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Maes SL, Dietrich J, Midolo G, Schwieger S, Kummu M, Vandvik V, Aerts R, Althuizen IHJ, Biasi C, Björk RG, Böhner H, Carbognani M, Chiari G, Christiansen CT, Clemmensen KE, Cooper EJ, Cornelissen JHC, Elberling B, Faubert P, Fetcher N, Forte TGW, Gaudard J, Gavazov K, Guan Z, Guðmundsson J, Gya R, Hallin S, Hansen BB, Haugum SV, He JS, Hicks Pries C, Hovenden MJ, Jalava M, Jónsdóttir IS, Juhanson J, Jung JY, Kaarlejärvi E, Kwon MJ, Lamprecht RE, Le Moullec M, Lee H, Marushchak ME, Michelsen A, Munir TM, Myrsky EM, Nielsen CS, Nyberg M, Olofsson J, Óskarsson H, Parker TC, Pedersen EP, Petit Bon M, Petraglia A, Raundrup K, Ravn NMR, Rinnan R, Rodenhizer H, Ryde I, Schmidt NM, Schuur EAG, Sjögersten S, Stark S, Strack M, Tang J, Tolvanen A, Töpper JP, Väisänen MK, van Logtestijn RSP, Voigt C, Walz J, Weedon JT, Yang Y, Ylänne H, Björkman MP, Sarneel JM, Dorrepaal E. Environmental drivers of increased ecosystem respiration in a warming tundra. Nature 2024; 629:105-113. [PMID: 38632407 PMCID: PMC11062900 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems are large reservoirs of organic carbon1,2. Climate warming may stimulate ecosystem respiration and release carbon into the atmosphere3,4. The magnitude and persistency of this stimulation and the environmental mechanisms that drive its variation remain uncertain5-7. This hampers the accuracy of global land carbon-climate feedback projections7,8. Here we synthesize 136 datasets from 56 open-top chamber in situ warming experiments located at 28 arctic and alpine tundra sites which have been running for less than 1 year up to 25 years. We show that a mean rise of 1.4 °C [confidence interval (CI) 0.9-2.0 °C] in air and 0.4 °C [CI 0.2-0.7 °C] in soil temperature results in an increase in growing season ecosystem respiration by 30% [CI 22-38%] (n = 136). Our findings indicate that the stimulation of ecosystem respiration was due to increases in both plant-related and microbial respiration (n = 9) and continued for at least 25 years (n = 136). The magnitude of the warming effects on respiration was driven by variation in warming-induced changes in local soil conditions, that is, changes in total nitrogen concentration and pH and by context-dependent spatial variation in these conditions, in particular total nitrogen concentration and the carbon:nitrogen ratio. Tundra sites with stronger nitrogen limitations and sites in which warming had stimulated plant and microbial nutrient turnover seemed particularly sensitive in their respiration response to warming. The results highlight the importance of local soil conditions and warming-induced changes therein for future climatic impacts on respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Maes
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Abisko, Sweden.
- Forest Ecology and Management Group (FORECOMAN), Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - J Dietrich
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Abisko, Sweden
| | - G Midolo
- Department of Spatial Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - S Schwieger
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Abisko, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Kummu
- Water and development research group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - V Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - R Aerts
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I H J Althuizen
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- NORCE Climate and Environment, Norwegian Research Centre AS, Bergen, Norway
| | - C Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R G Björk
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H Böhner
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - M Carbognani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - G Chiari
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - C T Christiansen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K E Clemmensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E J Cooper
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT-the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - J H C Cornelissen
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Elberling
- Center for Permafrost, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Faubert
- Carbone Boréal, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
| | - N Fetcher
- Institute for Environmental Science and Sustainability, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA
| | - T G W Forte
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - J Gaudard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - K Gavazov
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Abisko, Sweden
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Z Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems and College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - J Guðmundsson
- Agricultural University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - R Gya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - S Hallin
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B B Hansen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
- Gjærevoll Centre for Biodiversity Foresight Analyses & Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - S V Haugum
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- The Heathland Centre, Alver, Norway
| | - J-S He
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems and College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - C Hicks Pries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - M J Hovenden
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Australian Mountain Research Facility, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - M Jalava
- Water and development research group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - I S Jónsdóttir
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - J Juhanson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Y Jung
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - E Kaarlejärvi
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M J Kwon
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea
- Institute of Soil Science, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - R E Lamprecht
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Le Moullec
- Gjærevoll Centre for Biodiversity Foresight Analyses & Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - H Lee
- NORCE, Norwegian Research Centre AS, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - M E Marushchak
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - A Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T M Munir
- Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - E M Myrsky
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C S Nielsen
- Center for Permafrost, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- SEGES Innovation P/S, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Nyberg
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - J Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - H Óskarsson
- Agricultural University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - T C Parker
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK
| | - E P Pedersen
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Abisko, Sweden
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Petit Bon
- Department of Wildland Resources, Quinney College of Natural Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - A Petraglia
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - K Raundrup
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - N M R Ravn
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Rinnan
- Center for Volatile Interactions, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Rodenhizer
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - I Ryde
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N M Schmidt
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - E A G Schuur
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - S Sjögersten
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - S Stark
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - M Strack
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Tang
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - A Tolvanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J P Töpper
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - M K Väisänen
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - R S P van Logtestijn
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Voigt
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Soil Science, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Walz
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Abisko, Sweden
| | - J T Weedon
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - H Ylänne
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - M P Björkman
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J M Sarneel
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - E Dorrepaal
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Abisko, Sweden
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Taipale SJ, Vesamäki J, Kautonen P, Kukkonen JVK, Biasi C, Nissinen R, Tiirola M. Biodegradation of microplastic in freshwaters: A long-lasting process affected by the lake microbiome. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:2669-2680. [PMID: 36054230 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plastics have been produced for over a century, but definitive evidence of complete plastic biodegradation in different habitats, particularly freshwater ecosystems, is still missing. Using 13 C-labelled polyethylene microplastics (PE-MP) and stable isotope analysis of produced gas and microbial membrane lipids, we determined the biodegradation rate and fate of carbon in PE-MP in different freshwater types. The biodegradation rate in the humic-lake waters was much higher (0.45% ± 0.21% per year) than in the clear-lake waters (0.07% ± 0.06% per year) or the artificial freshwater medium (0.02% ± 0.02% per year). Complete biodegradation of PE-MP was calculated to last 100-200 years in humic-lake waters, 300-4000 years in clear-lake waters, and 2000-20,000 years in the artificial freshwater medium. The concentration of 18:1ω7, characteristic phospholipid fatty acid in Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria, was a predictor of faster biodegradation of PE. Uncultured Acetobacteraceae and Comamonadaceae among Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria, respectively, were major bacteria related to the biodegradation of PE-MP. Overall, it appears that microorganisms in humic lakes with naturally occurring refractory polymers are more adept at decomposing PE than those in other waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami J Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jussi Vesamäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Petra Kautonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jussi V K Kukkonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Christina Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Riitta Nissinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marja Tiirola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Linkosalmi M, Lohila A, Biasi C. Studying the priming effect by adding 13 C-labelled glucose to peat samples in two forestry-drained peatland soils with different nutrient status. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2023:e9540. [PMID: 37194121 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Land-use changes, such as forestry-drainage, modify the characteristics of peatland soil, which further affect the peatland carbon (C) balance. It has been suggested that peat soil nutrient status, which is mainly a result of the original peatland type, has further an impact on the processes affecting the C balance after drainage. The respiration and priming effect (PE) of peat soils collected from two forestry-drained boreal peatlands with different nutrient status were examined in this two-week laboratory experiment. Half of the samples were labelled with 13 C-glucose to study the effect of fresh C addition on the old soil C decomposition. The 13 CO2 -samples were analyzed with IRMS (Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer). A two-pool mixing model was applied to separate the soil- and sugar-derived respirations and determining the PE. The nutrient-rich peat soil respired generally more than the nutrient-poor peat. A negative PE was observed in both peat soils, suggesting that the addition of fresh C did not increase the SOM decomposition, but on contrary decreased it. The negative PE was significantly more pronounced in nutrient-poor peat soil than in the nutrient-rich peat treatments, thus higher nutrient availability seemed to suppress the negative PE. These results imply that the microbes prefer utilizing fresh C instead of old C in short-term and that the peat decomposition might be suppressed in presence of fresh C inputs from vegetation at forestry-drained peatlands. These effects are even stronger in peat soils with less nutrients available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiju Linkosalmi
