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Berner LT, Orndahl KM, Rose M, Tamstorf M, Arndal MF, Alexander HD, Humphreys ER, Loranty MM, Ludwig SM, Nyman J, Juutinen S, Aurela M, Happonen K, Mikola J, Mack MC, Vankoughnett MR, Iversen CM, Salmon VG, Yang D, Kumar J, Grogan P, Danby RK, Scott NA, Olofsson J, Siewert MB, Deschamps L, Lévesque E, Maire V, Morneault A, Gauthier G, Gignac C, Boudreau S, Gaspard A, Kholodov A, Bret-Harte MS, Greaves HE, Walker D, Gregory FM, Michelsen A, Kumpula T, Villoslada M, Ylänne H, Luoto M, Virtanen T, Forbes BC, Hölzel N, Epstein H, Heim RJ, Bunn A, Holmes RM, Hung JKY, Natali SM, Virkkala AM, Goetz SJ. The Arctic Plant Aboveground Biomass Synthesis Dataset. Sci Data 2024; 11:305. [PMID: 38509110 PMCID: PMC10954756 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03139-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant biomass is a fundamental ecosystem attribute that is sensitive to rapid climatic changes occurring in the Arctic. Nevertheless, measuring plant biomass in the Arctic is logistically challenging and resource intensive. Lack of accessible field data hinders efforts to understand the amount, composition, distribution, and changes in plant biomass in these northern ecosystems. Here, we present The Arctic plant aboveground biomass synthesis dataset, which includes field measurements of lichen, bryophyte, herb, shrub, and/or tree aboveground biomass (g m-2) on 2,327 sample plots from 636 field sites in seven countries. We created the synthesis dataset by assembling and harmonizing 32 individual datasets. Aboveground biomass was primarily quantified by harvesting sample plots during mid- to late-summer, though tree and often tall shrub biomass were quantified using surveys and allometric models. Each biomass measurement is associated with metadata including sample date, location, method, data source, and other information. This unique dataset can be leveraged to monitor, map, and model plant biomass across the rapidly warming Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Berner
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA.
| | - Kathleen M Orndahl
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
| | - Melissa Rose
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
| | - Mikkel Tamstorf
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie F Arndal
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Heather D Alexander
- College of Forestry, Wildlife, and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, USA
| | - Elyn R Humphreys
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Sarah M Ludwig
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, Palisades, USA
| | - Johanna Nyman
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Sari Juutinen
- Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Aurela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Juha Mikola
- Bioeconomy and Environment Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michelle C Mack
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
| | | | - Colleen M Iversen
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Verity G Salmon
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
- Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Dedi Yang
- Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Paul Grogan
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Ryan K Danby
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Neal A Scott
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthias B Siewert
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lucas Deschamps
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Esther Lévesque
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Vincent Maire
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Amélie Morneault
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Gilles Gauthier
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Charles Gignac
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Department of Plant Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Anna Gaspard
- Department of Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Heather E Greaves
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
| | - Donald Walker
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
| | - Fiona M Gregory
- Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Timo Kumpula
- Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Miguel Villoslada
- Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Institute of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Henni Ylänne
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Miska Luoto
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarmo Virtanen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bruce C Forbes
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Howard Epstein
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Ramona J Heim
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Bunn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Washington University, Bellingham, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott J Goetz
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
