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Jia J, Cao Z, Liu C, Zhang Z, Lin L, Wang Y, Haghipour N, Wacker L, Bao H, Dittmar T, Simpson MJ, Yang H, Crowther TW, Eglinton TI, He JS, Feng X. Climate warming alters subsoil but not topsoil carbon dynamics in alpine grassland. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:4383-4393. [PMID: 31479577 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Subsoil contains more than half of soil organic carbon (SOC) globally and is conventionally assumed to be relatively unresponsive to warming compared to the topsoil. Here, we show substantial changes in carbon allocation and dynamics of the subsoil but not topsoil in the Qinghai-Tibetan alpine grasslands over 5 years of warming. Specifically, warming enhanced the accumulation of newly synthesized (14 C-enriched) carbon in the subsoil slow-cycling pool (silt-clay fraction) but promoted the decomposition of plant-derived lignin in the fast-cycling pool (macroaggregates). These changes mirrored an accumulation of lipids and sugars at the expense of lignin in the warmed bulk subsoil, likely associated with shortened soil freezing period and a deepening root system. As warming is accompanied by deepening roots in a wide range of ecosystems, root-driven accrual of slow-cycling pool may represent an important and overlooked mechanism for a potential long-term carbon sink at depth. Moreover, given the contrasting sensitivity of SOC dynamics at varied depths, warming studies focusing only on surface soils may vastly misrepresent shifts in ecosystem carbon storage under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjiao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengzhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Li Lin
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lukas Wacker
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hongyan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Thorston Dittmar
- Research Group for Marine Geochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Huan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | - Jin-Sheng He
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Acclimation of Fine Root Systems to Soil Warming: Comparison of an Experimental Setup and a Natural Soil Temperature Gradient. Ecosystems 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-018-0280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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3
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Zhang Y, Virjamo V, Sobuj N, Du W, Yin Y, Nybakken L, Guo H, Julkunen-Tiitto R. Sex-related responses of European aspen (Populus tremula L.) to combined stress: TiO 2 nanoparticles, elevated temperature and CO 2 concentration. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 352:130-138. [PMID: 29602072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The combined effects of climate change and chemical contaminants on plant performance are still not well understood. Especially, whether different sexes of dioecious plants respond differently to combined stresses is unknown. In order to study the sex-related responses of European aspen to soil nTiO2 contamination (0, 50, 300 mg kg-1) under elevated temperature (+1.6 °C) and CO2 (730 ppm), we conducted a study in greenhouses. Ti accumulated in roots exposed to nTiO2 (1.1-3.3 and 2.7-21.1 mg kg-1 in 50 and 300 mg kg-1 treatments, respectively). Elevated CO2 had no effects on Ti uptake, while elevated temperature increased it in the 300 mg kg-1 treatment. Males grew taller than females under ambient conditions, but females had greater height and biomass increment under elevated temperature. In all climate treatments, nTiO2 increased leaf phenolics in females by 12-19% and 15-26% at 50 and 300 mg kg-1, respectively. Leaf phenolics decreased under elevated temperature, but increased under elevated CO2 in both sexes. Results suggest that females have better chemical defense against nTiO2 than males under future climate conditions. In the longer run, this may cause changes in the competitive abilities of both sexes, which again may affect sex ratios and genetic variation in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China; Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Virpi Virjamo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Norul Sobuj
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Wenchao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Line Nybakken
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China.