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate System Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annalea Lohila
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate System Research, Helsinki, Finland
- INAR Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Finland
| | - Christina Biasi
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Biasi C, Jokinen S, Prommer J, Ambus P, Dörsch P, Yu L, Granger S, Boeckx P, Van Nieuland K, Brüggemann N, Wissel H, Voropaev A, Zilberman T, Jäntti H, Trubnikova T, Welti N, Voigt C, Gebus‐Czupyt B, Czupyt Z, Wanek W. Challenges in measuring nitrogen isotope signatures in inorganic nitrogen forms: An interlaboratory comparison of three common measurement approaches. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2022; 36:e9370. [PMID: 35906712 PMCID: PMC9541070 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stable isotope approaches are increasingly applied to better understand the cycling of inorganic nitrogen (Ni ) forms, key limiting nutrients in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. A systematic comparison of the accuracy and precision of the most commonly used methods to analyze δ15 N in NO3 - and NH4 + and interlaboratory comparison tests to evaluate the comparability of isotope results between laboratories are, however, still lacking. METHODS Here, we conducted an interlaboratory comparison involving 10 European laboratories to compare different methods and laboratory performance to measure δ15 N in NO3 - and NH4 + . The approaches tested were (a) microdiffusion (MD), (b) chemical conversion (CM), which transforms Ni to either N2 O (CM-N2 O) or N2 (CM-N2 ), and (c) the denitrifier (DN) methods. RESULTS The study showed that standards in their single forms were reasonably replicated by the different methods and laboratories, with laboratories applying CM-N2 O performing superior for both NO3 - and NH4 + , followed by DN. Laboratories using MD significantly underestimated the "true" values due to incomplete recovery and also those using CM-N2 showed issues with isotope fractionation. Most methods and laboratories underestimated the at%15 N of Ni of labeled standards in their single forms, but relative errors were within maximal 6% deviation from the real value and therefore acceptable. The results showed further that MD is strongly biased by nonspecificity. The results of the environmental samples were generally highly variable, with standard deviations (SD) of up to ± 8.4‰ for NO3 - and ± 32.9‰ for NH4 + ; SDs within laboratories were found to be considerably lower (on average 3.1‰). The variability could not be connected to any single factor but next to errors due to blank contamination, isotope normalization, and fractionation, and also matrix effects and analytical errors have to be considered. CONCLUSIONS The inconsistency among all methods and laboratories raises concern about reported δ15 N values particularly from environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Simo Jokinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Judith Prommer
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem ScienceUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Per Ambus
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| | - Peter Dörsch
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Longfei Yu
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
- Laboratory for Air Pollution & Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, EmpaDübendorfSwitzerland
| | | | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory‐ISOFYS, Department of Green Chemistry and TechnologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Katja Van Nieuland
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory‐ISOFYS, Department of Green Chemistry and TechnologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Nicolas Brüggemann
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHInstitute of Bio‐ and Geosciences—Agrosphere (IBG‐3)JülichGermany
| | - Holger Wissel
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHInstitute of Bio‐ and Geosciences—Agrosphere (IBG‐3)JülichGermany
| | | | | | - Helena Jäntti
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Tatiana Trubnikova
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Nina Welti
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Agriculture and Food CSIROUrrbraeSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Carolina Voigt
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Department of GeographyUniversité de MontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Beata Gebus‐Czupyt
- Stable Isotope LaboratoryInstitute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
| | - Zbigniew Czupyt
- Micro‐area Analysis LaboratoryPolish Geological Institute—National Research InstituteWarszawaPoland
| | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem ScienceUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
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5
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Ernakovich JG, Barbato RA, Rich VI, Schädel C, Hewitt RE, Doherty SJ, Whalen E, Abbott BW, Barta J, Biasi C, Chabot CL, Hultman J, Knoblauch C, Vetter M, Leewis M, Liebner S, Mackelprang R, Onstott TC, Richter A, Schütte U, Siljanen HMP, Taş N, Timling I, Vishnivetskaya TA, Waldrop MP, Winkel M. Microbiome assembly in thawing permafrost and its feedbacks to climate. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:5007-5026. [PMID: 35722720 PMCID: PMC9541943 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The physical and chemical changes that accompany permafrost thaw directly influence the microbial communities that mediate the decomposition of formerly frozen organic matter, leading to uncertainty in permafrost-climate feedbacks. Although changes to microbial metabolism and community structure are documented following thaw, the generality of post-thaw assembly patterns across permafrost soils of the world remains uncertain, limiting our ability to predict biogeochemistry and microbial community responses to climate change. Based on our review of the Arctic microbiome, permafrost microbiology, and community ecology, we propose that Assembly Theory provides a framework to better understand thaw-mediated microbiome changes and the implications for community function and climate feedbacks. This framework posits that the prevalence of deterministic or stochastic processes indicates whether the community is well-suited to thrive in changing environmental conditions. We predict that on a short timescale and following high-disturbance thaw (e.g., thermokarst), stochasticity dominates post-thaw microbiome assembly, suggesting that functional predictions will be aided by detailed information about the microbiome. At a longer timescale and lower-intensity disturbance (e.g., active layer deepening), deterministic processes likely dominate, making environmental parameters sufficient for predicting function. We propose that the contribution of stochastic and deterministic processes to post-thaw microbiome assembly depends on the characteristics of the thaw disturbance, as well as characteristics of the microbial community, such as the ecological and phylogenetic breadth of functional guilds, their functional redundancy, and biotic interactions. These propagate across space and time, potentially providing a means for predicting the microbial forcing of greenhouse gas feedbacks to global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G. Ernakovich
- Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
- Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
- EMergent Ecosystem Response to ChanGE (EMERGE) Biology Integration Institute
| | - Robyn A. Barbato
- U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering LaboratoryHanoverNew HampshireUSA
| | - Virginia I. Rich
- EMergent Ecosystem Response to ChanGE (EMERGE) Biology Integration Institute
- Microbiology DepartmentOhio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Byrd Polar and Climate Research CenterOhio State UniversityColombusOhioUSA
- Center of Microbiome ScienceOhio State UniversityColombusOhioUSA
| | - Christina Schädel
- Center for Ecosystem Science and SocietyNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffArizonaUSA
| | - Rebecca E. Hewitt
- Center for Ecosystem Science and SocietyNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffArizonaUSA
- Department of Environmental StudiesAmherst CollegeAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - Stacey J. Doherty
- Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
- U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering LaboratoryHanoverNew HampshireUSA
| | - Emily D. Whalen
- Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
| | - Benjamin W. Abbott
- Department of Plant and Wildlife SciencesBrigham Young UniversityProvoUtahUSA
| | - Jiri Barta
- Centre for Polar EcologyUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Christina Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Chris L. Chabot
- California State University NorthridgeNorthridgeCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Christian Knoblauch
- Institute of Soil ScienceUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
- Center for Earth System Research and SustainabilityUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Maggie C. Y. Lau Vetter
- Department of GeosciencesPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
- Laboratory of Extraterrestrial Ocean Systems (LEOS)Institute of Deep‐sea Science and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesSanyaChina
| | - Mary‐Cathrine Leewis
- U.S. Geological Survey, GeologyMinerals, Energy and Geophysics Science CenterMenlo ParkCaliforniaUSA
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaQuebec Research and Development CentreQuebecQuebecCanada
| | - Susanne Liebner
- GFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesSection GeomicrobiologyPotsdamGermany
| | | | | | - Andreas Richter
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems ScienceUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Austrian Polar Research InstituteViennaAustria
| | | | - Henri M. P. Siljanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Neslihan Taş
- Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Tatiana A. Vishnivetskaya
- University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil SciencePushchinoRussia
| | - Mark P. Waldrop
- U.S. Geological Survey, GeologyMinerals, Energy and Geophysics Science CenterMenlo ParkCaliforniaUSA
| | - Matthias Winkel
- GFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesInterface GeochemistryPotsdamGermany
- BfR Federal Institute for Risk AssessmentBerlinGermany
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6