- Bioeconomy and Environment Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Behnke MI, Tank SE, McClelland JW, Holmes RM, Haghipour N, Eglinton TI, Raymond PA, Suslova A, Zhulidov AV, Gurtovaya T, Zimov N, Zimov S, Mutter EA, Amos E, Spencer RGM. Aquatic biomass is a major source to particulate organic matter export in large Arctic rivers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2209883120. [PMID: 36913572 PMCID: PMC10041151 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209883120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Arctic rivers provide an integrated signature of the changing landscape and transmit signals of change to the ocean. Here, we use a decade of particulate organic matter (POM) compositional data to deconvolute multiple allochthonous and autochthonous pan-Arctic and watershed-specific sources. Constraints from carbon-to-nitrogen ratios (C:N), δ13C, and Δ14C signatures reveal a large, hitherto overlooked contribution from aquatic biomass. Separation in Δ14C age is enhanced by splitting soil sources into shallow and deep pools (mean ± SD: -228 ± 211 vs. -492 ± 173‰) rather than traditional active layer and permafrost pools (-300 ± 236 vs. -441 ± 215‰) that do not represent permafrost-free Arctic regions. We estimate that 39 to 60% (5 to 95% credible interval) of the annual pan-Arctic POM flux (averaging 4,391 Gg/y particulate organic carbon from 2012 to 2019) comes from aquatic biomass. The remainder is sourced from yedoma, deep soils, shallow soils, petrogenic inputs, and fresh terrestrial production. Climate change-induced warming and increasing CO2 concentrations may enhance both soil destabilization and Arctic river aquatic biomass production, increasing fluxes of POM to the ocean. Younger, autochthonous, and older soil-derived POM likely have different destinies (preferential microbial uptake and processing vs. significant sediment burial, respectively). A small (~7%) increase in aquatic biomass POM flux with warming would be equivalent to a ~30% increase in deep soil POM flux. There is a clear need to better quantify how the balance of endmember fluxes may shift with different ramifications for different endmembers and how this will impact the Arctic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan I. Behnke
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Geochemistry Group, Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL32306
| | - Suzanne E. Tank
- Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2R3, Canada
| | | | | | - Negar Haghipour
- Department of Earth Sciences, Geological Institute, ETH Zurich, Zurich8092, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich8093, Switzerland
| | - Timothy I. Eglinton
- Department of Earth Sciences, Geological Institute, ETH Zurich, Zurich8092, Switzerland
| | - Peter A. Raymond
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Anya Suslova
- Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA02540
| | - Alexander V. Zhulidov
- South Russia Centre for Preparation and Implementation of International Projects, Rostov-on-Don344090, Russia
| | - Tatiana Gurtovaya
- South Russia Centre for Preparation and Implementation of International Projects, Rostov-on-Don344090, Russia
| | - Nikita Zimov
- Pacific Geographical Institute, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Cherskii678830, Russia
| | - Sergey Zimov
- Pacific Geographical Institute, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Cherskii678830, Russia
| | - Edda A. Mutter
- Yukon River Inter-Tribal Watershed Council, Anchorage, AK99501
| | - Edwin Amos
- Western Arctic Research Centre, Inuvik, NTX0E 0T0, Canada
| | - Robert G. M. Spencer
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Geochemistry Group, Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL32306
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3
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Wologo E, Shakil S, Zolkos S, Textor S, Ewing S, Klassen J, Spencer RGM, Podgorski DC, Tank SE, Baker MA, O'Donnell JA, Wickland KP, Foks SSW, Zarnetske JP, Lee‐Cullin J, Liu F, Yang Y, Kortelainen P, Kolehmainen J, Dean JF, Vonk JE, Holmes RM, Pinay G, Powell MM, Howe J, Frei RJ, Bratsman SP, Abbott BW. Stream Dissolved Organic Matter in Permafrost Regions Shows Surprising Compositional Similarities but Negative Priming and Nutrient Effects. Global Biogeochem Cycles 2021; 35:e2020GB006719. [PMID: 33519064 PMCID: PMC7816262 DOI: 10.1029/2020gb006719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Permafrost degradation is delivering bioavailable dissolved organic matter (DOM) and inorganic nutrients to surface water networks. While these permafrost subsidies represent a small portion of total fluvial DOM and nutrient fluxes, they could influence food webs and net ecosystem carbon balance via priming or nutrient effects that destabilize background DOM. We investigated how addition of biolabile carbon (acetate) and inorganic nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) affected DOM decomposition with 28-day incubations. We incubated late-summer stream water from 23 locations nested in seven northern or high-altitude regions in Asia, Europe, and North America. DOM loss ranged from 3% to 52%, showing a variety of longitudinal patterns within stream networks. DOM optical properties varied widely, but DOM showed compositional similarity based on Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) analysis. Addition of acetate and nutrients decreased bulk DOM mineralization (i.e., negative priming), with more negative effects on biodegradable DOM but neutral or positive effects on stable DOM. Unexpectedly, acetate and nutrients triggered breakdown of colored DOM (CDOM), with median decreases of 1.6% in the control and 22% in the amended treatment. Additionally, the uptake of added acetate was strongly limited by nutrient availability across sites. These findings suggest that biolabile DOM and nutrients released from degrading permafrost may decrease background DOM mineralization but alter stoichiometry and light conditions in receiving waterbodies. We conclude that priming and nutrient effects are coupled in northern aquatic ecosystems and that quantifying two-way interactions between DOM properties and environmental conditions could resolve conflicting observations about the drivers of DOM in permafrost zone waterways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Wologo
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Sarah Shakil
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Scott Zolkos
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
- Woods Hole Research CenterWoods HoleMAUSA
| | - Sadie Textor
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Geochemistry GroupFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFLUSA
| | - Stephanie Ewing
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Jane Klassen
