1
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Berner LT, Orndahl KM, Rose M, Tamstorf M, Arndal MF, Alexander HD, Humphreys ER, Loranty MM, Ludwig SM, Nyman J, Juutinen S, Aurela M, Happonen K, Mikola J, Mack MC, Vankoughnett MR, Iversen CM, Salmon VG, Yang D, Kumar J, Grogan P, Danby RK, Scott NA, Olofsson J, Siewert MB, Deschamps L, Lévesque E, Maire V, Morneault A, Gauthier G, Gignac C, Boudreau S, Gaspard A, Kholodov A, Bret-Harte MS, Greaves HE, Walker D, Gregory FM, Michelsen A, Kumpula T, Villoslada M, Ylänne H, Luoto M, Virtanen T, Forbes BC, Hölzel N, Epstein H, Heim RJ, Bunn A, Holmes RM, Hung JKY, Natali SM, Virkkala AM, Goetz SJ. The Arctic Plant Aboveground Biomass Synthesis Dataset. Sci Data 2024; 11:305. [PMID: 38509110 PMCID: PMC10954756 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03139-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant biomass is a fundamental ecosystem attribute that is sensitive to rapid climatic changes occurring in the Arctic. Nevertheless, measuring plant biomass in the Arctic is logistically challenging and resource intensive. Lack of accessible field data hinders efforts to understand the amount, composition, distribution, and changes in plant biomass in these northern ecosystems. Here, we present The Arctic plant aboveground biomass synthesis dataset, which includes field measurements of lichen, bryophyte, herb, shrub, and/or tree aboveground biomass (g m-2) on 2,327 sample plots from 636 field sites in seven countries. We created the synthesis dataset by assembling and harmonizing 32 individual datasets. Aboveground biomass was primarily quantified by harvesting sample plots during mid- to late-summer, though tree and often tall shrub biomass were quantified using surveys and allometric models. Each biomass measurement is associated with metadata including sample date, location, method, data source, and other information. This unique dataset can be leveraged to monitor, map, and model plant biomass across the rapidly warming Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Berner
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA.
| | - Kathleen M Orndahl
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
| | - Melissa Rose
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
| | - Mikkel Tamstorf
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie F Arndal
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Heather D Alexander
- College of Forestry, Wildlife, and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, USA
| | - Elyn R Humphreys
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Sarah M Ludwig
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, Palisades, USA
| | - Johanna Nyman
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Sari Juutinen
- Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Aurela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Juha Mikola
- Bioeconomy and Environment Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michelle C Mack
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
| | | | - Colleen M Iversen
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Verity G Salmon
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
- Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Dedi Yang
- Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Paul Grogan
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Ryan K Danby
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Neal A Scott
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthias B Siewert
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lucas Deschamps
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Esther Lévesque
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Vincent Maire
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Amélie Morneault
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Gilles Gauthier
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Charles Gignac
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Department of Plant Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Anna Gaspard
- Department of Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Heather E Greaves
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
| | - Donald Walker
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
| | - Fiona M Gregory
- Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Timo Kumpula
- Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Miguel Villoslada
- Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Institute of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Henni Ylänne
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Miska Luoto
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarmo Virtanen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bruce C Forbes
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Howard Epstein
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Ramona J Heim
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Bunn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Washington University, Bellingham, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott J Goetz
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
- Bioeconomy and Environment Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Rodenhizer H, Natali SM, Mauritz M, Taylor MA, Celis G, Kadej S, Kelley AK, Lathrop ER, Ledman J, Pegoraro EF, Salmon VG, Schädel C, See C, Webb EE, Schuur EAG. Abrupt permafrost thaw drives spatially heterogeneous soil moisture and carbon dioxide fluxes in upland tundra. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:6286-6302. [PMID: 37694963 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Permafrost thaw causes the seasonally thawed active layer to deepen, causing the Arctic to shift toward carbon release as soil organic matter becomes susceptible to decomposition. Ground subsidence initiated by ice loss can cause these soils to collapse abruptly, rapidly shifting soil moisture as microtopography changes and also accelerating carbon and nutrient mobilization. The uncertainty of soil moisture trajectories during thaw makes it difficult to predict the role of abrupt thaw in suppressing or exacerbating carbon losses. In this study, we investigated the role of shifting soil moisture conditions on carbon dioxide fluxes during a 13-year permafrost warming experiment that exhibited abrupt thaw. Warming deepened the active layer differentially across treatments, leading to variable rates of subsidence and formation of thermokarst depressions. In turn, differential subsidence caused a gradient of moisture conditions, with some plots becoming consistently inundated with water within thermokarst depressions and others exhibiting generally dry, but more variable soil moisture conditions outside of thermokarst depressions. Experimentally induced permafrost thaw initially drove increasing rates of growing season gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Reco ), and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) (higher carbon uptake), but the formation of thermokarst depressions began to reverse this trend with a high level of spatial heterogeneity. Plots that subsided at the slowest rate stayed relatively dry and supported higher CO2 fluxes throughout the 13-year experiment, while plots that subsided very rapidly into the center of a thermokarst feature became consistently wet and experienced a rapid decline in growing season GPP, Reco , and NEE (lower carbon uptake or carbon release). These findings indicate that Earth system models, which do not simulate subsidence and often predict drier active layer conditions, likely overestimate net growing season carbon uptake in abruptly thawing landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Rodenhizer