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Mohn J, Biasi C, Bodé S, Boeckx P, Brewer PJ, Eggleston S, Geilmann H, Guillevic M, Kaiser J, Kantnerová K, Moossen H, Müller J, Nakagawa M, Pearce R, von Rein I, Steger D, Toyoda S, Wanek W, Wexler SK, Yoshida N, Yu L. Isotopically characterised N 2 O reference materials for use as community standards. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2022; 36:e9296. [PMID: 35289456 PMCID: PMC9286586 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Information on the isotopic composition of nitrous oxide (N2 O) at natural abundance supports the identification of its source and sink processes. In recent years, a number of mass spectrometric and laser spectroscopic techniques have been developed and are increasingly used by the research community. Advances in this active research area, however, critically depend on the availability of suitable N2 O isotope Reference Materials (RMs). METHODS Within the project Metrology for Stable Isotope Reference Standards (SIRS), seven pure N2 O isotope RMs have been developed and their 15 N/14 N, 18 O/16 O, 17 O/16 O ratios and 15 N site preference (SP) have been analysed by specialised laboratories against isotope reference materials. A particular focus was on the 15 N site-specific isotopic composition, as this measurand is both highly diagnostic for source appointment and challenging to analyse and link to existing scales. RESULTS The established N2 O isotope RMs offer a wide spread in delta (δ) values: δ15 N: 0 to +104‰, δ18 O: +39 to +155‰, and δ15 NSP : -4 to +20‰. Conversion and uncertainty propagation of δ15 N and δ18 O to the Air-N2 and VSMOW scales, respectively, provides robust estimates for δ15 N(N2 O) and δ18 O(N2 O), with overall uncertainties of about 0.05‰ and 0.15‰, respectively. For δ15 NSP , an offset of >1.5‰ compared with earlier calibration approaches was detected, which should be revisited in the future. CONCLUSIONS A set of seven N2 O isotope RMs anchored to the international isotope-ratio scales was developed that will promote the implementation of the recommended two-point calibration approach. Particularly, the availability of δ17 O data for N2 O RMs is expected to improve data quality/correction algorithms with respect to δ15 NSP and δ15 N analysis by mass spectrometry. We anticipate that the N2 O isotope RMs will enhance compatibility between laboratories and accelerate research progress in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Mohn
- Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental TechnologyEmpaDübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Christina Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Samuel Bodé
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory – ISOFYS, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory – ISOFYS, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | | | - Sarah Eggleston
- Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental TechnologyEmpaDübendorfSwitzerland
- PAGES International Project OfficeBernSwitzerland
| | - Heike Geilmann
- Beutenberg CampusMax‐Planck‐Institute for BiogeochemistryJenaGermany
| | - Myriam Guillevic
- Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental TechnologyEmpaDübendorfSwitzerland
- Air Pollution Control and Chemicals DivisionFederal Office for the EnvironmentBernSwitzerland
| | - Jan Kaiser
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Kristýna Kantnerová
- Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental TechnologyEmpaDübendorfSwitzerland
- Thermo Fisher ScientificBremenGermany
| | - Heiko Moossen
- Beutenberg CampusMax‐Planck‐Institute for BiogeochemistryJenaGermany
| | - Joanna Müller
- Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental TechnologyEmpaDübendorfSwitzerland
- Plant Protection ChemistryAgroscopeWädenswilSwitzerland
| | - Mayuko Nakagawa
- Earth‐Life Science InstituteTokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | | | - Isabell von Rein
- Beutenberg CampusMax‐Planck‐Institute for BiogeochemistryJenaGermany
| | - David Steger
- Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental TechnologyEmpaDübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Sakae Toyoda
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical TechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems ScienceUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Sarah K. Wexler
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- Earth‐Life Science InstituteTokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyoJapan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical TechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Longfei Yu
- Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental TechnologyEmpaDübendorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS)Tsinghua UniversityShenzhenChina
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7
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Meyer N, Xu Y, Karjalainen K, Adamczyk S, Biasi C, van Delden L, Martin A, Mganga K, Myller K, Sietiö OM, Suominen O, Karhu K. Living, dead, and absent trees-How do moth outbreaks shape small-scale patterns of soil organic matter stocks and dynamics at the Subarctic mountain birch treeline? Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:441-462. [PMID: 34672044 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mountain birch forests (Betula pubescens Ehrh. ssp. czerepanovii) at the subarctic treeline not only benefit from global warming, but are also increasingly affected by caterpillar outbreaks from foliage-feeding geometrid moths. Both of these factors have unknown consequences on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and biogeochemical cycles. We measured SOC stocks down to the bedrock under living trees and under two stages of dead trees (12 and 55 years since moth outbreak) and treeless tundra in northern Finland. We also measured in-situ soil respiration, potential SOC decomposability, biological (enzyme activities and microbial biomass), and chemical (N, mineral N, and pH) soil properties. SOC stocks were significantly higher under living trees (4.1 ± 2.1 kg m²) than in the treeless tundra (2.4 ± 0.6 kg m²), and remained at an elevated level even 12 (3.7 ± 1.7 kg m²) and 55 years (4.9 ± 3.0 kg m²) after tree death. Effects of tree status on SOC stocks decreased with increasing distance from the tree and with increasing depth, that is, a significant effect of tree status was found in the organic layer, but not in mineral soil. Soil under living trees was characterized by higher mineral N contents, microbial biomass, microbial activity, and soil respiration compared with the treeless tundra; soils under dead trees were intermediate between these two. The results suggest accelerated organic matter turnover under living trees but a positive net effect on SOC stocks. Slowed organic matter turnover and continuous supply of deadwood may explain why SOC stocks remained elevated under dead trees, despite the heavy decrease in aboveground C stocks. We conclude that the increased occurrence of moth damage with climate change would have minor effects on SOC stocks, but ultimately decrease ecosystem C stocks (49% within 55 years in this area), if the mountain birch forests will not be able to recover from the outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Meyer
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Soil Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Karjalainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sylwia Adamczyk
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christina Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lona van Delden
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Angela Martin
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kevin Mganga
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, South Eastern Kenya University, Kitui, Kenya
| | - Kristiina Myller
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Outi-Maaria Sietiö
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otso Suominen
- Biodiversity Unit, Kevo Subarctic Research Institute, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kristiina Karhu
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (Hilife), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Marushchak ME, Kerttula J, Diáková K, Faguet A, Gil J, Grosse G, Knoblauch C, Lashchinskiy N, Martikainen PJ, Morgenstern A, Nykamb M, Ronkainen JG, Siljanen HMP, van Delden L, Voigt C, Zimov N, Zimov S, Biasi C. Thawing Yedoma permafrost is a neglected nitrous oxide source. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7107. [PMID: 34876586 PMCID: PMC8651752 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the well-recognized permafrost carbon (C) feedback to climate change, the fate of permafrost nitrogen (N) after thaw is poorly understood. According to mounting evidence, part of the N liberated from permafrost may be released to the atmosphere as the strong greenhouse gas (GHG) nitrous oxide (N2O). Here, we report post-thaw N2O release from late Pleistocene permafrost deposits called Yedoma, which store a substantial part of permafrost C and N and are highly vulnerable to thaw. While freshly thawed, unvegetated Yedoma in disturbed areas emit little N2O, emissions increase within few years after stabilization, drying and revegetation with grasses to high rates (548 (133–6286) μg N m−2 day−1; median with (range)), exceeding by 1–2 orders of magnitude the typical rates from permafrost-affected soils. Using targeted metagenomics of key N cycling genes, we link the increase in in situ N2O emissions with structural changes of the microbial community responsible for N cycling. Our results highlight the importance of extra N availability from thawing Yedoma permafrost, causing a positive climate feedback from the Arctic in the form of N2O emissions. During permafrost thaw, nitrogen can be released as the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide, but the magnitude of this flux is unknown. Nitrous oxide emissions from ice-rich permafrost deposits are reported here, showing that emissions increase after thawing and stabilization and could represent an unappreciated positive climate feedback in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Marushchak
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - J Kerttula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - K Diáková
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Soil Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - A Faguet
- Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - J Gil
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Integrative Biology, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - G Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - C Knoblauch
- Institute of Soil Science, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - N Lashchinskiy
- Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - P J Martikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - A Morgenstern
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - M Nykamb
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J G Ronkainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - H M P Siljanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - L van Delden
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - C Voigt
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Geography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - N Zimov
- North-East Scientific Station, Pacific Institute for Geography, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Cherskii, Russia
| | - S Zimov
- North-East Scientific Station, Pacific Institute for Geography, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Cherskii, Russia
| | - C Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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9