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Robert G. M. Spencer
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Geochemistry GroupFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFLUSA
| | - David C. Podgorski
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Geochemistry GroupFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFLUSA
| | - Suzanne E. Tank
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Michelle A. Baker
- Department of Biology and Ecology CenterUtah State UniversityLoganUTUSA
| | | | | | | | - Jay P. Zarnetske
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Joseph Lee‐Cullin
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Futing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuanhe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | | | - Joshua F. Dean
- Department of Earth SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Jorien E. Vonk
- Department of Earth SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | | | - Gilles Pinay
- Environnement‐Ville‐Société (UMR5600) ‐ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)LyonFrance
| | - Michaela M. Powell
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Jansen Howe
- Department of Plant and Wildlife SciencesBrigham Young UniversityProvoUTUSA
| | - Rebecca J. Frei
- Department of Plant and Wildlife SciencesBrigham Young UniversityProvoUTUSA
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Samuel P. Bratsman
- Department of Plant and Wildlife SciencesBrigham Young UniversityProvoUTUSA
| | - Benjamin W. Abbott
- Department of Plant and Wildlife SciencesBrigham Young UniversityProvoUTUSA
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4
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Schwab MS, Hilton RG, Raymond PA, Haghipour N, Amos E, Tank SE, Holmes RM, Tipper ET, Eglinton TI. An Abrupt Aging of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Large Arctic Rivers. Geophys Res Lett 2020; 47:e2020GL088823. [PMID: 33380763 PMCID: PMC7757186 DOI: 10.1029/2020gl088823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Permafrost thaw in Arctic watersheds threatens to mobilize hitherto sequestered carbon. We examine the radiocarbon activity (F14C) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the northern Mackenzie River basin. From 2003-2017, DOC-F14C signatures (1.00 ± 0.04; n = 39) tracked atmospheric 14CO2, indicating export of "modern" carbon. This trend was interrupted in June 2018 by the widespread release of aged DOC (0.85 ± 0.16, n = 28) measured across three separate catchment areas. Increased nitrate concentrations in June 2018 lead us to attribute this pulse of 14C-depleted DOC to mobilization of previously frozen soil organic matter. We propose export through lateral perennial thaw zones that occurred at the base of the active layer weakened by preceding warm summer and winter seasons. Although we are not yet able to ascertain the broader significance of this "anomalous" mobilization event, it highlights the potential for rapid and large-scale release of aged carbon from permafrost.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter A. Raymond
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental StudiesYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Negar Haghipour
- Department of Earth SciencesETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Laboratory of Ion Beam PhysicsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Edwin Amos
- Aurora Research InstituteInuvikNorthwest TerritoriesCanada
| | - Suzanne E. Tank
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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5
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Zolkos S, Krabbenhoft DP, Suslova A, Tank SE, McClelland JW, Spencer RGM, Shiklomanov A, Zhulidov AV, Gurtovaya T, Zimov N, Zimov S, Mutter EA, Kutny L, Amos E, Holmes RM. Mercury Export from Arctic Great Rivers. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:4140-4148. [PMID: 32122125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Land-ocean linkages are strong across the circumpolar north, where the Arctic Ocean accounts for 1% of the global ocean volume and receives more than 10% of the global river discharge. Yet estimates of Arctic riverine mercury (Hg) export constrained from direct Hg measurements remain sparse. Here, we report results from a coordinated, year-round sampling program that focused on the six major Arctic rivers to establish a contemporary (2012-2017) benchmark of riverine Hg export. We determine that the six major Arctic rivers exported an average of 20 000 kg y-1 of total Hg (THg, all forms of Hg). Upscaled to the pan-Arctic, we estimate THg flux of 37 000 kg y-1. More than 90% of THg flux occurred during peak river discharge in spring and summer. Normalizing fluxes to watershed area (yield) reveals higher THg yields in regions where greater denudation likely enhances Hg mobilization. River discharge, suspended sediment, and dissolved organic carbon predicted THg concentration with moderate fidelity, while suspended sediment and water yields predicted THg yield with high fidelity. These findings establish a benchmark in the face of rapid Arctic warming and an intensifying hydrologic cycle, which will likely accelerate Hg cycling in tandem with changing inputs from thawing permafrost and industrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Zolkos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - David P Krabbenhoft
- Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Mercury Research Laboratory, United States Geological Survey, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Anya Suslova
- Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02540, United States
| | - Suzanne E Tank
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - James W McClelland
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas 78373, United States
| | - Robert G M Spencer
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Alexander Shiklomanov
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Alexander V Zhulidov
