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Lin Y, Yuan J, Liu D, Kang H, Freeman C, Hu HW, Ye G, Ding W. Divergent responses of wetland methane emissions to elevated atmospheric CO 2 dependent on water table. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 205:117682. [PMID: 34592652 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 may have consequences for methane (CH4) emissions from wetlands, yet the magnitude and direction remain unpredictable, because the associated mechanisms have not been fully investigated. Here, we established an in situ macrocosm experiment to compare the effects of elevated CO2 (700 ppm) on the CH4 emissions from two wetlands: an intermittently inundated Calamagrostis angustifolia marsh and a permanently inundated Carex lasiocarpa marsh. The elevated CO2 increased CH4 emissions by 27.6-57.6% in the C. angustifolia marsh, compared to a reduction of 18.7-23.5% in the C. lasiocarpa marsh. The CO2-induced increase in CH4 emissions from the C. angustifolia marsh was paralleled with (1) increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) released from plant photosynthesis and (2) reduced (rate of) CH4 oxidation due to a putative shift in methanotrophic community composition. In contrast, the CO2-induced decrease in CH4 emissions from the C. lasiocarpa marsh was associated with the increases in soil redox potential and pmoA gene abundance. We synthesized data from worldwide wetland ecosystems, and found that the responses of CH4 emissions to elevated CO2 was determined by the wetland water table levels and associated plant oxygen secretion capacity. In conditions with elevated CO2, plants with a high oxygen secretion capacity suppress CH4 emissions while plants with low oxygen secretion capacity stimulate CH4 emissions; both effects are mediated via a feedback loop involving shifts in activities of methanogens and methanotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China; Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Junji Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Deyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Hojeong Kang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Chris Freeman
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Hang-Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Guiping Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Weixin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Geddes-McAlister J, Sukumaran A, Patchett A, Hager HA, Dale JCM, Roloson JL, Prudhomme N, Bolton K, Muselius B, Powers J, Newman JA. Examining the Impacts of CO 2 Concentration and Genetic Compatibility on Perennial Ryegrass- Epichloë festucae var lolii Interactions. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040360. [PMID: 33322591 PMCID: PMC7770580 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is the most cultivated cool-season grass worldwide with crucial roles in carbon fixation, turfgrass applications, and fodder for livestock. Lolium perenne forms a mutualism with the strictly vertically transmitted fungal endophyte, Epichloë festucae var lolii. The fungus produces alkaloids that protect the grass from herbivory, as well as conferring protection from drought and nutrient stress. The rising concentration of atmospheric CO2, a proximate cause of climatic change, is known to have many direct and indirect effects on plant growth. There is keen interest in how the nature of this plant-fungal interaction will change with climate change. Lolium perenne is an obligately outcrossing species, meaning that the genetic profile of the host is constantly being reshuffled. Meanwhile, the fungus is asexual implying both a relatively constant genetic profile and the potential for incompatible grass-fungus pairings. In this study, we used a single cultivar, "Alto", of L. perenne. Each plant was infected with one of four strains of the endophyte: AR1, AR37, NEA2, and Lp19 (the "common strain"). We outcrossed the Alto mothers with pollen from a number of individuals from different ryegrass cultivars to create more genetic diversity in the hosts. We collected seed such that we had replicate maternal half-sib families. Seed from each family was randomly allocated into the two levels of the CO2 treatment, 400 and 800 ppm. Elevated CO2 resulted in an c. 18% increase in plant biomass. AR37 produced higher fungal concentrations than other strains; NEA2 produced the lowest fungal concentrations. We did not find evidence of genetic incompatibility between the host plants and the fungal strains. We conducted untargeted metabolomics and quantitative proteomics to investigate the grass-fungus interactions between and within family and treatment groups. We identified a number of changes in both the proteome and metabalome. Taken together, our data set provides new understanding into the intricacy of the interaction between endophyte and host from multiple molecular levels and suggests opportunity to promote plant robustness and survivability in rising CO2 environmental conditions through application of bioprotective epichloid strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Geddes-McAlister
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.S.); (N.P.); (B.M.)