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Yang G, Peng Y, Abbott BW, Biasi C, Wei B, Zhang D, Wang J, Yu J, Li F, Wang G, Kou D, Liu F, Yang Y. Phosphorus rather than nitrogen regulates ecosystem carbon dynamics after permafrost thaw. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:5818-5830. [PMID: 34390614 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics after permafrost thaw depends on more than just climate change since soil nutrient status may also impact ecosystem C balance. It has been advocated that nitrogen (N) release upon permafrost thaw could promote plant growth and thus offset soil C loss. However, compared with the widely accepted C-N interactions, little is known about the potential role of soil phosphorus (P) availability. We combined 3-year field observations along a thaw sequence (constituted by four thaw stages, i.e., non-collapse and 5, 14, and 22 years since collapse) with an in-situ fertilization experiment (included N and P additions at the level of 10 g N m-2 year-1 and 10 g P m-2 year-1 ) to evaluate ecosystem C-nutrient interactions upon permafrost thaw. We found that changes in soil P availability rather than N availability played an important role in regulating gross primary productivity and net ecosystem productivity along the thaw sequence. The fertilization experiment confirmed that P addition had stronger effects on plant growth than N addition in this permafrost ecosystem. These two lines of evidence highlight the crucial role of soil P availability in altering the trajectory of permafrost C cycle under climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guibiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Benjamin W Abbott
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Christina Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Bin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dianye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianchun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Futing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Virkkala AM, Aalto J, Rogers BM, Tagesson T, Treat CC, Natali SM, Watts JD, Potter S, Lehtonen A, Mauritz M, Schuur EAG, Kochendorfer J, Zona D, Oechel W, Kobayashi H, Humphreys E, Goeckede M, Iwata H, Lafleur PM, Euskirchen ES, Bokhorst S, Marushchak M, Martikainen PJ, Elberling B, Voigt C, Biasi C, Sonnentag O, Parmentier FJW, Ueyama M, Celis G, St Louis VL, Emmerton CA, Peichl M, Chi J, Järveoja J, Nilsson MB, Oberbauer SF, Torn MS, Park SJ, Dolman H, Mammarella I, Chae N, Poyatos R, López-Blanco E, Christensen TR, Kwon MJ, Sachs T, Holl D, Luoto M. Statistical upscaling of ecosystem CO 2 fluxes across the terrestrial tundra and boreal domain: Regional patterns and uncertainties. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:4040-4059. [PMID: 33913236 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The regional variability in tundra and boreal carbon dioxide (CO2 ) fluxes can be high, complicating efforts to quantify sink-source patterns across the entire region. Statistical models are increasingly used to predict (i.e., upscale) CO2 fluxes across large spatial domains, but the reliability of different modeling techniques, each with different specifications and assumptions, has not been assessed in detail. Here, we compile eddy covariance and chamber measurements of annual and growing season CO2 fluxes of gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) during 1990-2015 from 148 terrestrial high-latitude (i.e., tundra and boreal) sites to analyze the spatial patterns and drivers of CO2 fluxes and test the accuracy and uncertainty of different statistical models. CO2 fluxes were upscaled at relatively high spatial resolution (1 km2 ) across the high-latitude region using five commonly used statistical models and their ensemble, that is, the median of all five models, using climatic, vegetation, and soil predictors. We found the performance of machine learning and ensemble predictions to outperform traditional regression methods. We also found the predictive performance of NEE-focused models to be low, relative to models predicting GPP and ER. Our data compilation and ensemble predictions showed that CO2 sink strength was larger in the boreal biome (observed and predicted average annual NEE -46 and -29 g C m-2 yr-1 , respectively) compared to tundra (average annual NEE +10 and -2 g C m-2 yr-1 ). This pattern was associated with large spatial variability, reflecting local heterogeneity in soil organic carbon stocks, climate, and vegetation productivity. The terrestrial ecosystem CO2 budget, estimated using the annual NEE ensemble prediction, suggests the high-latitude region was on average an annual CO2 sink during 1990-2015, although uncertainty remains high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Virkkala
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA
| | - Juha Aalto
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Weather and Climate Change Impact Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Torbern Tagesson
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claire C Treat
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Edward A G Schuur
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - John Kochendorfer
- Atmosperic Turbulence and Diffusion Division of NOAA's Air Resources Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Donatella Zona
- San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Walter Oechel
- San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Hideki Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokoama, Japan
| | | | - Mathias Goeckede
- Dept. Biogeochemical Signals, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Hiroki Iwata
- Department of Environmental Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Peter M Lafleur
- School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | | | - Stef Bokhorst
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maija Marushchak
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pertti J Martikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Bo Elberling
- Center for Permafrost, Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carolina Voigt
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Département de géographie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christina Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Oliver Sonnentag
- Département de géographie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Frans-Jan W Parmentier
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Masahito Ueyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Gerardo Celis
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vincent L St Louis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Craig A Emmerton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jinshu Chi
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Järvi Järveoja
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats B Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Steven F Oberbauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Sang-Jong Park
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Dolman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Namyi Chae
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rafael Poyatos
- CREAF, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Efrén López-Blanco
- Department of Environment and Minerals, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Min Jung Kwon
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Torsten Sachs
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David Holl
- Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miska Luoto
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Majlesi S, Juutilainen J, Trubnikova T, Biasi C. Content of soil-derived carbon in soil biota and fauna living near soil surface: Implications for radioactive waste. J Environ Radioact 2020; 225:106450. [PMID: 33096276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
14C is known as one of the radionuclides that have potential to be released into the biosphere from radioactive waste repositories and taken up by organisms. In this study, we used a novel approach to investigate the proportion of soil organic carbon (SOC) in invertebrates and microbial biomass. The study was conducted on a peatland site after the end of peat extraction. There was a large difference in the isotopic abundance of 14C between the 8000-year-old peat and air. We used a two-pool isotope mixing model to reveal the fraction of soil-derived C in the organisms and in dissolved organic carbon in soil water. The contribution of soil-derived C was found to be highest in microbial biomass (61%) and earthworms (22%). Some contribution of soil-derived C was detected in fungus gnats (2%), but not in other insects or in spiders. These findings are important for developing evidence-based radioecological models based on correct understanding of the relative contributions of atmospheric C vs. SOC in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Majlesi
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jukka Juutilainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tatiana Trubnikova
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Christina Biasi
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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12
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Saunier A, Mpamah P, Biasi C, Blande JD. Microorganisms in the phylloplane modulate the BVOC emissions of Brassica nigra leaves. Plant Signal Behav 2020; 15:1728468. [PMID: 32056488 PMCID: PMC7194374 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1728468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous factors can affect the Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) emitted by plants. One of these factors is the microbial communities living on leaf surfaces (phylloplane). Bacteria and fungi can use compounds produced and emitted by plants for their own metabolism. Thus, microorganism communities can modulate BVOC emissions and affect interactions between plants and other organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of microbial communities on BVOC emissions of Brassica nigra leaves. Therefore, we removed bacteria and/or fungi by using bactericide/fungicide treatments in a factorial design experiment with Brassica nigra grown in pots. BVOC emissions were sampled before and after the treatment application. Our results showed that four new compounds (cyclohexanone, cyclohexyl cyanide and two unknown compounds) were emitted after the removal of fungi, whereas no effect was detected in response to the bactericide treatment. This suggests that fungi inhibit or reduce the production of the above mentioned BVOCs from Brassica nigra leaves or use those compounds for their own metabolism. The origin and the roles of the novel compounds emitted requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Saunier
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Promise Mpamah
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Christina Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - James D. Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Laschinskiy N, Faguet A, Biasi C. Primary plant succession on freshly degraded yedoma (ice complex) in Lena delta (Eastern Siberia). BIO Web Conf 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20202400047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary plant succession was studied on freshly eroded yedoma in the southern part of Lena River Delta. Four stages of vegetation development were clearly distinguished. The first stage starts on bare ground and lasts from two-three months to one year. Its vegetation is represented only by fragmented cover of young mosses and a few seedlings of vascular plants. The most abundant moss species at this moment is Ceratodon purpureus. The second stage lasts from one to three years depending on slope steepness. Plants cover 20 to 60% of the soil surface. Main dominants are Descurainia sophioides and Tephroseris palustris. The third stage of succession presented by closed species-poor grasslands with Arctagrostis arundinacea as main dominant. This stage lasts for up to 20 years. The fourth stage is represented by species-rich herbaceous communities, which also have Arctagrostis arundinacea as main dominant but enriched with many perennial herbs. There is not enough data to determine the duration of this stage but it is at least few tens of years. This successional system requires a long time for its development. It means that IC degradation is not a recent process but accompanied yedoma deposits through all of its history.
