1
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Duchesneau K, Defrenne CE, Petro C, Malhotra A, Moore JAM, Childs J, Hanson PJ, Iversen CM, Kostka JE. Responses of vascular plant fine roots and associated microbial communities to whole-ecosystem warming and elevated CO 2 in northern peatlands. New Phytol 2024; 242:1333-1347. [PMID: 38515239 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Warming and elevated CO2 (eCO2) are expected to facilitate vascular plant encroachment in peatlands. The rhizosphere, where microbial activity is fueled by root turnover and exudates, plays a crucial role in biogeochemical cycling, and will likely at least partially dictate the response of the belowground carbon cycle to climate changes. We leveraged the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experiment, to explore the effects of a whole-ecosystem warming gradient (+0°C to 9°C) and eCO2 on vascular plant fine roots and their associated microbes. We combined trait-based approaches with the profiling of fungal and prokaryote communities in plant roots and rhizospheres, through amplicon sequencing. Warming promoted self-reliance for resource uptake in trees and shrubs, while saprophytic fungi and putative chemoorganoheterotrophic bacteria utilizing plant-derived carbon substrates were favored in the root zone. Conversely, eCO2 promoted associations between trees and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Trees mostly associated with short-distance exploration-type fungi that preferentially use labile soil N. Additionally, eCO2 decreased the relative abundance of saprotrophs in tree roots. Our results indicate that plant fine-root trait variation is a crucial mechanism through which vascular plants in peatlands respond to climate change via their influence on microbial communities that regulate biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Duchesneau
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Camille E Defrenne
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Caitlin Petro
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Avni Malhotra
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Jessica A M Moore
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Joanne Childs
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Joel E Kostka
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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2
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Berner LT, Orndahl KM, Rose M, Tamstorf M, Arndal MF, Alexander HD, Humphreys ER, Loranty MM, Ludwig SM, Nyman J, Juutinen S, Aurela M, Happonen K, Mikola J, Mack MC, Vankoughnett MR, Iversen CM, Salmon VG, Yang D, Kumar J, Grogan P, Danby RK, Scott NA, Olofsson J, Siewert MB, Deschamps L, Lévesque E, Maire V, Morneault A, Gauthier G, Gignac C, Boudreau S, Gaspard A, Kholodov A, Bret-Harte MS, Greaves HE, Walker D, Gregory FM, Michelsen A, Kumpula T, Villoslada M, Ylänne H, Luoto M, Virtanen T, Forbes BC, Hölzel N, Epstein H, Heim RJ, Bunn A, Holmes RM, Hung JKY, Natali SM, Virkkala AM, Goetz SJ. The Arctic Plant Aboveground Biomass Synthesis Dataset. Sci Data 2024; 11:305. [PMID: 38509110 PMCID: PMC10954756 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03139-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant biomass is a fundamental ecosystem attribute that is sensitive to rapid climatic changes occurring in the Arctic. Nevertheless, measuring plant biomass in the Arctic is logistically challenging and resource intensive. Lack of accessible field data hinders efforts to understand the amount, composition, distribution, and changes in plant biomass in these northern ecosystems. Here, we present The Arctic plant aboveground biomass synthesis dataset, which includes field measurements of lichen, bryophyte, herb, shrub, and/or tree aboveground biomass (g m-2) on 2,327 sample plots from 636 field sites in seven countries. We created the synthesis dataset by assembling and harmonizing 32 individual datasets. Aboveground biomass was primarily quantified by harvesting sample plots during mid- to late-summer, though tree and often tall shrub biomass were quantified using surveys and allometric models. Each biomass measurement is associated with metadata including sample date, location, method, data source, and other information. This unique dataset can be leveraged to monitor, map, and model plant biomass across the rapidly warming Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Berner
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA.
| | - Kathleen M Orndahl
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
| | - Melissa Rose
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
| | - Mikkel Tamstorf
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie F Arndal
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Heather D Alexander
- College of Forestry, Wildlife, and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, USA
| | - Elyn R Humphreys
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Sarah M Ludwig
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, Palisades, USA
| | - Johanna Nyman
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Sari Juutinen
- Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Aurela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Juha Mikola
- Bioeconomy and Environment Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michelle C Mack
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
| | | | - Colleen M Iversen
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Verity G Salmon
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
- Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Dedi Yang
- Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Paul Grogan
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Ryan K Danby
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Neal A Scott
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthias B Siewert
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lucas Deschamps
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Esther Lévesque
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Vincent Maire
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Amélie Morneault
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Gilles Gauthier
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Charles Gignac
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Department of Plant Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Anna Gaspard
- Department of Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Heather E Greaves
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
| | - Donald Walker
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
| | - Fiona M Gregory
- Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Timo Kumpula
- Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Miguel Villoslada
- Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Institute of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Henni Ylänne
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Miska Luoto
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarmo Virtanen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bruce C Forbes
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Howard Epstein
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Ramona J Heim
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Bunn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Washington University, Bellingham, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott J Goetz
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
- Bioeconomy and Environment Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Ofiti NOE, Schmidt MWI, Abiven S, Hanson PJ, Iversen CM, Wilson RM, Kostka JE, Wiesenberg GLB, Malhotra A. Climate warming and elevated CO 2 alter peatland soil carbon sources and stability. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7533. [PMID: 37985767 PMCID: PMC10662476 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Peatlands are an important carbon (C) reservoir storing one-third of global soil organic carbon (SOC), but little is known about the fate of these C stocks under climate change. Here, we examine the impact of warming and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) on the molecular composition of SOC to infer SOC sources (microbe-, plant- and fire-derived) and stability in a boreal peatland. We show that while warming alone decreased plant- and microbe-derived SOC due to enhanced decomposition, warming combined with eCO2 increased plant-derived SOC compounds. We further observed increasing root-derived inputs (suberin) and declining leaf/needle-derived inputs (cutin) into SOC under warming and eCO2. The decline in SOC compounds with warming and gains from new root-derived C under eCO2, suggest that warming and eCO2 may shift peatland C budget towards pools with faster turnover. Together, our results indicate that climate change may increase inputs and enhance decomposition of SOC potentially destabilising C storage in peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O E Ofiti
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- CEREEP-Ecotron Ile De France, ENS, CNRS, PSL Research University, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France.
| | | | - Samuel Abiven
- CEREEP-Ecotron Ile De France, ENS, CNRS, PSL Research University, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
- Laboratoire de Géologie, Département de Géosciences, Ecole normale supérieure (ENS), Paris, France
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Rachel M Wilson
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Joel E Kostka
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Avni Malhotra
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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4
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Weber SE, Iversen CM. How deep should we go to understand roots at the top of the world? New Phytol 2023; 240:457-460. [PMID: 37632218 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Blume‐Werry et al. (2023), 240: 502–514.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören E Weber
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
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5
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Petro C, Carrell AA, Wilson RM, Duchesneau K, Noble-Kuchera S, Song T, Iversen CM, Childs J, Schwaner G, Chanton JP, Norby RJ, Hanson PJ, Glass JB, Weston DJ, Kostka JE. Climate drivers alter nitrogen availability in surface peat and decouple N 2 fixation from CH 4 oxidation in the Sphagnum moss microbiome. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:3159-3176. [PMID: 36999440 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Peat mosses (Sphagnum spp.) are keystone species in boreal peatlands, where they dominate net primary productivity and facilitate the accumulation of carbon in thick peat deposits. Sphagnum mosses harbor a diverse assemblage of microbial partners, including N2 -fixing (diazotrophic) and CH4 -oxidizing (methanotrophic) taxa that support ecosystem function by regulating transformations of carbon and nitrogen. Here, we investigate the response of the Sphagnum phytobiome (plant + constituent microbiome + environment) to a gradient of experimental warming (+0°C to +9°C) and elevated CO2 (+500 ppm) in an ombrotrophic peatland in northern Minnesota (USA). By tracking changes in carbon (CH4 , CO2 ) and nitrogen (NH4 -N) cycling from the belowground environment up to Sphagnum and its associated microbiome, we identified a series of cascading impacts to the Sphagnum phytobiome triggered by warming and elevated CO2 . Under ambient CO2 , warming increased plant-available NH4 -N in surface peat, excess N accumulated in Sphagnum tissue, and N2 fixation activity decreased. Elevated CO2 offset the effects of warming, disrupting the accumulation of N in peat and Sphagnum tissue. Methane concentrations in porewater increased with warming irrespective of CO2 treatment, resulting in a ~10× rise in methanotrophic activity within Sphagnum from the +9°C enclosures. Warming's divergent impacts on diazotrophy and methanotrophy caused these processes to become decoupled at warmer temperatures, as evidenced by declining rates of methane-induced N2 fixation and significant losses of keystone microbial taxa. In addition to changes in the Sphagnum microbiome, we observed ~94% mortality of Sphagnum between the +0°C and +9°C treatments, possibly due to the interactive effects of warming on N-availability and competition from vascular plant species. Collectively, these results highlight the vulnerability of the Sphagnum phytobiome to rising temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations, with significant implications for carbon and nitrogen cycling in boreal peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Petro
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alyssa A Carrell
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rachel M Wilson
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Katherine Duchesneau
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sekou Noble-Kuchera
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tianze Song
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joanne Childs
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Geoff Schwaner
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Chanton
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Richard J Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer B Glass
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David J Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joel E Kostka
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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6
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Wang B, McCormack ML, Ricciuto DM, Yang X, Iversen CM. Embracing fine-root system complexity in terrestrial ecosystem modeling. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:2871-2885. [PMID: 36861355 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Projecting the dynamics and functioning of the biosphere requires a holistic consideration of whole-ecosystem processes. However, biases toward leaf, canopy, and soil modeling since the 1970s have constantly left fine-root systems being rudimentarily treated. As accelerated empirical advances in the last two decades establish clearly functional differentiation conferred by the hierarchical structure of fine-root orders and associations with mycorrhizal fungi, a need emerges to embrace this complexity to bridge the data-model gap in still extremely uncertain models. Here, we propose a three-pool structure comprising transport and absorptive fine roots with mycorrhizal fungi (TAM) to model vertically resolved fine-root systems across organizational and spatial-temporal scales. Emerging from a conceptual shift away from arbitrary homogenization, TAM builds upon theoretical and empirical foundations as an effective and efficient approximation that balances realism and simplicity. A proof-of-concept demonstration of TAM in a big-leaf model both conservatively and radically shows robust impacts of differentiation within fine-root systems on simulating carbon cycling in temperate forests. Theoretical and quantitative support warrants exploiting its rich potentials across ecosystems and models to confront uncertainties and challenges for a predictive understanding of the biosphere. Echoing a broad trend of embracing ecological complexity in integrative ecosystem modeling, TAM may offer a consistent framework where modelers and empiricists can work together toward this grand goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Daniel M Ricciuto
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
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7
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Weigelt A, Mommer L, Andraczek K, Iversen CM, Bergmann J, Bruelheide H, Freschet GT, Guerrero-Ramírez NR, Kattge J, Kuyper TW, Laughlin DC, Meier IC, van der Plas F, Poorter H, Roumet C, van Ruijven J, Sabatini FM, Semchenko M, Sweeney CJ, Valverde-Barrantes OJ, York LM, McCormack ML. The importance of trait selection in ecology. Nature 2023; 618:E29-E30. [PMID: 37380696 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Weigelt
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karl Andraczek
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Joana Bergmann
- Sustainable Grassland Systems, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Paulinenaue, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Grégoire T Freschet
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station (SETE), National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Moulis, France
| | - Nathaly R Guerrero-Ramírez
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Kattge
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Functional Biogeography, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Thom W Kuyper
- Soil Biology Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ina C Meier
- Functional Forest Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Barsbüttel-Willinghusen, Germany
| | - Fons van der Plas
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine Roumet
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jasper van Ruijven
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Francesco Maria Sabatini
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marina Semchenko
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christopher J Sweeney
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell, UK
| | - Oscar J Valverde-Barrantes
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Larry M York
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Center for Bioenergy Innovation and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - M Luke McCormack
- The Root Lab, Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, USA
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8
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Bengough AG, Blancaflor EB, Brunner I, Comas LH, Freschet GT, Gessler A, Iversen CM, Janěcek Š, Kliměsová J, Lambers H, McCormack ML, Meier IC, Mommer L, Pagès L, Poorter H, Postma JA, Rewald B, Rose L, Roumet C, Ryser P, Salmon V, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Soudzilovskaia NA, Tharayil N, Valverde-Barrantes OJ, Weemstra M, Weigelt A, Wurzburger N, York LM, Zadworny M. Corrigendum. New Phytol 2022; 235:372. [PMID: 35478324 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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9
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Iversen CM, Latimer J, Brice DJ, Childs J, Vander Stel HM, Defrenne CE, Graham J, Griffiths NA, Malhotra A, Norby RJ, Oleheiser KC, Phillips JR, Salmon VG, Sebestyen SD, Yang X, Hanson PJ. Whole-Ecosystem Warming Increases Plant-Available Nitrogen and Phosphorus in an Ombrotrophic Bog. Ecosystems 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-022-00744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Norby RJ, Warren JM, Iversen CM, Childs J, Jawdy SS, Walker AP. Forest stand and canopy development unaltered by 12 years of CO2 enrichment. Tree Physiol 2022; 42:428-440. [PMID: 34387351 PMCID: PMC8919409 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Canopy structure-the size and distribution of tree crowns and the spatial and temporal distribution of leaves within them-exerts dominant control over primary productivity, transpiration and energy exchange. Stand structure-the spatial arrangement of trees in the forest (height, basal area and spacing)-has a strong influence on forest growth, allocation and resource use. Forest response to elevated atmospheric CO2 is likely to be dependent on the canopy and stand structure. Here, we investigated elevated CO2 effects on the forest structure of a Liquidambar styraciflua L. stand in a free-air CO2 enrichment experiment, considering leaves, tree crowns, forest canopy and stand structure. During the 12-year experiment, the trees increased in height by 5 m and basal area increased by 37%. Basal area distribution among trees shifted from a relatively narrow distribution to a much broader one, but there was little evidence of a CO2 effect on height growth or basal area distribution. The differentiation into crown classes over time led to an increase in the number of unproductive intermediate and suppressed trees and to a greater concentration of stand basal area in the largest trees. A whole-tree harvest at the end of the experiment permitted detailed analysis of canopy structure. There was little effect of CO2 enrichment on the relative leaf area distribution within tree crowns and there was little change from 1998 to 2009. Leaf characteristics (leaf mass per unit area and nitrogen content) varied with crown depth; any effects of elevated CO2 were much smaller than the variation within the crown and were consistent throughout the crown. In this young, even-aged, monoculture plantation forest, there was little evidence that elevated CO2 accelerated tree and stand development, and there were remarkably small changes in canopy structure. Questions remain as to whether a more diverse, mixed species forest would respond similarly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Norby
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Warren
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Joanne Childs
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Sara S Jawdy
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Anthony P Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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11
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Euskirchen ES, Serbin SP, Carman TB, Fraterrigo JM, Genet H, Iversen CM, Salmon V, McGuire AD. Assessing dynamic vegetation model parameter uncertainty across Alaskan arctic tundra plant communities. Ecol Appl 2022; 32:e2499. [PMID: 34787932 PMCID: PMC9285828 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the Arctic region moves into uncharted territory under a warming climate, it is important to refine the terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) that help us understand and predict change. One fundamental uncertainty in TBMs relates to model parameters, configuration variables internal to the model whose value can be estimated from data. We incorporate a version of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) developed for arctic ecosystems into the Predictive Ecosystem Analyzer (PEcAn) framework. PEcAn treats model parameters as probability distributions, estimates parameters based on a synthesis of available field data, and then quantifies both model sensitivity and uncertainty to a given parameter or suite of parameters. We examined how variation in 21 parameters in the equation for gross primary production influenced model sensitivity and uncertainty in terms of two carbon fluxes (net primary productivity and heterotrophic respiration) and two carbon (C) pools (vegetation C and soil C). We set up different parameterizations of TEM across a range of tundra types (tussock tundra, heath tundra, wet sedge tundra, and shrub tundra) in northern Alaska, along a latitudinal transect extending from the coastal plain near Utqiaġvik to the southern foothills of the Brooks Range, to the Seward Peninsula. TEM was most sensitive to parameters related to the temperature regulation of photosynthesis. Model uncertainty was mostly due to parameters related to leaf area, temperature regulation of photosynthesis, and the stomatal responses to ambient light conditions. Our analysis also showed that sensitivity and uncertainty to a given parameter varied spatially. At some sites, model sensitivity and uncertainty tended to be connected to a wider range of parameters, underlining the importance of assessing tundra community processes across environmental gradients or geographic locations. Generally, across sites, the flux of net primary productivity (NPP) and pool of vegetation C had about equal uncertainty, while heterotrophic respiration had higher uncertainty than the pool of soil C. Our study illustrates the complexity inherent in evaluating parameter uncertainty across highly heterogeneous arctic tundra plant communities. It also provides a framework for iteratively testing how newly collected field data related to key parameters may result in more effective forecasting of Arctic change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shawn P. Serbin
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Science & Technology GroupEnvironmental Sciences DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNew York11973USA
| | - Tobey B. Carman
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaska99775USA
| | - Jennifer M. Fraterrigo
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois61801USA
| | - Hélène Genet
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaska99775USA
| | - Colleen M. Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee37831USA
| | - Verity Salmon
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee37831USA
| | - A. David McGuire
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaska99775USA