- South Russia Centre for Preparation and Implementation of International Projects, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Tatiana Gurtovaya
- South Russia Centre for Preparation and Implementation of International Projects, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Nikita Zimov
- Northeast Science Station, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Chersky 690041, Russia
| | - Sergey Zimov
- Northeast Science Station, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Chersky 690041, Russia
| | - Edda A Mutter
- Yukon River Inter-Tribal Watershed Council, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, United States
| | - Les Kutny
- Les Kutny Consultant, Inuvik, Northwest Territories X0E 0T0, Canada
| | - Edwin Amos
- Western Arctic Research Centre, Inuvik, Northwest Territories X0E 0T0, Canada
| | - Robert M Holmes
- Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02540, United States
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6
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Perminova IV, Shirshin EA, Konstantinov AI, Zherebker A, Lebedev VA, Dubinenkov IV, Kulikova NA, Nikolaev EN, Bulygina E, Holmes RM. The Structural Arrangement and Relative Abundance of Aliphatic Units May Effect Long-Wave Absorbance of Natural Organic Matter as Revealed by 1H NMR Spectroscopy. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:12526-12537. [PMID: 30296078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to shed light on structural features which underlay intensity of long wave absorbance of natural organic matter (NOM) using 1H NMR spectroscopy. For this purpose, a set of the NOM samples was assembled from arctic and nonarctic sampling sites (the Kolyma river basin and Moscow region, respectively). It was to ensure a substantial difference in the humification degree of the isolated organic matter-the biogeochemical proxy of the long-wave absorbance of NOM. The assembled NOM set was analyzed using solution-state 1H NMR spectroscopy. The distribution of both backbone and exchangeable protons was determined using acquisition of spectra in three different solvents. The substantially higher contribution of nonfunctionalized aliphatic moieties CHn (e.g., materials derived from linear terpenoids, MDLT) in the arctic NOM samples was revealed as compared to the nonarctic ones. The latter were characterized with the higher content of CHα protons adjacent to electron-withdrawing groups which belong to carboxyl rich alicyclic moieties (CRAMs) or to aromatic constituents of NOM. We have calculated a ratio of CHn to CHα protons as a structural descriptor which showed significant inverse correlation to intensity of long wave absorbance assessed with a use of E4/ E6 ratio and the slope of absorption spectrum. The steric hindrance of aromatic chromophoric groups of the NOM ensemble by bulky nonfunctionalized aliphatic moieties (e.g., MDLT) was set as a hypothesis for explanation of this phenomenon. The bulky aliphatics might increase a distance between the interacting groups resulting in inhibition of electronic (e.g., charge-transfer) interactions in the NOM ensemble. The obtained relationships were further explored using Fourier transform mass spectrometry as complementary technique to 1H NMR spectroscopy. The data obtained on correlation of molecular composition of NOM with 1H NMR data and optical properties were very supportive of our hypothesis that capabilities of NOM ensemble of charge transfer interactions can be dependent on structural arrangement and relative abundance of nonabsorbing aliphatic moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Perminova
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-3 , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - E A Shirshin
- Department of Physics , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-2 , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - A I Konstantinov
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-3 , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - A Zherebker
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-3 , 119991 Moscow , Russia
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , 143025 Skolkovo, Moscow region , Russia
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics of RAS , Leninskij pr. 38-2 , 119334 Moscow , Russia
| | - V A Lebedev
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-3 , 119991 Moscow , Russia
- Department of Materials Science , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-73 , 199991 Moscow , Russia
| | - I V Dubinenkov
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-3 , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - N A Kulikova
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-3 , 119991 Moscow , Russia
- Department of Soil Science , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-12 , 199991 Moscow , Russia
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry of RAS , Federal Research Center "Biotechnology" , Leninskij pr. 33-2 , 119071 Moscow , Russia
| | - E N Nikolaev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , 143025 Skolkovo, Moscow region , Russia
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics of RAS , Leninskij pr. 38-2 , 119334 Moscow , Russia
| | - E Bulygina
- Woods Hole Research Center , 149 Woods Hole Rd , Falmouth , Massachusetts 02540 , United States
| | - R M Holmes
- Woods Hole Research Center , 149 Woods Hole Rd , Falmouth , Massachusetts 02540 , United States
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7