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Susan M Natali
- Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marguerite Mauritz
- Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Meghan A Taylor
- CliC International Project Office, World Climate Research Program, Department of Earth, Geographic and Climate Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gerardo Celis
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Stephanie Kadej
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Allison K Kelley
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Emma R Lathrop
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Justin Ledman
- Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecological Research Site, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Elaine F Pegoraro
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Verity G Salmon
- Environmental Science Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christina Schädel
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Craig See
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Webb
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Edward A G Schuur
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
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3
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Liu Z, Kimball JS, Ballantyne AP, Parazoo NC, Wang WJ, Bastos A, Madani N, Natali SM, Watts JD, Rogers BM, Ciais P, Yu K, Virkkala AM, Chevallier F, Peters W, Patra PK, Chandra N. Respiratory loss during late-growing season determines the net carbon dioxide sink in northern permafrost regions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5626. [PMID: 36163194 PMCID: PMC9512808 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Warming of northern high latitude regions (NHL, > 50 °N) has increased both photosynthesis and respiration which results in considerable uncertainty regarding the net carbon dioxide (CO2) balance of NHL ecosystems. Using estimates constrained from atmospheric observations from 1980 to 2017, we find that the increasing trends of net CO2 uptake in the early-growing season are of similar magnitude across the tree cover gradient in the NHL. However, the trend of respiratory CO2 loss during late-growing season increases significantly with increasing tree cover, offsetting a larger fraction of photosynthetic CO2 uptake, and thus resulting in a slower rate of increasing annual net CO2 uptake in areas with higher tree cover, especially in central and southern boreal forest regions. The magnitude of this seasonal compensation effect explains the difference in net CO2 uptake trends along the NHL vegetation- permafrost gradient. Such seasonal compensation dynamics are not captured by dynamic global vegetation models, which simulate weaker respiration control on carbon exchange during the late-growing season, and thus calls into question projections of increasing net CO2 uptake as high latitude ecosystems respond to warming climate conditions. The northern high latitude permafrost region has been an important contributor to the carbon sink since the 1980s. A new study finds that as tree cover increases, respiratory CO2 loss during late-growing season offsets photosynthetic CO2 uptake and leads to a slower rate of increasing annual net CO2 uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Liu
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - John S Kimball
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA. .,Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
| | - Ashley P Ballantyne
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA. .,Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Nicholas C Parazoo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Wen J Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Ana Bastos
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Jena, Germany
| | - Nima Madani
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kailiang Yu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Frederic Chevallier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Wouter Peters
- Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,University, Centre for Isotope Research, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Prabir K Patra
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naveen Chandra
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan
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4
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Hewitt RE, Alexander HD, Izbicki B, Loranty MM, Natali SM, Walker XJ, Mack MC. Increasing tree density accelerates stand‐level nitrogen cycling at the taiga–tundra ecotone in northeastern Siberia. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Hewitt
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- Department of Environmental Studies Amherst College Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | | | - Brian Izbicki
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | | | | | - Xanthe J. Walker
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Michelle C. Mack
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
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5
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Virkkala AM, Aalto J, Rogers BM, Tagesson T, Treat CC, Natali SM, Watts JD, Potter S, Lehtonen A, Mauritz M, Schuur EAG, Kochendorfer J, Zona D, Oechel W, Kobayashi H, Humphreys E, Goeckede M, Iwata H, Lafleur PM, Euskirchen ES, Bokhorst S, Marushchak M, Martikainen PJ, Elberling B, Voigt C, Biasi C, Sonnentag O, Parmentier FJW, Ueyama M, Celis G, St Louis VL, Emmerton CA, Peichl M, Chi J, Järveoja J, Nilsson MB, Oberbauer SF, Torn MS, Park SJ, Dolman H, Mammarella I, Chae N, Poyatos R, López-Blanco E, Christensen TR, Kwon MJ, Sachs T, Holl D, Luoto M. Statistical upscaling of ecosystem CO 2 fluxes across the terrestrial tundra and boreal domain: Regional patterns and uncertainties. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:4040-4059. [PMID: 33913236 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The regional variability in tundra and boreal carbon dioxide (CO2 ) fluxes can be high, complicating efforts to quantify sink-source patterns across the entire region. Statistical models are increasingly used to predict (i.e., upscale) CO2 fluxes across large spatial domains, but the reliability of different modeling techniques, each with different specifications and assumptions, has not been assessed in detail. Here, we compile eddy covariance and chamber measurements of annual and growing season CO2 fluxes of gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) during 1990-2015 from 148 terrestrial high-latitude (i.e., tundra and boreal) sites to analyze the spatial patterns and drivers of CO2 fluxes and test the accuracy and uncertainty of different statistical models. CO2 fluxes were upscaled at relatively high spatial resolution (1 km2 ) across the high-latitude region using five commonly used statistical models and their ensemble, that is, the median of all five models, using climatic, vegetation, and soil predictors. We found the performance of machine learning and ensemble predictions to outperform traditional regression methods. We also found the predictive performance of NEE-focused models to be low, relative to models predicting GPP and ER. Our data compilation and ensemble predictions showed that CO2 sink strength was larger in the boreal biome (observed and predicted average annual NEE -46 and -29 g C m-2 yr-1 , respectively) compared to tundra (average annual NEE +10 and -2 g C m-2 yr-1 ). This pattern was associated with large spatial variability, reflecting local heterogeneity in soil organic carbon stocks, climate, and vegetation productivity. The terrestrial ecosystem CO2 budget, estimated using the annual NEE ensemble prediction, suggests the high-latitude region was on average an annual CO2 sink during 1990-2015, although uncertainty remains high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Virkkala