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12
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Shelley SJ, Brice DJ, Iversen CM, Kolka RK, Sebestyen SD, Griffiths NA. Deciphering the shifting role of intrinsic and extrinsic drivers on moss decomposition in peatlands over a 5‐year period. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Shelley
- Oak Ridge Associated Univ. Oak Ridge TN USA
- Univ. of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA
- Climate Change Science Inst. and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN USA
| | - Deanne J. Brice
- Climate Change Science Inst. and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN USA
| | - Colleen M. Iversen
- Climate Change Science Inst. and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN USA
| | - Randy K. Kolka
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service Grand Rapids MN USA
| | | | - Natalie A. Griffiths
- Climate Change Science Inst. and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN USA
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13
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Freschet GT, Roumet C, Comas LH, Weemstra M, Bengough AG, Rewald B, Bardgett RD, De Deyn GB, Johnson D, Klimešová J, Lukac M, McCormack ML, Meier IC, Pagès L, Poorter H, Prieto I, Wurzburger N, Zadworny M, Bagniewska-Zadworna A, Blancaflor EB, Brunner I, Gessler A, Hobbie SE, Iversen CM, Mommer L, Picon-Cochard C, Postma JA, Rose L, Ryser P, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Soudzilovskaia NA, Sun T, Valverde-Barrantes OJ, Weigelt A, York LM, Stokes A. Root traits as drivers of plant and ecosystem functioning: current understanding, pitfalls and future research needs. New Phytol 2021; 232:1123-1158. [PMID: 33159479 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The effects of plants on the biosphere, atmosphere and geosphere are key determinants of terrestrial ecosystem functioning. However, despite substantial progress made regarding plant belowground components, we are still only beginning to explore the complex relationships between root traits and functions. Drawing on the literature in plant physiology, ecophysiology, ecology, agronomy and soil science, we reviewed 24 aspects of plant and ecosystem functioning and their relationships with a number of root system traits, including aspects of architecture, physiology, morphology, anatomy, chemistry, biomechanics and biotic interactions. Based on this assessment, we critically evaluated the current strengths and gaps in our knowledge, and identify future research challenges in the field of root ecology. Most importantly, we found that belowground traits with the broadest importance in plant and ecosystem functioning are not those most commonly measured. Also, the estimation of trait relative importance for functioning requires us to consider a more comprehensive range of functionally relevant traits from a diverse range of species, across environments and over time series. We also advocate that establishing causal hierarchical links among root traits will provide a hypothesis-based framework to identify the most parsimonious sets of traits with the strongest links on functions, and to link genotypes to plant and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire T Freschet
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Catherine Roumet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Louise H Comas
- USDA-ARS Water Management and Systems Research Unit, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Monique Weemstra
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - A Glyn Bengough
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Boris Rewald
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Richard D Bardgett
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Gerlinde B De Deyn
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Department of Functional Ecology, Institute of Botany CAS, Dukelska 135, Trebon, 37901, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lukac
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6EU, UK
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - M Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree Science, Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rt. 53, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
| | - Ina C Meier
- Plant Ecology, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
- Functional Forest Ecology, University of Hamburg, Haidkrugsweg 1, Barsbüttel, 22885, Germany
| | - Loïc Pagès
- UR 1115 PSH, Centre PACA, site Agroparc, INRAE, Avignon Cedex 9, 84914, France
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, D-52425, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Iván Prieto
- Departamento de Conservación de Suelos y Agua, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Nina Wurzburger
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, Kórnik, 62-035, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Elison B Blancaflor
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes A Postma
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, D-52425, Germany
| | - Laura Rose
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
| | - Peter Ryser
- Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | | | - Nadejda A Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, CML, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Tao Sun
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Oscar J Valverde-Barrantes
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Larry M York
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Alexia Stokes
- INRA, AMAP, CIRAD, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34000, France
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14
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Freschet GT, Pagès L, Iversen CM, Comas LH, Rewald B, Roumet C, Klimešová J, Zadworny M, Poorter H, Postma JA, Adams TS, Bagniewska‐Zadworna A, Bengough AG, Blancaflor EB, Brunner I, Cornelissen JHC, Garnier E, Gessler A, Hobbie SE, Meier IC, Mommer L, Picon‐Cochard C, Rose L, Ryser P, Scherer‐Lorenzen M, Soudzilovskaia NA, Stokes A, Sun T, Valverde‐Barrantes OJ, Weemstra M, Weigelt A, Wurzburger N, York LM, Batterman SA, Gomes de Moraes M, Janeček Š, Lambers H, Salmon V, Tharayil N, McCormack ML. A starting guide to root ecology: strengthening ecological concepts and standardising root classification, sampling, processing and trait measurements. New Phytol 2021; 232:973-1122. [PMID: 34608637 PMCID: PMC8518129 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the context of a recent massive increase in research on plant root functions and their impact on the environment, root ecologists currently face many important challenges to keep on generating cutting-edge, meaningful and integrated knowledge. Consideration of the below-ground components in plant and ecosystem studies has been consistently called for in recent decades, but methodology is disparate and sometimes inappropriate. This handbook, based on the collective effort of a large team of experts, will improve trait comparisons across studies and integration of information across databases by providing standardised methods and controlled vocabularies. It is meant to be used not only as starting point by students and scientists who desire working on below-ground ecosystems, but also by experts for consolidating and broadening their views on multiple aspects of root ecology. Beyond the classical compilation of measurement protocols, we have synthesised recommendations from the literature to provide key background knowledge useful for: (1) defining below-ground plant entities and giving keys for their meaningful dissection, classification and naming beyond the classical fine-root vs coarse-root approach; (2) considering the specificity of root research to produce sound laboratory and field data; (3) describing typical, but overlooked steps for studying roots (e.g. root handling, cleaning and storage); and (4) gathering metadata necessary for the interpretation of results and their reuse. Most importantly, all root traits have been introduced with some degree of ecological context that will be a foundation for understanding their ecological meaning, their typical use and uncertainties, and some methodological and conceptual perspectives for future research. Considering all of this, we urge readers not to solely extract protocol recommendations for trait measurements from this work, but to take a moment to read and reflect on the extensive information contained in this broader guide to root ecology, including sections I-VII and the many introductions to each section and root trait description. Finally, it is critical to understand that a major aim of this guide is to help break down barriers between the many subdisciplines of root ecology and ecophysiology, broaden researchers' views on the multiple aspects of root study and create favourable conditions for the inception of comprehensive experiments on the role of roots in plant and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire T. Freschet
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleCNRS2 route du CNRS09200MoulisFrance
| | - Loïc Pagès
- UR 1115 PSHCentre PACA, site AgroparcINRAE84914Avignon cedex 9France
| | - Colleen M. Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Louise H. Comas
- USDA‐ARS Water Management Research Unit2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320Fort CollinsCO80526USA
| | - Boris Rewald
- Department of Forest and Soil SciencesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna1190Austria
| | - Catherine Roumet
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Department of Functional EcologyInstitute of Botany CASDukelska 13537901TrebonCzech Republic
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of DendrologyPolish Academy of SciencesParkowa 562‐035KórnikPoland
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG‐2)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHD‐52425JülichGermany
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNSW2109Australia
| | | | - Thomas S. Adams
- Department of Plant SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska‐Zadworna
- Department of General BotanyInstitute of Experimental BiologyFaculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznańskiego 661-614PoznańPoland
| | - A. Glyn Bengough
- The James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, Dundee,DD2 5DAUK
- School of Science and EngineeringUniversity of DundeeDundee,DD1 4HNUK
| | | | - Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and BiogeochemistrySwiss Federal Research Institute WSLZürcherstr. 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Johannes H. C. Cornelissen
- Department of Ecological ScienceFaculty of ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1085Amsterdam1081 HVthe Netherlands
| | - Eric Garnier
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Research Institute WSLZürcherstr. 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH Zurich8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sarah E. Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt PaulMN55108USA
| | - Ina C. Meier
- Functional Forest EcologyUniversity of HamburgHaidkrugsweg 122885BarsbütelGermany
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupDepartment of Environmental SciencesWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 476700 AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Rose
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleCNRS2 route du CNRS09200MoulisFrance
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F)Senckenberganlage 2560325Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Peter Ryser
- Laurentian University935 Ramsey Lake RoadSudburyONP3E 2C6Canada
| | | | - Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology DepartmentInstitute of Environmental SciencesCMLLeiden UniversityLeiden2300 RAthe Netherlands
| | - Alexia Stokes
- INRAEAMAPCIRAD, IRDCNRSUniversity of MontpellierMontpellier34000France
| | - Tao Sun
- Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
| | - Oscar J. Valverde‐Barrantes
- International Center for Tropical BotanyDepartment of Biological SciencesFlorida International UniversityMiamiFL33199USA
| | - Monique Weemstra
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Systematic Botany and Functional BiodiversityInstitute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 21-23Leipzig04103Germany
| | - Nina Wurzburger
- Odum School of EcologyUniversity of Georgia140 E. Green StreetAthensGA30602USA
| | - Larry M. York
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy InnovationOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Sarah A. Batterman
- School of Geography and Priestley International Centre for ClimateUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem StudiesMillbrookNY12545USA
| | - Moemy Gomes de Moraes
- Department of BotanyInstitute of Biological SciencesFederal University of Goiás1974690-900Goiânia, GoiásBrazil
| | - Štěpán Janeček
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawley (Perth)WA 6009Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawley (Perth)WAAustralia
| | - Verity Salmon
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSC29634USA
| | - M. Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree ScienceMorton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rt. 53LisleIL60532USA
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15
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Freschet GT, Pagès L, Iversen CM, Comas LH, Rewald B, Roumet C, Klimešová J, Zadworny M, Poorter H, Postma JA, Adams TS, Bagniewska-Zadworna A, Bengough AG, Blancaflor EB, Brunner I, Cornelissen JHC, Garnier E, Gessler A, Hobbie SE, Meier IC, Mommer L, Picon-Cochard C, Rose L, Ryser P, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Soudzilovskaia NA, Stokes A, Sun T, Valverde-Barrantes OJ, Weemstra M, Weigelt A, Wurzburger N, York LM, Batterman SA, Gomes de Moraes M, Janeček Š, Lambers H, Salmon V, Tharayil N, McCormack ML. A starting guide to root ecology: strengthening ecological concepts and standardising root classification, sampling, processing and trait measurements. New Phytol 2021. [PMID: 34608637 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17572.hal-03379708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In the context of a recent massive increase in research on plant root functions and their impact on the environment, root ecologists currently face many important challenges to keep on generating cutting-edge, meaningful and integrated knowledge. Consideration of the below-ground components in plant and ecosystem studies has been consistently called for in recent decades, but methodology is disparate and sometimes inappropriate. This handbook, based on the collective effort of a large team of experts, will improve trait comparisons across studies and integration of information across databases by providing standardised methods and controlled vocabularies. It is meant to be used not only as starting point by students and scientists who desire working on below-ground ecosystems, but also by experts for consolidating and broadening their views on multiple aspects of root ecology. Beyond the classical compilation of measurement protocols, we have synthesised recommendations from the literature to provide key background knowledge useful for: (1) defining below-ground plant entities and giving keys for their meaningful dissection, classification and naming beyond the classical fine-root vs coarse-root approach; (2) considering the specificity of root research to produce sound laboratory and field data; (3) describing typical, but overlooked steps for studying roots (e.g. root handling, cleaning and storage); and (4) gathering metadata necessary for the interpretation of results and their reuse. Most importantly, all root traits have been introduced with some degree of ecological context that will be a foundation for understanding their ecological meaning, their typical use and uncertainties, and some methodological and conceptual perspectives for future research. Considering all of this, we urge readers not to solely extract protocol recommendations for trait measurements from this work, but to take a moment to read and reflect on the extensive information contained in this broader guide to root ecology, including sections I-VII and the many introductions to each section and root trait description. Finally, it is critical to understand that a major aim of this guide is to help break down barriers between the many subdisciplines of root ecology and ecophysiology, broaden researchers' views on the multiple aspects of root study and create favourable conditions for the inception of comprehensive experiments on the role of roots in plant and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire T Freschet
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200, Moulis, France
| | - Loïc Pagès
- UR 1115 PSH, Centre PACA, site Agroparc, INRAE, 84914, Avignon cedex 9, France
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Louise H Comas
- USDA-ARS Water Management Research Unit, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Boris Rewald
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Catherine Roumet
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Department of Functional Ecology, Institute of Botany CAS, Dukelska 135, 37901, Trebon, Czech Republic
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Johannes A Postma
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas S Adams
- Department of Plant Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - A Glyn Bengough
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee,, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee,, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Elison B Blancaflor
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Johannes H C Cornelissen
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Garnier
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Ina C Meier
- Functional Forest Ecology, University of Hamburg, Haidkrugsweg 1, 22885, Barsbütel, Germany
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Rose
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200, Moulis, France
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Ryser
- Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | | | - Nadejda A Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, CML, Leiden University, Leiden, 2300 RA, the Netherlands
| | - Alexia Stokes
- INRAE, AMAP, CIRAD, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Tao Sun
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Oscar J Valverde-Barrantes
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Monique Weemstra
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Nina Wurzburger
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Larry M York
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Sarah A Batterman
- School of Geography and Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, 12545, USA
| | - Moemy Gomes de Moraes
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, 19, 74690-900, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Štěpán Janeček
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley (Perth), WA, Australia
| | - Verity Salmon
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - M Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree Science, Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rt. 53, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
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16
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Weigelt A, Mommer L, Andraczek K, Iversen CM, Bergmann J, Bruelheide H, Fan Y, Freschet GT, Guerrero-Ramírez NR, Kattge J, Kuyper TW, Laughlin DC, Meier IC, van der Plas F, Poorter H, Roumet C, van Ruijven J, Sabatini FM, Semchenko M, Sweeney CJ, Valverde-Barrantes OJ, York LM, McCormack ML. An integrated framework of plant form and function: the belowground perspective. New Phytol 2021; 232:42-59. [PMID: 34197626 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant trait variation drives plant function, community composition and ecosystem processes. However, our current understanding of trait variation disproportionately relies on aboveground observations. Here we integrate root traits into the global framework of plant form and function. We developed and tested an overarching conceptual framework that integrates two recently identified root trait gradients with a well-established aboveground plant trait framework. We confronted our novel framework with published relationships between above- and belowground trait analogues and with multivariate analyses of above- and belowground traits of 2510 species. Our traits represent the leaf and root conservation gradients (specific leaf area, leaf and root nitrogen concentration, and root tissue density), the root collaboration gradient (root diameter and specific root length) and the plant size gradient (plant height and rooting depth). We found that an integrated, whole-plant trait space required as much as four axes. The two main axes represented the fast-slow 'conservation' gradient on which leaf and fine-root traits were well aligned, and the 'collaboration' gradient in roots. The two additional axes were separate, orthogonal plant size axes for height and rooting depth. This perspective on the multidimensional nature of plant trait variation better encompasses plant function and influence on the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Weigelt
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Karl Andraczek
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Joana Bergmann
- Sustainable Grassland Systems, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Paulinenaue, 14641, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108, Germany
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Grégoire T Freschet
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station (SETE), National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Moulis, 09200, France
| | - Nathaly R Guerrero-Ramírez
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Jens Kattge
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Functional Biogeography, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Thom W Kuyper
- Soil Biology Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel C Laughlin
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Ina C Meier
- Functional Forest Ecology, Department of Biology, Universität Hamburg, Barsbüttel-Willinghusen, 22885, Germany
| | - Fons van der Plas
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Catherine Roumet
- CEFE, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University Montpellier, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Jasper van Ruijven
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Francesco Maria Sabatini
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108, Germany
| | - Marina Semchenko
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Christopher J Sweeney
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Oscar J Valverde-Barrantes
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Larry M York
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - M Luke McCormack
- The Root Lab, Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, 60515, USA
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17
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Iversen CM, McCormack ML. Filling gaps in our understanding of belowground plant traits across the world: an introduction to a Virtual Issue. New Phytol 2021; 231:2097-2103. [PMID: 34405907 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830-6301, USA
| | - M Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, Liesle, IL, 60515, USA
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18
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Laughlin DC, Mommer L, Sabatini FM, Bruelheide H, Kuyper TW, McCormack ML, Bergmann J, Freschet GT, Guerrero-Ramírez NR, Iversen CM, Kattge J, Meier IC, Poorter H, Roumet C, Semchenko M, Sweeney CJ, Valverde-Barrantes OJ, van der Plas F, van Ruijven J, York LM, Aubin I, Burge OR, Byun C, Ćušterevska R, Dengler J, Forey E, Guerin GR, Hérault B, Jackson RB, Karger DN, Lenoir J, Lysenko T, Meir P, Niinemets Ü, Ozinga WA, Peñuelas J, Reich PB, Schmidt M, Schrodt F, Velázquez E, Weigelt A. Root traits explain plant species distributions along climatic gradients yet challenge the nature of ecological trade-offs. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:1123-1134. [PMID: 34112996 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ecological theory is built on trade-offs, where trait differences among species evolved as adaptations to different environments. Trade-offs are often assumed to be bidirectional, where opposite ends of a gradient in trait values confer advantages in different environments. However, unidirectional benefits could be widespread if extreme trait values confer advantages at one end of an environmental gradient, whereas a wide range of trait values are equally beneficial at the other end. Here, we show that root traits explain species occurrences along broad gradients of temperature and water availability, but model predictions only resembled trade-offs in two out of 24 models. Forest species with low specific root length and high root tissue density (RTD) were more likely to occur in warm climates but species with high specific root length and low RTD were more likely to occur in cold climates. Unidirectional benefits were more prevalent than trade-offs: for example, species with large-diameter roots and high RTD were more commonly associated with dry climates, but species with the opposite trait values were not associated with wet climates. Directional selection for traits consistently occurred in cold or dry climates, whereas a diversity of root trait values were equally viable in warm or wet climates. Explicit integration of unidirectional benefits into ecological theory is needed to advance our understanding of the consequences of trait variation on species responses to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Francesco Maria Sabatini