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Drake TW, Tank SE, Zhulidov AV, Holmes RM, Gurtovaya T, Spencer RGM. Increasing Alkalinity Export from Large Russian Arctic Rivers. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:8302-8308. [PMID: 29947507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Riverine carbonate alkalinity (HCO3- and CO32-) sourced from chemical weathering represents a significant sink for atmospheric CO2. Alkalinity flux from Arctic rivers is partly determined by precipitation, permafrost extent, groundwater flow paths, and surface vegetation, all of which are changing under a warming climate. Here we show that over the past three and half decades, the export of alkalinity from the Yenisei and Ob' Rivers increased from 225 to 642 Geq yr-1 (+185%) and from 201 to 470 Geq yr-1 (+134%); an average rate of 11.90 and 7.28 Geq yr-1, respectively. These increases may have resulted from a suite of changes related to climate change and anthropogenic activity, including higher temperatures, increased precipitation, permafrost thaw, changes to hydrologic flow paths, shifts in vegetation, and decreased acid deposition. Regardless of the direct causes, these trends have broad implications for the rate of carbon sequestration on land and delivery of buffering capacity to freshwater ecosystems and the Arctic Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis W Drake
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306 , United States
| | - Suzanne E Tank
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta Canada
| | - Alexander V Zhulidov
- South Russia Centre for Preparation and Implementation of International Projects , Rostov-on-Don , Russia
| | - Robert M Holmes
- Woods Hole Research Center , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02540 , United States
| | - Tatiana Gurtovaya
- South Russia Centre for Preparation and Implementation of International Projects , Rostov-on-Don , Russia
| | - Robert G M Spencer
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306 , United States
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de Lavergne C, Madec G, Roquet F, Holmes RM, McDougall TJ. Abyssal ocean overturning shaped by seafloor distribution. Nature 2018; 551:181-186. [PMID: 29120416 DOI: 10.1038/nature24472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The abyssal ocean is broadly characterized by northward flow of the densest waters and southward flow of less-dense waters above them. Understanding what controls the strength and structure of these interhemispheric flows-referred to as the abyssal overturning circulation-is key to quantifying the ocean's ability to store carbon and heat on timescales exceeding a century. Here we show that, north of 32° S, the depth distribution of the seafloor compels dense southern-origin waters to flow northward below a depth of about 4 kilometres and to return southward predominantly at depths greater than 2.5 kilometres. Unless ventilated from the north, the overlying mid-depths (1 to 2.5 kilometres deep) host comparatively weak mean meridional flow. Backed by analysis of historical radiocarbon measurements, the findings imply that the geometry of the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic basins places a major external constraint on the overturning structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C de Lavergne
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.,LOCEAN Laboratory, Sorbonne Universités (Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6)-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - G Madec
- LOCEAN Laboratory, Sorbonne Universités (Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6)-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - F Roquet
- Department of Meteorology (MISU), Stockholm University, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R M Holmes
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.,Climate Change Research Centre and ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - T J McDougall
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Pelletier AR, Castello L, Zhulidov AV, Gurtovaya TY, Robarts RD, Holmes RM, Zhulidov DA, Spencer RGM. Temporal and Longitudinal Mercury Trends in Burbot (Lota lota) in the Russian Arctic. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:13436-13442. [PMID: 29083154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Current understanding of mercury (Hg) dynamics in the Arctic is hampered by a lack of data in the Russian Arctic region, which comprises about half of the entire Arctic watershed. This study quantified temporal and longitudinal trends in total mercury (THg) concentrations in burbot (Lota lota) in eight rivers of the Russian Arctic between 1980 and 2001, encompassing an expanse of 118 degrees of longitude. Burbot THg concentrations declined by an average of 2.6% annually across all eight rivers during the study period, decreasing by 39% from 0.171 μg g-1 wet weight (w.w.) in 1980 to 0.104 μg g-1 w.w. in 2001. THg concentrations in burbot also declined by an average of 1.8% per 10° of longitude from west to east across the study area between 1988 and 2001. These results, in combination with those of previous studies, suggest that Hg trends in Arctic freshwater fishes before 2001 were spatially and temporally heterogeneous, as those in the North American Arctic were mostly increasing while those in the Russian Arctic were mostly decreasing. It is suggested that Hg trends in Arctic animals may be influenced by both depositional and postdepositional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Pelletier
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Leandro Castello
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Alexander V Zhulidov
- South Russian Centre for Preparation and Implementation of International Projects , Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatiana Yu Gurtovaya
- South Russian Centre for Preparation and Implementation of International Projects , Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | | | - Robert M Holmes
- Woods Hole Research Center , Falmouth, Massachusetts 02540, United States
| | - Daniel A Zhulidov