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14
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Rissanen AJ, Peura S, Mpamah PA, Taipale S, Tiirola M, Biasi C, Mäki A, Nykänen H. Vertical stratification of bacteria and archaea in sediments of a small boreal humic lake. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5365400. [PMID: 30806656 PMCID: PMC6476745 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although sediments of small boreal humic lakes are important carbon stores and greenhouse gas sources, the composition and structuring mechanisms of their microbial communities have remained understudied. We analyzed the vertical profiles of microbial biomass indicators (PLFAs, DNA and RNA) and the bacterial and archaeal community composition (sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and qPCR of mcrA) in sediment cores collected from a typical small boreal lake. While microbial biomass decreased with sediment depth, viable microbes (RNA and PLFA) were present all through the profiles. The vertical stratification patterns of the bacterial and archaeal communities resembled those in marine sediments with well-characterized groups (e.g. Methanomicrobia, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes) dominating in the surface sediment and being replaced by poorly-known groups (e.g. Bathyarchaeota, Aminicenantes and Caldiserica) in the deeper layers. The results also suggested that, similar to marine systems, the deep bacterial and archaeal communities were predominantly assembled by selective survival of taxa able to persist in the low energy conditions. Methanotrophs were rare, further corroborating the role of these methanogen-rich sediments as important methane emitters. Based on their taxonomy, the deep-dwelling groups were putatively organo-heterotrophic, organo-autotrophic and/or acetogenic and thus may contribute to changes in the lake sediment carbon storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti J Rissanen
- Tampere University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Korkeakoulunkatu 10, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland.,University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, PO Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sari Peura
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, PO Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Promise A Mpamah
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, PO Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami Taipale
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, PO Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marja Tiirola
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, PO Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Christina Biasi
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, PO Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anita Mäki
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, PO Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hannu Nykänen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, PO Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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15
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Adamczyk B, Sietiö OM, Biasi C, Heinonsalo J. Interaction between tannins and fungal necromass stabilizes fungal residues in boreal forest soils. New Phytol 2019; 223:16-21. [PMID: 30721536 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Adamczyk
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), PO Box 2, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi-Maaria Sietiö
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 33, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christina Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 33, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate System Research, PO Box 503, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Voigt C, Marushchak ME, Mastepanov M, Lamprecht RE, Christensen TR, Dorodnikov M, Jackowicz-Korczyński M, Lindgren A, Lohila A, Nykänen H, Oinonen M, Oksanen T, Palonen V, Treat CC, Martikainen PJ, Biasi C. Ecosystem carbon response of an Arctic peatland to simulated permafrost thaw. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:1746-1764. [PMID: 30681758 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Permafrost peatlands are biogeochemical hot spots in the Arctic as they store vast amounts of carbon. Permafrost thaw could release part of these long-term immobile carbon stocks as the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and methane (CH4 ) to the atmosphere, but how much, at which time-span and as which gaseous carbon species is still highly uncertain. Here we assess the effect of permafrost thaw on GHG dynamics under different moisture and vegetation scenarios in a permafrost peatland. A novel experimental approach using intact plant-soil systems (mesocosms) allowed us to simulate permafrost thaw under near-natural conditions. We monitored GHG flux dynamics via high-resolution flow-through gas measurements, combined with detailed monitoring of soil GHG concentration dynamics, yielding insights into GHG production and consumption potential of individual soil layers. Thawing the upper 10-15 cm of permafrost under dry conditions increased CO2 emissions to the atmosphere (without vegetation: 0.74 ± 0.49 vs. 0.84 ± 0.60 g CO2 -C m-2 day-1 ; with vegetation: 1.20 ± 0.50 vs. 1.32 ± 0.60 g CO2 -C m-2 day-1 , mean ± SD, pre- and post-thaw, respectively). Radiocarbon dating (14 C) of respired CO2 , supported by an independent curve-fitting approach, showed a clear contribution (9%-27%) of old carbon to this enhanced post-thaw CO2 flux. Elevated concentrations of CO2 , CH4 , and dissolved organic carbon at depth indicated not just pulse emissions during the thawing process, but sustained decomposition and GHG production from thawed permafrost. Oxidation of CH4 in the peat column, however, prevented CH4 release to the atmosphere. Importantly, we show here that, under dry conditions, peatlands strengthen the permafrost-carbon feedback by adding to the atmospheric CO2 burden post-thaw. However, as long as the water table remains low, our results reveal a strong CH4 sink capacity in these types of Arctic ecosystems pre- and post-thaw, with the potential to compensate part of the permafrost CO2 losses over longer timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Voigt
- Department of Geography, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maija E Marushchak
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mikhail Mastepanov
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Richard E Lamprecht
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Torben R Christensen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maxim Dorodnikov
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcin Jackowicz-Korczyński
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amelie Lindgren
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Hannu Nykänen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Oinonen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vesa Palonen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claire C Treat
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pertti J Martikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Christina Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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17
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Majlesi S, Juutilainen J, Kasurinen A, Mpamah P, Trubnikova T, Oinonen M, Martikainen P, Biasi C. Uptake of Soil-Derived Carbon into Plants: Implications for Disposal of Nuclear Waste. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:4198-4205. [PMID: 30916547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Radiocarbon (14C) is potentially significant in terms of release from deep geological disposal of radioactive waste and incorporation into the biosphere. In this study we investigated the transfer of soil-derived C into two plant species by using a novel approach, where the uptake of soil-derived C into newly cultivated plants was studied on 8000-year leftover peat in order to distinguish between soil-derived and atmospheric C. Two-pool isotope mixing model was used to reveal the fraction of soil C in plants. Our results indicated that although the majority of plant C was obtained from atmosphere by photosynthesis, a significant portion (up to 3-5%) of C in plant roots was derived from old soil. We found that uptake of soil C into roots was more pronounced in ectomycorrhizal Scots pine than in endomycorrhizal reed canary grass, but nonetheless, both species showed soil-derived C uptake in their roots. Although plenty of soil-derived C was available in canopy air for reassimilation by photosynthesis, no trace of soil-derived C was detected in aboveground parts, possibly due to the open canopy. The results suggest that the potential for contamination with 14C is higher for roots than for leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Majlesi
- University of Eastern Finland , Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Jukka Juutilainen
- University of Eastern Finland , Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Anne Kasurinen
- University of Eastern Finland , Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Promise Mpamah
- University of Eastern Finland , Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Tatiana Trubnikova
- University of Eastern Finland , Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Markku Oinonen
- Laboratory of Chronology , Finnish Museum of Natural History , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Pertti Martikainen
- University of Eastern Finland , Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Christina Biasi
- University of Eastern Finland , Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
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18
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Treat CC, Marushchak ME, Voigt C, Zhang Y, Tan Z, Zhuang Q, Virtanen TA, Räsänen A, Biasi C, Hugelius G, Kaverin D, Miller PA, Stendel M, Romanovsky V, Rivkin F, Martikainen PJ, Shurpali NJ. Tundra landscape heterogeneity, not interannual variability, controls the decadal regional carbon balance in the Western Russian Arctic. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:5188-5204. [PMID: 30101501 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Across the Arctic, the net ecosystem carbon (C) balance of tundra ecosystems is highly uncertain due to substantial temporal variability of C fluxes and to landscape heterogeneity. We modeled both carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and methane (CH4 ) fluxes for the dominant land cover types in a ~100-km2 sub-Arctic tundra region in northeast European Russia for the period of 2006-2015 using process-based biogeochemical models. Modeled net annual CO2 fluxes ranged from -300 g C m-2 year-1 [net uptake] in a willow fen to 3 g C m-2 year-1 [net source] in dry lichen tundra. Modeled annual CH4 emissions ranged from -0.2 to 22.3 g C m-2 year-1 at a peat plateau site and a willow fen site, respectively. Interannual variability over the decade was relatively small (20%-25%) in comparison with variability among the land cover types (150%). Using high-resolution land cover classification, the region was a net sink of atmospheric CO2 across most land cover types but a net source of CH4 to the atmosphere due to high emissions from permafrost-free fens. Using a lower resolution for land cover classification resulted in a 20%-65% underestimation of regional CH4 flux relative to high-resolution classification and smaller (10%) overestimation of regional CO2 uptake due to the underestimation of wetland area by 60%. The relative fraction of uplands versus wetlands was key to determining the net regional C balance at this and other Arctic tundra sites because wetlands were hot spots for C cycling in Arctic tundra ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Treat
- Biogeochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maija E Marushchak
- Biogeochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carolina Voigt
- Biogeochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yu Zhang
- Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Zeli Tan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Qianlai Zhuang
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Tarmo A Virtanen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aleksi Räsänen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Geography, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christina Biasi
- Biogeochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gustaf Hugelius
- Department of Physical Geography, Bolin Centre of Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Paul A Miller
- Department of Earth and Ecosystem Science, Geobiosphere Centre, Geocentrum II, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Stendel
- Department for Arctic and Climate, Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Romanovsky
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska
- Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen Science Centre, SB RAS, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Felix Rivkin
- Department of Geocryological Mapping, GIS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pertti J Martikainen
- Biogeochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Narasinha J Shurpali
- Biogeochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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19
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Čapek P, Manzoni S, Kaštovská E, Wild B, Diáková K, Bárta J, Schnecker J, Biasi C, Martikainen PJ, Alves RJE, Guggenberger G, Gentsch N, Hugelius G, Palmtag J, Mikutta R, Shibistova O, Urich T, Schleper C, Richter A, Šantrůčková H. A plant–microbe interaction framework explaining nutrient effects on primary production. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1588-1596. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Voigt C, Lamprecht RE, Marushchak ME, Lind SE, Novakovskiy A, Aurela M, Martikainen PJ, Biasi C. Warming of subarctic tundra increases emissions of all three important greenhouse gases - carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:3121-3138. [PMID: 27862698 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly rising temperatures in the Arctic might cause a greater release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere. To study the effect of warming on GHG dynamics, we deployed open-top chambers in a subarctic tundra site in Northeast European Russia. We determined carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), and nitrous oxide (N2 O) fluxes as well as the concentration of those gases, inorganic nitrogen (N) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) along the soil profile. Studied tundra surfaces ranged from mineral to organic soils and from vegetated to unvegetated areas. As a result of air warming, the seasonal GHG budget of the vegetated tundra surfaces shifted from a GHG sink of -300 to -198 g CO2 -eq m-2 to a source of 105 to 144 g CO2 -eq m-2 . At bare peat surfaces, we observed increased release of all three GHGs. While the positive warming response was dominated by CO2 , we provide here the first in situ evidence of increasing N2 O emissions from tundra soils with warming. Warming promoted N2 O release not only from bare peat, previously identified as a strong N2 O source, but also from the abundant, vegetated peat surfaces that do not emit N2 O under present climate. At these surfaces, elevated temperatures had an adverse effect on plant growth, resulting in lower plant N uptake and, consequently, better N availability for soil microbes. Although the warming was limited to the soil surface and did not alter thaw depth, it increased concentrations of DOC, CO2, and CH4 in the soil down to the permafrost table. This can be attributed to downward DOC leaching, fueling microbial activity at depth. Taken together, our results emphasize the tight linkages between plant and soil processes, and different soil layers, which need to be taken into account when predicting the climate change feedback of the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Voigt
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Richard E Lamprecht
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maija E Marushchak
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Saara E Lind
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Mika Aurela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pertti J Martikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Christina Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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21
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Aaltonen H, Lindén A, Heinonsalo J, Biasi C, Pumpanen J. Effects of prolonged drought stress on Scots pine seedling carbon allocation. Tree Physiol 2017; 37:418-427. [PMID: 27974653 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As the number of drought occurrences has been predicted to increase with increasing temperatures, it is believed that boreal forests will become particularly vulnerable to decreased growth and increased tree mortality caused by the hydraulic failure, carbon starvation and vulnerability to pests following these. Although drought-affected trees are known to have stunted growth, as well as increased allocation of carbon to roots, still not enough is known about the ways in which trees can acclimate to drought. We studied how drought stress affects belowground and aboveground carbon dynamics, as well as nitrogen uptake, in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings exposed to prolonged drought. Overall 40 Scots pine seedlings were divided into control and drought treatments over two growing seasons. Seedlings were pulse-labelled with 13CO2 and litter bags containing 15N-labelled root biomass, and these were used to follow nutrient uptake of trees. We determined photosynthesis, biomass distribution, root and rhizosphere respiration, water potential, leaf osmolalities and carbon and nitrogen assimilation patterns in both treatments. The photosynthetic rate of the drought-induced seedlings did not decrease compared to the control group, the maximum leaf specific photosynthetic rate being 0.058 and 0.045 µmol g-1 s-1 for the drought and control treatments, respectively. The effects of drought were, however, observed as lower water potentials, increased osmolalities as well as decreased growth and greater fine root-to-shoot ratio in the drought-treated seedlings. We also observed improved uptake of labelled nitrogen from soil to needles in the drought-treated seedlings. The results indicate acclimation of seedlings to long-term drought by aiming to retain sufficient water uptake with adequate allocation to roots and root-associated mycorrhizal fungi. The plants seem to control water potential with osmolysis, for which sufficient photosynthetic capability is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Aaltonen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki Lindén
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christina Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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22
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Diáková K, Čapek P, Kohoutová I, Mpamah PA, Bárta J, Biasi C, Martikainen PJ, Šantrůčková H. Heterogeneity of carbon loss and its temperature sensitivity in East-European subarctic tundra soils. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw140. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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23
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Taipale SJ, Peltomaa E, Hiltunen M, Jones RI, Hahn MW, Biasi C, Brett MT. Inferring Phytoplankton, Terrestrial Plant and Bacteria Bulk δ¹³C Values from Compound Specific Analyses of Lipids and Fatty Acids. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26208114 PMCID: PMC4514774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable isotope mixing models in aquatic ecology require δ13C values for food web end members such as phytoplankton and bacteria, however it is rarely possible to measure these directly. Hence there is a critical need for improved methods for estimating the δ13C ratios of phytoplankton, bacteria and terrestrial detritus from within mixed seston. We determined the δ13C values of lipids, phospholipids and biomarker fatty acids and used these to calculate isotopic differences compared to the whole-cell δ13C values for eight phytoplankton classes, five bacterial taxa, and three types of terrestrial organic matter (two trees and one grass). The lipid content was higher amongst the phytoplankton (9.5±4.0%) than bacteria (7.3±0.8%) or terrestrial matter (3.9±1.7%). Our measurements revealed that the δ13C values of lipids followed phylogenetic classification among phytoplankton (78.2% of variance was explained by class), bacteria and terrestrial matter, and there was a strong correlation between the δ13C values of total lipids, phospholipids and individual fatty acids. Amongst the phytoplankton, the isotopic difference between biomarker fatty acids and bulk biomass averaged -10.7±1.1‰ for Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae, and -6.1±1.7‰ for Cryptophyceae, Chrysophyceae and Diatomophyceae. For heterotrophic bacteria and for type I and type II methane-oxidizing bacteria our results showed a -1.3±1.3‰, -8.0±4.4‰, and -3.4±1.4‰ δ13C difference, respectively, between biomarker fatty acids and bulk biomass. For terrestrial matter the isotopic difference averaged -6.6±1.2‰. Based on these results, the δ13C values of total lipids and biomarker fatty acids can be used to determine the δ13C values of bulk phytoplankton, bacteria or terrestrial matter with ± 1.4‰ uncertainty (i.e., the pooled SD of the isotopic difference for all samples). We conclude that when compound-specific stable isotope analyses become more widely available, the determination of δ13C values for selected biomarker fatty acids coupled with established isotopic differences, offers a promising way to determine taxa-specific bulk δ13C values for the phytoplankton, bacteria, and terrestrial detritus embedded within mixed seston.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami J. Taipale
- Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Lammi, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Elina Peltomaa
- Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Lammi, Finland