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA
| | - Juha Aalto
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Weather and Climate Change Impact Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Torbern Tagesson
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claire C Treat
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Edward A G Schuur
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - John Kochendorfer
- Atmosperic Turbulence and Diffusion Division of NOAA's Air Resources Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Donatella Zona
- San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Walter Oechel
- San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Hideki Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokoama, Japan
| | | | - Mathias Goeckede
- Dept. Biogeochemical Signals, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Hiroki Iwata
- Department of Environmental Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Peter M Lafleur
- School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | | | - Stef Bokhorst
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maija Marushchak
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pertti J Martikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Bo Elberling
- Center for Permafrost, Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carolina Voigt
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Département de géographie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christina Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Oliver Sonnentag
- Département de géographie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Frans-Jan W Parmentier
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Masahito Ueyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Gerardo Celis
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vincent L St Louis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Craig A Emmerton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jinshu Chi
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Järvi Järveoja
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats B Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Steven F Oberbauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Sang-Jong Park
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Dolman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Namyi Chae
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rafael Poyatos
- CREAF, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Efrén López-Blanco
- Department of Environment and Minerals, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Min Jung Kwon
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Torsten Sachs
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David Holl
- Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miska Luoto
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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6
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Kwon MJ, Natali SM, Hicks Pries CE, Schuur EAG, Steinhof A, Crummer KG, Zimov N, Zimov SA, Heimann M, Kolle O, Göckede M. Drainage enhances modern soil carbon contribution but reduces old soil carbon contribution to ecosystem respiration in tundra ecosystems. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:1315-1325. [PMID: 30681227 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Warming temperatures are likely to accelerate permafrost thaw in the Arctic, potentially leading to the release of old carbon previously stored in deep frozen soil layers. Deeper thaw depths in combination with geomorphological changes due to the loss of ice structures in permafrost, may modify soil water distribution, creating wetter or drier soil conditions. Previous studies revealed higher ecosystem respiration rates under drier conditions, and this study investigated the cause of the increased ecosystem respiration rates using radiocarbon signatures of respired CO2 from two drying manipulation experiments: one in moist and the other in wet tundra. We demonstrate that higher contributions of CO2 from shallow soil layers (0-15 cm; modern soil carbon) drive the increased ecosystem respiration rates, while contributions from deeper soil (below 15 cm from surface and down to the permafrost table; old soil carbon) decreased. These changes can be attributed to more aerobic conditions in shallow soil layers, but also the soil temperature increases in shallow layers but decreases in deep layers, due to the altered thermal properties of organic soils. Decreased abundance of aerenchymatous plant species following drainage in wet tundra reduced old carbon release but increased aboveground plant biomass elevated contributions of autotrophic respiration to ecosystem respiration. The results of this study suggest that drier soils following drainage may accelerate decomposition of modern soil carbon in shallow layers but slow down decomposition of old soil carbon in deep layers, which may offset some of the old soil carbon loss from thawing permafrost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kwon
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | | | - Caitlin E Hicks Pries
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Edward A G Schuur
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Axel Steinhof
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - K Grace Crummer
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Nikita Zimov
- North-East Science Station, Pacific Institute for Geography, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Chersky, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia
| | - Sergey A Zimov
- North-East Science Station, Pacific Institute for Geography, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Chersky, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia
| | - Martin Heimann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olaf Kolle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
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7
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Duffy PB, Field CB, Diffenbaugh NS, Doney SC, Dutton Z, Goodman S, Heinzerling L, Hsiang S, Lobell DB, Mickley LJ, Myers S, Natali SM, Parmesan C, Tierney S, Williams AP. Strengthened scientific support for the Endangerment Finding for atmospheric greenhouse gases. Science 2018; 363:science.aat5982. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aat5982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We assess scientific evidence that has emerged since the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s 2009 Endangerment Finding for six well-mixed greenhouse gases and find that this new evidence lends increased support to the conclusion that these gases pose a danger to public health and welfare. Newly available evidence about a wide range of observed and projected impacts strengthens the association between the risk of some of these impacts and anthropogenic climate change, indicates that some impacts or combinations of impacts have the potential to be more severe than previously understood, and identifies substantial risk of additional impacts through processes and pathways not considered in the Endangerment Finding.
