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Räsänen A, Albrecht E, Annala M, Aro L, Laine AM, Maanavilja L, Mustajoki J, Ronkanen AK, Silvan N, Tarvainen O, Tolvanen A. After-use of peat extraction sites - A systematic review of biodiversity, climate, hydrological and social impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163583. [PMID: 37086986 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
After drainage for forestry and agriculture, peat extraction is one of the most important causes of peatland degradation. When peat extraction is ceased, multiple after-use options exist, including abandonment, restoration, and replacement (e.g., forestry and agricultural use). However, there is a lack of a global synthesis of after-use research. Through a systematic review of 356 peer-reviewed scientific articles, we address this research gap and examine (1) what after-use options have been studied, (2) what the studied and recognized impacts of the after-use options are, and (3) what one can learn in terms of best practices and research gaps. The research has concentrated on the impacts of restoration (N = 162), abandonment (N = 72), and replacement (N = 94), the latter of which consists of afforestation (N = 46), cultivation (N = 34) and creation of water bodies (N = 14). The studies on abandonment, restoration, and creation of water bodies have focused mostly on analyzing vegetation and greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, while the studies assessing afforestation and cultivation sites mostly evaluate the provisioning ecosystem services. The studies show that active restoration measures speed-up vegetation recolonization on bare peat areas, reduce GHG emissions and decrease negative impacts on water systems. The most notable research gap is the lack of studies comparing the environmental and social impacts of the after-use options. Additionally, there is a lack of studies focusing on social impacts and downstream hydrology, as well as long-term monitoring of GHG fluxes. Based on the reviewed studies, a comparison of the impacts of the after-use options is not straightforward. We emphasize a need for comparative empirical research in the extracted sites with a broad socio-ecological and geographical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksi Räsänen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Oulu, Finland.
| | - Eerika Albrecht
- University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland; Finnish Environment Institute (Syke), Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mari Annala
- Finnish Environment Institute (Syke), Oulu, Finland
| | - Lasse Aro
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Niko Silvan
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tampere, Finland
| | - Oili Tarvainen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Tolvanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Oulu, Finland
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Leroy F, Gogo S, Guimbaud C, Francez AJ, Zocatelli R, Défarge C, Bernard-Jannin L, Hu Z, Laggoun-Défarge F. Response of C and N cycles to N fertilization in Sphagnum and Molinia-dominated peat mesocosms. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 77:264-272. [PMID: 30573090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant communities play an important role in the C-sink function of peatlands. However, global change and local perturbations are expected to modify peatland plant communities, leading to a shift from Sphagnum mosses to vascular plants. Most studies have focused on the direct effects of modification in plant communities or of global change (such as climate warming, N fertilization) in peatlands without considering interactions between these disturbances that may alter peatlands' C function. We set up a mesocosm experiment to investigate how Greenhouse Gas (CO2, CH4, N2O) fluxes, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved N (TN) contents are affected by a shift from Sphagnum mosses to Molinia caerulea dominated peatlands combined with N fertilization. Increasing N deposition did not alter the C fluxes (CO2 exchanges, CH4 emissions) or DOC content. The lack of N effect on the C cycle seems due to the capacity of Sphagnum to efficiently immobilize N. Nevertheless, N supply increased the N2O emissions, which were also controlled by the plant communities with the presence of Molinia caerulea reducing N2O emissions in the Sphagnum mesocosms. Our study highlights the role of the vegetation composition on the C and N fluxes in peatlands and their responses to the N deposition. Future research should now consider the climate change in interaction to plants community modifications due to their controls of peatland sensitivity to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Leroy
- University of Orleans, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071, Orleans, France; CNRS, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orleans, France; BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, BP 36009, 45060 Orleans, France.