| | - Minna Hiltunen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Roger I. Jones
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Martin W. Hahn
- Research Institute for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria
| | - Christina Biasi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Michael T. Brett
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Figueiredo K, Mäenpää K, Leppänen MT, Kiljunen M, Lyytikäinen M, Kukkonen JVK, Koponen H, Biasi C, Martikainen PJ. Trophic transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in a boreal lake ecosystem: testing of bioaccumulation models. Sci Total Environ 2014; 466-467:690-8. [PMID: 23959220 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the fate of persistent organic chemicals in the environment is fundamental information for the successful protection of ecosystems and humans. A common dilemma in risk assessment is that monitoring data reveals contaminant concentrations in wildlife, while the source concentrations, route of uptake and acceptable source concentrations remain unsolved. To overcome this problem, different models have been developed in order to obtain more precise risk estimates for the food webs. However, there is still an urgent need for studies combining modelled and measured data in order to verify the functionality of the models. Studies utilising field-collected data covering entire food webs are particularly scarce. This study aims to contribute to tackling this problem by determining the validity of two bioaccumulation models, BIOv1.22 and AQUAWEBv1.2, for application to a multispecies aquatic food web. A small boreal lake, Lake Kernaalanjärvi, in Finland was investigated for its food web structure and concentrations of PCBs in all trophic levels. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) were used to measure the bioaccumulation potential of PCBs, and the site-specific environmental parameters were used to compare predicted and observed concentrations. Site-specific concentrations in sediment pore water did not affect the modelling endpoints, but accurate site-specific measurements of freely dissolved concentrations in water turned out to be crucial for obtaining realistic model-predicted concentrations in biota. Numerous parameters and snapshot values affected the model performances, bringing uncertainty into the process and results, but overall, the models worked well for a small boreal lake ecosystem. We suggest that these models can be optimised for different ecosystems and can be useful tools for estimating the bioaccumulation and environmental fate of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Figueiredo
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
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Kasurinen A, Biasi C, Holopainen T, Rousi M, Mäenpää M, Oksanen E. Interactive effects of elevated ozone and temperature on carbon allocation of silver birch (Betula pendula) genotypes in an open-air field exposure. Tree Physiol 2012; 32:737-51. [PMID: 22363070 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present experiment, the single and combined effects of elevated temperature and ozone (O(3)) on four silver birch genotypes (gt12, gt14, gt15 and gt25) were studied in an open-air field exposure design. Above- and below-ground biomass accumulation, stem growth and soil respiration were measured in 2008. In addition, a (13)C-labelling experiment was conducted with gt15 trees. After the second exposure season, elevated temperature increased silver birch above- and below-ground growth and soil respiration rates. However, some of these variables showed that the temperature effect was modified by tree genotype and prevailing O(3) level. For instance, in gt14 soil respiration was increased in elevated temperature alone (T) and in elevated O(3) and elevated temperature in combination (O(3) + T) treatments, but in other genotypes O(3) either partly (gt12) or totally nullified (gt25) temperature effects on soil respiration, or acted synergistically with temperature (gt15). Before leaf abscission, all genotypes had the largest leaf biomass in T and O(3) + T treatments, whereas at the end of the season temperature effects on leaf biomass depended on the prevailing O(3) level. Temperature increase thus delayed and O(3) accelerated leaf senescence, and in combination treatment O(3) reduced the temperature effect. Photosynthetic : non-photosynthetic tissue ratios (P : nP ratios) showed that elevated temperature increased foliage biomass relative to woody mass, particularly in gt14 and gt12, whereas O(3) and O(3) + T decreased it most clearly in gt25. O(3)-caused stem growth reductions were clearest in the fastest-growing gt14 and gt25, whereas mycorrhizal root growth and sporocarp production increased under O(3) in all genotypes. A labelling experiment showed that temperature increased tree total biomass and hence (13)C fixation in the foliage and roots and also label return was highest under elevated temperature. Ozone seemed to change tree (13)C allocation, as it decreased foliar (13)C excess amount, simultaneously increasing (13)C excess obtained from the soil. The present results suggest that warming has potential to increase silver birch growth and hence carbon (C) accumulation in tree biomass, but the final magnitude of this C sink strength is partly counteracted by temperature-induced increase in soil respiration rates and simultaneous O(3) stress. Silver birch populations' response to climate change will also largely depend on their genotype composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kasurinen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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26
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Costa G, Barroso C, Oliveira A, Biasi C, Iunes R, Lima A, Monteiro J, Bosch R, Favaron P, Ivo M, Kfoury J. Gross and microscopical characterization of the thymus and spleen of Piaractus mesopotamicus (Pacu). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kaiser C, Meyer H, Biasi C, Rusalimova O, Barsukov P, Richter A. Conservation of soil organic matter through cryoturbation in arctic soils in Siberia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Biasi C, Rusalimova O, Meyer H, Kaiser C, Wanek W, Barsukov P, Junger H, Richter A. Temperature-dependent shift from labile to recalcitrant carbon sources of arctic heterotrophs. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2005; 19:1401-8. [PMID: 15880633 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Soils of high latitudes store approximately one-third of the global soil carbon pool. Decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) is expected to increase in response to global warming, which is most pronounced in northern latitudes. It is, however, unclear if microorganisms are able to utilize more stable, recalcitrant C pools, when labile soil carbon pools will be depleted due to increasing temperatures. Here we report on an incubation experiment with intact soil cores of a frost-boil tundra ecosystem at three different temperatures (2 degrees C, 12 degrees C and 24 degrees C). In order to assess which fractions of the SOM are available for decomposition at various temperatures, we analyzed the isotopic signature of respired CO2 and of different SOM fractions. The delta13C values of CO2 respired were negatively correlated with temperature, indicating the utilization of SOM fractions that were depleted in 13C at higher temperatures. Chemical fractionation of SOM showed that the water-soluble fraction (presumably the most easily available substrates for microbial respiration) was most enriched in 13C, while the acid-insoluble pool (recalcitrant substrates) was most depleted in 13C. Our results therefore suggest that, at higher temperatures, recalcitrant compounds are preferentially respired by arctic microbes. When the isotopic signatures of respired CO2 of soils which had been incubated at 24 degrees C were measured at 12 degrees C, the delta13C values shifted to values found in soils incubated at 12 degrees C, indicating the reversible use of more easily available substrates. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acid profiles showed significant differences in microbial community structure at various incubation temperatures indicating that microorganisms with preference for more recalcitrant compounds establish as temperatures increase. In summary our results demonstrate that a large portion of tundra SOM is potentially mineralizable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Biasi
- Institute of Ecology and Conservation Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
In a comparative study, we analysed the effects of adenosine on the energetics, protein synthesis and K(+)homeostasis of hepatocytes from the anoxia-tolerant goldfish Carassius auratus and the anoxia-intolerant trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The rate of oxygen consumption did not respond immediately to the addition of adenosine to the cells from either species, but showed a significant decrease in trout hepatocytes after 30 min. The anaerobic rate of lactate formation was not significantly affected by adenosine in goldfish hepatocytes, but was increased in trout cells. We also studied the effects of adenosine on the two most prominent ATP consumers in these cells, protein synthesis and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity. Under aerobic conditions, adenosine inhibited protein synthesis of hepatocytes from goldfish by 51% and of hepatocytes from trout by 32%. During anoxia, the rate of protein synthesis decreased by approximately 50% in goldfish hepatocytes and by 90% in trout hepatocytes, and this decrease was not altered by the presence of adenosine. Adenosine inhibited normoxic Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and K(+)efflux by 20–35% in the cells of both species. An investigation into the mechanism underlying the inhibition of protein synthesis by adenosine indicated that, in the goldfish cells, adenosine acts via a membrane receptor-mediated pathway, i.e. the effect of adenosine was abolished by applying the A1 receptor antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline. In the trout, however, the uptake of adenosine into hepatocytes seems to be required for an effect on protein synthesis. [Ca(2+)](i) does not seem to be involved in the inhibition of protein synthesis by adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Krumschnabel