- Mass Spectrometry Facility—Advanced Analysis Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.G.-M.); (J.A.N.)
| | - Arjun Sukumaran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.S.); (N.P.); (B.M.)
| | - Aurora Patchett
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.P.); (H.A.H.); (J.C.M.D.); (J.L.R.); (K.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Heather A. Hager
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.P.); (H.A.H.); (J.C.M.D.); (J.L.R.); (K.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Jenna C. M. Dale
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.P.); (H.A.H.); (J.C.M.D.); (J.L.R.); (K.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Jennifer L. Roloson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.P.); (H.A.H.); (J.C.M.D.); (J.L.R.); (K.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Nicholas Prudhomme
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.S.); (N.P.); (B.M.)
| | - Kim Bolton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.P.); (H.A.H.); (J.C.M.D.); (J.L.R.); (K.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Benjamin Muselius
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.S.); (N.P.); (B.M.)
| | - Jacqueline Powers
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.P.); (H.A.H.); (J.C.M.D.); (J.L.R.); (K.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Jonathan A. Newman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.P.); (H.A.H.); (J.C.M.D.); (J.L.R.); (K.B.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.-M.); (J.A.N.)
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Wang K, Zhong S, Sun W. Clipping defoliation and nitrogen addition shift competition between a C 3 grass (Leymus chinensis) and a C 4 grass (Hemarthria altissima). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:221-232. [PMID: 31671249 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced disturbances, including grazing and clipping, that cause defoliation are common in natural grasslands. Plant functional type differences in the ability to compensate for this tissue loss may influence interspecific competition. To explore the effects of different intensities of clipping and nitrogen (N) addition on compensatory growth and interspecific competition, we measured accumulated aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), tiller number, non-structural carbohydrates concentrations and leaf gas exchange parameters in two locally co-occurring species (the C3 grass Leymus chinensis and the C4 grass Hemarthria altissima) growing in monoculture and in mixture. For both grasses, the clipping treatment had significant impacts on the accumulated AGB, and the 40% clipping treatment had the largest effect. BGB gradually decreased with increasing defoliation intensity. Severe defoliation caused a significant increase in tiller number. Stored carbohydrates in the belowground biomass were mobilised and transported aboveground for the growth of new leaves to compensate for clipping-induced injury. The net CO2 assimilation rate (A) of the remaining leaves increased with clipping intensity and peaked under clipping intensities of 20% or 40%. Nitrogen addition, at a rate of 10 g·N·m-2 ·year-1 , enhanced A of the remaining leaves and non-structural carbohydrate concentrations, which benefited plant compensatory growth, especially for the C3 grass. Under the mixed planting conditions, the clipping and N addition treatments lowered the competitive advantage of the C4 grass. The results suggest that a combination of defoliation and N deposition have the potential to benefit the coexistence of C3 and C4 grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - S Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - W Sun
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Kong D, Fridley JD. Does plant biomass partitioning reflect energetic investments in carbon and nutrient foraging? Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deliang Kong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Change Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang China
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Pausch J, Kuzyakov Y. Carbon input by roots into the soil: Quantification of rhizodeposition from root to ecosystem scale. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:1-12. [PMID: 28752603 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite its fundamental role for carbon (C) and nutrient cycling, rhizodeposition remains 'the hidden half of the hidden half': it is highly dynamic and rhizodeposits are rapidly incorporated into microorganisms, soil organic matter, and decomposed to CO2 . Therefore, rhizodeposition is rarely quantified and remains the most uncertain part of the soil C cycle and of C fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. This review synthesizes and generalizes the literature on C inputs by rhizodeposition under crops and grasslands (281 data sets). The allocation dynamics of assimilated C (after 13 C-CO2 or 14 C-CO2 labeling of plants) were quantified within shoots, shoot respiration, roots, net rhizodeposition (i.e., C remaining in soil for longer periods), root-derived CO2 , and microorganisms. Partitioning of C pools and fluxes were used to extrapolate belowground C inputs via rhizodeposition to ecosystem level. Allocation from shoots to roots reaches a maximum within the first day after C assimilation. Annual crops retained more C (45% of assimilated 13 C or 14 C) in shoots than grasses (34%), mainly perennials, and allocated 1.5 times less C belowground. For crops, belowground C allocation was maximal during the first 1-2 months of growth and decreased very fast thereafter. For grasses, it peaked after 2-4 months and remained very high within the second year causing much longer allocation periods. Despite higher belowground C allocation by grasses (33%) than crops (21%), its distribution between various belowground pools remains very similar. Hence, the total C allocated belowground depends on the plant species, but its further fate is species independent. This review demonstrates that C partitioning can be used in various approaches, e.g., root sampling, CO2 flux measurements, to assess rhizodeposits' pools and fluxes at pot, plot, field and ecosystem scale and so, to close the most uncertain gap of the terrestrial C cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Pausch