| | - Sébastien Gogo
- University of Orleans, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071, Orleans, France; CNRS, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orleans, France; BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, BP 36009, 45060 Orleans, France
| | - Christophe Guimbaud
- University of Orleans, LPC2E, UMR 7328, 45071 Orleans, France; CNRS, LPC2E, UMR 7328, 45071 Orleans, France
| | | | - Renata Zocatelli
- University of Orleans, Cellule R&D CETRAHE, 45072, Orleans cedex 2, France
| | - Christian Défarge
- University of Orleans, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071, Orleans, France; CNRS, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orleans, France; BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, BP 36009, 45060 Orleans, France; University of Orleans, Cellule R&D CETRAHE, 45072, Orleans cedex 2, France
| | - Léonard Bernard-Jannin
- University of Orleans, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071, Orleans, France; CNRS, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orleans, France; BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, BP 36009, 45060 Orleans, France
| | - Zhen Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fatima Laggoun-Défarge
- University of Orleans, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071, Orleans, France; CNRS, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orleans, France; BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, BP 36009, 45060 Orleans, France
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Delaine M, Bernard N, Gilbert D, Recourt P, Armynot du Châtelet E. Origin and diversity of testate amoebae shell composition: Example of Bullinularia indica living in Sphagnum capillifolium. Eur J Protistol 2017; 59:14-25. [PMID: 28363138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Testate amoebae are free-living shelled protists that build a wide range of shells with various sizes, shapes, and compositions. Recent studies showed that xenosomic testate amoebae shells could be indicators of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) deposition. However, no study has yet been conducted to assess the intra-specific mineral, organic, and biologic grain diversity of a single xenosomic species in a natural undisturbed environment. This study aims at providing new information about grain selection to develop the potential use of xenosomic testate amoebae shells as bioindicators of the multiple-origin mineral/organic diversity of their proximal environment. To fulfil these objectives, we analysed the shell content of 38 Bullinularia indica individuals, a single xenosomic testate amoeba species living in Sphagnum capillifolium, by scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with X-ray spectroscopy. The shells exhibited high diversities of mineral, organic, and biomineral grains, which confirms their capability to recycle xenosomes. Mineral grain diversity and size of B. indica matched those of the atmospheric natural mineral PM deposited in the peatbog. Calculation of grain size sorting revealed a discrete selection of grains agglutinated by B. indica. These results are a first step towards understanding the mechanisms of particle selection by xenosomic testate amoebae in natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Delaine
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France; Université de Lille, UMR LOG 8187 CNRS, ULCO Laboratoire d'Océanologie et Géosciences, Bâtiment SN5, 59655 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France.
| | - Nadine Bernard
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France; Laboratoire THéMA, UMR 6049, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 32 rue Mégevand, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Gilbert
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Recourt
- Université de Lille, UMR LOG 8187 CNRS, ULCO Laboratoire d'Océanologie et Géosciences, Bâtiment SN5, 59655 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Eric Armynot du Châtelet
- Université de Lille, UMR LOG 8187 CNRS, ULCO Laboratoire d'Océanologie et Géosciences, Bâtiment SN5, 59655 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
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Li T, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Wang G, Lu Y, Yu L, Zhang R. Prediction CH4 Emissions from the Wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain of Northeastern China in the 21st Century. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158872. [PMID: 27409586 PMCID: PMC4943593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sanjiang Plain has been experienced significant wetland loss due to expanded agricultural activities, and will be potentially restored by the China National Wetland Conservation Action Plan (NWCP) in future. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of future climate warming and wetland restoration on wetland CH4 emissions in northeast China. We used an atmosphere-vegetation interaction model (AVIM2) to drive a modified biogeophysical model (CH4MODwetland), and projected CH4 flux variations from the Sanjiang Plain wetlands under different Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios throughout the 21st century. Model validation showed that the regressions between the observed and simulated CH4 fluxes by the modified model produced an R2 of 0.49 with a slope of 0.87 (p<0.001, n = 237). According to the AVIM2 simulation, the net primary productivity of the Sanjiang Plain wetlands will increase by 38.2 g m-2 yr-1, 116.6 g m-2 yr-1 and 250.4 g m-2 yr-1 under RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, respectively, by the end of this century. For RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, the CH4 fluxes will increase by 5.7 g m-2 yr-1, 57.5 g m-2 yr-1 and 112.2 g m-2 yr-1. Combined with the wetland restoration, the regional emissions will increase by 0.18‒1.52 Tg. The CH4 emissions will be stimulated by climate change and wetland restoration. Regional wetland restoration planning should be directed against different climate scenarios in order to suppress methane emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Guocheng Wang
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yanyu Lu
- Anhui Climate Center, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Lijun Yu
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- CCRC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
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Wilson D, Müller C, Renou-Wilson F. Carbon emissions and removals from Irish peatlands: present trends and future mitigation measures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00750778.2013.848542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Artz RRE. Microbial Community Structure and Carbon Substrate use in Northern Peatlands. CARBON CYCLING IN NORTHERN PEATLANDS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Müller J, Klaus VH, Kleinebecker T, Prati D, Hölzel N, Fischer M. Impact of land-use intensity and productivity on bryophyte diversity in agricultural grasslands. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51520. [PMID: 23251563 PMCID: PMC3520803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While bryophytes greatly contribute to plant diversity of semi-natural grasslands, little is known about the relationships between land-use intensity, productivity, and bryophyte diversity in these habitats. We recorded vascular plant and bryophyte vegetation in 85 agricultural used grasslands in two regions in northern and central Germany and gathered information on land-use intensity. To assess grassland productivity, we harvested aboveground vascular plant biomass and analyzed nutrient concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg. Further we calculated mean Ellenberg indicator values of vascular plant vegetation. We tested for effects of land-use intensity and productivity on total bryophyte species richness and on the species richness of acrocarpous (small & erect) and pleurocarpous (creeping, including liverworts) growth forms separately. Bryophyte species were found in almost all studied grasslands, but species richness differed considerably between study regions in northern Germany (2.8 species per 16 m(2)) and central Germany (6.4 species per 16 m(2)) due environmental differences as well as land-use history. Increased fertilizer application, coinciding with high mowing frequency, reduced bryophyte species richness significantly. Accordingly, productivity estimates such as plant biomass and nitrogen concentration were strongly negatively related to bryophyte species richness, although productivity decreased only pleurocarpous species. Ellenberg indicator values for nutrients proved to be useful indicators of species richness and productivity. In conclusion, bryophyte composition was strongly dependent on productivity, with smaller bryophytes that were likely negatively affected by greater competition for light. Intensive land-use, however, can also indirectly decrease bryophyte species richness by promoting grassland productivity. Thus, increasing productivity is likely to cause a loss of bryophyte species and a decrease in species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Müller
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam, Germany.
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Fritz C, Pancotto VA, Elzenga JTM, Visser EJW, Grootjans AP, Pol A, Iturraspe R, Roelofs JGM, Smolders AJP. Zero methane emission bogs: extreme rhizosphere oxygenation by cushion plants in Patagonia. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 190:398-408. [PMID: 21232058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
• Vascular wetland plants may substantially increase methane emissions by producing root exudates and easily degradable litter, and by providing a low-resistance diffusion pathway via their aerenchyma. However, model studies have indicated that vascular plants can reduce methane emission when soil oxygen demand is exceeded by oxygen released from roots. Here, we tested whether these conditions occur in bogs dominated by cushion plants. • Root-methane interactions were studied by comparing methane emissions, stock and oxygen availability in depth profiles below lawns of either cushion plants or Sphagnum mosses in Patagonia. • Cushion plants, Astelia pumila and Donatia fascicularis, formed extensive root systems up to 120 cm in depth. The cold soil (< 10°C) and highly decomposed peat resulted in low microbial activity and oxygen consumption. In cushion plant lawns, high soil oxygen coincided with high root densities, but methane emissions were absent. In Sphagnum lawns, methane emissions were substantial. High methane concentrations were only found in soils without cushion plant roots. • This first methane study in Patagonian bog vegetation reveals lower emissions than expected. We conclude that cushion plants are capable of reducing methane emission on an ecosystem scale by thorough soil and methane oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fritz