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thom W Kuyper
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joana Bergmann
- Sustainable Grassland Systems, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Paulinenaue, Germany
| | - Grégoire T Freschet
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station (SETE), National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Moulis, France
| | - Nathaly R Guerrero-Ramírez
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jens Kattge
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Functional Biogeography, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Ina C Meier
- Functional Forest Ecology, Department of Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine Roumet
- CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Marina Semchenko
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christopher J Sweeney
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Oscar J Valverde-Barrantes
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Fons van der Plas
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jasper van Ruijven
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Isabelle Aubin
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivia R Burge
- Ecosystems and Conservation, Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Chaeho Byun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Renata Ćušterevska
- Institute of Biology, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Jürgen Dengler
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Switzerland.,Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Estelle Forey
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INRAE, ECODIV, Rouen, France
| | - Greg R Guerin
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bruno Hérault
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.,Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.,Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dirk Nikolaus Karger
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Spatial Evolutionary Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- UMR CNRS 7058 'Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés (EDYSAN)', Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Tatiana Lysenko
- Laboratory of Vegetation Science, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Laboratory of Phytodiversity Problems and Phytocoenology, Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin, Samara Scientific Center, RAS, Togliatti, Russia.,Group of Ecology of living organisms, Tobolsk Complex Scientific Station, Ural Branch, RAS, Tobolsk, Russia
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.,Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Wim A Ozinga
- Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain.,CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marco Schmidt
- Data and Modelling Centre, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, Germany.,Palmengarten, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Eduardo Velázquez
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid and INIA, Palencia, Spain.,School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Valladolid, Palencia, Spain
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Salmon VG, Brice DJ, Bridgham S, Childs J, Graham J, Griffiths NA, Hofmockel K, Iversen CM, Jicha TM, Kolka RK, Kostka JE, Malhotra A, Norby RJ, Phillips JR, Ricciuto D, Schadt CW, Sebestyen SD, Shi X, Walker AP, Warren JM, Weston DJ, Yang X, Hanson PJ. Nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in an ombrotrophic peatland: a benchmark for assessing change. Plant Soil 2021; 466:649-674. [PMID: 36267144 PMCID: PMC9580354 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-021-05065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Slow decomposition and isolation from groundwater mean that ombrotrophic peatlands store a large amount of soil carbon (C) but have low availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). To better understand the role these limiting nutrients play in determining the C balance of peatland ecosystems, we compile comprehensive N and P budgets for a forested bog in northern Minnesota, USA. METHODS N and P within plants, soils, and water are quantified based on field measurements. The resulting empirical dataset are then compared to modern-day, site-level simulations from the peatland land surface version of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (ELM-SPRUCE). RESULTS Our results reveal N is accumulating in the ecosystem at 0.2 ± 0.1 g N m-2 year-1 but annual P inputs to this ecosystem are balanced by losses. Biomass stoichiometry indicates that plant functional types differ in N versus P limitation, with trees exhibiting a stronger N limitation than ericaceous shrubs or Sphagnum moss. High biomass and productivity of Sphagnum results in the moss layer storing and cycling a large proportion of plant N and P. Comparing our empirically-derived nutrient budgets to ELM-SPRUCE shows the model captures N cycling within dominant plant functional types well. CONCLUSIONS The nutrient budgets and stoichiometry presented serve as a baseline for quantifying the nutrient cycling response of peatland ecosystems to both observed and simulated climate change. Our analysis improves our understanding of N and P dynamics within nutrient-limited peatlands and represents a crucial step toward improving C-cycle projections into the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity G Salmon
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Deanne J Brice
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Scott Bridgham
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Joanne Childs
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jake Graham
- Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Natalie A Griffiths
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Kirsten Hofmockel
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate Molecular, Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National, Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Terri M Jicha
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great, Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Randy K Kolka
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Grand Rapids, MN, USA
| | - Joel E Kostka
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Avni Malhotra
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Richard J Norby
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jana R Phillips
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Daniel Ricciuto
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Christopher W Schadt
- Climate Change Science Institute and Biosciences, Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Xiaoying Shi
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Anthony P Walker
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Warren
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - David J Weston
- Climate Change Science Institute and Biosciences, Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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20
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Walker AP, De Kauwe MG, Bastos A, Belmecheri S, Georgiou K, Keeling RF, McMahon SM, Medlyn BE, Moore DJP, Norby RJ, Zaehle S, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Battipaglia G, Brienen RJW, Cabugao KG, Cailleret M, Campbell E, Canadell JG, Ciais P, Craig ME, Ellsworth DS, Farquhar GD, Fatichi S, Fisher JB, Frank DC, Graven H, Gu L, Haverd V, Heilman K, Heimann M, Hungate BA, Iversen CM, Joos F, Jiang M, Keenan TF, Knauer J, Körner C, Leshyk VO, Leuzinger S, Liu Y, MacBean N, Malhi Y, McVicar TR, Penuelas J, Pongratz J, Powell AS, Riutta T, Sabot MEB, Schleucher J, Sitch S, Smith WK, Sulman B, Taylor B, Terrer C, Torn MS, Treseder KK, Trugman AT, Trumbore SE, van Mantgem PJ, Voelker SL, Whelan ME, Zuidema PA. Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO 2. New Phytol 2021; 229:2413-2445. [PMID: 32789857 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2 ]) is increasing, which increases leaf-scale photosynthesis and intrinsic water-use efficiency. These direct responses have the potential to increase plant growth, vegetation biomass, and soil organic matter; transferring carbon from the atmosphere into terrestrial ecosystems (a carbon sink). A substantial global terrestrial carbon sink would slow the rate of [CO2 ] increase and thus climate change. However, ecosystem CO2 responses are complex or confounded by concurrent changes in multiple agents of global change and evidence for a [CO2 ]-driven terrestrial carbon sink can appear contradictory. Here we synthesize theory and broad, multidisciplinary evidence for the effects of increasing [CO2 ] (iCO2 ) on the global terrestrial carbon sink. Evidence suggests a substantial increase in global photosynthesis since pre-industrial times. Established theory, supported by experiments, indicates that iCO2 is likely responsible for about half of the increase. Global carbon budgeting, atmospheric data, and forest inventories indicate a historical carbon sink, and these apparent iCO2 responses are high in comparison to experiments and predictions from theory. Plant mortality and soil carbon iCO2 responses are highly uncertain. In conclusion, a range of evidence supports a positive terrestrial carbon sink in response to iCO2 , albeit with uncertain magnitude and strong suggestion of a role for additional agents of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Martin G De Kauwe
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ana Bastos
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Luisenstr. 37, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Soumaya Belmecheri
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Katerina Georgiou
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ralph F Keeling
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - David J P Moore
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, 1064 East Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Richard J Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, MRC 5535, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Giovanna Battipaglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università della Campania, Caserta, 81100, Italy
| | | | - Kristine G Cabugao
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- INRAE, UMR RECOVER, Aix-Marseille Université, 3275 route de Cézanne, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 5, 13182, France
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Elliott Campbell
- Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Josep G Canadell
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91191, France
| | - Matthew E Craig
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - David S Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Simone Fatichi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini Platz 5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Joshua B Fisher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - David C Frank
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Heather Graven
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Kelly Heilman
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Martin Heimann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Fortunat Joos
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstr. 5, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Mingkai Jiang
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Trevor F Keenan
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jürgen Knauer
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Christian Körner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Victor O Leshyk
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yao Liu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Natasha MacBean
- Department of Geography, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Tim R McVicar
- CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, 142 Mills Rd, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Josep Penuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Julia Pongratz
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Luisenstr. 37, Munich, 80333, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Shafer Powell
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Terhi Riutta
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Manon E B Sabot
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Juergen Schleucher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Umeå University, Umea, 901 87, Sweden
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Laver Building, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - William K Smith
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, 1064 East Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Benjamin Sulman
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Benton Taylor
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - César Terrer
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Margaret S Torn
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kathleen K Treseder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Anna T Trugman
- Department of Geography, 1832 Ellison Hall, Santa Barbara, CA, 93016, USA
| | - Susan E Trumbore
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | | | - Steve L Voelker
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Mary E Whelan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Pieter A Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
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21
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Malhotra A, Brice DJ, Childs J, Graham JD, Hobbie EA, Vander Stel H, Feron SC, Hanson PJ, Iversen CM. Peatland warming strongly increases fine-root growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17627-17634. [PMID: 32661144 PMCID: PMC7395547 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003361117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Belowground climate change responses remain a key unknown in the Earth system. Plant fine-root response is especially important to understand because fine roots respond quickly to environmental change, are responsible for nutrient and water uptake, and influence carbon cycling. However, fine-root responses to climate change are poorly constrained, especially in northern peatlands, which contain up to two-thirds of the world's soil carbon. We present fine-root responses to warming between +2 °C and 9 °C above ambient conditions in a whole-ecosystem peatland experiment. Warming strongly increased fine-root growth by over an order of magnitude in the warmest treatment, with stronger responses in shrubs than in trees or graminoids. In the first year of treatment, the control (+0 °C) shrub fine-root growth of 0.9 km m-2 y-1 increased linearly by 1.2 km m-2 y-1 (130%) for every degree increase in soil temperature. An extended belowground growing season accounted for 20% of this dramatic increase. In the second growing season of treatment, the shrub warming response rate increased to 2.54 km m-2 °C-1 Soil moisture was negatively correlated with fine-root growth, highlighting that drying of these typically water-saturated ecosystems can fuel a surprising burst in shrub belowground productivity, one possible mechanism explaining the "shrubification" of northern peatlands in response to global change. This previously unrecognized mechanism sheds light on how peatland fine-root response to warming and drying could be strong and rapid, with consequences for the belowground growing season duration, microtopography, vegetation composition, and ultimately, carbon function of these globally relevant carbon sinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avni Malhotra
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830;
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - Deanne J Brice
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - Joanne Childs
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - Jake D Graham
- Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725
| | - Erik A Hobbie
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
| | - Holly Vander Stel
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI 49060
| | - Sarah C Feron
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, 9170022, Chile
- School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences, Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
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22
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Bergmann J, Weigelt A, van der Plas F, Laughlin DC, Kuyper TW, Guerrero-Ramirez N, Valverde-Barrantes OJ, Bruelheide H, Freschet GT, Iversen CM, Kattge J, McCormack ML, Meier IC, Rillig MC, Roumet C, Semchenko M, Sweeney CJ, van Ruijven J, York LM, Mommer L. The fungal collaboration gradient dominates the root economics space in plants. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaba3756. [PMID: 32937432 PMCID: PMC7458448 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba3756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant economics run on carbon and nutrients instead of money. Leaf strategies aboveground span an economic spectrum from "live fast and die young" to "slow and steady," but the economy defined by root strategies belowground remains unclear. Here, we take a holistic view of the belowground economy and show that root-mycorrhizal collaboration can short circuit a one-dimensional economic spectrum, providing an entire space of economic possibilities. Root trait data from 1810 species across the globe confirm a classical fast-slow "conservation" gradient but show that most variation is explained by an orthogonal "collaboration" gradient, ranging from "do-it-yourself" resource uptake to "outsourcing" of resource uptake to mycorrhizal fungi. This broadened "root economics space" provides a solid foundation for predictive understanding of belowground responses to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Bergmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fons van der Plas
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Nathaly Guerrero-Ramirez
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Grégoire T Freschet
- CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (CNRS, Université Toulouse III), Moulis, France
| | | | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthias C Rillig
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Catherine Roumet
- CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Marina Semchenko
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher J Sweeney
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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23
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Cordeiro AL, Norby RJ, Andersen KM, Valverde‐Barrantes O, Fuchslueger L, Oblitas E, Hartley IP, Iversen CM, Gonçalves NB, Takeshi B, Lapola DM, Quesada CA. Fine-root dynamics vary with soil depth and precipitation in a low-nutrient tropical forest in the Central Amazonia. Plant Environ Interact 2020; 1:3-16. [PMID: 37284129 PMCID: PMC10168058 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A common assumption in tropical ecology is that root systems respond rapidly to climatic cues but that most of that response is limited to the uppermost layer of the soil, with relatively limited changes in deeper layers. However, this assumption has not been tested directly, preventing models from accurately predicting the response of tropical forests to environmental change.We measured seasonal dynamics of fine roots in an upper-slope plateau in Central Amazonia mature forest using minirhizotrons to 90 cm depth, which were calibrated with fine roots extracted from soil cores.Root productivity and mortality in surface soil layers were positively correlated with precipitation, whereas root standing length was greater during the dry periods at the deeper layers. Contrary to historical assumptions, a large fraction of fine-root standing biomass (46%) and productivity (41%) was found in soil layers deeper than 30 cm. Furthermore, root turnover decreased linearly with soil depth.Our findings demonstrate a relationship between fine-root dynamics and precipitation regimes in Central Amazonia. Our results also emphasize the importance of deeper roots for accurate estimates of primary productivity and the interaction between roots and carbon, water, and nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Cordeiro
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPAManausBrazil
- Colorado State University – CSUFort CollinsCOUSA
| | | | | | - Oscar Valverde‐Barrantes
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPAManausBrazil
- Florida International University –MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Lucia Fuchslueger
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPAManausBrazil
- University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Erick Oblitas
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPAManausBrazil
| | - Iain P. Hartley
- GeographyCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | | | - Nathan B. Gonçalves
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPAManausBrazil
- Michigan State University – MSUEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Bruno Takeshi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPAManausBrazil
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24
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Thomas HJD, Bjorkman AD, Myers-Smith IH, Elmendorf SC, Kattge J, Diaz S, Vellend M, Blok D, Cornelissen JHC, Forbes BC, Henry GHR, Hollister RD, Normand S, Prevéy JS, Rixen C, Schaepman-Strub G, Wilmking M, Wipf S, Cornwell WK, Beck PSA, Georges D, Goetz SJ, Guay KC, Rüger N, Soudzilovskaia NA, Spasojevic MJ, Alatalo JM, Alexander HD, Anadon-Rosell A, Angers-Blondin S, Te Beest M, Berner LT, Björk RG, Buchwal A, Buras A, Carbognani M, Christie KS, Collier LS, Cooper EJ, Elberling B, Eskelinen A, Frei ER, Grau O, Grogan P, Hallinger M, Heijmans MMPD, Hermanutz L, Hudson JMG, Johnstone JF, Hülber K, Iturrate-Garcia M, Iversen CM, Jaroszynska F, Kaarlejarvi E, Kulonen A, Lamarque LJ, Lantz TC, Lévesque E, Little CJ, Michelsen A, Milbau A, Nabe-Nielsen J, Nielsen SS, Ninot JM, Oberbauer SF, Olofsson J, Onipchenko VG, Petraglia A, Rumpf SB, Shetti R, Speed JDM, Suding KN, Tape KD, Tomaselli M, Trant AJ, Treier UA, Tremblay M, Venn SE, Vowles T, Weijers S, Wookey PA, Zamin TJ, Bahn M, Blonder B, van Bodegom PM, Bond-Lamberty B, Campetella G, Cerabolini BEL, Chapin FS, Craine JM, Dainese M, Green WA, Jansen S, Kleyer M, Manning P, Niinemets Ü, Onoda Y, Ozinga WA, Peñuelas J, Poschlod P, Reich PB, Sandel B, Schamp BS, Sheremetiev SN, de Vries FT. Global plant trait relationships extend to the climatic extremes of the tundra biome. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1351. [PMID: 32165619 PMCID: PMC7067758 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of variation in six traits critical to the growth, survival and reproduction of plant species is thought to be organised along just two dimensions, corresponding to strategies of plant size and resource acquisition. However, it is unknown whether global plant trait relationships extend to climatic extremes, and if these interspecific relationships are confounded by trait variation within species. We test whether trait relationships extend to the cold extremes of life on Earth using the largest database of tundra plant traits yet compiled. We show that tundra plants demonstrate remarkably similar resource economic traits, but not size traits, compared to global distributions, and exhibit the same two dimensions of trait variation. Three quarters of trait variation occurs among species, mirroring global estimates of interspecific trait variation. Plant trait relationships are thus generalizable to the edge of global trait-space, informing prediction of plant community change in a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J D Thomas
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, Scotland, UK.
