristics required for genetic and molecular analysis. It is a short-perennial and autogamous species, with a diploid and relatively small genome (2n=20; 460 Mb/1C). A. evenia 'IRFL6945' is nodulated by the well-characterized photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium sp. strain ORS278 and is efficiently transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Aeschynomene evenia is genetically homozygous but polymorphic accessions were found. A manual hybridization procedure has been set up, allowing directed crosses. Therefore, it should be relatively straightforward to unravel the molecular determinants of the Nod-independent process in A. evenia. This should shed new light on the evolution of rhizobium-legume symbiosis and could have important agronomic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Arrighi
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, UMR IRD/SupAgro/INRA/UM2/CIRAD, Montpellier, France.
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28
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Oldroyd GED, Murray JD, Poole PS, Downie JA. The rules of engagement in the legume-rhizobial symbiosis. Annu Rev Genet 2011; 45:119-44. [PMID: 21838550 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rhizobial bacteria enter a symbiotic association with leguminous plants, resulting in differentiated bacteria enclosed in intracellular compartments called symbiosomes within nodules on the root. The nodules and associated symbiosomes are structured for efficient nitrogen fixation. Although the interaction is beneficial to both partners, it comes with rigid rules that are strictly enforced by the plant. Entry into root cells requires appropriate recognition of the rhizobial Nod factor signaling molecule, and this recognition activates a series of events, including polarized root-hair tip growth, invagination associated with bacterial infection, and the promotion of cell division in the cortex leading to the nodule meristem. The plant's command of the infection process has been highlighted by its enforcement of terminal differentiation upon the bacteria within nodules of some legumes, and this can result in a loss of bacterial viability while permitting effective nitrogen fixation. Here, we review the mechanisms by which the plant allows bacterial infection and promotes the formation of the nodule, as well as the details of how this intimate association plays out inside the cells of the nodule where a complex interchange of metabolites and regulatory peptides force the bacteria into a nitrogen-fixing organelle-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles E D Oldroyd
- John Innes Center, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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29
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Madsen LH, Tirichine L, Jurkiewicz A, Sullivan JT, Heckmann AB, Bek AS, Ronson CW, James EK, Stougaard J. The molecular network governing nodule organogenesis and infection in the model legume Lotus japonicus. Nat Commun 2010; 1:10. [PMID: 20975672 PMCID: PMC2892300 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection of interior tissues of legume root nodules is controlled at the epidermal cell layer and is closely coordinated with progressing organ development. Using spontaneous nodulating Lotus japonicus plant mutants to uncouple nodule organogenesis from infection, we have determined the role of 16 genes in these two developmental processes. We show that host-encoded mechanisms control three alternative entry processes operating in the epidermis, the root cortex and at the single cell level. Single cell infection did not involve the formation of trans-cellular infection threads and was independent of host Nod-factor receptors and bacterial Nod-factor signals. In contrast, Nod-factor perception was required for epidermal root hair infection threads, whereas primary signal transduction genes preceding the secondary Ca2+ oscillations have an indirect role. We provide support for the origin of rhizobial infection through direct intercellular epidermal invasion and subsequent evolution of crack entry and root hair invasions observed in most extant legumes.