- Department of Agroecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Agricultural Soil Science, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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6
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Qiao Y, Miao S, Han X, Yue S, Tang C. Improving soil nutrient availability increases carbon rhizodeposition under maize and soybean in Mollisols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 603-604:416-424. [PMID: 28636976 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Rhizodeposited carbon (C) is an important source of soil organic C, and plays an important role in the C cycle in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. However, interactive effects of plant species and soil nutrient availability on C rhizodeposition remain unclear. This experiment examined the effect of soil nutrient availability on C rhizodeposition of C4 maize and C3 soybean with contrasting photosynthetic capacity. The soils (Mollisols) were collected from three treatments of no fertilizer (Control), inorganic fertilizer only (NPK), and NPK plus organic manure (NPKM) in a 24-year fertilization field trial. The plants were labelled with 13C at the vegetative and reproductive stages. The 13C abundance of shoots, roots and soil were quantified at 0, 7days after 13C labelling, and at maturity. Increasing soil nutrient availability enhanced the C rhizodeposition due to the greater C fixation in shoots and distribution to roots and soil. The higher amount of averaged below-ground C allocated to soil resulted in greater specific rhizodeposited C from soybean than maize. Additional organic amendment further enhanced them. As a result, higher soil nutrient availability increased total soil organic C under both maize and soybean systems though there was no significant difference between the two crop systems. All these suggested that higher soil nutrient availability favors C rhizodeposition. Mean 80, 260 and 300kgfixedCha-1 were estimated to transfer into soil in the Control, NPK and NPKM treatments, respectively, during one growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfa Qiao
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology and Environment (IceMe), Nanjing University of Information Sciences & Technology, No. 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Shujie Miao
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology and Environment (IceMe), Nanjing University of Information Sciences & Technology, No. 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaozeng Han
- National Observation Station of Hailun Agro-ecology System, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Shuping Yue
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology and Environment (IceMe), Nanjing University of Information Sciences & Technology, No. 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Caixian Tang
- Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University (Melbourne Campus), Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia.
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7
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Sarker JR, Singh BP, He X, Fang Y, Li GD, Collins D, Cowie AL. Tillage and nitrogen fertilization enhanced belowground carbon allocation and plant nitrogen uptake in a semi-arid canola crop-soil system. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10726. [PMID: 28878351 PMCID: PMC5587530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) allocation and assimilation are coupled processes, likely influencing C accumulation, N use efficiency and plant productivity in agro-ecosystems. However, dynamics and responses of these processes to management practices in semi-arid agro-ecosystems are poorly understood. A field-based 13CO2 and urea-15N pulse labelling experiment was conducted to track how C and N allocation and assimilation during canola growth from flowering to maturity were affected by short-term (2-year) tillage (T) and no-till (NT) with or without 100 kg urea-N ha-1 (T-0, T-100, NT-0, NT-100) on a Luvisol in an Australian semi-arid region. The T-100 caused greater (P < 0.05) belowground C allocation and higher (P < 0.05) translocation of soil N to shoots and seeds, compared to other treatments. Microbial N uptake was rapid and greatest in the fertilized (cf. non-fertilized) treatments, followed by a rapid release of microbial immobilized N, thus increasing N availability for plant uptake. In contrast, management practices had insignificant impact on soil C and N stocks, aggregate stability, microbial biomass, and 13C retention in aggregate-size fractions. In conclusion, tillage and N fertilization increased belowground C allocation and crop N uptake and yield, possibly via enhancing root-microbial interactions, with minimal impact on soil properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jharna Rani Sarker
- University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Bhupinder Pal Singh
- University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia.