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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4
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Effects of Warming and Precipitation Manipulation on Fine Root Dynamics of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. Seedlings. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f9010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Fine Root Growth and Vertical Distribution in Response to Elevated CO2, Warming and Drought in a Mixed Heathland–Grassland. Ecosystems 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-017-0131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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6
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Wang Z, Ding L, Wang J, Zuo X, Yao S, Feng J. Effects of root diameter, branch order, root depth, season and warming on root longevity in an alpine meadow. Ecol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-016-1385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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McCormack ML, Guo D. Impacts of environmental factors on fine root lifespan. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:205. [PMID: 24904605 PMCID: PMC4032987 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The lifespan of fast-cycling roots is a critical parameter determining a large flux of plant carbon into soil through root turnover and is a biological feature regulating the capacity of a plant to capture soil water and nutrients via root-age-related physiological processes. While the importance of root lifespan to whole-plant and ecosystem processes is increasingly recognized, robust descriptions of this dynamic process and its response to changes in climatic and edaphic factors are lacking. Here we synthesize available information and propose testable hypotheses using conceptual models to describe how changes in temperature, water, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) availability impact fine root lifespan within a species. Each model is based on intrinsic responses including root physiological activity and alteration of carbohydrate allocation at the whole-plant level as well as extrinsic factors including mycorrhizal fungi and pressure from pathogens, herbivores, and other microbes. Simplifying interactions among these factors, we propose three general principles describing fine root responses to complex environmental gradients. First, increases in a factor that strongly constrains plant growth (temperature, water, N, or P) should result in increased fine root lifespan. Second, increases in a factor that exceeds plant demand or tolerance should result in decreased lifespan. Third, as multiple factors interact fine root responses should be determined by the most dominant factor controlling plant growth. Moving forward, field experiments should determine which types of species (e.g., coarse vs. fine rooted, obligate vs. facultative mycotrophs) will express greater plasticity in response to environmental gradients while ecosystem models may begin to incorporate more detailed descriptions of root lifespan and turnover. Together these efforts will improve quantitative understanding of root dynamics and help to identify areas where future research should be focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Luke McCormack
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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Dib AE, Johnson CE, Driscoll CT, Fahey TJ, Hayhoe K. Simulating effects of changing climate and CO(2) emissions on soil carbon pools at the Hubbard Brook experimental forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:1643-1656. [PMID: 24132912 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon (C) sequestration in forest biomass and soils may help decrease regional C footprints and mitigate future climate change. The efficacy of these practices must be verified by monitoring and by approved calculation methods (i.e., models) to be credible in C markets. Two widely used soil organic matter models - CENTURY and RothC - were used to project changes in SOC pools after clear-cutting disturbance, as well as under a range of future climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2) ) scenarios. Data from the temperate, predominantly deciduous Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) in New Hampshire, USA, were used to parameterize and validate the models. Clear-cutting simulations demonstrated that both models can effectively simulate soil C dynamics in the northern hardwood forest when adequately parameterized. The minimum postharvest SOC predicted by RothC occurred in postharvest year 14 and was within 1.5% of the observed minimum, which occurred in year 8. CENTURY predicted the postharvest minimum SOC to occur in year 45, at a value 6.9% greater than the observed minimum; the slow response of both models to disturbance suggests that they may overestimate the time required to reach new steady-state conditions. Four climate change scenarios were used to simulate future changes in SOC pools. Climate-change simulations predicted increases in SOC by as much as 7% at the end of this century, partially offsetting future CO(2) emissions. This sequestration was the product of enhanced forest productivity, and associated litter input to the soil, due to increased temperature, precipitation and CO(2) . The simulations also suggested that considerable losses of SOC (8-30%) could occur if forest vegetation at HBEF does not respond to changes in climate and CO(2) levels. Therefore, the source/sink behavior of temperate forest soils likely depends on the degree to which forest growth is stimulated by new climate and CO(2) conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain E Dib
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
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Sardans J, Peñuelas J. The role of plants in the effects of global change on nutrient availability and stoichiometry in the plant-soil system. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1741-61. [PMID: 23115250 PMCID: PMC3510107 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sardans
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Global Ecology Unit, Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestats-Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08913, Catalonia, Spain.
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10
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Weigt RB, Raidl S, Verma R, Rodenkirchen H, Göttlein A, Agerer R. Effects of twice-ambient carbon dioxide and nitrogen amendment on biomass, nutrient contents and carbon costs of Norway spruce seedlings as influenced by mycorrhization with Piloderma croceum and Tomentellopsis submollis. MYCORRHIZA 2011; 21:375-391. [PMID: 21107870 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Elevated tropospheric CO(2) concentrations may increase plant carbon fixation. In ectomycorrhizal trees, a considerable portion of the synthesized carbohydrates can be used to support the mutualistic fungal root partner which in turn can benefit the tree by increased nutrient supply. In this study, Norway spruce seedlings were inoculated with either Piloderma croceum (medium distance "fringe" exploration type) or Tomentellopsis submollis (medium distance "smooth" exploration type). We studied the impact of either species regarding fungal biomass production, seedling biomass, nutrient status and nutrient use efficiency in rhizotrons under ambient and twice-ambient CO(2) concentrations. A subset was amended with ammonium nitrate to prevent nitrogen imbalances expected under growth promotion by elevated CO(2). The two fungal species exhibited considerably different influences on growth, biomass allocation as well as nutrient uptake of spruce seedlings. P. croceum increased nutrient supply and promoted plant growth more strongly than T. submollis despite considerably higher carbon costs. In contrast, seedlings with T. submollis showed higher nutrient use efficiency, i.e. produced plant biomass per received unit of nutrient, particularly for P, K and Mg, thereby promoting shoot growth and reducing the root/shoot ratio. Under the given low soil nutrient availability, P. croceum proved to be a more favourable fungal partner for seedling development than T. submollis. Additionally, plant internal allocation of nutrients was differently influenced by the two ECM fungal species, particularly evident for P in shoots and for Ca in roots. Despite slightly increased ECM length and biomass production, neither of the two species had increased its capacity of nutrient uptake in proportion to the rise of CO(2). This lead to imbalances in nutritional status with reduced nutrient concentrations, particularly in seedlings with P. croceum. The beneficial effect of P. croceum thus diminished, although the nutrient status of its host plants was still above that of plants with T. submollis. We conclude that the imbalances of nutrient status in response to elevated CO(2) at early stages of plant development are likely to prove particularly severe at nutrient-poor soils as the increased growth of ECM cannot cover the enhanced nutrient demand. Hyphal length and biomass per unit of ectomycorrhizal length as determined for the first time for P. croceum amounted to 6.9 m cm(-1) and 6.0 μg cm(-1), respectively, across all treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie Barbara Weigt
- Department of Biology I and GeoBio-Center (LMU), Division of Organismic Biology: Mycology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638, Munich, Germany.