| | - A D Bjorkman
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, Scotland, UK
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, 41319, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - I H Myers-Smith
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, Scotland, UK
| | - S C Elmendorf
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, USA
| | - J Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07701, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Diaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Av.Velez Sarsfield 299, Cordoba, Argentina
- FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Vellend
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boul. de l'Université Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - D Blok
- Dutch Research Council, (NWO), Postbus 93460, 2509 AL, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - J H C Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B C Forbes
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 96101, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - G H R Henry
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, 1984 West Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - R D Hollister
- Biology Department, Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive, 3300a Kindschi Hall of Science, Allendale, Michigan, USA
| | - S Normand
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - J S Prevéy
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - C Rixen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - G Schaepman-Strub
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Wilmking
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Soldmannstraße 15, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Wipf
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
- Swiss National Park, Runatsch 124, Chastè Planta-Wildenberg, 7530, Zernez, Switzerland
| | - W K Cornwell
- Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - P S A Beck
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi, 2749, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | - D Georges
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, Scotland, UK
- International Agency for Research in Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - S J Goetz
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, 1295S Knoles Dr, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - K C Guay
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr, East Boothbay, Maine, 04544, USA
| | - N Rüger
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Luis Clement Avenue, Bldg. 401 Tupper, Balboa Ancón, Panama
| | - N A Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M J Spasojevic
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Life Sciences Building, Eucalyptus Dr #2710, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - J M Alatalo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - H D Alexander
- Department of Forestry, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS, 39762, USA
| | - A Anadon-Rosell
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Soldmannstraße 15, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Angers-Blondin
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, Scotland, UK
| | - M Te Beest
- Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - L T Berner
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, 1295S Knoles Dr, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - R G Björk
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Buchwal
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, B. Krygowskiego 10, 61-680, Poznan, Poland
- University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - A Buras
- Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - M Carbognani
- Deptartment of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - K S Christie
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 333 Raspberry Rd, Anchorage, AK, 99518, USA
| | - L S Collier
- Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - E J Cooper
- Deptartment of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Bioscences Fisheries and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - B Elberling
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - A Eskelinen
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, Linnanmaa, Oulu, Finland
| | - E R Frei
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, 1984 West Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z2, Canada
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - O Grau
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, Inra, Univ Antilles, Univ Guyane), Campus Agronomique, 97310, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - P Grogan
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Biosciences Complex, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - M Hallinger
- Biology Department, Swedish Agricultural University (SLU), SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M M P D Heijmans
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Hermanutz
- Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - J M G Hudson
- British Columbia Public Service, Vancouver, Canada
| | - J F Johnstone
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - K Hülber
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Iturrate-Garcia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C M Iversen
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6134, USA
| | - F Jaroszynska
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, Scotland, UK
| | - E Kaarlejarvi
- Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Elsene, Brussles, Belgium
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, PO Box, 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Kulonen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - L J Lamarque
- Département des Sciences de l'environnement et Centre d'études nordiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, Québec, Canada
| | - T C Lantz
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, David Turpin Building, B243, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - E Lévesque
- Département des Sciences de l'environnement et Centre d'études nordiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, Québec, Canada
| | - C J Little
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, the Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - A Michelsen
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Terrestrial Ecology Section, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - A Milbau
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Havenlaan 88 bus 73, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Nabe-Nielsen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - S S Nielsen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - J M Ninot
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S F Oberbauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200S.W. 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - J Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - V G Onipchenko
- Department of Ecology and Plant Geography, Moscow State Lomonosov University, 119234, Moscow, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Russia
| | - A Petraglia
- Deptartment of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - S B Rumpf
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Bâtiment Biophore, Quartier UNIL-Sorge, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Shetti
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Soldmannstraße 15, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J D M Speed
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - K N Suding
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, USA
| | - K D Tape
- Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska, Engineering Learning and Innovation Facility (ELIF), Suite 240, 1764 Tanana Loop, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-5910, USA
| | - M Tomaselli
- Deptartment of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - A J Trant
- School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - U A Treier
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M Tremblay
- Département des Sciences de l'environnement et Centre d'études nordiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, Québec, Canada
| | - S E Venn
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - T Vowles
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Weijers
- Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - P A Wookey
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - T J Zamin
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Biosciences Complex, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - M Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Blonder
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, 3 South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, 8000 Co Rd 317, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94706, USA
| | - P M van Bodegom
- Environmental Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - B Bond-Lamberty
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Joint Global Change Research Institute, 5825 University Research Ct, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - G Campetella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine-Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management Unit, Univeristy of Camerino, Via Gentile III Da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - B E L Cerabolini
- DBSV-University of Insubria, Via Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - F S Chapin
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - J M Craine
- Jonah Ventures, 1600 Range Street Suite 201, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - M Dainese
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Alpine Environment, EURAC Research, Viale Druso, 1, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - W A Green
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - S Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - M Kleyer
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - P Manning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ü Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr.R.Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Y Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - W A Ozinga
- Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, NL-6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - P Poschlod
- Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - P B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 115 Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - B Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - B S Schamp
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, 1520 Queen Street East, Sault Ste., Marie, ON, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - S N Sheremetiev
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Professor Popova Street, 2, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - F T de Vries
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Gallagher RV, Falster DS, Maitner BS, Salguero-Gómez R, Vandvik V, Pearse WD, Schneider FD, Kattge J, Poelen JH, Madin JS, Ankenbrand MJ, Penone C, Feng X, Adams VM, Alroy J, Andrew SC, Balk MA, Bland LM, Boyle BL, Bravo-Avila CH, Brennan I, Carthey AJR, Catullo R, Cavazos BR, Conde DA, Chown SL, Fadrique B, Gibb H, Halbritter AH, Hammock J, Hogan JA, Holewa H, Hope M, Iversen CM, Jochum M, Kearney M, Keller A, Mabee P, Manning P, McCormack L, Michaletz ST, Park DS, Perez TM, Pineda-Munoz S, Ray CA, Rossetto M, Sauquet H, Sparrow B, Spasojevic MJ, Telford RJ, Tobias JA, Violle C, Walls R, Weiss KCB, Westoby M, Wright IJ, Enquist BJ. Open Science principles for accelerating trait-based science across the Tree of Life. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:294-303. [PMID: 32066887 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Synthesizing trait observations and knowledge across the Tree of Life remains a grand challenge for biodiversity science. Species traits are widely used in ecological and evolutionary science, and new data and methods have proliferated rapidly. Yet accessing and integrating disparate data sources remains a considerable challenge, slowing progress toward a global synthesis to integrate trait data across organisms. Trait science needs a vision for achieving global integration across all organisms. Here, we outline how the adoption of key Open Science principles-open data, open source and open methods-is transforming trait science, increasing transparency, democratizing access and accelerating global synthesis. To enhance widespread adoption of these principles, we introduce the Open Traits Network (OTN), a global, decentralized community welcoming all researchers and institutions pursuing the collaborative goal of standardizing and integrating trait data across organisms. We demonstrate how adherence to Open Science principles is key to the OTN community and outline five activities that can accelerate the synthesis of trait data across the Tree of Life, thereby facilitating rapid advances to address scientific inquiries and environmental issues. Lessons learned along the path to a global synthesis of trait data will provide a framework for addressing similarly complex data science and informatics challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael V Gallagher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Daniel S Falster
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brian S Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Roberto Salguero-Gómez
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.,Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Evolutionary Demography Laboratory, Max Plank Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - William D Pearse
- Ecology Center and Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | | | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Joshua S Madin
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Manoa, HI, USA
| | - Markus J Ankenbrand
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Caterina Penone
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Vanessa M Adams
- Discipline of Geography and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - John Alroy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samuel C Andrew
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Meghan A Balk
- Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lucie M Bland
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brad L Boyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Catherine H Bravo-Avila
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Ian Brennan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Alexandra J R Carthey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Renee Catullo
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Brittany R Cavazos
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Dalia A Conde
- Species360 Conservation Science Alliance, Bloomington, MN, USA.,Interdisciplinary Center on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Steven L Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belen Fadrique
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Heloise Gibb
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution and Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aud H Halbritter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jennifer Hammock
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J Aaron Hogan
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hamish Holewa
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Michael Hope
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Malte Jochum
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Kearney
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander Keller
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Paula Mabee
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Peter Manning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, USA
| | - Sean T Michaletz
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel S Park
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Timothy M Perez
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Silvia Pineda-Munoz
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Courtenay A Ray
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Maurizio Rossetto
- National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Queensland Alliance of Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hervé Sauquet
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Universite Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Benjamin Sparrow
- TERN / School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marko J Spasojevic
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Richard J Telford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Joseph A Tobias
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
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Kattge J, Bönisch G, Díaz S, Lavorel S, Prentice IC, Leadley P, Tautenhahn S, Werner GDA, Aakala T, Abedi M, Acosta ATR, Adamidis GC, Adamson K, Aiba M, Albert CH, Alcántara JM, Alcázar C C, Aleixo I, Ali H, Amiaud B, Ammer C, Amoroso MM, Anand M, Anderson C, Anten N, Antos J, Apgaua DMG, Ashman TL, Asmara DH, Asner GP, Aspinwall M, Atkin O, Aubin I, Baastrup-Spohr L, Bahalkeh K, Bahn M, Baker T, Baker WJ, Bakker JP, Baldocchi D, Baltzer J, Banerjee A, Baranger A, Barlow J, Barneche DR, Baruch Z, Bastianelli D, Battles J, Bauerle W, Bauters M, Bazzato E, Beckmann M, Beeckman H, Beierkuhnlein C, Bekker R, Belfry G, Belluau M, Beloiu M, Benavides R, Benomar L, Berdugo-Lattke ML, Berenguer E, Bergamin R, Bergmann J, Bergmann Carlucci M, Berner L, Bernhardt-Römermann M, Bigler C, Bjorkman AD, Blackman C, Blanco C, Blonder B, Blumenthal D, Bocanegra-González KT, Boeckx P, Bohlman S, Böhning-Gaese K, Boisvert-Marsh L, Bond W, Bond-Lamberty B, Boom A, Boonman CCF, Bordin K, Boughton EH, Boukili V, Bowman DMJS, Bravo S, Brendel MR, Broadley MR, Brown KA, Bruelheide H, Brumnich F, Bruun HH, Bruy D, Buchanan SW, Bucher SF, Buchmann N, Buitenwerf R, Bunker DE, Bürger J, Burrascano S, Burslem DFRP, Butterfield BJ, Byun C, Marques M, Scalon MC, Caccianiga M, Cadotte M, Cailleret M, Camac J, Camarero JJ, Campany C, Campetella G, Campos JA, Cano-Arboleda L, Canullo R, Carbognani M, Carvalho F, Casanoves F, Castagneyrol B, Catford JA, Cavender-Bares J, Cerabolini BEL, Cervellini M, Chacón-Madrigal E, Chapin K, Chapin FS, Chelli S, Chen SC, Chen A, Cherubini P, Chianucci F, Choat B, Chung KS, Chytrý M, Ciccarelli D, Coll L, Collins CG, Conti L, Coomes D, Cornelissen JHC, Cornwell WK, Corona P, Coyea M, Craine J, Craven D, Cromsigt JPGM, Csecserits A, Cufar K, Cuntz M, da Silva AC, Dahlin KM, Dainese M, Dalke I, Dalle Fratte M, Dang-Le AT, Danihelka J, Dannoura M, Dawson S, de Beer AJ, De Frutos A, De Long JR, Dechant B, Delagrange S, Delpierre N, Derroire G, Dias AS, Diaz-Toribio MH, Dimitrakopoulos PG, Dobrowolski M, Doktor D, Dřevojan P, Dong N, Dransfield J, Dressler S, Duarte L, Ducouret E, Dullinger S, Durka W, Duursma R, Dymova O, E-Vojtkó A, Eckstein RL, Ejtehadi H, Elser J, Emilio T, Engemann K, Erfanian MB, Erfmeier A, Esquivel-Muelbert A, Esser G, Estiarte M, Domingues TF, Fagan WF, Fagúndez J, Falster DS, Fan Y, Fang J, Farris E, Fazlioglu F, Feng Y, Fernandez-Mendez F, Ferrara C, Ferreira J, Fidelis A, Finegan B, Firn J, Flowers TJ, Flynn DFB, Fontana V, Forey E, Forgiarini C, François L, Frangipani M, Frank D, Frenette-Dussault C, Freschet GT, Fry EL, Fyllas NM, Mazzochini GG, Gachet S, Gallagher R, Ganade G, Ganga F, García-Palacios P, Gargaglione V, Garnier E, Garrido JL, de Gasper AL, Gea-Izquierdo G, Gibson D, Gillison AN, Giroldo A, Glasenhardt MC, Gleason S, Gliesch M, Goldberg E, Göldel B, Gonzalez-Akre E, Gonzalez-Andujar JL, González-Melo A, González-Robles A, Graae BJ, Granda E, Graves S, Green WA, Gregor T, Gross N, Guerin GR, Günther A, Gutiérrez AG, Haddock L, Haines A, Hall J, Hambuckers A, Han W, Harrison SP, Hattingh W, Hawes JE, He T, He P, Heberling JM, Helm A, Hempel S, Hentschel J, Hérault B, Hereş AM, Herz K, Heuertz M, Hickler T, Hietz P, Higuchi P, Hipp AL, Hirons A, Hock M, Hogan JA, Holl K, Honnay O, Hornstein D, Hou E, Hough-Snee N, Hovstad KA, Ichie T, Igić B, Illa E, Isaac M, Ishihara M, Ivanov L, Ivanova L, Iversen CM, Izquierdo J, Jackson RB, Jackson B, Jactel H, Jagodzinski AM, Jandt U, Jansen S, Jenkins T, Jentsch A, Jespersen JRP, Jiang GF, Johansen JL, Johnson D, Jokela EJ, Joly CA, Jordan GJ, Joseph GS, Junaedi D, Junker RR, Justes E, Kabzems R, Kane J, Kaplan Z, Kattenborn T, Kavelenova L, Kearsley E, Kempel A, Kenzo T, Kerkhoff A, Khalil MI, Kinlock NL, Kissling WD, Kitajima K, Kitzberger T, Kjøller R, Klein T, Kleyer M, Klimešová J, Klipel J, Kloeppel B, Klotz S, Knops JMH, Kohyama T, Koike F, Kollmann J, Komac B, Komatsu K, König C, Kraft NJB, Kramer K, Kreft H, Kühn I, 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TRY plant trait database - enhanced coverage and open access. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:119-188. [PMID: 31891233 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant traits-the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants-determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits-almost complete coverage for 'plant growth form'. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait-environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Díaz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), and Factulad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sandra Lavorel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Paul Leadley
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, AgroParisTech, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | - Gijsbert D A Werner
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Balliol College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Mehdi Abedi
- Department of Range Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
| | | | - George C Adamidis
- Biodiversity Conservation Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kairi Adamson
- Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Masahiro Aiba
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Cécile H Albert
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Izabela Aleixo
- National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Hamada Ali
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | - Christian Ammer
- Forest Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land-use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mariano M Amoroso
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural (IRNAD), Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, El Bolsón, Argentina
- Conicet-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Carolyn Anderson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Niels Anten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Degi Harja Asmara
- Centre for Forest Research, Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Michael Aspinwall
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Owen Atkin
- ARC Centre for Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Isabelle Aubin
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
| | | | - Khadijeh Bahalkeh
- Department of Range Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Jan P Bakker
- Conservation Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Baldocchi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Baltzer
- Biology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Diego R Barneche
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Zdravko Baruch
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Denis Bastianelli
- CIRAD, UMR SELMET, Montpellier, France
- SELMET, CIRAD, INRA, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, France
| | - John Battles
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William Bauerle
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Marijn Bauters
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Environment, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Erika Bazzato
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Botany Division, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michael Beckmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Renee Bekker
- Groningen Institute of Archaeology (GIA), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gavin Belfry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, USA
| | - Michael Belluau
- Département des Science, Université du Québec À Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mirela Beloiu
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | | | - Mary Lee Berdugo-Lattke
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
- Fundación Natura, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rodrigo Bergamin
- Laboratório de Estudos em Vegetação Campestre (LEVCamp), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Joana Bergmann
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcos Bergmann Carlucci
- Laboratório de Ecologia Funcional de Comunidades (LABEF), Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Logan Berner
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Anne D Bjorkman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chris Blackman
- PIAF, INRA, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Carolina Blanco
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Blonder
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dana Blumenthal
- USDA-ARS Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kelly T Bocanegra-González
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Dinámica de Ecosistémas Tropicales - Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Bohlman
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Katrin Böhning-Gaese
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Laura Boisvert-Marsh
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
| | - William Bond
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SAEON Fynbos Node, Claremont, South Africa
| | | | - Arnoud Boom
- School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Coline C F Boonman
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kauane Bordin