- Department of Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Samaritani E, Siegenthaler A, Yli-Petäys M, Buttler A, Christin PA, Mitchell EAD. Seasonal Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange of a Regenerating Cutaway Bog: How Long Does it Take to Restore the C-Sequestration Function? Restor Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2010.00662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Williamson J, Mills G, Freeman C. Species-specific effects of elevated ozone on wetland plants and decomposition processes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:1197-1206. [PMID: 20185216 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Seven species from two contrasting wetlands, an upland bog and a lowland rich fen in North Wales, UK, were exposed to elevated ozone (150 ppb for 5 days and 20 ppb for 2 days per week) or low ozone (20 ppb) for four weeks in solardomes. The rich fen species were: Molinia caerulea, Juncus subnodulosus, Potentilla erecta and Hydrocotyle vulgaris and the bog species were: Carex echinata, Potentilla erecta and Festuca rubra. Senescence significantly increased under elevated ozone in all seven species but only Molinia caerulea showed a reduction in biomass under elevated ozone. Decomposition rates of plants exposed to elevated ozone, as measured by carbon dioxide efflux from dried plant material inoculated with peat slurry, increased for Potentilla erecta with higher hydrolytic enzyme activities. In contrast, a decrease in enzyme activities and a non-significant decrease in carbon dioxide efflux occurred in the grasses, sedge and rush species.
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Acknowledging the spatial heterogeneity in modelling/reconstructing carbon dioxide exchange in a northern aapa mire. Ecol Modell 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Otieno DO, Wartinger M, Nishiwaki A, Hussain MZ, Muhr J, Borken W, Lischeid G. Responses of CO2 Exchange and Primary Production of the Ecosystem Components to Environmental Changes in a Mountain Peatland. Ecosystems 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-009-9245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Artz RRE, Chapman SJ, Siegenthaler A, Mitchell EAD, Buttler A, Bortoluzzi E, Gilbert D, Yli-Petays M, Vasander H, Francez AJ. Functional microbial diversity in regenerating cutover peatlands responds to vegetation succession. J Appl Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gerdol R, Bragazza L, Brancaleoni L. Heatwave 2003: high summer temperature, rather than experimental fertilization, affects vegetation and CO2 exchange in an alpine bog. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 179:142-154. [PMID: 18373651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen and phosphorus were added experimentally in a bog in the southern Alps. It was hypothesized that alleviating nutrient limitation will increase vascular plant cover. As a consequence, more carbon will be fixed through higher rates of net ecosystem CO(2) exchange (NEE). The vascular cover did increase at the expense of Sphagnum mosses. However, such vegetation changes were largely independent of the treatment and were probably triggered by an exceptional heatwave in summer 2003. Contrary to the tested hypothesis, NEE was unaffected by the nutrient treatments but was strongly influenced by temperature and water-table depth. In particular, ecosystem respiration in the hot summer of 2003 increased dramatically, presumably owing to enhanced heterotrophic respiration in an increased oxic peat layer. At the end of the experiment, the Sphagnum cover decreased significantly in the nitrogen-fertilized treatment at hummock microhabitats. In the long term, this will imply a proportionally greater accumulation of vascular litter, more easily decomposable than the recalcitrant Sphagnum litter. As a result, rates of carbon fixation may decrease because of stimulated respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Gerdol
- Department of Biology and Evolution, Ferrara University, Corso Ercole I d'Este 32, I 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Bragazza
- Department of Biology and Evolution, Ferrara University, Corso Ercole I d'Este 32, I 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lisa Brancaleoni
- Department of Biology and Evolution, Ferrara University, Corso Ercole I d'Este 32, I 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Kivimäki SK, Yli-petäys M, Tuittila ES. Carbon sink function of sedge and Sphagnum patches in a restored cut-away peatland: increased functional diversity leads to higher production. J Appl Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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