- South Russian Centre for Preparation and Implementation of International Projects , Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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Mann PJ, Eglinton TI, McIntyre CP, Zimov N, Davydova A, Vonk JE, Holmes RM, Spencer RGM. Utilization of ancient permafrost carbon in headwaters of Arctic fluvial networks. Nat Commun 2015. [PMID: 26206473 PMCID: PMC4525200 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern high-latitude rivers are major conduits of carbon from land to coastal seas and the Arctic Ocean. Arctic warming is promoting terrestrial permafrost thaw and shifting hydrologic flowpaths, leading to fluvial mobilization of ancient carbon stores. Here we describe 14C and 13C characteristics of dissolved organic carbon from fluvial networks across the Kolyma River Basin (Siberia), and isotopic changes during bioincubation experiments. Microbial communities utilized ancient carbon (11,300 to >50,000 14C years) in permafrost thaw waters and millennial-aged carbon (up to 10,000 14C years) across headwater streams. Microbial demand was supported by progressively younger (14C-enriched) carbon downstream through the network, with predominantly modern carbon pools subsidizing microorganisms in large rivers and main-stem waters. Permafrost acts as a significant and preferentially degradable source of bioavailable carbon in Arctic freshwaters, which is likely to increase as permafrost thaw intensifies causing positive climate feedbacks in response to on-going climate change. The climatic impact of ancient carbon released during the thawing of Arctic permafrost depends on the degree to which it is degraded. Here, the authors show that permafrost-sourced carbon is preferentially metabolized by microbial communities during transit in high-latitude rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Mann
- Department of Geography, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Timothy I Eglinton
- Department of Earth Sciences, Geological Institute, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cameron P McIntyre
- 1] Department of Earth Sciences, Geological Institute, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland [2] Department of Physics, Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nikita Zimov
- North-East Science Station, Pacific Institute for Geography, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Cherskiy, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia
| | - Anna Davydova
- North-East Science Station, Pacific Institute for Geography, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Cherskiy, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia
| | - Jorien E Vonk
- 1] Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands [2] Arctic Centre, University of Groningen, PO Box 716, 9700 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M Holmes
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02540, USA
| | - Robert G M Spencer
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
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Mann PJ, Sobczak WV, Larue MM, Bulygina E, Davydova A, Vonk JE, Schade J, Davydov S, Zimov N, Holmes RM, Spencer RGM. Evidence for key enzymatic controls on metabolism of Arctic river organic matter. Glob Chang Biol 2014; 20:1089-1100. [PMID: 24115585 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Permafrost thaw in the Arctic driven by climate change is mobilizing ancient terrigenous organic carbon (OC) into fluvial networks. Understanding the controls on metabolism of this OC is imperative for assessing its role with respect to climate feedbacks. In this study, we examined the effect of inorganic nutrient supply and dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition on aquatic extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) in waters draining the Kolyma River Basin (Siberia), including permafrost-derived OC. Reducing the phenolic content of the DOM pool resulted in dramatic increases in hydrolase EEAs (e.g., phosphatase activity increased >28-fold) supporting the idea that high concentrations of polyphenolic compounds in DOM (e.g., plant structural tissues) inhibit enzyme synthesis or activity, limiting OC degradation. EEAs were significantly more responsive to inorganic nutrient additions only after phenolic inhibition was experimentally removed. In controlled mixtures of modern OC and thawed permafrost endmember OC sources, respiration rates per unit dissolved OC were 1.3-1.6 times higher in waters containing ancient carbon, suggesting that permafrost-derived OC was more available for microbial mineralization. In addition, waters containing ancient permafrost-derived OC supported elevated phosphatase and glucosidase activities. Based on these combined results, we propose that both composition and nutrient availability regulate DOM metabolism in Arctic aquatic ecosystems. Our empirical findings are incorporated into a mechanistic conceptual model highlighting two key enzymatic processes in the mineralization of riverine OM: (i) the role of phenol oxidase activity in reducing inhibitory phenolic compounds and (ii) the role of phosphatase in mobilizing organic P. Permafrost-derived DOM degradation was less constrained by this initial 'phenolic-OM' inhibition; thus, informing reports of high biological availability of ancient, permafrost-derived DOM with clear ramifications for its metabolism in fluvial networks and feedbacks to climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Mann
- The Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA; Department of Geography, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Castello L, Zhulidov AV, Gurtovaya TY, Robarts RD, Holmes RM, Zhulidov DA, Lysenko VS, Spencer RGM. Low and declining mercury in arctic Russian rivers. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:747-52. [PMID: 24358967 DOI: 10.1021/es403363v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) dynamics in the Arctic is receiving increasing attention, but further understanding is limited by a lack of studies in Russia, which encompasses the majority of the pan-Arctic watershed. This study reports Hg concentrations and trends in burbot (Lota lota) from the Lena and Mezen Rivers in the Russian Arctic, and assesses the extent to which they differ from those found in burbot in arctic rivers elsewhere. Mercury concentrations in burbot in the Lena and Mezen Rivers were found to be generally lower than in 23 other locations, most of which are in the Mackenzie River Basin (Canada). Mercury concentrations in burbot in the Lena and Mezen Rivers also were found to have been declining at an annual rate of 2.3% while they have been increasing in the Mackenzie River Basin at annual rates between 2.2 and 5.1% during roughly the same time period. These contrasting patterns in Hg in burbot across the pan-Arctic may be explained by geographic heterogeneity in controlling processes, including riverine particulate material loads, historically changing atmospheric inputs, postdepositional processes, and climate change impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Castello