| | - Stefan Raidl
- Department of Biology I and GeoBio-Center (LMU), Division of Organismic Biology: Mycology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638, Munich, Germany
| | - Rita Verma
- Department of Biology I and GeoBio-Center (LMU), Division of Organismic Biology: Mycology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638, Munich, Germany
| | - Hermann Rodenkirchen
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Forest Nutrition and Water Resources, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85350, Freising, Germany
| | - Axel Göttlein
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Forest Nutrition and Water Resources, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85350, Freising, Germany
| | - Reinhard Agerer
- Department of Biology I and GeoBio-Center (LMU), Division of Organismic Biology: Mycology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638, Munich, Germany
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11
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Belowground responses of Picea asperata seedlings to warming and nitrogen fertilization in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Ecol Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-011-0824-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Iversen CM. Digging deeper: fine-root responses to rising atmospheric CO concentration in forested ecosystems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 186:346-57. [PMID: 20015070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidence from a diverse set of forested ecosystems indicates that CO2 enrichment may lead to deeper rooting distributions. While the causes of greater root production at deeper soil depths under elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]) require further investigation, altered rooting distributions are expected to affect important ecosystem processes. The depth at which fine roots are produced may influence root chemistry, physiological function, and mycorrhizal infection, leading to altered nitrogen (N) uptake rates and slower turnover. Also, soil processes such as microbial decomposition are slowed at depth in the soil, potentially affecting the rate at which root detritus becomes incorporated into soil organic matter. Deeper rooting distributions under elevated [CO2] provide exciting opportunities to use novel sensors and chemical analyses throughout the soil profile to track the effects of root proliferation on carbon (C) and N cycling. Models do not currently incorporate information on root turnover and C and N cycling at depth in the soil, and modification is necessary to accurately represent processes associated with altered rooting depth distributions. Progress in understanding and modeling the interface between deeper rooting distributions under elevated [CO2] and soil C and N cycling will be critical in projecting the sustainability of forest responses to rising atmospheric [CO2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Iversen
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
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Chen H, Rygiewicz PT, Johnson MG, Harmon ME, Tian H, Tang JW. Chemistry and long-term decomposition of roots of Douglas-fir grown under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and warming conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2008; 37:1327-1336. [PMID: 18574162 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2007.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO(2) concentrations and warming may affect the quality of litters of forest plants and their subsequent decomposition in ecosystems, thereby potentially affecting the global carbon cycle. However, few data on root tissues are available to test this feedback to the atmosphere. In this study, we used fine (diameter < or = 2 mm) and small (2-10 mm) roots of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings that were grown for 4 yr in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment: ambient or elevated (+ 180 ppm) atmospheric CO(2) concentrations, and ambient or elevated (+3.8 degrees C) atmospheric temperature. Exposure to elevated CO(2) significantly increased water-soluble extractives concentration (%WSE), but had little effect on the concentration of N, cellulose, and lignin of roots. Elevated temperature had no effect on substrate quality except for increasing %WSE and decreasing the %lignin content of fine roots. No significant interaction was found between CO(2) and temperature treatments on substrate quality, except for %WSE of the fine roots. Short-term (< or = 9 mo) root decomposition in the field indicated that the roots from the ambient CO(2) and ambient temperature treatment had the slowest rate. However, over a longer period of incubation (9-36 mo) the influence of initial substrate quality on root decomposition diminished. Instead, the location of the field incubation sites exhibited significant control on decomposition. Roots at the warmer, low elevation site decomposed significantly faster than the ones at the cooler, high elevation site. This study indicates that short-term decomposition and long-term responses are not similar. It also suggests that increasing atmospheric CO(2) had little effect on the carbon storage of Douglas-fir old-growth forests of the Pacific Northwest.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- Biology Dep., Univ. of Illinois at Springfield, One University Plaza, Springfield, IL 62703, USA.