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MESH Headings
- Alphaproteobacteria/growth & development
- Alphaproteobacteria/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/physiology
- Genotype
- Lotus/growth & development
- Lotus/metabolism
- Lotus/microbiology
- Lotus/ultrastructure
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/growth & development
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/microbiology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/ultrastructure
- Root Nodules, Plant/growth & development
- Root Nodules, Plant/metabolism
- Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology
- Root Nodules, Plant/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene H. Madsen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Leïla Tirichine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Anna Jurkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - John T. Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Anne B. Heckmann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Anita S. Bek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Clive W. Ronson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Euan K. James
- EPI division, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
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Redondo FJ, de la Peña TC, Morcillo CN, Lucas MM, Pueyo JJ. Overexpression of flavodoxin in bacteroids induces changes in antioxidant metabolism leading to delayed senescence and starch accumulation in alfalfa root nodules. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:1166-78. [PMID: 19098093 PMCID: PMC2633860 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.129601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sinorhizobium meliloti cells were engineered to overexpress Anabaena variabilis flavodoxin, a protein that is involved in the response to oxidative stress. Nodule natural senescence was characterized in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants nodulated by the flavodoxin-overexpressing rhizobia or the corresponding control bacteria. The decline of nitrogenase activity and the nodule structural and ultrastructural alterations that are associated with nodule senescence were significantly delayed in flavodoxin-expressing nodules. Substantial changes in nodule antioxidant metabolism, involving antioxidant enzymes and ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes and metabolites, were detected in flavodoxin-containing nodules. Lipid peroxidation was also significantly lower in flavodoxin-expressing nodules than in control nodules. The observed amelioration of the oxidative balance suggests that the delay in nodule senescence was most likely due to a role of the protein in reactive oxygen species detoxification. Flavodoxin overexpression also led to high starch accumulation in nodules, without reduction of the nitrogen-fixing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Redondo
- Department of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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31
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Tian L, Peel GJ, Lei Z, Aziz N, Dai X, He J, Watson B, Zhao PX, Sumner LW, Dixon RA. Transcript and proteomic analysis of developing white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) roots. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 9:1. [PMID: 19123941 PMCID: PMC2630931 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-9-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) roots efficiently take up and accumulate (heavy) metals, adapt to phosphate deficiency by forming cluster roots, and secrete antimicrobial prenylated isoflavones during development. Genomic and proteomic approaches were applied to identify candidate genes and proteins involved in antimicrobial defense and (heavy) metal uptake and translocation. RESULTS A cDNA library was constructed from roots of white lupin seedlings. Eight thousand clones were randomly sequenced and assembled into 2,455 unigenes, which were annotated based on homologous matches in the NCBInr protein database. A reference map of developing white lupin root proteins was established through 2-D gel electrophoresis and peptide mass fingerprinting. High quality peptide mass spectra were obtained for 170 proteins. Microsomal membrane proteins were separated by 1-D gel electrophoresis and identified by LC-MS/MS. A total of 74 proteins were putatively identified by the peptide mass fingerprinting and the LC-MS/MS methods. Genomic and proteomic analyses identified candidate genes and proteins encoding metal binding and/or transport proteins, transcription factors, ABC transporters and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic enzymes. CONCLUSION The combined EST and protein datasets will facilitate the understanding of white lupin's response to biotic and abiotic stresses and its utility for phytoremediation. The root ESTs provided 82 perfect simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with potential utility in breeding white lupin for enhanced agronomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gregory J Peel
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Zhentian Lei
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Naveed Aziz
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO 10 5YW, UK
| | - Xinbin Dai
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Ji He
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Bonnie Watson
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Patrick X Zhao
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Lloyd W Sumner
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
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32
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Coba de la Peña T, Cárcamo CB, Almonacid L, Zaballos A, Lucas MM, Balomenos D, Pueyo JJ. A cytokinin receptor homologue is induced during root nodule organogenesis and senescence in Lupinus albus L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:219-25. [PMID: 18060799 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the isolation of a new cytokinin receptor homologue, LaHK1, from lupin (Lupinus albus) root nodules. LaHK1 transcript accumulation was detected in different plant organs, and expression was analyzed throughout nodule development. We observed notably higher expression in nodule primordia and young nodules compared to the root or to mature nodules. We also detected elevated transcript accumulation in naturally senescent nodules and in senescent nodules subjected to foliar dark stress. The results could be an indication of a putative role of this cytokinin receptor homologue in nodule development, from morphogenesis through senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Coba de la Peña