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Griffin CG, Frey KE, Rogan J, Holmes RM. Spatial and interannual variability of dissolved organic matter in the Kolyma River, East Siberia, observed using satellite imagery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jg001634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Guay CKH, Zhulidov AV, Robarts RD, Zhulidov DA, Gurtovaya TY, Holmes RM, Headley JV. Measurements of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the lower reaches of major Eurasian arctic rivers using trace metal clean techniques. Environ Pollut 2010; 158:624-630. [PMID: 19767133 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of dissolved and particulate Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined in samples collected in summer 1998 from the lower reaches of six major Eurasian arctic rivers: the Onega, Severnaya Dvina, Mezen, Pechora, Ob and Yenisey. These data comprise some of the earliest measurements of trace metals in Eurasian arctic rivers above the estuaries using recognized clean techniques. Significant (alpha = 0.05) differences were observed among mean concentrations of particulate metals in the individual rivers (F < or = 0.006), with highest levels overall observed in the Severnaya Dvina and Yenisey. No significant differences were observed among mean concentrations of dissolved metals in the individual rivers (F = 0.10-0.84). Contributions from anthropogenic sources are suggested by comparison of trace metal ratios in the samples to crustal abundances. These results establish a baseline for assessing future responses of Eurasian arctic river systems to climate-related environmental changes and shifting patterns of pollutant discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K H Guay
- Pacific Marine Sciences and Technology, 3503 Lakeshore Avenue, Suite 5, Oakland, CA 94610, USA.
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Frey KE, McClelland JW, Holmes RM, Smith LC. Impacts of climate warming and permafrost thaw on the riverine transport of nitrogen and phosphorus to the Kara Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen E. Frey
- Graduate School of Geography; Clark University; Worcester Massachusetts USA
| | - James W. McClelland
- Marine Science Institute; University of Texas at Austin; Port Aransas Texas USA
| | | | - Laurence C. Smith
- Department of Geography; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
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Abstract
Manifold changes in the freshwater cycle of high-latitude lands and oceans have been reported in the past few years. A synthesis of these changes in freshwater sources and in ocean freshwater storage illustrates the complementary and synoptic temporal pattern and magnitude of these changes over the past 50 years. Increasing river discharge anomalies and excess net precipitation on the ocean contributed approximately 20,000 cubic kilometers of fresh water to the Arctic and high-latitude North Atlantic oceans from lows in the 1960s to highs in the 1990s. Sea ice attrition provided another approximately 15,000 cubic kilometers, and glacial melt added approximately 2000 cubic kilometers. The sum of anomalous inputs from these freshwater sources matched the amount and rate at which fresh water accumulated in the North Atlantic during much of the period from 1965 through 1995. The changes in freshwater inputs and ocean storage occurred in conjunction with the amplifying North Atlantic Oscillation and rising air temperatures. Fresh water may now be accumulating in the Arctic Ocean and will likely be exported southward if and when the North Atlantic Oscillation enters into a new high phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Peterson
- Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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Cooper LW, Benner R, McClelland JW, Peterson BJ, Holmes RM, Raymond PA, Hansell DA, Grebmeier JM, Codispoti LA. Linkages among runoff, dissolved organic carbon, and the stable oxygen isotope composition of seawater and other water mass indicators in the Arctic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jg000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee W. Cooper
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Ronald Benner
- Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Science Program; University of South Carolina; Columbia South Carolina USA
| | | | | | | | - Peter A. Raymond
- School of Forestry and Environmental Science; Yale University; New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Dennis A. Hansell
- Division of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry; Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami; Miami Florida USA
| | - Jacqueline M. Grebmeier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Louis A. Codispoti
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science; Cambridge Maryland USA