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8
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Ludwig SM, Alexander HD, Kielland K, Mann PJ, Natali SM, Ruess RW. Fire severity effects on soil carbon and nutrients and microbial processes in a Siberian larch forest. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:5841-5852. [PMID: 30230664 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fire frequency and severity are increasing in tundra and boreal regions as climate warms, which can directly affect climate feedbacks by increasing carbon (C) emissions from combustion of the large soil C pool and indirectly via changes in vegetation, permafrost thaw, hydrology, and nutrient availability. To better understand the direct and indirect effects of changing fire regimes in northern ecosystems, we examined how differences in soil burn severity (i.e., extent of soil organic matter combustion) affect soil C, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) availability and microbial processes over time. We created experimental burns of three fire severities (low, moderate, and high) in a larch forest in the northeastern Siberian Arctic and analyzed soils at 1, 8 days, and 1 year postfire. Labile dissolved C and N increased with increasing soil burn severity immediately (1 day) postfire by up to an order of magnitude, but declined significantly 1 week later; both variables were comparable or lower than unburned soils by 1 year postfire. Soil burn severity had no effect on P in the organic layer, but P increased with increasing severity in mineral soil horizons. Most extracellular enzyme activities decreased by up to 70% with increasing soil burn severity. Increasing soil burn severity reduced soil respiration 1 year postfire by 50%. However, increasing soil burn severity increased net N mineralization rates 1 year postfire, which were 10-fold higher in the highest burn severity. While fires of high severity consumed approximately five times more soil C than those of low severity, soil C pools will also be driven by indirect effects of fire on soil processes. Our data suggest that despite an initial increase in labile C and nutrients with soil burn severity, soil respiration and extracellular activities related to the turnover of organic matter were greatly reduced, which may mitigate future C losses following fire.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather D Alexander
- Department of Forestry, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Knut Kielland
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska
| | - Paul J Mann
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Roger W Ruess
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska
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9
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Liang J, Xia J, Shi Z, Jiang L, Ma S, Lu X, Mauritz M, Natali SM, Pegoraro E, Penton CR, Plaza C, Salmon VG, Celis G, Cole JR, Konstantinidis KT, Tiedje JM, Zhou J, Schuur EAG, Luo Y. Biotic responses buffer warming-induced soil organic carbon loss in Arctic tundra. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:4946-4959. [PMID: 29802797 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming can result in both abiotic (e.g., permafrost thaw) and biotic (e.g., microbial functional genes) changes in Arctic tundra. Recent research has incorporated dynamic permafrost thaw in Earth system models (ESMs) and indicates that Arctic tundra could be a significant future carbon (C) source due to the enhanced decomposition of thawed deep soil C. However, warming-induced biotic changes may influence biologically related parameters and the consequent projections in ESMs. How model parameters associated with biotic responses will change under warming and to what extent these changes affect projected C budgets have not been carefully examined. In this study, we synthesized six data sets over 5 years from a soil warming experiment at the Eight Mile Lake, Alaska, into the Terrestrial ECOsystem (TECO) model with a probabilistic inversion approach. The TECO model used multiple soil layers to track dynamics of thawed soil under different treatments. Our results show that warming increased light use efficiency of vegetation photosynthesis but decreased baseline (i.e., environment-corrected) turnover rates of SOC in both the fast and slow pools in comparison with those under control. Moreover, the parameter changes generally amplified over time, suggesting processes of gradual physiological acclimation and functional gene shifts of both plants and microbes. The TECO model predicted that field warming from 2009 to 2013 resulted in cumulative C losses of 224 or 87 g/m2 , respectively, without or with changes in those parameters. Thus, warming-induced parameter changes reduced predicted soil C loss by 61%. Our study suggests that it is critical to incorporate biotic changes in ESMs to improve the model performance in predicting C dynamics in permafrost regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Jiangyang Xia
- Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem, Research Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Lifen Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Shuang Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Xingjie Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Marguerite Mauritz
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | | | - Elaine Pegoraro
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Christopher Ryan Penton
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Mesa, Arizona
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - César Plaza
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verity G Salmon
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Gerardo Celis
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - James R Cole
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Konstantinos T Konstantinidis
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James M Tiedje
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Edward A G Schuur
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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10
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Loranty MM, Berner LT, Taber ED, Kropp H, Natali SM, Alexander HD, Davydov SP, Zimov NS. Understory vegetation mediates permafrost active layer dynamics and carbon dioxide fluxes in open-canopy larch forests of northeastern Siberia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194014. [PMID: 29565980 PMCID: PMC5863986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Arctic ecosystems are characterized by a broad range of plant functional types that are highly heterogeneous at small (~1–2 m) spatial scales. Climatic changes can impact vegetation distribution directly, and also indirectly via impacts on disturbance regimes. Consequent changes in vegetation structure and function have implications for surface energy dynamics that may alter permafrost thermal dynamics, and are therefore of interest in the context of permafrost related climate feedbacks. In this study we examine small-scale heterogeneity in soil thermal properties and ecosystem carbon and water fluxes associated with varying understory vegetation in open-canopy larch forests in northeastern Siberia. We found that lichen mats comprise 16% of understory vegetation cover on average in open canopy larch forests, and lichen abundance was inversely related to canopy cover. Relative to adjacent areas dominated by shrubs and moss, lichen mats had 2–3 times deeper permafrost thaw depths and surface soils warmer by 1–2°C in summer and less than 1°C in autumn. Despite deeper thaw depths, ecosystem respiration did not differ across vegetation types, indicating that autotrophic respiration likely dominates areas with shrubs and moss. Summertime net ecosystem exchange of CO2 was negative (i.e. net uptake) in areas with high shrub cover, while positive (i.e. net loss) in lichen mats and areas with less shrub cover. Our results highlight relationships between vegetation and soil thermal dynamics in permafrost ecosystems, and underscore the necessity of considering both vegetation and permafrost dynamics in shaping carbon cycling in permafrost ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Loranty