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal (LEVEG), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Boukili
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Sandra Bravo
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - Marco Richard Brendel
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Kerry A Brown
- Department of Geography and Geology, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Federico Brumnich
- Conicet-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FICH-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Hans Henrik Bruun
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Bruy
- AMAP, CIRAD, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- AMAP, IRD, Herbier de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | | | | | | | - Robert Buitenwerf
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jana Bürger
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | | | - Bradley J Butterfield
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Chaeho Byun
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Marcia Marques
- Departamento de Botânica, SCB, UFPR - Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marina C Scalon
- Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marco Caccianiga
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marc Cadotte
- University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, ON, Canada
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- IRSTEA Aix-en-Provence, UMR RECOVER, Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - James Camac
- Centre of Excellence for Bioscurity Risk Analysis, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | | | - Giandiego Campetella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Juan Antonio Campos
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Laura Cano-Arboleda
- Fundación Natura, Bogota, Colombia
- Departamento de Geociencias y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Roberto Canullo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Michele Carbognani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Fabio Carvalho
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Fernando Casanoves
- CATIE-Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | | | - Jane A Catford
- Department of Geography, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Bruno E L Cerabolini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cervellini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
- BIGEA, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - F Stuart Chapin
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Stefano Chelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Anping Chen
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Paolo Cherubini
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Milan Chytrý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lluís Coll
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Engineering (EAGROF), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Solsona, Spain
| | | | - Luisa Conti
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - David Coomes
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johannes H C Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William K Cornwell
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Marie Coyea
- Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Dylan Craven
- Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joris P G M Cromsigt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | | | - Katarina Cufar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matthias Cuntz
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Nancy, France
| | | | - Kyla M Dahlin
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Matteo Dainese
- Eurac Research, Institute for Alpine Environment, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
| | - Igor Dalke
- Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia
| | - Michele Dalle Fratte
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Anh Tuan Dang-Le
- University of Science - Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Jirí Danihelka
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Masako Dannoura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Samantha Dawson
- Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arend Jacobus de Beer
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Angel De Frutos
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonathan R De Long
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Dechant
- Department Computational Landscape Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sylvain Delagrange
- Institute of Temperate Forest Sciences (ISFORT), Ripon, QC, Canada
- UQO, Department of Natural Sciences, Ripon, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Delpierre
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, AgroParisTech, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Géraldine Derroire
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Kourou, French Guiana, France
| | - Arildo S Dias
- Institut für Physische Geographie, Biogeography and Biodiversity Lab, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Mark Dobrowolski
- Iluka Resources, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel Doktor
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pavel Dřevojan
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ning Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Stefan Dressler
- Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Leandro Duarte
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Emilie Ducouret
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Kourou, French Guiana, France
| | - Stefan Dullinger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Durka
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Halle, Germany
| | - Remko Duursma
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Olga Dymova
- Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia
| | - Anna E-Vojtkó
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Rolf Lutz Eckstein
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences - Biology, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Hamid Ejtehadi
- Quantitative Plant Ecology and Biodiversity Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - James Elser
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT, USA
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Thaise Emilio
- Programa Nacional de Pós-Doutorado (PNPD), Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas UNICAMP, Brazil
| | - Kristine Engemann
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mohammad Bagher Erfanian
- Quantitative Plant Ecology and Biodiversity Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alexandra Erfmeier
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Ecosystem Research/Geobotany, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences - University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gerd Esser
- Institute for Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marc Estiarte
- Spanish National Research Council - CSIC, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | - Jaime Fagúndez
- Campus da Zapateira, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Daniel S Falster
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ying Fan
- Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Emmanuele Farris
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Fatih Fazlioglu
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Yanhao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Mendez
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Dinámica de Ecosistémas Tropicales - Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
- Centro Forestal Tropical Bajo Calima, Universidad del Tolima, Buenaventura, Colombia
| | | | | | - Alessandra Fidelis
- Instituto de Biociências, Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Bryan Finegan
- CATIE-Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Jennifer Firn
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Dan F B Flynn
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Veronika Fontana
- Eurac Research, Institute for Alpine Environment, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
| | - Estelle Forey
- Laboratoire ECODIV URA, IRSTEA/EA 1293, Normandie Université, UFR ST, Université de Rouen, Mont Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Cristiane Forgiarini
- Department of Botany, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Louis François
- Unit of Research SPHERES, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marcelo Frangipani
- University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Grégoire T Freschet
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University Toulouse, Moulis, France
| | - Ellen L Fry
- School of Earth and Environment Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nikolaos M Fyllas
- Biodiversity Conservation Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Guilherme G Mazzochini
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sophie Gachet
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Rachael Gallagher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gislene Ganade
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Francesca Ganga
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Botany Division, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pablo García-Palacios
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Verónica Gargaglione
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Consejo Nacional de Invetigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de La Patagonia Austral, Río Gallegos, Argentina
| | - Eric Garnier
- UMR 5175 CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ. Paul Valéry, Montpellier, France
| | - Jose Luis Garrido
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - David Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | | | - Aelton Giroldo
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Crateús, Brazil
| | | | - Sean Gleason
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mariana Gliesch
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emma Goldberg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Bastian Göldel
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Andrés González-Melo
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ana González-Robles
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Elena Granda
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | | | - Walton A Green
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Gregor
- Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicolas Gross
- UCA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecosystème Prairial, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Greg R Guerin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Alvaro G Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lillie Haddock
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Joint Global Change Research Institute, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Anna Haines
- The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jefferson Hall
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | | | - Wenxuan Han
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | | | - Wesley Hattingh
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Joseph E Hawes
- Applied Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Tianhua He
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Pengcheng He
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Aveliina Helm
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Stefan Hempel
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Hentschel
- Herbarium Haussknecht, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Bruno Hérault
- Cirad, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut National Polytehcnique Félix Houphouet-Boigny, INP-HB, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast
| | - Ana-Maria Hereş
- Department of Forest Sciences, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
- BC3 - Basque Centre for Climate Change, Scientific Campus of the University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Katharina Herz
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Hickler
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Physical Geography, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Hietz
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andrew L Hipp
- The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, USA
- The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Maria Hock
- Institute for Ecosystem Research/Geobotany, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - James Aaron Hogan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Karen Holl
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | - Enqing Hou
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nate Hough-Snee
- Four Peaks Environmental Science and Data Solutions, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | - Knut Anders Hovstad
- Department of Landscape and Biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | | | - Boris Igić
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Estela Illa
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Masae Ishihara
- Ashiu Forest Research Station, Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Leonid Ivanov
- Institute Botanic Garden, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Larissa Ivanova
- Institute Botanic Garden, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia
| | | | - Jordi Izquierdo
- Barcelona School of Agricultural Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Earth System Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Jackson
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland
| | | | - Andrzej M Jagodzinski
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kornik, Poland
- Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ute Jandt
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Jenkins
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, USA
| | - Anke Jentsch
- BayCEER, Department of Disturbance Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Guo-Feng Jiang
- Plant Ecophysiology & Evolution Group, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, PR China
| | | | | | - Eric J Jokela
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Grant Stuart Joseph
- Department of Zoology, School of Mathematical and Natural Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Decky Junaedi
- Cibodas Botanical Garden - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jl. Kebun Raya Cibodas, Cipanas, Indonesia
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis (CEBRA), School Of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Robert R Junker
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Bioscience, University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eric Justes
- PERSYST Department, CIRAD, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Richard Kabzems
- BC Ministry Forest, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Dawson Creek, BC, Canada
| | | | - Zdenek Kaplan
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prùhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Teja Kattenborn
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Elizabeth Kearsley
- CAVElab - Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Kempel
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tanaka Kenzo
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Mohammed I Khalil
- Department of Biology, University of Garmian, Kalar, Iraq
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Nicole L Kinlock
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Wilm Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kaoru Kitajima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET, Bariloche, Argentina
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Rasmus Kjøller
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tamir Klein
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Kleyer
- Landscape Ecology Group, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Joice Klipel
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal (LEVEG), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Brian Kloeppel
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resources, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA
| | - Stefan Klotz
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Johannes M H Knops
- Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Fumito Koike
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Christian König
- Department of Geography, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nathan J B Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Koen Kramer
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Land Life Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ingolf Kühn
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Halle, Germany
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dushan Kumarathunge
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Plant Physiology Division, Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka
| | - Jonas Kuppler
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hiroko Kurokawa
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Shem Kuyah
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jean-Paul Laclau
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, Montpellier, France
- Eco&Sols, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Benoit Lafleur
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
| | - Erik Lallai
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Botany Division, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Eric Lamb
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrea Lamprecht
- GLORIA-Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences & Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel J Larkin
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Guerric le Maire
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, Montpellier, France
- Eco&Sols, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Peter C le Roux
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Tali Lee
- University of Wisconsin Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, USA
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Yuanzhi Li
- Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xine Li
- Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | | | | | - Jun Ying Lim
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yan-Shih Lin
- Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Chunjiang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Daijun Liu
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences - University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Joan Llusià
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Madelon Lohbeck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Álvaro López-García
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Dept. Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Zdeňka Lososová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frédérique Louault
- UCA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecosystème Prairial, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Balázs A Lukács
- Department for Tisza River Research, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, DRI, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Petr Lukeš
- Global Change Research Institute AS CR, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yunjian Luo
- Department of Ecology, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Michele Lussu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Botany Division, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Siyan Ma
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Michelle Mack
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Vincent Maire
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- Institute of Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Azim Mallik
- Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Manning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefano Manzoni
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zuleica Marchetti
- Conicet-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FICH-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luca Marchino
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Arezzo, Italy
| | | | - Eric Marcon
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Kourou, French Guiana, France
| | - Michela Marignani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Botany Division, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Adam Martin
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cristina Martínez-Garza
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - Tereza Mašková
- Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Kelly Mason
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, UK
| | - Norman Mason
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Tara Joy Massad
- Department of Scientific Services, Gorongosa National Park, Beira, Sofala Province, Mozambique
| | - Jacynthe Masse
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Itay Mayrose
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - James McCarthy
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Ian R McFadden
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Mara Y McPartland
- Department of Geography, Environment & Society, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Belinda Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Zia Mehrabi
- Institute for Resources Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Julie Messier
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Ilona Mészáros
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Juha Metsaranta
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sean T Michaletz
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chrysanthi Michelaki
- Biodiversity Conservation Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Svetlana Migalina
- Institute Botanic Garden, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia
| | | | | | - Vanessa Minden
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ray Ming
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Angela T Moles
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Attila Molnár
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Martin Molz
- Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Allegre, Brazil
| | | | - Arnaud Monty
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Biodiversity and landscape, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Lenka Moravcová
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Alvaro Moreno-Martínez
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group (NTSG), College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, USA
| | - Marco Moretti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Akira S Mori
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Dave Morris
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Jane Morrison
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Ladislav Mucina
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Dept of Geography & Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Sandra Mueller
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Cristina Müller
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Departamento de Ecologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - François Munoz
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- French Institute of Pondicherry, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Randall W Myster
- Biology Department, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | | | - Shawna Naidu
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Ayyappan Narayanan
- Department of Ecology, French Institute of Pondicherry, Pondicherry, India
| | | | - Luka Negoita
- Galápagos Verde 2050, Charles Darwin Foundation, Charles Darwin Research Station, Galapagos, Ecuador
| | - Andrew S Nelson
- Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences Department, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Eike Lena Neuschulz
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jian Ni
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Georg Niedrist
- Eurac Research, Institute for Alpine Environment, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
| | - Jhon Nieto
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogota, Colombia
- Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rachael Nolan
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Yann Nouvellon
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, Montpellier, France
- Eco&Sols, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexander Novakovskiy
- Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia
| | - Kristin Odden Nystuen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, NORD University, Steinkjer, Norway
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Kevin O'Hara
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Simon Oakley
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, UK
| | | | | | - Ricardo Oliveira
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Kinga Öllerer
- Institute of Biology Bucharest, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- Institute of Ecology and Botany, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biología, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico
| | - Vladimir Onipchenko
- Department of Ecology and Plant Geography, Faculty of Biology, Moscow Lomonosov State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Renske E Onstein
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jenny C Ordonez
- Facultad de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Equador
| | | | - Ivika Ostonen
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Sarah Otto
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Wim A Ozinga
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna T Pahl
- Restoration Ecology, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marco Patacca
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susana Paula
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juraj Paule
- Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Harald Pauli