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Peterson BJ, Holmes RM, McClelland JW, Vörösmarty CJ, Lammers RB, Shiklomanov AI, Shiklomanov IA, Rahmstorf S. Increasing river discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Science 2002; 298:2171-3. [PMID: 12481132 DOI: 10.1126/science.1077445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1118] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of river-monitoring data reveals that the average annual discharge of fresh water from the six largest Eurasian rivers to the Arctic Ocean increased by 7% from 1936 to 1999. The average annual rate of increase was 2.0 +/- 0.7 cubic kilometers per year. Consequently, average annual discharge from the six rivers is now about 128 cubic kilometers per year greater than it was when routine measurements of discharge began. Discharge was correlated with changes in both the North Atlantic Oscillation and global mean surface air temperature. The observed large-scale change in freshwater flux has potentially important implications for ocean circulation and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Peterson
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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Marr GV, Morton JM, Holmes RM, McCoy DG. Angular distribution of photoelectrons from free molecules of N2 and CO as a function of photon energy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3700/12/1/013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Marr GV, Holmes RM. The angular distribution of photoelectrons from CH4as a function of photon energy from near threshold to 30 eV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3700/13/5/018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Marr GV, Holmes RM, Codling K. The angular distribution of photoelectrons from molecular hydrogen as a function of photon energy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3700/13/2/016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ganapati R, Revankar CR, Lockwood DN, Wilson RC, Price JE, Ashton P, Ashton LA, Holmes RM, Bennett C, Stanford JL. A pilot study of three potential vaccines for leprosy in Bombay. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1989; 57:33-7. [PMID: 2659699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Three vaccines, BCG Glaxo alone (vaccine A), BCG Glaxo plus 10(7) killed Mycobacterium vaccae (vaccine B), and BCG Glaxo plus 10(7) killed M. leprae (vaccine C), were given to groups of selected children. The effects of these vaccines on subsequent quadruple skin testing 1-3 years after vaccination were compared. All three vaccines equally and significantly (p less than 0.00001) increased positivity to tuberculin, but only vaccine B was found to significantly enhance development of skin-test positivity to leprosin A (p less than 0.002). The data support the evidence previously obtained in rural Iran that the combination of BCG with killed M. vaccae is likely to be a better vaccine for leprosy than is BCG alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ganapati
- Bombay Leprosy Project, Bombay, Maharashtra, India
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Holmes RM, Johnstone BM. Gross potentials recorded from the cochlea of the skinkTiliqua rugosa. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01350225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mackenzie JS, Edwards EC, Holmes RM, Hinshaw VS. Isolation of ortho- and paramyxoviruses from wild birds in Western Australia, and the characterization of novel influenza A viruses. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1984; 62 ( Pt 1):89-99. [PMID: 6430260 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1984.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As part of the World Health Organization's international programme on the ecology of influenza, cloacal swabs were collected from 3,736 birds belonging to 67 species over a 3-year period in Western Australia for the isolation of ortho- and paramyxoviruses. A total of 24 influenza A viruses were isolated from various species of ducks, shearwaters , noddies , terns and a coot , and were subtyped as H1N9 , H3N8 , H4N4 , H4N6 , H6N2 , H6N4 , H?N2, H?N6 and H? N9 . The H? haemagglutinins did not react in tests with reference antisera. Whether they represent a novel haemagglutinin subtype or atypical members of an established subtype remains to be determined, although preliminary results indicate that they may be atypical members of the H7 subtype. The H1N9 isolate is the first reported isolate of this particular antigenic combination. A total of 17 Newcastle disease viruses was isolated from ducks, noddies , terns and a black- fronted plover : preliminary results suggest that they are avirulent for domestic chickens. This study indicates that ortho- and paramyxoviruses are present in a variety of wild birds in Australia.
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Holmes RM, Fergusson B, Johnstone BM. Seasonal changes in hydration of the skink Tiliqua rugosa. An effect on the evoked potentials recorded from the round window of the cochlea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(84)90115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ablett RF, Sinnhuber RO, Holmes RM, Selivonchick DP. The effect of prolonged administration of bovine insulin in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1981; 43:211-7. [PMID: 7014356 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(81)90314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Ashman RB, Holmes RM, Keast D. The in vitro response to phytomitogens of marsupial leukocytes. Lab Anim Sci 1976; 26:777-80. [PMID: 979144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytes from two macropod marsupials, the quokka (Setonix brachyuras) and the tammar (Macropus eugenii) were separated from whole blood by dextran sedimentation and established in culture with either phytohemagglutinin-P, concanavalin A, or pokeweed mitogen. The leukocyte response to each mitogen, as measured by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA, was similar to that described in other experimental systems. These results suggest that the functional elements of the cellular immune response in marsupials may have evolved along very similar lines to those in the eutherian mammals.
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