- Department of Geography, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Logan T. Berner
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ United States of America
| | - Eric D. Taber
- Department of Geography, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY United States of America
| | - Heather Kropp
- Department of Geography, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY United States of America
| | - Susan M. Natali
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA United States of America
| | - Heather D. Alexander
- Department of Forestry, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS United States of America
| | - Sergey P. Davydov
- Northeast Science Station, Pacific Institute for Geography, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Cherskii, Republic of Sakha, Yakutia, Russia
| | - Nikita S. Zimov
- Northeast Science Station, Pacific Institute for Geography, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Cherskii, Republic of Sakha, Yakutia, Russia
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11
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Li F, Peng Y, Natali SM, Chen K, Han T, Yang G, Ding J, Zhang D, Wang G, Wang J, Yu J, Liu F, Yang Y. Warming effects on permafrost ecosystem carbon fluxes associated with plant nutrients. Ecology 2017; 98:2851-2859. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yunfeng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Susan M. Natali
- Woods Hole Research Center; 149 Woods Hole Road Falmouth Massachusetts 02540 USA
| | - Kelong Chen
- College of Life and Geography Sciences; Qinghai Normal University; Xining 810008 China
| | - Tianfeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Guibiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jinzhi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Dianye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Guanqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jianchun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Futing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yuanhe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
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12
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Mauritz M, Bracho R, Celis G, Hutchings J, Natali SM, Pegoraro E, Salmon VG, Schädel C, Webb EE, Schuur EAG. Nonlinear CO 2 flux response to 7 years of experimentally induced permafrost thaw. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:3646-3666. [PMID: 28208232 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid Arctic warming is expected to increase global greenhouse gas concentrations as permafrost thaw exposes immense stores of frozen carbon (C) to microbial decomposition. Permafrost thaw also stimulates plant growth, which could offset C loss. Using data from 7 years of experimental Air and Soil warming in moist acidic tundra, we show that Soil warming had a much stronger effect on CO2 flux than Air warming. Soil warming caused rapid permafrost thaw and increased ecosystem respiration (Reco ), gross primary productivity (GPP), and net summer CO2 storage (NEE). Over 7 years Reco , GPP, and NEE also increased in Control (i.e., ambient plots), but this change could be explained by slow thaw in Control areas. In the initial stages of thaw, Reco , GPP, and NEE increased linearly with thaw across all treatments, despite different rates of thaw. As thaw in Soil warming continued to increase linearly, ground surface subsidence created saturated microsites and suppressed Reco , GPP, and NEE. However Reco and GPP remained high in areas with large Eriophorum vaginatum biomass. In general NEE increased with thaw, but was more strongly correlated with plant biomass than thaw, indicating that higher Reco in deeply thawed areas during summer months was balanced by GPP. Summer CO2 flux across treatments fit a single quadratic relationship that captured the functional response of CO2 flux to thaw, water table depth, and plant biomass. These results demonstrate the importance of indirect thaw effects on CO2 flux: plant growth and water table dynamics. Nonsummer Reco models estimated that the area was an annual CO2 source during all years of observation. Nonsummer CO2 loss in warmer, more deeply thawed soils exceeded the increases in summer GPP, and thawed tundra was a net annual CO2 source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Mauritz
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Rosvel Bracho
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gerardo Celis
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Jack Hutchings
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Elaine Pegoraro
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Verity G Salmon
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Sciences Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Christina Schädel
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Webb
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Edward A G Schuur
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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13
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Prevéy J, Vellend M, Rüger N, Hollister RD, Bjorkman AD, Myers-Smith IH, Elmendorf SC, Clark K, Cooper EJ, Elberling B, Fosaa AM, Henry GHR, Høye TT, Jónsdóttir IS, Klanderud K, Lévesque E, Mauritz M, Molau U, Natali SM, Oberbauer SF, Panchen ZA, Post E, Rumpf SB, Schmidt NM, Schuur EAG, Semenchuk PR, Troxler T, Welker JM, Rixen C. Greater temperature sensitivity of plant phenology at colder sites: implications for convergence across northern latitudes. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:2660-2671. [PMID: 28079308 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Warmer temperatures are accelerating the phenology of organisms around the world. Temperature sensitivity of phenology might be greater in colder, higher latitude sites than in warmer regions, in part because small changes in temperature constitute greater relative changes in thermal balance at colder sites. To test this hypothesis, we examined up to 20 years of phenology data for 47 tundra plant species at 18 high-latitude sites along a climatic gradient. Across all species, the timing of leaf emergence and flowering was more sensitive to a given increase in summer temperature at colder than warmer high-latitude locations. A similar pattern was seen over time for the flowering phenology of a widespread species, Cassiope tetragona. These are among the first results highlighting differential phenological responses of plants across a climatic gradient and suggest the possibility of convergence in flowering times and therefore an increase in gene flow across latitudes as the climate warms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Prevéy