| | - Xinhua He
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yunying Fang
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Guangdi D Li
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Damian Collins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Annette L Cowie
- University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Beef Industry Centre, Trevenna Road, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Sahoo S, Adak T, Bagchi TB, Kumar U, Munda S, Saha S, Berliner J, Jena M, Mishra BB. Non-target effects of pretilachlor on microbial properties in tropical rice soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:7595-602. [PMID: 26739987 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-6026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of herbicides has been questioned in recent past for their non-target effects. Therefore, we planned to study the effect of pretilachlor on growth and activities of microbes in tropical rice soil under controlled condition at National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India. Three pretilachlor treatments, namely, recommended dose at 600 g a.i. ha(-1) (RD), double the recommended dose at 1200 g a.i. ha(-1) (2RD), and ten times of the recommended dose at 6000 g a.i. ha(-1) (10RD) along with control, were imposed. The initial residue (after 2 h of spray) deposits in soil were 0.174, 0.968, and 3.35 μg g(-1) for recommended, double the recommended, and ten times of the recommended doses, respectively. No residue in soil was detected in RD treatment on day 45. The half life values were 16.90, 17.76, and 36.47 days for RD, 2RD, and 10RD treatments, respectively. Application of pretilachlor at 10RD, in general, had significantly reduced the number of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, nitrogen fixers, and microbial biomass carbon. Pretilachlor at RD did not record any significant changes in microbial properties compared to control. The results of the present study thus indicated that pretilachlor at RD can be safely used for controlling grassy weeds in rice fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashree Sahoo
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack, 753006, India
| | - Totan Adak
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack, 753006, India.
| | - Torit B Bagchi
- Crop Physiology and Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack, 753006, India
| | - Upendra Kumar
- Crop Production Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack, 753006, India
| | - Sushmita Munda
- Crop Production Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack, 753006, India
| | - Sanjoy Saha
- Crop Production Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack, 753006, India
| | - J Berliner
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack, 753006, India
| | - Mayabini Jena
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack, 753006, India
| | - B B Mishra
- Department of Botany, College of Basic Science and Humanities, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 753003, India
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Adak T, Munda S, Kumar U, Berliner J, Pokhare SS, Jambhulkar NN, Jena M. Effect of elevated CO2 on chlorpyriphos degradation and soil microbial activities in tropical rice soil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:105. [PMID: 26790432 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Impact of elevated CO2 on chlorpyriphos degradation, microbial biomass carbon, and enzymatic activities in rice soil was investigated. Rice (variety Naveen, Indica type) was grown under four conditions, namely, chambered control, elevated CO2 (550 ppm), elevated CO2 (700 ppm) in open-top chambers and open field. Chlorpyriphos was sprayed at 500 g a.i. ha(-1) at maximum tillering stage. Chlorpyriphos degraded rapidly from rice soils, and 88.4% of initially applied chlorpyriphos was lost from the rice soil maintained under elevated CO2 (700 ppm) by day 5 of spray, whereas the loss was 80.7% from open field rice soil. Half-life values of chlorpyriphos under different conditions ranged from 2.4 to 1.7 days with minimum half-life recorded with two elevated CO2 treatments. Increased CO2 concentration led to increase in temperature (1.2 to 1.8 °C) that played a critical role in chlorpyriphos persistence. Microbial biomass carbon and soil enzymatic activities specifically, dehydrogenase, fluorescien diacetate hydrolase, urease, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase responded positively to elevated CO2 concentrations. Generally, the enzyme activities were highly correlated with each other. Irrespective of the level of CO2, short-term negative influence of chlorpyriphos was observed on soil enzymes till day 7 of spray. Knowledge obtained from this study highlights that the elevated CO2 may negatively influence persistence of pesticide but will have positive effects on soil enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Totan Adak
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, India.