- Institut für Zoologie, Abteilung für Okophysiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Pugliese P, Pantani P, Lusa AM, Nuti R, Bongiovanni M, Conti F, Biasi C, Pigini F, Palmisano D. [Reconstructive surgery of the mitral and tricuspid valves with a Cosgrove-Edwards flexible ring]. Ital Heart J Suppl 2000; 1:532-6. [PMID: 10832140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitral and tricuspid valve asymmetric annular dilation represents the most important mechanism which produces insufficiency. Recent computerized in vitro and in vivo three-dimensional models have been developed in order to better understand the competing factors (annular dilation, displacement of papillary muscles, left and right ventricular geometry). The leading cause of mitral and tricuspid competence is a sphincteric action of both annuli, during systole and diastole, the loss of which produces asymmetric dilation and therefore the absence of cusp coaptation. The Cosgrove-Edwards dynamic ring corrects, alone or in combination with other procedures on the valves, this patho-anatomic feature in a physiological way by restoring the normal annular dimensions and the sphincteric movements during the cardiac cycle. METHODS Between June 1998 and May 1999, 30 adult patients underwent mitral (n = 20, Group I) or tricuspid valve repair (n = 10, Group II). Regurgitation was due to a degenerative disease in 13 Group I patients and to ischemic (n = 3), congenital (n = 2) or dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 2) in the others. In Group II the leading cause of insufficiency was functional regurgitation in 7 patients and organic in 3. Associated procedures were carried out in 4 Group I patients and in all Group II patients. Regurgitation was evaluated by transesophageal echocardiography before, during and 3 months after operation. The maximal regurgitant area (MRA) and the grade of insufficiency were evaluated using the equation: MRA < 2 cm2 = grade 0, MRA > 2 < 4 cm2 = 1+, MRA > 4 < 7 cm2 = grade 2+, MRA > 7 < 10 cm2 = 3+, MRA > 10 cm2 = 4+. RESULTS The operative mortality was 0%. One Group I patient died 3 months after operation due to bronchopneumonia. No patient was reoperated on for plasty failure in both groups during the follow-up. Mitral insufficiency was absent (grade 0) in 17 Group I patients and mild (grade 1+) in 3 at the end of operation. At 3-month postoperative transesophageal echocardiographic control mitral insufficiency was absent in 14 patients, mild (1+) in 4 and moderate (2+) in 2. MRA was 3 cm2 in the 2 patients operated on for dilated cardiomyopathy and < 3 cm2 in the others. Preoperative tricuspid insufficiency of grade 4+ in all Group II patients became absent in 9 of them either at the end of operation or at 3-month postoperative control. CONCLUSIONS The Cosgrove-Edwards dynamic ring as isolated device or in combination with other plasty mitral or tricuspid procedures is a safe, simple, and reproducible method to restore the distorted motion of valvular annuli. It preserves the sphincteric mechanism of the valve and allows for the coaptation of cusps. Although in a small number of patients and for a short period of follow-up our experience corroborates what other more consistent series of patients operated on have shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pugliese
- Unità Funzionale di Cardiochirurgia, Casa di Cura Villa Torri, Clinica Accreditata, Bologna
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Abstract
The oxygen-dependence of cellular energetics was investigated in hepatocytes from goldfish Carassius auratus (anoxia-tolerant) and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (anoxia-intolerant). In goldfish hepatocytes, an approximately 50 % reduction in the rate of oxygen consumption was observed in response to both acute and prolonged hypoxia, the latter treatment shifting the threshold for this reduction to a higher oxygen level. A concomitant increase in the rate of lactate production did not compensate for the decreased aerobic ATP supply, resulting in an overall metabolic depression of 26 % during acute hypoxia and of 42 % during prolonged hypoxia. Trout hepatocytes showed a similar suppression of cellular respiration after prolonged hypoxia but were unresponsive to acute hypoxia. Similarly, the rate of lactate production was unaltered during acute hypoxia but was increased during prolonged hypoxia, metabolic depression amounting to 7 % during acute hypoxia and 30 % during prolonged hypoxia. In both species, the affinity of hepatocytes for oxygen decreased during hypoxia, but this alteration was not sufficient in absolute terms to account for the observed decrease in aerobic ATP supply. Protein synthesis was suppressed in both cell types under hypoxia, whereas Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity decreased in trout but not in goldfish hepatocytes, emphasising the importance of membrane function in these cells during conditions of limited energy supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Krumschnabel
- Institut für Zoologie, Abteilung für Okophysiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Krumschnabel G, Schwarzbaum PJ, Biasi C, Dorigatti M, Wieser W. Effects of energy limitation on Ca2+ and K+ homeostasis in anoxia-tolerant and anoxia-intolerant hepatocytes. Am J Physiol 1997; 273:R307-16. [PMID: 9249565 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.1.r307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To gain more insight into the mechanistic basis of anoxia tolerance and intolerance, a comparative study was conducted on calcium homeostasis in goldfish and trout hepatocytes subjected to different forms of energy limitation. Using the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fura 2, we observed that both chemical anoxia and true anoxia led to an increase of the concentration of cytosolic free calcium (Ca2+i) in the anoxia-sensitive hepatocytes of rainbow trout, whereas Ca2+i was maintained at control levels in the anoxia-tolerant hepatocytes of goldfish. Various lines of evidence suggest an intracellular origin of the Ca2+ increase observed in trout cells. Cyclosporin A, a specific inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in mammalian cells, was ineffective in preventing the Ca2+ increase, whereas a high dose of fructose depressed the Ca2+ surge by approximately 50%. The latter effect was not accompanied by improvement of the energetic state of the cells. A comparison of chemical anoxia with true (physiological) anoxia revealed that both treatments affected energy metabolism to a similar degree in trout hepatocytes, whereas the decrease of ATP seen in goldfish hepatocytes during chemical anoxia was absent during true anoxia. Elevation of Ca2+i with the calcium ionophore A-23187 led to a decoupling of unidirectional K+ fluxes in both normoxic and anoxic trout cells, whereas in goldfish hepatocytes the coupling of K+ fluxes was not affected by the rise of Ca2+i.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Krumschnabel
- Abteilung für Okophysiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Austria
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Krumschnabel G, Biasi C, Schwarzbaum PJ, Wieser W. Acute and chronic effects of temperature, and of nutritional state, on ion homeostasis and energy metabolism in teleost hepatocytes. J Comp Physiol B 1997; 167:280-6. [PMID: 9203369 DOI: 10.1007/s003600050075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Short- and long-term effects of temperature on ion flux and energy turnover were studied in hepatocytes from thermally acclimated trout and roach. In trout hepatocytes K+ efflux was insensitive towards acute exposure to low temperature but was downregulated during cold acclimation of the fish so as to balance the uncompensated decreased K+ (Rb+) uptake of the cells. In contrast, both K+ (Rb+) uptake and K+ efflux of roach hepatocytes were temperature sensitive in the short term. These acute effects, however, were offset during cold acclimation by a near perfect compensation of both fluxes leading to re-establishment of ion flux homeostasis at the original level. Our findings, based on a new method permitting the simultaneous monitoring of K+ efflux and uptake in the same cell population, provide experimental verification of two of the three possible strategies, recently discussed by Cossins et al. (1995), by which the ionic steady state of fish cells may adjust to acute and chronic temperature change. By comparing hepatocytes from two groups of trout, one kept on a maintenance diet (ration I), the other fed ad libitum (ration II), we discovered striking effects of nutritional state on the absolute levels as well as on the temperature relationships of K+ uptake and protein synthetic activity. Both of these functions in the hepatocytes increased in the ration II fed as compared to the ration I fed trouts, but the increase of protein synthetic activity was greater and more uniform at the three experimental temperatures than that of K+ uptake. Moreover, protein synthetic activity proved to be considerably more temperature sensitive than K+ uptake and, in contrast to the latter, showed a compensatory response after cold acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Krumschnabel
- Abteilung für Okophysiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Austria
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Krumschnabel G, Biasi C, Schwarzbaum PJ, Wieser W. Membrane-metabolic coupling and ion homeostasis in anoxia-tolerant and anoxia-intolerant hepatocytes. Am J Physiol 1996; 270:R614-20. [PMID: 8780228 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1996.270.3.r614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between membrane function and energy metabolism was studied in rainbow trout hepatocytes, an anoxia-intolerant cell system, and compared with the situation in hepatocytes from the goldfish, a typical anoxia-tolerant species. In trout hepatocytes, under normoxia and under chemical anoxia, inhibition of ATP consumption by the Na+ pump induced a decrease in ATP production of the same magnitude. In response to chemical anoxia, total ATP production was reduced to 15% and Na+ pump activity to 22% of the control rate under normoxia. Measurement of the cellular ATP content under these conditions revealed that, despite the reduction in Na+ pump activity, the cells became rapidly depleted of ATP, with the time course of this process resembling that observed in the anoxic rat hepatocyte. This is in contrast to the responses of goldfish hepatocytes, where, during chemical anoxia, 1) inhibition of the Na+ pump did not lead to a corresponding reduction in ATP production and 2) ATP levels, after a transient decrease, stabilized at a new steady state. To investigate the consequences of chemical anoxia on ion homeostasis, efflux and uptake rates of K+ were determined simultaneously. In the trout cells, chemical anoxia led to a decoupling of influx and efflux rates, the latter exceeding the former three- to eightfold. In contrast, goldfish hepatocytes were able to preserve ion homeostasis by a concerted decrease in Rb+ uptake and K+ efflux, so that the net flux of K+ was always close to zero. In neither species did chemical anoxia induce a change in pump density. Other potential control mechanisms are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Krumschnabel
- Abteilung für Okophysiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Austria
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Luzzani A, Dal Corso B, Biasi C. [Treatment of anaphylactic shock]. Minerva Anestesiol 1992; 58:1067-70. [PMID: 1461405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Luzzani
- Cattedra di Anestesia Gen. e Sp. Odont., Università di Verona
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Luzzani A, Biasi C. [Emergencies in ambulatory dentistry]. G Anest Stomatol 1990; 19:7-23. [PMID: 2227534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The most frequent critical situations that could happen in outpatient dental practice are analyzed and emergency treatment is proposed. Further, a full emergency set (both drugs and devices) is proposed as standard dotation.
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