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, 7260 Davos, Switzerland
- USDA-Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia, WA 98512, USA
| | - Mark Vellend
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Nadja Rüger
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Robert D Hollister
- Biology Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49041, USA
| | - Anne D Bjorkman
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Karin Clark
- Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, NT X1A 3S8, Canada
| | - Elisabeth J Cooper
- Institute for Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bo Elberling
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna M Fosaa
- Faroese Museum of Natural History, Hoyvík 188, Faroe Islands
| | - Gregory H R Henry
- Department of Geography and Biodiversity Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Toke T Høye
- Arctic Research Center, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ingibjörg S Jónsdóttir
- The University Centre in Svalbard, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Kari Klanderud
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resources, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Esther Lévesque
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Marguerite Mauritz
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Center, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Ulf Molau
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Steven F Oberbauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Zoe A Panchen
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Eric Post
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sabine B Rumpf
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Niels M Schmidt
- Arctic Research Center, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Edward A G Schuur
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Center, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Phillip R Semenchuk
- Institute for Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Jeffrey M Welker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Christian Rixen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, 7260 Davos, Switzerland
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14
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Salmon VG, Soucy P, Mauritz M, Celis G, Natali SM, Mack MC, Schuur EAG. Nitrogen availability increases in a tundra ecosystem during five years of experimental permafrost thaw. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:1927-1941. [PMID: 26718892 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Perennially frozen soil in high latitude ecosystems (permafrost) currently stores 1330-1580 Pg of carbon (C). As these ecosystems warm, the thaw and decomposition of permafrost is expected to release large amounts of C to the atmosphere. Fortunately, losses from the permafrost C pool will be partially offset by increased plant productivity. The degree to which plants are able to sequester C, however, will be determined by changing nitrogen (N) availability in these thawing soil profiles. N availability currently limits plant productivity in tundra ecosystems but plant access to N is expected improve as decomposition increases in speed and extends to deeper soil horizons. To evaluate the relationship between permafrost thaw and N availability, we monitored N cycling during 5 years of experimentally induced permafrost thaw at the Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR) project. Inorganic N availability increased significantly in response to deeper thaw and greater soil moisture induced by Soil warming. This treatment also prompted a 23% increase in aboveground biomass and a 49% increase in foliar N pools. The sedge Eriophorum vaginatum responded most strongly to warming: this species explained 91% of the change in aboveground biomass during the 5 year period. Air warming had little impact when applied alone, but when applied in combination with Soil warming, growing season soil inorganic N availability was significantly reduced. These results demonstrate that there is a strong positive relationship between the depth of permafrost thaw and N availability in tundra ecosystems but that this relationship can be diminished by interactions between increased thaw, warmer air temperatures, and higher levels of soil moisture. Within 5 years of permafrost thaw, plants actively incorporate newly available N into biomass but C storage in live vascular plant biomass is unlikely to be greater than losses from deep soil C pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity G Salmon
- Biology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Patrick Soucy
- Biology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Marguerite Mauritz
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Gerardo Celis
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | | | - Michelle C Mack
- Biology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Edward A G Schuur
- Biology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
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15
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Hicks Pries CE, van Logtestijn RSP, Schuur EAG, Natali SM, Cornelissen JHC, Aerts R, Dorrepaal E. Decadal warming causes a consistent and persistent shift from heterotrophic to autotrophic respiration in contrasting permafrost ecosystems. Glob Chang Biol 2015; 21:4508-4519. [PMID: 26150277 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Soil carbon in permafrost ecosystems has the potential to become a major positive feedback to climate change if permafrost thaw increases heterotrophic decomposition. However, warming can also stimulate autotrophic production leading to increased ecosystem carbon storage-a negative climate change feedback. Few studies partitioning ecosystem respiration examine decadal warming effects or compare responses among ecosystems. Here, we first examined how 11 years of warming during different seasons affected autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration in a bryophyte-dominated peatland in Abisko, Sweden. We used natural abundance radiocarbon to partition ecosystem respiration into autotrophic respiration, associated with production, and heterotrophic decomposition. Summertime warming decreased the age of carbon respired by the ecosystem due to increased proportional contributions from autotrophic and young soil respiration and decreased proportional contributions from old soil. Summertime warming's large effect was due to not only warmer air temperatures during the growing season, but also to