| | - Sushmita Munda
- Crop Production Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, India
| | - Upendra Kumar
- Crop Production Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, India
| | - J Berliner
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, India
| | - Somnath S Pokhare
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, India
| | - N N Jambhulkar
- Social Science Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, India
| | - M Jena
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, India
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Hill PW, Garnett MH, Farrar J, Iqbal Z, Khalid M, Soleman N, Jones DL. Living roots magnify the response of soil organic carbon decomposition to temperature in temperate grassland. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:1368-75. [PMID: 25351704 PMCID: PMC4365897 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentration is both a strong driver of primary productivity and widely believed to be the principal cause of recent increases in global temperature. Soils are the largest store of the world's terrestrial C. Consequently, many investigations have attempted to mechanistically understand how microbial mineralisation of soil organic carbon (SOC) to CO2 will be affected by projected increases in temperature. Most have attempted this in the absence of plants as the flux of CO2 from root and rhizomicrobial respiration in intact plant-soil systems confounds interpretation of measurements. We compared the effect of a small increase in temperature on respiration from soils without recent plant C with the effect on intact grass swards. We found that for 48 weeks, before acclimation occurred, an experimental 3 °C increase in sward temperature gave rise to a 50% increase in below ground respiration (ca. 0.4 kg C m(-2) ; Q10 = 3.5), whereas mineralisation of older SOC without plants increased with a Q10 of only 1.7 when subject to increases in ambient soil temperature. Subsequent (14) C dating of respired CO2 indicated that the presence of plants in swards more than doubled the effect of warming on the rate of mineralisation of SOC with an estimated mean C age of ca. 8 years or older relative to incubated soils without recent plant inputs. These results not only illustrate the formidable complexity of mechanisms controlling C fluxes in soils but also suggest that the dual biological and physical effects of CO2 on primary productivity and global temperature have the potential to synergistically increase the mineralisation of existing soil C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Hill
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor UniversityBangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
- Correspondence: Paul W. Hill, tel. +44 1248 382632, fax +44 1248 354997, e-mail:
| | - Mark H Garnett
- NERC Radiocarbon Facility, Scottish Enterprise Technology ParkEast Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK
| | - John Farrar
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor UniversityBangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor UniversityBangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and BiologyFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor UniversityBangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of AgricultureFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nawaf Soleman
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor UniversityBangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor UniversityBangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
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11
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Yu D, Zhang N, Lin J, Zhang J, Tang J, Wang J, Mu C. The influence of precipitation regimes and elevated CO2 on photosynthesis and biomass accumulation and partitioning in seedlings of the rhizomatous perennial grass Leymus chinensis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103633. [PMID: 25093814 PMCID: PMC4122356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leymus chinensis is a dominant, rhizomatous perennial C3 species in the grasslands of Songnen Plain of Northern China, and its productivity has decreased year by year. To determine how productivity of this species responds to different precipitation regimes, elevated CO2 and their interaction in future, we measured photosynthetic parameters, along with the accumulation and partitioning of biomass. Plants were subjected to combinations of three precipitation gradients (normal precipitation, versus normal ± 40%) and two CO2 levels (380 ± 20 µmol mol(-1),760 ± 20 µmol mol(-1)) in controlled-environment chambers. The net photosynthetic rate, and above-ground and total biomass increased due to both elevated CO2 and increasing precipitation, but not significantly so when precipitation increased from the normal to high level under CO2 enrichment. Water use efficiency and the ratio of root: total biomass increased significantly when precipitation was low, but decreased when it was high under CO2 enrichment. Moreover, high precipitation at the elevated level of CO2 increased the ratio between stem biomass and total biomass. The effect of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis and biomass accumulation was higher at the low level of precipitation than with normal or high precipitation. The results suggest that at ambient CO2 levels, the net photosynthetic rate and biomass of L. chinensis increase with precipitation, but those measures are not further affected by additional precipitation when CO2 is elevated. Furthermore, CO2 may partly compensate for the negative effect of low precipitation on the growth and development of L. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolin Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Dafu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jixiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Nature Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiahong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunsheng Mu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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12
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The allocation of assimilated carbon to shoot growth: in situ assessment in natural grasslands reveals nitrogen effects and interspecific differences. Oecologia 2013; 174:1085-95. [PMID: 24276773 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In grasslands, sustained nitrogen loading would increase the proportion of assimilated carbon allocated to shoot growth (A shoot), because it would decrease allocation to roots and also encourage the contribution of species with inherently high A shoot. However, in situ measurements of carbon allocation are scarce. Therefore, it is unclear to what extent species that coexist in grasslands actually differ in their allocation strategy or in their response to nitrogen. We used a mobile facility to perform steady-state (13)C-labeling of field stands to quantify, in winter and autumn, the daily relative photosynthesis rate (RPR~tracer assimilated over one light-period) and A shoot (~tracer remaining in shoots after a 100 degree days chase period) in four individual species with contrasting morpho-physiological characteristics coexisting in a temperate grassland of Argentina, either fertilized or not with nitrogen, and either cut intermittently or grazed continuously. Plasticity in response to nitrogen was substantial in most species, as indicated by positive correlations between A shoot and shoot nitrogen concentration. There was a notable interspecific difference: productive species with higher RPR, enhanced by fertilization and characterized by faster leaf turnover rate, allocated ~20% less of the assimilated carbon to shoot growth than species of lower productivity (and quality) characterized by longer leaf life spans and phyllochrons. These results imply that, opposite to the expected response, sustained nitrogen loading would change little the A shoot of grassland communities if increases at the species-level are offset by decreases associated with replacement of 'low RPR-high A shoot' species by 'high RPR-low A shoot' species.