- GLORIA-Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences & Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juli G Pausas
- Desertification Research Center (CIDE-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Begoña Peco
- Departamento de Ecología, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Penuelas
- CREAF, Catalonia, Spain
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Luis Peri
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), CONICET, Rio Gallegos, Argentina
| | | | - Alessandro Petraglia
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Any Mary Petritan
- National Institute for Research-Development in Forestry, Voluntari, Romania
| | | | - Simon Pierce
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DiSAA), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Valério D Pillar
- Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jan Pisek
- Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | | | - Hendrik Poorter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Plant Sciences (IBG2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Peter Poschlod
- Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - A Shafer Powell
- Environmental Sciences Division & Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Sally A Power
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andreas Prinzing
- Research Unit ECOBIO - Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution, Université Rennes 1/CNRS, Rennes, France
| | | | - Petr Pyšek
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Valerie Raevel
- AMAP, CIRAD, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- French Institute of Pondicherry, Puducherry, India
- CEFE, CNRS, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier, France
| | - Anja Rammig
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Courtenay A Ray
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Douglas E B Reid
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | | | - Victor Resco de Dios
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences & Agrotecnio Center, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Matthias C Rillig
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fiamma Riviera
- The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Elisabeth M R Robert
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central-Africa (RMCA), Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Scott Roberts
- Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Bjorn Robroek
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Roddy
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arthur Vinicius Rodrigues
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Alistair Rogers
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, NY, Upton, USA
| | - Emily Rollinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Stroudsburg University, East Stroudsburg, PA, USA
| | - Victor Rolo
- Forest Research Group, INDEHESA, University of Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain
| | - Christine Römermann
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Dina Ronzhina
- Institute Botanic Garden, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Christiane Roscher
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julieta A Rosell
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Christian Rossi
- Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Research Unit Community Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Research and Geoinformation, Swiss National Park, Chastè Planta-Wildenberg, Zernez, Switzerland
| | - David B Roy
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | | | - Nadja Rüger
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado
- Departamento de Dinamica y Gestion Forestal, INIA-CIFOR, Madrid, Spain
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabine B Rumpf
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Masahiro Ryo
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Angela Saldaña
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico
| | | | | | - Ignacio Santa-Regina
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana Carolina Santacruz-García
- Conicet-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - Joaquim Santos
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jordi Sardans
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Schmidt
- Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (SBiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany
- Palmengarten der Stadt Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Julio V Schneider
- Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Entomology III, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Simon D Schowanek
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julian Schrader
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biological Sciences, Chair of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schurr
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Marina Semchenko
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Colleen Seymour
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Julia C Sfair
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Christine S Sheppard
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Satomi Shiodera
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Bill Shipley
- Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Carlos Sierra
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Vasco Silva
- Centre for Applied Ecology "Professor Baeta Neves" (CEABN), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mateus Silva
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Tommaso Sitzia
- Department Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Henrik Sjöman
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
- Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martijn Slot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | | | - Darwin Sodhi
- Forest Sciences Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Conservation Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pamela Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Douglas Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ben Somers
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandre F Souza
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Marko Spasojevic
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Amanda B Stan
- Department of Geography, Planning and Recreation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - James Stegen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Klaus Steinbauer
- GLORIA-Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences & Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg G Stephan
- Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Dejan B Stojanovic
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Maria Laura Suarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ivana Svitková
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Svitok
- Department of Ecology and General Biology, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Emily Swaine
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Nathan Swenson
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Marcelo Tabarelli
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Kentaro Takagi
- Teshio Experimental Forest, Hokkaido University, Horonobe, Japan
| | - Ulrike Tappeiner
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Eurac Research, Institute for Alpine Environment, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
| | - Rubén Tarifa
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional y Evolutiva, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (CSIC), La Cañada de San Urbano, Spain
| | - Simon Tauugourdeau
- SELMET, CIRAD, INRA, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, France
- CIRAD-UMR SELMET-PZZS, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Mariska Te Beest
- Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nelson Thiffault
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Dominik Thom
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Ken Thompson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Lubomír Tichý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Yue Phin Tng
- Centre for Rainforest Studies, The School for Field Studies, Yungaburra, Qld, Australia
| | - Joseph Tobias
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, UK
| | - Péter Török
- MTA-DE Lendület Functional and Restoration Ecology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tonantzin Tarin
- Department of Soil and Plant Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Béla Tóthmérész
- MTA-TKI Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Martina Treurnicht
- SAEON Fynbos Node, Claremont, South Africa
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Valeria Trivellone
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Franck Trolliet
- Unit for Modelling of Climate and Biogeochemical Cycles, UR-SPHERES, University of Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | - Volodymyr Trotsiuk
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - James L Tsakalos
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Ioannis Tsiripidis
- School of Biology, Department of Botany, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Niklas Tysklind
- CIRAD, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Kourou, France
| | | | - Vladimir Usoltsev
- Ural State Forest Engineering University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Botanical Garden of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | | | - Jamil Vaezi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Jana Vamosi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Peter M van Bodegom
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van Breugel
- College Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Elisa Van Cleemput
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Fons van der Plas
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Masha T van der Sande
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Global Ecology, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | | | - Mark Vanderwel
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Kim André Vanselow
- Institute of Geography, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Angelica Vårhammar
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laura Varone
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maribel Yesenia Vasquez Valderrama
- Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogota, Colombia
- Laboratorio de invasiones Biológicas, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Kiril Vassilev
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mark Vellend
- Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Erik J Veneklaas
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab - Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Department of Environment, Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium
| | | | - Ima Vieira
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Jaime Villacís
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (ESPE), Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Cyrille Violle
- UMR 5175 CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ. Paul Valéry, Montpellier, France
| | - Pandi Vivek
- Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa, India
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Katrin Wagner
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Matthew Waldram
- School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Anthony Waldron
- Zoology Department, Edward Grey Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, Cambridge Conservation Initiative, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony P Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division & Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Martyn Waller
- Department of Geography and Geology, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Gabriel Walther
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Han Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Harry Watkins
- Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - James Watkins
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, USA
| | - Ulrich Weber
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - James T Weedon
- Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liping Wei
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Evan Weiher
- University of Wisconsin Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, USA
| | - Aidan W Wells
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, USA
- Maritime and Science Technology Academy, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Wenk
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Philip John White
- The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mathew Williams
- School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel E Winkler
- University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Southwest Biological Science Center, U. S. Geological Survey, Moab, UT, USA
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Chevonne Womack
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Justin Wright
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bruno X Pinho
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Ximenes
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Parramatta, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Keiko Yamaji
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ruth Yanai
- SUNY-College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Nikolay Yankov
- Botanical Garden of the Samara University, Samara, Russia
| | - Benjamin Yguel
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne-Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Amy E Zanne
- Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Yun-Peng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingming Zheng
- Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Zheng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | | | - Chad R Zirbel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Georg Zizka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Irié Casimir Zo-Bi
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Salmon VG, Breen AL, Kumar J, Lara MJ, Thornton PE, Wullschleger SD, Iversen CM. Alder Distribution and Expansion Across a Tundra Hillslope: Implications for Local N Cycling. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1099. [PMID: 31681340 PMCID: PMC6807776 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Increases in the availability of nitrogen (N) may have consequences for plant growth and nutrient cycling in N-limited tundra plant communities. We investigated the impact alder (Alnus viridis spp. fruticosa), an N-fixing deciduous shrub, has on tundra N cycling at a hillslope located on Alaska's Seward Peninsula. We quantified N fixation using 15N2 incubations within two distinct alder communities at this site: alder shrublands located on well-drained, rocky outcroppings in the uplands and alder savannas located in water tracks along the moist toeslope of the hill. Annual N fixation rates in alder shrublands were 1.95 ± 0.68 g N m-2 year-1, leading to elevated N levels in adjacent soils and plants. Alder savannas had lower N fixation rates (0.53 ± 0.19 g N m-2 year-1), perhaps due to low phosphorus availability and poor drainage in these highly organic soil profiles underlain by permafrost. In addition to supporting higher rates of N fixation, tall-statured alder shrublands had different foliar traits than relatively short-statured alder in savannas, providing an opportunity to link N fixation to remotely-sensed variables. We were able to generate a map of the alder shrubland distribution at this site using a multi-sensor fusion approach. The change in alder shrubland distribution through time was also determined from historic aerial and satellite imagery. Analysis of historic imagery showed that the area of alder shrublands at this site has increased by 40% from 1956 to 2014. We estimate this increase in alder shrublands was associated with a 22% increase in N fixation. Our results suggest that expansion of alder shrublands has the potential to substantially alter N cycling, increase plant productivity, and redistribute C storage in upland tundra regions. An improved understanding of the consequences of N fixation within N-limited tundra plant communities will therefore be crucial for predicting the biogeochemistry of these warming ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity G. Salmon
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Amy L. Breen
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Mark J. Lara
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Geography, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Peter E. Thornton
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Stan D. Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Colleen M. Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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28
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Carrell AA, Kolton M, Glass JB, Pelletier DA, Warren MJ, Kostka JE, Iversen CM, Hanson PJ, Weston DJ. Experimental warming alters the community composition, diversity, and N 2 fixation activity of peat moss (Sphagnum fallax) microbiomes. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:2993-3004. [PMID: 31148286 PMCID: PMC6852288 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sphagnum-dominated peatlands comprise a globally important pool of soil carbon (C) and are vulnerable to climate change. While peat mosses of the genus Sphagnum are known to harbor diverse microbial communities that mediate C and nitrogen (N) cycling in peatlands, the effects of climate change on Sphagnum microbiome composition and functioning are largely unknown. We investigated the impacts of experimental whole-ecosystem warming on the Sphagnum moss microbiome, focusing on N2 fixing microorganisms (diazotrophs). To characterize the microbiome response to warming, we performed next-generation sequencing of small subunit (SSU) rRNA and nitrogenase (nifH) gene amplicons and quantified rates of N2 fixation activity in Sphagnum fallax individuals sampled from experimental enclosures over 2 years in a northern Minnesota, USA bog. The taxonomic diversity of overall microbial communities and diazotroph communities, as well as N2 fixation rates, decreased with warming (p < 0.05). Following warming, diazotrophs shifted from a mixed community of Nostocales (Cyanobacteria) and Rhizobiales (Alphaproteobacteria) to predominance of Nostocales. Microbiome community composition differed between years, with some diazotroph populations persisting while others declined in relative abundance in warmed plots in the second year. Our results demonstrate that warming substantially alters the community composition, diversity, and N2 fixation activity of peat moss microbiomes, which may ultimately impact host fitness, ecosystem productivity, and C storage potential in peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A. Carrell
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate EducationUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennessee
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee
| | - Max Kolton
- School of BiologyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Jennifer B. Glass
- School of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
| | | | - Melissa J. Warren
- School of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
- Present address:
CH2MAtlantaGeorgia30328USA
| | - Joel E. Kostka
- School of BiologyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
- School of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Colleen M. Iversen
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee
| | - Paul J. Hanson
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee
| | - David J. Weston
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee
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29
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McCormack ML, Iversen CM. Physical and Functional Constraints on Viable Belowground Acquisition Strategies. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1215. [PMID: 31681355 PMCID: PMC6797606 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Since their emergence onto land, terrestrial plants have developed diverse strategies to acquire soil resources. However, we lack a framework that adequately captures how these strategies vary among species. Observations from around the world now allow us to quantify the variation observed in commonly-measured fine-root traits but it is unclear how root traits are interrelated and whether they fall along an "economic" spectrum of acquisitive to conservative strategies. We assessed root trait variation and mycorrhizal colonization rates by leveraging the largest global database of fine-root traits (the Fine-Root Ecology Database; FRED). We also developed a heuristic model to explore the role of mycorrhizal fungi in defining belowground exploration efficiency across a gradient of thin- to thick-diameter roots. In support of the expectations of the "root economic spectrum," we found that root diameter was negatively related to specific root length (Pearson's r=-0.76). However, we found an unexpected negative relationship between root diameter and root tissue density (Pearson's r = -0.40), and we further observed that root nitrogen content was largely unrelated to other economic traits. Mycorrhizal colonization was most closely associated with root diameter (Pearson's r = 0.62) and was unrelated to root tissue density and root nitrogen. The heuristic model demonstrated that while thinner roots have inherently greater capacity to encounter soil resources based on higher surface area per unit mass, the potential for increased associations with mycorrhizal fungi in thicker roots, combined with greater hyphal growth, can result in equally acquisitive strategies for both thin- and thick roots. Taken together, our assessments of root trait variation, trade-offs with mycorrhizal fungi, and broader connections to root longevity allowed us to propose a series of fundamental constraints on belowground resource acquisition strategies. Physical tradeoffs based on root construction (i.e., economic traits) and functional limitations related to the capacity of a root to encounter and acquire soil resources combine to limit the two-dimensional belowground trait space. Within this trait space there remains a diversity of additional variation in root traits that facilitates a wide range of belowground resource acquisition strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum. Lisle, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: M. Luke McCormack,
| | - Colleen M. Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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30
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Bjorkman AD, Myers-Smith IH, Elmendorf SC, Normand S, Rüger N, Beck PSA, Blach-Overgaard A, Blok D, Cornelissen JHC, Forbes BC, Georges D, Goetz SJ, Guay KC, Henry GHR, HilleRisLambers J, Hollister RD, Karger DN, Kattge J, Manning P, Prevéy JS, Rixen C, Schaepman-Strub G, Thomas HJD, Vellend M, Wilmking M, Wipf S, Carbognani M, Hermanutz L, Lévesque E, Molau U, Petraglia A, Soudzilovskaia NA, Spasojevic MJ, Tomaselli M, Vowles T, Alatalo JM, Alexander HD, Anadon-Rosell A, Angers-Blondin S, Beest MT, Berner L, Björk RG, Buchwal A, Buras A, Christie K, Cooper EJ, Dullinger S, Elberling B, Eskelinen A, Frei ER, Grau O, Grogan P, Hallinger M, Harper KA, Heijmans MMPD, Hudson J, Hülber K, Iturrate-Garcia M, Iversen CM, Jaroszynska F, Johnstone JF, Jørgensen RH, Kaarlejärvi E, Klady R, Kuleza S, Kulonen A, Lamarque LJ, Lantz T, Little CJ, Speed JDM, Michelsen A, Milbau A, Nabe-Nielsen J, Nielsen SS, Ninot JM, Oberbauer SF, Olofsson J, Onipchenko VG, Rumpf SB, Semenchuk P, Shetti R, Collier LS, Street LE, Suding KN, Tape KD, Trant A, Treier UA, Tremblay JP, Tremblay M, Venn S, Weijers S, Zamin T, Boulanger-Lapointe N, Gould WA, Hik DS, Hofgaard A, Jónsdóttir IS, Jorgenson J, Klein J, Magnusson B, Tweedie C, Wookey PA, Bahn M, Blonder B, van Bodegom PM, Bond-Lamberty B, Campetella G, Cerabolini BEL, Chapin FS, Cornwell WK, Craine J, Dainese M, de Vries FT, Díaz S, Enquist BJ, Green W, Milla R, Niinemets Ü, Onoda Y, Ordoñez JC, Ozinga WA, Penuelas J, Poorter H, Poschlod P, Reich PB, Sandel B, Schamp B, Sheremetev S, Weiher E. Plant functional trait change across a warming tundra biome. Nature 2018; 562:57-62. [PMID: 30258229 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0563-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The tundra is warming more rapidly than any other biome on Earth, and the potential ramifications are far-reaching because of global feedback effects between vegetation and climate. A better understanding of how environmental factors shape plant structure and function is crucial for predicting the consequences of environmental change for ecosystem functioning. Here we explore the biome-wide relationships between temperature, moisture and seven key plant functional traits both across space and over three decades of warming at 117 tundra locations. Spatial temperature-trait relationships were generally strong but soil moisture had a marked influence on the strength and direction of these relationships, highlighting the potentially important influence of changes in water availability on future trait shifts in tundra plant communities. Community height increased with warming across all sites over the past three decades, but other traits lagged far behind predicted rates of change. Our findings highlight the challenge of using space-for-time substitution to predict the functional consequences of future warming and suggest that functions that are tied closely to plant height will experience the most rapid change. They also reveal the strength with which environmental factors shape biotic communities at the coldest extremes of the planet and will help to improve projections of functional changes in tundra ecosystems with climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne D Bjorkman
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany.