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Handa IT, Hagedorn F, Hättenschwiler S. No stimulation in root production in response to 4 years of in situ CO2enrichment at the Swiss treeline. Funct Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Strand AE, Pritchard SG, McCormack ML, Davis MA, Oren R. Irreconcilable Differences: Fine-Root Life Spans and Soil Carbon Persistence. Science 2008; 319:456-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1151382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Tingey DT, Lee EH, Phillips DL, Rygiewicz PT, Waschmann RS, Johnson MG, Olszyk DM. Elevated CO(2) and temperature alter net ecosystem C exchange in a young Douglas fir mesocosm experiment. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2007; 30:1400-10. [PMID: 17897410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of elevated CO(2) (EC) [ambient CO(2) (AC) + 190 ppm] and elevated temperature (ET) [ambient temperature (AT) + 3.6 degrees C] on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of seedling Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) mesocosms. As the study utilized seedlings in reconstructed soil-litter-plant systems, we anticipated greater C losses through ecosystem respiration (R(e)) than gains through gross photosynthesis (GPP), i.e. negative NEE. We hypothesized that: (1) EC would increase GPP more than R(e), resulting in NEE being less negative; and (2) ET would increase R(e) more than GPP, resulting in NEE being more negative. We also evaluated effects of CO(2) and temperature on light inhibition of dark respiration. Consistent with our hypothesis, NEE was a smaller C source in EC, not because EC increased photosynthesis but rather because of decreased respiration resulting in less C loss. Consistent with our hypothesis, NEE was more negative in ET because R(e) increased more than GPP. The light level that inhibited respiration varied seasonally with little difference among CO(2) and temperature treatments. In contrast, the degree of light inhibition of respiration was greater in AC than EC. In our system, respiration was the primary control on NEE, as EC and ET caused greater changes in respiration than photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Tingey
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Western Ecology Division, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
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17
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Hyvönen R, Ågren GI, Linder S, Persson T, Cotrufo MF, Ekblad A, Freeman M, Grelle A, Janssens IA, Jarvis PG, Kellomäki S, Lindroth A, Loustau D, Lundmark T, Norby RJ, Oren R, Pilegaard K, Ryan MG, Sigurdsson BD, Strömgren M, van Oijen M, Wallin G. The likely impact of elevated [CO2], nitrogen deposition, increased temperature and management on carbon sequestration in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems: a literature review. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 173:463-480. [PMID: 17244042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Temperate and boreal forest ecosystems contain a large part of the carbon stored on land, in the form of both biomass and soil organic matter. Increasing atmospheric [CO2], increasing temperature, elevated nitrogen deposition and intensified management will change this C store. Well documented single-factor responses of net primary production are: higher photosynthetic rate (the main [CO2] response); increasing length of growing season (the main temperature response); and higher leaf-area index (the main N deposition and partly [CO2] response). Soil organic matter will increase with increasing litter input, although priming may decrease the soil C stock initially, but litter quality effects should be minimal (response to [CO2], N deposition, and temperature); will decrease because of increasing temperature; and will increase because of retardation of decomposition with N deposition, although the rate of decomposition of high-quality litter can be increased and that of low-quality litter decreased. Single-factor responses can be misleading because of interactions between factors, in particular those between N and other factors, and indirect effects such as increased N availability from temperature-induced decomposition. In the long term the strength of feedbacks, for example the increasing demand for N from increased growth, will dominate over short-term responses to single factors. However, management has considerable potential for controlling the C store.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riitta Hyvönen
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7072, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran I Ågren
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7072, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sune Linder
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, SLU, PO Box 49, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Tryggve Persson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7072, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Francesca Cotrufo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, IT-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Alf Ekblad
- Department of Natural Sciences, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Michael Freeman
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7072, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Achim Grelle
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7072, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Seppo Kellomäki
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Joensuu, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anders Lindroth
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Denis Loustau
- INRA, Research Unit EPHYSE, BP81, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex FR-33883, France
| | - Tomas Lundmark
- Unit for Field-based Forest Research, SLU, SE-922 91 Vindeln, Sweden
| | - Richard J Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422, USA
| | - Ram Oren
- Division of Environmental Science and Policy, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, USA
| | - Kim Pilegaard
- Plant Biology and Biogeochemistry Department, Risö National Laboratory, PO Box 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Michael G Ryan
- USDA Forest Service RMRS, 240 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, CO 80526 USA
| | | | - Monika Strömgren
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Forest Soils, SLU, PO Box 7001, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Göran Wallin
- Department. of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Göteborg, PO Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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