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13
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Staddon PL, Reinsch S, Olsson PA, Ambus P, Lüscher A, Jakobsen I. A decade of free-air CO2enrichment increased the carbon throughput in a grass-clover ecosystem but did not drastically change carbon allocation patterns. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip L. Staddon
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
- School of Biology; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Sabine Reinsch
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Pål A. Olsson
- Biodiversity; Department of Biology; Lund University; Ecology Building SE-223 62 Lund Sweden
| | - Per Ambus
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Andreas Lüscher
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences; ETH Zurich; Universitätstrasse 2 8092 Zurich Switzerland
- Forage Production/Grassland Systems; Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART; Reckenholzstrasse 191 8046 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Iver Jakobsen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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14
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Manna S, Singh N, Singh VP. Effect of elevated CO2 on degradation of azoxystrobin and soil microbial activity in rice soil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:2951-2960. [PMID: 22773147 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2763-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted in open-top chambers (OTC) to study the effect of elevated CO2 (580 ± 20 μmol mol(-1)) on azoxystrobin degradation and soil microbial activities. Results indicated that elevated CO2 did not have any significant effect on the persistence of azoxystrobin in rice-planted soil. The half-life values for the azoxystrobin in rice soils were 20.3 days in control (rice grown at ambient CO2 outdoors), 19.3 days in rice grown under ambient CO2 atmosphere in OTC, and 17.5 days in rice grown under elevated CO2 atmosphere in OTC. Azoxystrobin acid was recovered as the only metabolite of azoxystrobin, but it did not accumulate in the soil/water and was further metabolized. Elevated CO2 enhanced soil microbial biomass (MBC) and alkaline phosphatase activity of soil. Compared with rice grown at ambient CO2 (both outdoors and in OTC), the soil MBC at elevated CO2 increased by twofold. Elevated CO2 did not affect dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate, and acid phosphatase activity. Azoxystrobin application to soils, both ambient and elevated CO2, inhibited alkaline phosphates activity, while no effect was observed on other enzymes. Slight increase (1.8-2 °C) in temperature inside OTC did not affect microbial parameters, as similar activities were recorded in rice grown outdoors and in OTC at ambient CO2. Higher MBC in soil at elevated CO2 could be attributed to increased carbon availability in the rhizosphere via plant metabolism and root secretion; however, it did not significantly increase azoxystrobin degradation, suggesting that pesticide degradation was not the result of soil MBC alone. Study suggested that increased CO2 levels following global warming might not adversely affect azoxystrobin degradation. However, global warming is a continuous and cumulative process, therefore, long-term studies are necessary to get more realistic assessment of global warming on fate of pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Manna
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 10012, India
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15
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Guo H, Zhu J, Zhou H, Sun Y, Yin Y, Pei D, Ji R, Wu J, Wang X. Elevated CO2 levels affects the concentrations of copper and cadmium in crops grown in soil contaminated with heavy metals under fully open-air field conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:6997-7003. [PMID: 21770376 DOI: 10.1021/es2001584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO(2) levels and the increase in heavy metals in soils through pollution are serious problems worldwide. Whether elevated CO(2) levels will affect plants grown in heavy-metal-polluted soil and thereby influence food quality and safety is not clear. Using a free-air CO(2) enrichment (FACE) system, we investigated the impacts of elevated atmospheric CO(2) on the concentrations of copper (Cu) or cadmium (Cd) in rice and wheat grown in soil with different concentrations of the metals in the soil. In the two-year study, elevated CO(2) levels led to lower Cu concentrations and higher Cd concentrations in shoots and grain of both rice and wheat grown in the respective contaminated soil. Elevated CO(2) levels slightly but significantly lowered the pH of the soil and led to changes in Cu and Cd fractionation in the soil. Our study indicates that elevated CO(2) alters the distribution of contaminant elements in soil and plants, thereby probably affecting food quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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16