| | | | - Sarah C Elmendorf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,National Ecological Observatory Network, Boulder, CO, USA.,Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Signe Normand
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Arctic Research Center, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nadja Rüger
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - Pieter S A Beck
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate D - Sustainable Resources, Bio-Economy Unit, Ispra, Italy
| | - Anne Blach-Overgaard
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daan Blok
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Hans C Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce C Forbes
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Damien Georges
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,International Agency for Research in Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Scott J Goetz
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Kevin C Guay
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, USA
| | - Gregory H R Henry
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Dirk N Karger
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jens Kattge
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Manning
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Janet S Prevéy
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Christian Rixen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Schaepman-Strub
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mark Vellend
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Wilmking
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sonja Wipf
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Michele Carbognani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luise Hermanutz
- Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Esther Lévesque
- Département des Sciences de l'environnement et Centre d'études nordiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Ulf Molau
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Petraglia
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nadejda A Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marko J Spasojevic
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Marcello Tomaselli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Tage Vowles
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Juha M Alatalo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Heather D Alexander
- Department of Forestry, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Alba Anadon-Rosell
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mariska Te Beest
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Logan Berner
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Robert G Björk
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Agata Buchwal
- Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Allan Buras
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Elisabeth J Cooper
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stefan Dullinger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bo Elberling
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anu Eskelinen
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Esther R Frei
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Grau
- Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Paul Grogan
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Hallinger
- Biology Department, Swedish Agricultural University (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karen A Harper
- Biology Department, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Monique M P D Heijmans
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - James Hudson
- British Columbia Public Service, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karl Hülber
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maitane Iturrate-Garcia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Francesca Jaroszynska
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland.,Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jill F Johnstone
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rasmus Halfdan Jørgensen
- Forest and Landscape College, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Nødebo, Denmark
| | - Elina Kaarlejärvi
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Klady
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sara Kuleza
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Aino Kulonen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Laurent J Lamarque
- Département des Sciences de l'environnement et Centre d'études nordiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Trevor Lantz
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chelsea J Little
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - James D M Speed
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann Milbau
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Sigrid Schøler Nielsen
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Josep M Ninot
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steven F Oberbauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Sabine B Rumpf
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Semenchuk
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rohan Shetti
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Laura Siegwart Collier
- Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Lorna E Street
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katharine N Suding
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ken D Tape
- Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Andrew Trant
- Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.,School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Urs A Treier
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Arctic Research Center, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jean-Pierre Tremblay
- Département de biologie, Centre d'études nordiques and Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Maxime Tremblay
- Département des Sciences de l'environnement et Centre d'études nordiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Susanna Venn
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stef Weijers
- Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tara Zamin
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - William A Gould
- USDA Forest Service International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | - David S Hik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Ingibjörg S Jónsdóttir
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Janet Jorgenson
- Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Julia Klein
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Philip A Wookey
- Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Michael Bahn
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benjamin Blonder
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, USA
| | - Peter M van Bodegom
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Bond-Lamberty
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Giandiego Campetella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - F Stuart Chapin
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - William K Cornwell
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Matteo Dainese
- Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Franciska T de Vries
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sandra Díaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Walton Green
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ruben Milla
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación. Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Wim A Ozinga
- Team Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Josep Penuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Poschlod
- Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Schamp
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Evan Weiher
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, USA
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Norby RJ, Sloan VL, Iversen CM, Childs J. Controls on Fine-Scale Spatial and Temporal Variability of Plant-Available Inorganic Nitrogen in a Polygonal Tundra Landscape. Ecosystems 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-018-0285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Iversen CM, McCormack ML, Powell AS, Blackwood CB, Freschet GT, Kattge J, Roumet C, Stover DB, Soudzilovskaia NA, Valverde-Barrantes OJ, van Bodegom PM, Violle C. A global Fine-Root Ecology Database to address below-ground challenges in plant ecology. New Phytol 2017; 215:15-26. [PMID: 28245064 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Variation and tradeoffs within and among plant traits are increasingly being harnessed by empiricists and modelers to understand and predict ecosystem processes under changing environmental conditions. While fine roots play an important role in ecosystem functioning, fine-root traits are underrepresented in global trait databases. This has hindered efforts to analyze fine-root trait variation and link it with plant function and environmental conditions at a global scale. This Viewpoint addresses the need for a centralized fine-root trait database, and introduces the Fine-Root Ecology Database (FRED, http://roots.ornl.gov) which so far includes > 70 000 observations encompassing a broad range of root traits and also includes associated environmental data. FRED represents a critical step toward improving our understanding of below-ground plant ecology. For example, FRED facilitates the quantification of variation in fine-root traits across root orders, species, biomes, and environmental gradients while also providing a platform for assessments of covariation among root, leaf, and wood traits, the role of fine roots in ecosystem functioning, and the representation of fine roots in terrestrial biosphere models. Continued input of observations into FRED to fill gaps in trait coverage will improve our understanding of changes in fine-root traits across space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Iversen
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - M Luke McCormack
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - A Shafer Powell
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | | | - Grégoire T Freschet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, 07701, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Catherine Roumet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Daniel B Stover
- Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Office of Science, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 20585, USA
| | - Nadejda A Soudzilovskaia
- Conservation Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, RA 2300, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar J Valverde-Barrantes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
- International Center of Tropical Botany (ICTB), Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33181, USA
| | - Peter M van Bodegom
- Conservation Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, RA 2300, the Netherlands
| | - Cyrille Violle
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), Montpellier, 34293, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830-6301, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830-6301, USA
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McCormack ML, Guo D, Iversen CM, Chen W, Eissenstat DM, Fernandez CW, Li L, Ma C, Ma Z, Poorter H, Reich PB, Zadworny M, Zanne A. Building a better foundation: improving root-trait measurements to understand and model plant and ecosystem processes. New Phytol 2017; 215:27-37. [PMID: 28295373 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Trait-based approaches provide a useful framework to investigate plant strategies for resource acquisition, growth, and competition, as well as plant impacts on ecosystem processes. Despite significant progress capturing trait variation within and among stems and leaves, identification of trait syndromes within fine-root systems and between fine roots and other plant organs is limited. Here we discuss three underappreciated areas where focused measurements of fine-root traits can make significant contributions to ecosystem science. These include assessment of spatiotemporal variation in fine-root traits, integration of mycorrhizal fungi into fine-root-trait frameworks, and the need for improved scaling of traits measured on individual roots to ecosystem-level processes. Progress in each of these areas is providing opportunities to revisit how below-ground processes are represented in terrestrial biosphere models. Targeted measurements of fine-root traits with clear linkages to ecosystem processes and plant responses to environmental change are strongly needed to reduce empirical and model uncertainties. Further identifying how and when suites of root and whole-plant traits are coordinated or decoupled will ultimately provide a powerful tool for modeling plant form and function at local and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luke McCormack
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Dali Guo
- Center of Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Weile Chen
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - David M Eissenstat
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | | | - Le Li
- Center of Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chengen Ma
- Center of Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zeqing Ma
- Center of Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, D-52425, Germany
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, Kórnik, 62-035, Poland
| | - Amy Zanne
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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McCormack ML, Iversen CM, Eissenstat DM. Moving forward with fine-root definitions and research. New Phytol 2016; 212:313. [PMID: 27574961 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Luke McCormack
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - David M Eissenstat
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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McCormack ML, Dickie IA, Eissenstat DM, Fahey TJ, Fernandez CW, Guo D, Helmisaari HS, Hobbie EA, Iversen CM, Jackson RB, Leppälammi-Kujansuu J, Norby RJ, Phillips RP, Pregitzer KS, Pritchard SG, Rewald B, Zadworny M. Redefining fine roots improves understanding of below-ground contributions to terrestrial biosphere processes. New Phytol 2015; 207:505-18. [PMID: 25756288 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fine roots acquire essential soil resources and mediate biogeochemical cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Estimates of carbon and nutrient allocation to build and maintain these structures remain uncertain because of the challenges of consistently measuring and interpreting fine-root systems. Traditionally, fine roots have been defined as all roots ≤ 2 mm in diameter, yet it is now recognized that this approach fails to capture the diversity of form and function observed among fine-root orders. Here, we demonstrate how order-based and functional classification frameworks improve our understanding of dynamic root processes in ecosystems dominated by perennial plants. In these frameworks, fine roots are either separated into individual root orders or functionally defined into a shorter-lived absorptive pool and a longer-lived transport fine-root pool. Using these frameworks, we estimate that fine-root production and turnover represent 22% of terrestrial net primary production globally - a c. 30% reduction from previous estimates assuming a single fine-root pool. Future work developing tools to rapidly differentiate functional fine-root classes, explicit incorporation of mycorrhizal fungi into fine-root studies, and wider adoption of a two-pool approach to model fine roots provide opportunities to better understand below-ground processes in the terrestrial biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luke McCormack
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ian A Dickie
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - David M Eissenstat
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Timothy J Fahey
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Dali Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | | | - Erik A Hobbie
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Richard J Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | | | - Kurt S Pregitzer
- Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Seth G Pritchard
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA
| | - Boris Rewald
- Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, 62-035, Poland
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Treat CC, Natali SM, Ernakovich J, Iversen CM, Lupascu M, McGuire AD, Norby RJ, Roy Chowdhury T, Richter A, Šantrůčková H, Schädel C, Schuur EAG, Sloan VL, Turetsky MR, Waldrop MP. A pan-Arctic synthesis of CH 4 and CO 2 production from anoxic soil incubations. Glob Chang Biol 2015; 21:2787-2803. [PMID: 25620695 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Permafrost thaw can alter the soil environment through changes in soil moisture, frequently resulting in soil saturation, a shift to anaerobic decomposition, and changes in the plant community. These changes, along with thawing of previously frozen organic material, can alter the form and magnitude of greenhouse gas production from permafrost ecosystems. We synthesized existing methane (CH4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) production measurements from anaerobic incubations of boreal and tundra soils from the geographic permafrost region to evaluate large-scale controls of anaerobic CO2 and CH4 production and compare the relative importance of landscape-level factors (e.g., vegetation type and landscape position), soil properties (e.g., pH, depth, and soil type), and soil environmental conditions (e.g., temperature and relative water table position). We found fivefold higher maximum CH4 production per gram soil carbon from organic soils than mineral soils. Maximum CH4 production from soils in the active layer (ground that thaws and refreezes annually) was nearly four times that of permafrost per gram soil carbon, and CH4 production per gram soil carbon was two times greater from sites without permafrost than sites with permafrost. Maximum CH4 and median anaerobic CO2 production decreased with depth, while CO2 :CH4 production increased with depth. Maximum CH4 production was highest in soils with herbaceous vegetation and soils that were either consistently or periodically inundated. This synthesis identifies the need to consider biome, landscape position, and vascular/moss vegetation types when modeling CH4 production in permafrost ecosystems and suggests the need for longer-term anaerobic incubations to fully capture CH4 dynamics. Our results demonstrate that as climate warms in arctic and boreal regions, rates of anaerobic CO2 and CH4 production will increase, not only as a result of increased temperature, but also from shifts in vegetation and increased ground saturation that will accompany permafrost thaw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Treat
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans & Space, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, 03824, NH, USA
| | - Susan M Natali
- Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, 02540, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Ernakovich
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road Building 1062, Oak Ridge, 37831-6422, TN, USA
| | - Massimo Lupascu
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Croul Hall, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA
| | - Anthony David McGuire
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 214 Irving I Builidng, Fairbanks, 99775, AK, USA
| | - Richard J Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road Building 1062, Oak Ridge, 37831-6422, TN, USA
| | - Taniya Roy Chowdhury
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road MS 6038, Oak Ridge, 37830, TN, USA
| | - Andreas Richter
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althenstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Althenstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hana Šantrůčková
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Christina Schädel
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 421 Carr Hall, PO Box 118525, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Edward A G Schuur
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 421 Carr Hall, PO Box 118525, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Victoria L Sloan
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road Building 1062, Oak Ridge, 37831-6422, TN, USA
| | - Merritt R Turetsky
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Science Complex, Guelph, N1G 1G2, ON, Canada
| | - Mark P Waldrop
- U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, MS 962, Menlo Park, 94025, CA, USA
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Wullschleger SD, Breen AL, Iversen CM, Olson MS, Näsholm T, Ganeteg U, Wallenstein MD, Weston DJ. Genomics in a changing arctic: critical questions await the molecular ecologist. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2301-9. [PMID: 25809088 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular ecology is poised to tackle a host of interesting questions in the coming years. The Arctic provides a unique and rapidly changing environment with a suite of emerging research needs that can be addressed through genetics and genomics. Here we highlight recent research on boreal and tundra ecosystems and put forth a series of questions related to plant and microbial responses to climate change that can benefit from technologies and analytical approaches contained within the molecular ecologist's toolbox. These questions include understanding (i) the mechanisms of plant acquisition and uptake of N in cold soils, (ii) how these processes are mediated by root traits, (iii) the role played by the plant microbiome in cycling C and nutrients within high-latitude ecosystems and (iv) plant adaptation to extreme Arctic climates. We highlight how contributions can be made in these areas through studies that target model and nonmodel organisms and emphasize that the sequencing of the Populus and Salix genomes provides a valuable resource for scientific discoveries related to the plant microbiome and plant adaptation in the Arctic. Moreover, there exists an exciting role to play in model development, including incorporating genetic and evolutionary knowledge into ecosystem and Earth System Models. In this regard, the molecular ecologist provides a valuable perspective on plant genetics as a driver for community biodiversity, and how ecological and evolutionary forces govern community dynamics in a rapidly changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan D Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences Division, Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6301, USA