warmer deep soils year-round. Second, we compared ecosystem respiration responses between two contrasting ecosystems, the Abisko peatland and a tussock-dominated tundra in Healy, Alaska. Each ecosystem had two different timescales of warming (<5 years and over a decade). Despite the Abisko peatland having greater ecosystem respiration and larger contributions from heterotrophic respiration than the Healy tundra, both systems responded consistently to short- and long-term warming with increased respiration, increased autotrophic contributions to ecosystem respiration, and increased ratios of autotrophic to heterotrophic respiration. We did not detect an increase in old soil carbon losses with warming at either site. If increased autotrophic respiration is balanced by increased primary production, as is the case in the Healy tundra, warming will not cause these ecosystems to become growing season carbon sources. Warming instead causes a persistent shift from heterotrophic to more autotrophic control of the growing season carbon cycle in these carbon-rich permafrost ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Hicks Pries
- Earth Sciences Division, Climate Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Richard S P van Logtestijn
- Department of Systems Ecology, Institute of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edward A G Schuur
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Susan M Natali
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Johannes H C Cornelissen
- Department of Systems Ecology, Institute of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rien Aerts
- Department of Systems Ecology, Institute of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen Dorrepaal
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, S-981 07, Abisko, Sweden
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Koven CD, Schuur EAG, Schädel C, Bohn TJ, Burke EJ, Chen G, Chen X, Ciais P, Grosse G, Harden JW, Hayes DJ, Hugelius G, Jafarov EE, Krinner G, Kuhry P, Lawrence DM, MacDougall AH, Marchenko SS, McGuire AD, Natali SM, Nicolsky DJ, Olefeldt D, Peng S, Romanovsky VE, Schaefer KM, Strauss J, Treat CC, Turetsky M. A simplified, data-constrained approach to estimate the permafrost carbon-climate feedback. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2015; 373:20140423. [PMID: 26438276 PMCID: PMC4608038 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present an approach to estimate the feedback from large-scale thawing of permafrost soils using a simplified, data-constrained model that combines three elements: soil carbon (C) maps and profiles to identify the distribution and type of C in permafrost soils; incubation experiments to quantify the rates of C lost after thaw; and models of soil thermal dynamics in response to climate warming. We call the approach the Permafrost Carbon Network Incubation-Panarctic Thermal scaling approach (PInc-PanTher). The approach assumes that C stocks do not decompose at all when frozen, but once thawed follow set decomposition trajectories as a function of soil temperature. The trajectories are determined according to a three-pool decomposition model fitted to incubation data using parameters specific to soil horizon types. We calculate litterfall C inputs required to maintain steady-state C balance for the current climate, and hold those inputs constant. Soil temperatures are taken from the soil thermal modules of ecosystem model simulations forced by a common set of future climate change anomalies under two warming scenarios over the period 2010 to 2100. Under a medium warming scenario (RCP4.5), the approach projects permafrost soil C losses of 12.2-33.4 Pg C; under a high warming scenario (RCP8.5), the approach projects C losses of 27.9-112.6 Pg C. Projected C losses are roughly linearly proportional to global temperature changes across the two scenarios. These results indicate a global sensitivity of frozen soil C to climate change (γ sensitivity) of -14 to -19 Pg C °C(-1) on a 100 year time scale. For CH4 emissions, our approach assumes a fixed saturated area and that increases in CH4 emissions are related to increased heterotrophic respiration in anoxic soil, yielding CH4 emission increases of 7% and 35% for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively, which add an additional greenhouse gas forcing of approximately 10-18%. The simplified approach presented here neglects many important processes that may amplify or mitigate C release from permafrost soils, but serves as a data-constrained estimate on the forced, large-scale permafrost C response to warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Koven
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - E A G Schuur
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - C Schädel
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - T J Bohn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - E J Burke
- Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
| | - G Chen
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - X Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - G Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research Unit, Potsdam, Germany
| | - J W Harden
- United States Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - D J Hayes
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - G Hugelius
- Department of Physical Geography, Bolin Centre of Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E E Jafarov
- National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - G Krinner
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38041, France
| | - P Kuhry
- Department of Physical Geography, Bolin Centre of Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D M Lawrence
- Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A H MacDougall
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S S Marchenko
- Geophysical Institute Permafrost Laboratory, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - A D McGuire
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - S M Natali
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA
| | - D J Nicolsky
- Geophysical Institute Permafrost Laboratory, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - D Olefeldt
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Peng
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Gif-sur-Yvette, France Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38041, France
| | - V E Romanovsky
- Geophysical Institute Permafrost Laboratory, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - K M Schaefer
- National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Strauss
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research Unit, Potsdam, Germany
| | - C C Treat
- United States Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - M Turetsky