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Ruan CJ, Shao HB, Teixeira da Silva JA. A critical review on the improvement of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in C3 plants using genetic engineering. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2011; 32:1-21. [PMID: 21699437 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.533119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Global warming is one of the most serious challenges facing us today. It may be linked to the increase in atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs), leading to a rise in sea level, notable shifts in ecosystems, and in the frequency and intensity of wild fires. There is a strong interest in stabilizing the atmospheric concentration of CO2 and other GHGs by decreasing carbon emission and/or increasing carbon sequestration. Biotic sequestration is an important and effective strategy to mitigate the effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations by increasing carbon sequestration and storage capacity of ecosystems using plant photosynthesis and by decreasing carbon emission using biofuel rather than fossil fuel. Improvement of photosynthetic carbon assimilation, using transgenic engineering, potentially provides a set of available and effective tools for enhancing plant carbon sequestration. In this review, firstly different biological methods of CO2 assimilation in C3, C4 and CAM plants are introduced and three types of C4 pathways which have high photosynthetic performance and have evolved as CO2 pumps are briefly summarized. Then (i) the improvement of photosynthetic carbon assimilation of C3 plants by transgenic engineering using non-C4 genes, and (ii) the overexpression of individual or multiple C4 cycle photosynthetic genes (PEPC, PPDK, PCK, NADP-ME and NADP-MDH) in transgenic C3 plants (e.g. tobacco, potato, rice and Arabidopsis) are highlighted. Some transgenic C3 plants (e.g. tobacco, rice and Arabidopsis) overexpressing the FBP/SBPase, ictB and cytochrome c6 genes showed positive effects on photosynthetic efficiency and growth characteristics. However, over the last 28 years, efforts to overexpress individual, double or multiple C4 enzymes in C3 plants like tobacco, potato, rice, and Arabidopsis have produced mixed results that do not confirm or eliminate the possibility of improving photosynthesis of C3 plants by this approach. Finally, a prospect is provided on the challenges of enhancing carbon assimilation of C3 plants using transgenic engineering in the face of global warming, and the trends of the most promising approaches to improving the photosynthetic performance of C3 plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jiang Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology & Bio-Resources Utilization, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian City, Liaoning, China.
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17
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Wiesenberg GLB, Gocke M, Kuzyakov Y. Optimization of 14C liquid scintillation counting of plant and soil lipids to trace short term formation, translocation and degradation of lipids. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-010-0450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Brouder SM, Volenec JJ. Impact of climate change on crop nutrient and water use efficiencies. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2008; 133:705-24. [PMID: 18507815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Implicit in discussions of plant nutrition and climate change is the assumption that we know what to do relative to nutrient management here and now but that these strategies might not apply in a changed climate. We review existing knowledge on interactive influences of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, temperature and soil moisture on plant growth, development and yield as well as on plant water use efficiency (WUE) and physiological and uptake efficiencies of soil-immobile nutrients. Elevated atmospheric CO(2) will increase leaf and canopy photosynthesis, especially in C3 plants, with minor changes in dark respiration. Additional CO(2) will increase biomass without marked alteration in dry matter partitioning, reduce transpiration of most plants and improve WUE. However, spatiotemporal variation in these attributes will impact agronomic performance and crop water use in a site-specific manner. Nutrient acquisition is closely associated with overall biomass and strongly influenced by root surface area. When climate change alters soil factors to restrict root growth, nutrient stress will occur. Plant size may also change but nutrient concentration will remain relatively unchanged; therefore, nutrient removal will scale with growth. Changes in regional nutrient requirements will be most remarkable where we alter cropping systems to accommodate shifts in ecozones or alter farming systems to capture new uses from existing systems. For regions and systems where we currently do an adequate job managing nutrients, we stand a good chance of continued optimization under a changed climate. If we can and should do better, climate change will not help us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie M Brouder
- Department of Agronomy, Lilly Hall of Life Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA.
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