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Iversen CM, Sloan VL, Sullivan PF, Euskirchen ES, McGuire AD, Norby RJ, Walker AP, Warren JM, Wullschleger SD. The unseen iceberg: plant roots in arctic tundra. New Phytol 2015; 205:34-58. [PMID: 25209220 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots play a critical role in ecosystem function in arctic tundra, but root dynamics in these ecosystems are poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we synthesized available literature on tundra roots, including their distribution, dynamics and contribution to ecosystem carbon and nutrient fluxes, and highlighted key aspects of their representation in terrestrial biosphere models. Across all tundra ecosystems, belowground plant biomass exceeded aboveground biomass, with the exception of polar desert tundra. Roots were shallowly distributed in the thin layer of soil that thaws annually, and were often found in surface organic soil horizons. Root traits - including distribution, chemistry, anatomy and resource partitioning - play an important role in controlling plant species competition, and therefore ecosystem carbon and nutrient fluxes, under changing climatic conditions, but have only been quantified for a small fraction of tundra plants. Further, the annual production and mortality of fine roots are key components of ecosystem processes in tundra, but extant data are sparse. Tundra root traits and dynamics should be the focus of future research efforts. Better representation of the dynamics and characteristics of tundra roots will improve the utility of models for the evaluation of the responses of tundra ecosystems to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Iversen
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA; Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6301, USA
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Warren JM, Hanson PJ, Iversen CM, Kumar J, Walker AP, Wullschleger SD. Root structural and functional dynamics in terrestrial biosphere models--evaluation and recommendations. New Phytol 2015; 205:59-78. [PMID: 25263989 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
There is wide breadth of root function within ecosystems that should be considered when modeling the terrestrial biosphere. Root structure and function are closely associated with control of plant water and nutrient uptake from the soil, plant carbon (C) assimilation, partitioning and release to the soils, and control of biogeochemical cycles through interactions within the rhizosphere. Root function is extremely dynamic and dependent on internal plant signals, root traits and morphology, and the physical, chemical and biotic soil environment. While plant roots have significant structural and functional plasticity to changing environmental conditions, their dynamics are noticeably absent from the land component of process-based Earth system models used to simulate global biogeochemical cycling. Their dynamic representation in large-scale models should improve model veracity. Here, we describe current root inclusion in models across scales, ranging from mechanistic processes of single roots to parameterized root processes operating at the landscape scale. With this foundation we discuss how existing and future root functional knowledge, new data compilation efforts, and novel modeling platforms can be leveraged to enhance root functionality in large-scale terrestrial biosphere models by improving parameterization within models, and introducing new components such as dynamic root distribution and root functional traits linked to resource extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Warren
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6301, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Iversen
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Bldg 4500N, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6301, USA
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De Kauwe MG, Medlyn BE, Zaehle S, Walker AP, Dietze MC, Wang YP, Luo Y, Jain AK, El-Masri B, Hickler T, Wårlind D, Weng E, Parton WJ, Thornton PE, Wang S, Prentice IC, Asao S, Smith B, McCarthy HR, Iversen CM, Hanson PJ, Warren JM, Oren R, Norby RJ. Where does the carbon go? A model-data intercomparison of vegetation carbon allocation and turnover processes at two temperate forest free-air CO2 enrichment sites. New Phytol 2014; 203:883-99. [PMID: 24844873 PMCID: PMC4260117 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) has the potential to increase vegetation carbon storage if increased net primary production causes increased long-lived biomass. Model predictions of eCO2 effects on vegetation carbon storage depend on how allocation and turnover processes are represented. We used data from two temperate forest free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments to evaluate representations of allocation and turnover in 11 ecosystem models. Observed eCO2 effects on allocation were dynamic. Allocation schemes based on functional relationships among biomass fractions that vary with resource availability were best able to capture the general features of the observations. Allocation schemes based on constant fractions or resource limitations performed less well, with some models having unintended outcomes. Few models represent turnover processes mechanistically and there was wide variation in predictions of tissue lifespan. Consequently, models did not perform well at predicting eCO2 effects on vegetation carbon storage. Our recommendations to reduce uncertainty include: use of allocation schemes constrained by biomass fractions; careful testing of allocation schemes; and synthesis of allocation and turnover data in terms of model parameters. Data from intensively studied ecosystem manipulation experiments are invaluable for constraining models and we recommend that such experiments should attempt to fully quantify carbon, water and nutrient budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G De Kauwe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
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Wullschleger SD, Epstein HE, Box EO, Euskirchen ES, Goswami S, Iversen CM, Kattge J, Norby RJ, van Bodegom PM, Xu X. Plant functional types in Earth system models: past experiences and future directions for application of dynamic vegetation models in high-latitude ecosystems. Ann Bot 2014; 114:1-16. [PMID: 24793697 PMCID: PMC4071098 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earth system models describe the physical, chemical and biological processes that govern our global climate. While it is difficult to single out one component as being more important than another in these sophisticated models, terrestrial vegetation is a critical player in the biogeochemical and biophysical dynamics of the Earth system. There is much debate, however, as to how plant diversity and function should be represented in these models. SCOPE Plant functional types (PFTs) have been adopted by modellers to represent broad groupings of plant species that share similar characteristics (e.g. growth form) and roles (e.g. photosynthetic pathway) in ecosystem function. In this review, the PFT concept is traced from its origin in the early 1800s to its current use in regional and global dynamic vegetation models (DVMs). Special attention is given to the representation and parameterization of PFTs and to validation and benchmarking of predicted patterns of vegetation distribution in high-latitude ecosystems. These ecosystems are sensitive to changing climate and thus provide a useful test case for model-based simulations of past, current and future distribution of vegetation. CONCLUSIONS Models that incorporate the PFT concept predict many of the emerging patterns of vegetation change in tundra and boreal forests, given known processes of tree mortality, treeline migration and shrub expansion. However, representation of above- and especially below-ground traits for specific PFTs continues to be problematic. Potential solutions include developing trait databases and replacing fixed parameters for PFTs with formulations based on trait co-variance and empirical trait-environment relationships. Surprisingly, despite being important to land-atmosphere interactions of carbon, water and energy, PFTs such as moss and lichen are largely absent from DVMs. Close collaboration among those involved in modelling with the disciplines of taxonomy, biogeography, ecology and remote sensing will be required if we are to overcome these and other shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan D Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences Division, Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
| | - Howard E Epstein
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4123, USA
| | - Elgene O Box
- Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Eugénie S Euskirchen
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Santonu Goswami
- Environmental Sciences Division, Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division, Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
| | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Richard J Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division, Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
| | - Peter M van Bodegom
- Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Environmental Sciences Division, Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
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Zaehle S, Medlyn BE, De Kauwe MG, Walker AP, Dietze MC, Hickler T, Luo Y, Wang YP, El-Masri B, Thornton P, Jain A, Wang S, Warlind D, Weng E, Parton W, Iversen CM, Gallet-Budynek A, McCarthy H, Finzi A, Hanson PJ, Prentice IC, Oren R, Norby RJ. Evaluation of 11 terrestrial carbon-nitrogen cycle models against observations from two temperate Free-Air CO2 Enrichment studies. New Phytol 2014; 202:803-822. [PMID: 24467623 PMCID: PMC4288990 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We analysed the responses of 11 ecosystem models to elevated atmospheric [CO2 ] (eCO2 ) at two temperate forest ecosystems (Duke and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments) to test alternative representations of carbon (C)-nitrogen (N) cycle processes. We decomposed the model responses into component processes affecting the response to eCO2 and confronted these with observations from the FACE experiments. Most of the models reproduced the observed initial enhancement of net primary production (NPP) at both sites, but none was able to simulate both the sustained 10-yr enhancement at Duke and the declining response at ORNL: models generally showed signs of progressive N limitation as a result of lower than observed plant N uptake. Nonetheless, many models showed qualitative agreement with observed component processes. The results suggest that improved representation of above-ground-below-ground interactions and better constraints on plant stoichiometry are important for a predictive understanding of eCO2 effects. Improved accuracy of soil organic matter inventories is pivotal to reduce uncertainty in the observed C-N budgets. The two FACE experiments are insufficient to fully constrain terrestrial responses to eCO2 , given the complexity of factors leading to the observed diverging trends, and the consequential inability of the models to explain these trends. Nevertheless, the ecosystem models were able to capture important features of the experiments, lending some support to their projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sönke Zaehle
- Biogeochemical Integration Department, Max Planck Institute for BiogeochemistryHans-Knöll-Str. 10, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Department of Biological Science, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Martin G De Kauwe
- Department of Biological Science, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Anthony P Walker
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Michael C Dietze
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston UniversityBoston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Thomas Hickler
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungD-60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Physical Geography, Goethe UniversityD-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Biology, University of OklahomaNorman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric ResearchPMB 1, Aspendale, Vic., 3195, Australia
| | - Bassil El-Masri
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Peter Thornton
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Atul Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Shusen Wang
- Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation, Natural Resources CanadaOttawa, ON, K1A 0Y7, Canada
| | - David Warlind
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund UniversitySE-22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ensheng Weng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton UniversityPrinceton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - William Parton
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Anne Gallet-Budynek
- INRA, UMR1220 TCEMF-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR1220 TCEMF-33175, Gradignan, France
| | - Heather McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Biology, University of OklahomaNorman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Adrien Finzi
- Department of Biology, Boston UniversityBoston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - I Colin Prentice
- Department of Biological Science, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- AXA Chair of Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences and Grantham Institute for Climate Change, Imperial College LondonSilwood Park, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Ram Oren
- Division of Environmental Science & Policy, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Forest Ecology & Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Richard J Norby
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
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Lynch DJ, Matamala R, Iversen CM, Norby RJ, Gonzalez-Meler MA. Stored carbon partly fuels fine-root respiration but is not used for production of new fine roots. New Phytol 2013; 199:420-430. [PMID: 23646982 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The relative use of new photosynthate compared to stored carbon (C) for the production and maintenance of fine roots, and the rate of C turnover in heterogeneous fine-root populations, are poorly understood. We followed the relaxation of a (13)C tracer in fine roots in a Liquidambar styraciflua plantation at the conclusion of a free-air CO(2) enrichment experiment. Goals included quantifying the relative fractions of new photosynthate vs stored C used in root growth and root respiration, as well as the turnover rate of fine-root C fixed during [CO(2)] fumigation. New fine-root growth was largely from recent photosynthate, while nearly one-quarter of respired C was from a storage pool. Changes in the isotopic composition of the fine-root population over two full growing seasons indicated heterogeneous C pools; < 10% of root C had a residence time < 3 months, while a majority of root C had a residence time > 2 yr. Compared to a one-pool model, a two-pool model for C turnover in fine roots (with 5 and 0.37 yr(-1) turnover times) doubles the fine-root contribution to forest NPP (9-13%) and supports the 50% root-to-soil transfer rate often used in models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Lynch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Roser Matamala
- Argonne National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Richard J Norby
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Miquel A Gonzalez-Meler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
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McMurtrie RE, Iversen CM, Dewar RC, Medlyn BE, Näsholm T, Pepper DA, Norby RJ. Plant root distributions and nitrogen uptake predicted by a hypothesis of optimal root foraging. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:1235-50. [PMID: 22833797 PMCID: PMC3402197 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CO2-enrichment experiments consistently show that rooting depth increases when trees are grown at elevated CO2 (eCO2), leading in some experiments to increased capture of available soil nitrogen (N) from deeper soil. However, the link between N uptake and root distributions remains poorly represented in forest ecosystem and global land-surface models. Here, this link is modeled and analyzed using a new optimization hypothesis (MaxNup) for root foraging in relation to the spatial variability of soil N, according to which a given total root mass is distributed vertically in order to maximize annual N uptake. MaxNup leads to analytical predictions for the optimal vertical profile of root biomass, maximum rooting depth, and N-uptake fraction (i.e., the proportion of plant-available soil N taken up annually by roots). We use these predictions to gain new insight into the behavior of the N-uptake fraction in trees growing at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory free-air CO2-enrichment experiment. We also compare MaxNup with empirical equations previously fitted to root-distribution data from all the world's plant biomes, and find that the empirical equations underestimate the capacity of root systems to take up N.
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Warren JM, Iversen CM, Garten CT, Norby RJ, Childs J, Brice D, Evans RM, Gu L, Thornton P, Weston DJ. Timing and magnitude of C partitioning through a young loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stand using 13C labeling and shade treatments. Tree Physiol 2012; 32:799-813. [PMID: 22210530 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of rapid changes in carbon (C) partitioning within forest ecosystems are not well understood, which limits improvement of mechanistic models of C cycling. Our objective was to inform model processes by describing relationships between C partitioning and accessible environmental or physiological measurements, with a special emphasis on short-term C flux through a forest ecosystem. We exposed eight 7-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees to air enriched with (13)CO(2) and then implemented adjacent light shade (LS) and heavy shade (HS) treatments in order to manipulate C uptake and flux. The impacts of shading on photosynthesis, plant water potential, sap flow, basal area growth, root growth and soil CO(2) efflux rate (CER) were assessed for each tree over a 3-week period. The progression of the (13)C label was concurrently tracked from the atmosphere through foliage, phloem, roots and surface soil CO(2) efflux. The HS treatment significantly reduced C uptake, sap flow, stem growth and fine root standing crop, and resulted in greater residual soil water content to 1 m depth. Soil CER was strongly correlated with sap flow on the previous day, but not the current day, with no apparent treatment effect on the relationship. Although there were apparent reductions in new C flux belowground, the HS treatment did not noticeably reduce the magnitude of belowground autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration based on surface soil CER, which was overwhelmingly driven by soil temperature and moisture. The (13)C label was immediately detected in foliage on label day (half-life = 0.5 day), progressed through phloem by Day 2 (half-life = 4.7 days), roots by Days 2-4, and subsequently was evident as respiratory release from soil which peaked between Days 3 and 6. The δ(13)C of soil CO(2) efflux was strongly correlated with phloem δ(13)C on the previous day, or 2 days earlier. While the (13)C label was readily tracked through the ecosystem, the fate of root C through respiratory, mycorrhizal or exudative release pathways was not assessed. These data detail the timing and relative magnitude of C flux through various components of a young pine stand in relation to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Warren
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
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Garten CT, Iversen CM, Norby RJ. Litterfall15N abundance indicates declining soil nitrogen availability in a free-air CO2enrichment experiment. Ecology 2011; 92:133-9. [DOI: 10.1890/10-0293.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Norby RJ, Warren JM, Iversen CM, Medlyn BE, McMurtrie RE. CO2 enhancement of forest productivity constrained by limited nitrogen availability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:19368-73. [PMID: 20974944 PMCID: PMC2984154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1006463107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of terrestrial plant production by rising CO(2) concentration is projected to reduce the airborne fraction of anthropogenic CO(2) emissions. Coupled climate-carbon cycle models are sensitive to this negative feedback on atmospheric CO(2), but model projections are uncertain because of the expectation that feedbacks through the nitrogen (N) cycle will reduce this so-called CO(2) fertilization effect. We assessed whether N limitation caused a reduced stimulation of net primary productivity (NPP) by elevated atmospheric CO(2) concentration over 11 y in a free-air CO(2) enrichment (FACE) experiment in a deciduous Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum) forest stand in Tennessee. During the first 6 y of the experiment, NPP was significantly enhanced in forest plots exposed to 550 ppm CO(2) compared with NPP in plots in current ambient CO(2), and this was a consistent and sustained response. However, the enhancement of NPP under elevated CO(2) declined from 24% in 2001-2003 to 9% in 2008. Global analyses that assume a sustained CO(2) fertilization effect are no longer supported by this FACE experiment. N budget analysis supports the premise that N availability was limiting to tree growth and declining over time--an expected consequence of stand development, which was exacerbated by elevated CO(2). Leaf- and stand-level observations provide mechanistic evidence that declining N availability constrained the tree response to elevated CO(2); these observations are consistent with stand-level model projections. This FACE experiment provides strong rationale and process understanding for incorporating N limitation and N feedback effects in ecosystem and global models used in climate change assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
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Abstract
Experimental evidence from a diverse set of forested ecosystems indicates that CO2 enrichment may lead to deeper rooting distributions. While the causes of greater root production at deeper soil depths under elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]) require further investigation, altered rooting distributions are expected to affect important ecosystem processes. The depth at which fine roots are produced may influence root chemistry, physiological function, and mycorrhizal infection, leading to altered nitrogen (N) uptake rates and slower turnover. Also, soil processes such as microbial decomposition are slowed at depth in the soil, potentially affecting the rate at which root detritus becomes incorporated into soil organic matter. Deeper rooting distributions under elevated [CO2] provide exciting opportunities to use novel sensors and chemical analyses throughout the soil profile to track the effects of root proliferation on carbon (C) and N cycling. Models do not currently incorporate information on root turnover and C and N cycling at depth in the soil, and modification is necessary to accurately represent processes associated with altered rooting depth distributions. Progress in understanding and modeling the interface between deeper rooting distributions under elevated [CO2] and soil C and N cycling will be critical in projecting the sustainability of forest responses to rising atmospheric [CO2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Iversen
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
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