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Ontario, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Treat CC, Natali SM, Ernakovich J, Iversen CM, Lupascu M, McGuire AD, Norby RJ, Roy Chowdhury T, Richter A, Šantrůčková H, Schädel C, Schuur EAG, Sloan VL, Turetsky MR, Waldrop MP. A pan-Arctic synthesis of CH 4 and CO 2 production from anoxic soil incubations. Glob Chang Biol 2015; 21:2787-2803. [PMID: 25620695 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Permafrost thaw can alter the soil environment through changes in soil moisture, frequently resulting in soil saturation, a shift to anaerobic decomposition, and changes in the plant community. These changes, along with thawing of previously frozen organic material, can alter the form and magnitude of greenhouse gas production from permafrost ecosystems. We synthesized existing methane (CH4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) production measurements from anaerobic incubations of boreal and tundra soils from the geographic permafrost region to evaluate large-scale controls of anaerobic CO2 and CH4 production and compare the relative importance of landscape-level factors (e.g., vegetation type and landscape position), soil properties (e.g., pH, depth, and soil type), and soil environmental conditions (e.g., temperature and relative water table position). We found fivefold higher maximum CH4 production per gram soil carbon from organic soils than mineral soils. Maximum CH4 production from soils in the active layer (ground that thaws and refreezes annually) was nearly four times that of permafrost per gram soil carbon, and CH4 production per gram soil carbon was two times greater from sites without permafrost than sites with permafrost. Maximum CH4 and median anaerobic CO2 production decreased with depth, while CO2 :CH4 production increased with depth. Maximum CH4 production was highest in soils with herbaceous vegetation and soils that were either consistently or periodically inundated. This synthesis identifies the need to consider biome, landscape position, and vascular/moss vegetation types when modeling CH4 production in permafrost ecosystems and suggests the need for longer-term anaerobic incubations to fully capture CH4 dynamics. Our results demonstrate that as climate warms in arctic and boreal regions, rates of anaerobic CO2 and CH4 production will increase, not only as a result of increased temperature, but also from shifts in vegetation and increased ground saturation that will accompany permafrost thaw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Treat
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans & Space, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, 03824, NH, USA
| | - Susan M Natali
- Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, 02540, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Ernakovich
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road Building 1062, Oak Ridge, 37831-6422, TN, USA
| | - Massimo Lupascu
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Croul Hall, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA
| | - Anthony David McGuire
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 214 Irving I Builidng, Fairbanks, 99775, AK, USA
| | - Richard J Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road Building 1062, Oak Ridge, 37831-6422, TN, USA
| | - Taniya Roy Chowdhury
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road MS 6038, Oak Ridge, 37830, TN, USA
| | - Andreas Richter
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althenstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Althenstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hana Šantrůčková
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Christina Schädel
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 421 Carr Hall, PO Box 118525, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Edward A G Schuur
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 421 Carr Hall, PO Box 118525, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Victoria L Sloan
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road Building 1062, Oak Ridge, 37831-6422, TN, USA
| | - Merritt R Turetsky
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Science Complex, Guelph, N1G 1G2, ON, Canada
| | - Mark P Waldrop
- U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, MS 962, Menlo Park, 94025, CA, USA
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Trucco C, Schuur EAG, Natali SM, Belshe EF, Bracho R, Vogel J. Seven-year trends of CO2exchange in a tundra ecosystem affected by long-term permafrost thaw. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Duval BD, Dijkstra P, Natali SM, Megonigal JP, Ketterer ME, Drake BG, Lerdau MT, Gordon G, Anbar AD, Hungate BA. Plant-soil distribution of potentially toxic elements in response to elevated atmospheric CO2. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:2570-2574. [PMID: 21405117 DOI: 10.1021/es102250u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of contaminant elements within ecosystems is an environmental concern because of these elements' potential toxicity to animals and plants and their ability to hinder microbial ecosystem services. As with nutrients, contaminants are cycled within and through ecosystems. Elevated atmospheric CO2 generally increases plant productivity and alters nutrient element cycling, but whether CO2 causes similar effects on the cycling of contaminant elements is unknown. Here we show that 11 years of experimental CO2 enrichment in a sandy soil with low organic matter content causes plants to accumulate contaminants in plant biomass, with declines in the extractable contaminant element pools in surface soils. These results indicate that CO2 alters the distribution of contaminant elements in ecosystems, with plant element accumulation and declining soil availability both likely explained by the CO2 stimulation of plant biomass. Our results highlight the interdependence of element cycles and the importance of taking a broad view of the periodic table when the effects of global environmental change on ecosystem biogeochemistry are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Duval
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, United States.
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Mackie JA, Natali SM, Levinton JS, Sañudo-Wilhelmy SA. Declining metal levels at Foundry Cove (Hudson River, New York): response to localized dredging of contaminated sediments. Environ Pollut 2007; 149:141-8. [PMID: 17382440 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the effectiveness of remediating a well-recognized case of heavy metal pollution at Foundry Cove (FC), Hudson River, New York. This tidal freshwater marsh was polluted with battery-factory wastes (1953-1979) and dredged in 1994-1995. Eight years after remediation, dissolved and particulate metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Ag) were found to be lower than levels in the lower Hudson near New York City. Levels of metals (Co, Ni, Cd) on suspended particles were comparatively high. Concentrations of surface sediment Cd throughout the marsh system remain high, but have decreased both in the dredged and undredged areas: Cd was 2.4-230mg/kg dw of sediment in 2005 vs. 109-1500mg/kg in the same area in 1983. The rate of tidal export of Cd from FC has decreased by >300-fold, suggesting that dredging successfully stemmed a major source of Cd to the Hudson River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Mackie
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Invertebrate Zoology, 8272 Moss Landing Road, CA 95039-9647, USA.
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