- Department of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, CSIC, Serrano 115-bis, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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Sprent JI, James EK. Legume evolution: where do nodules and mycorrhizas fit in? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 144:575-81. [PMID: 17556520 PMCID: PMC1914177 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.096156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet I Sprent
- Division of Applied and Environmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Sprent JI. Evolving ideas of legume evolution and diversity: a taxonomic perspective on the occurrence of nodulation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 174:11-25. [PMID: 17335493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Legumes evolved about 60 million years ago (Ma), and nodulation 58 Ma. Nonnodulation remains common in Caesalpinioideae, with smaller numbers in Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae. The first type of infection by bacteria may have been at junctions where lateral roots emerged, followed by formation of infection threads to confine bacteria and convey them to some cells in the developing nodule, where they were generally released into symbiosomes. Infection threads were a prerequisite for root-hair infection, a process better controlled by the host, leading to a higher degree of specificity between symbionts. An alternative process, dating from the same time and persisting in about 25% of legumes, did not involve infection threads, bacteria entering a few host cells, surrounded by an undefined matrix. These cells divided repeatedly to give uniform infected tissue, with bacteria released into symbiosomes. Such legumes may have less stringent control of nodulation processes, and are found mainly in tropical and warm temperate areas. In each type of nodule, meristems may or may not be retained, leading to indeterminate or determinate forms. Nodule morphology and structure are host-determined, but the effectiveness of nitrogen fixation is largely controlled by the bacterial symbionts, which vary greatly in genotypic and phenotypic characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet I Sprent
- Division of Applied and Environmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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González-Sama A, de la Peña TC, Kevei Z, Mergaert P, Lucas MM, de Felipe MR, Kondorosi E, Pueyo JJ. Nuclear DNA endoreduplication and expression of the mitotic inhibitor Ccs52 associated to determinate and lupinoid nodule organogenesis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2006; 19:173-80. [PMID: 16529379 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-19-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Lotus japonicus determinate nodules differ greatly from indeterminate nodules in their organogenesis and morphological characteristics, whereas Lupinus albus lupinoid nodules share features of determinate and indeterminate nodules. The mitotic inhibitor Ccs52A is essential for endoreduplication and ploidy-dependent cell enlargement during symbiotic cell differentiation in Medicago truncatula indeterminate nodules. ccs52A homolog genes were isolated from lupin and lotus nodules; the deduced Ccs52A proteins showed high sequence similarity with other Cdh-1-type activators of the anaphase-promoting complex and were grouped with A-type Ccs52 proteins from different plants. In lupin, ccs52A expression was restricted to the earlier stages of nodule development, whereas ccs52A transcripts accumulated in lotus nodule primordia and, to a lesser extent, in mature nodules. Nodule development in Lupinus albus involved a progressive increase in nuclear and cellular size and ploidy level; similarly, Lotus japonicus nodules contained polyploid nuclei and enlarged cells in the infected zone. Nevertheless, in situ hybridization experiments showed the highest ccs52A expression in the inner cortex cells of the lupin nodule primordium, probably associated to the increased size of these cells in mature nodules. In view of our results, Ccs52A-mediated endoreduplication appears to be a universal mechanism required for nodule cell differentiation during the establishment of nitrogen-fixing symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso González-Sama
- Institut des Sciences du Vegetal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Fedorova E, Redondo FJ, Koshiba T, Pueyo JJ, de Felipe MR, Lucas MM. Aldehyde oxidase (AO) in the root nodules of Lupinus albus and Medicago truncatula: identification of AO in meristematic and infection zones. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2005; 18:405-13. [PMID: 15915639 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-18-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are involved in the organogenesis of legume root nodules. The source of the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in nodules has not been clearly determined. We studied the enzyme aldehyde oxidase (AO; EC 1.2.3.1), that catalyzes the last step of IAA biosynthesis in plants, in the nodules of Lupinus albus and Medicago truncatula. Primordia and young lupin nodules and mature M. truncatula nodules showed AO activity bands after native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gel activity analyses using indole-3-aldehyde as substrate indicated that the nodules of white lupin and M. truncatula have the capability to synthesize IAA via the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway. Immunolocalization and in situ hybridization experiments revealed that AO is preferentially expressed in the meristematic and the invasion zones in Medicago nodules and in the lateral meristematic zone of Lupinus nodules. High IAA immunolabeling was also detected in the meristematic and invasion zones. Low expression levels and no AO activity were detected in lupin Fix- nodules that displayed restricted growth and early senescence. We propose that local synthesis of IAA in the root nodule meristem and modulation of AO expression and activity are involved in regulation of nodule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fedorova
- Departamento de Fisiología y Bioquímica Vegetal, Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, CSIC, Serrano 115-bis, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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