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Yuan Y, Yu L, Zhuang X, Wen D, He J, Hong J, Xie J, Ling S, Du X, Chen W, Wang X. Drosophila models used to simulate human ATP1A1 gene mutations that cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 disease and refractory seizures. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:265-276. [PMID: 38767491 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202501000-00034/figure1/v/2024-05-14T021156Z/r/image-tiff Certain amino acids changes in the human Na+/K+-ATPase pump, ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 1 (ATP1A1), cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 (CMT2) disease and refractory seizures. To develop in vivo models to study the role of Na+/K+-ATPase in these diseases, we modified the Drosophila gene homolog, Atpα, to mimic the human ATP1A1 gene mutations that cause CMT2. Mutations located within the helical linker region of human ATP1A1 (I592T, A597T, P600T, and D601F) were simultaneously introduced into endogenous DrosophilaAtpα by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, generating the AtpαTTTF model. In addition, the same strategy was used to generate the corresponding single point mutations in flies (AtpαI571T, AtpαA576T, AtpαP579T, and AtpαD580F). Moreover, a deletion mutation (Atpαmut) that causes premature termination of translation was generated as a positive control. Of these alleles, we found two that could be maintained as homozygotes (AtpαI571T and AtpαP579T). Three alleles (AtpαA576T, AtpαP579 and AtpαD580F) can form heterozygotes with the Atpαmut allele. We found that the Atpα allele carrying these CMT2-associated mutations showed differential phenotypes in Drosophila. Flies heterozygous for AtpαTTTF mutations have motor performance defects, a reduced lifespan, seizures, and an abnormal neuronal morphology. These Drosophila models will provide a new platform for studying the function and regulation of the sodium-potassium pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lingqi Yu
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xudong Zhuang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-human Primate (Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Dongjing Wen
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jin He
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jingmei Hong
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jiayu Xie
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shengan Ling
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiaoyue Du
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-human Primate (Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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Agosto-Ramos A, Muhich AJ, Kliebenstein DJ. Convergently evolved metabolites are new to me but not to my attackers. New Phytol 2024; 242:2388-2390. [PMID: 38488261 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Younkin et al. (2024), 242: 2719–2733.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Agosto-Ramos
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Anna Jo Muhich
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Yang R, Teng D, Yang MR, Li YH, Xiao JF, Zhang QR, He HP, Jiang HY. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects, toxicity, and phytochemical analysis of Beaumontia grandiflora Wall. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38785383 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2358386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Preliminary pharmacological studies revealed that the EtOAc fraction (BGEA) might be the main active fraction with anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in Beaumontia grandiflora Wall. Further assays on BGEA at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg using four animal models showed that it could inhibit the xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and acetic acid-induced writhing and prolong the latency time in the hot-plate test. ELISA analysis revealed that the anti-inflammatory activity of BGEA might be associated with the decrease of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels and the increase of the IL-10 level. The acute toxicity test showed that except for the n-BuOH fraction, the LD50 values of the extract and other three fractions were higher than 2000 mg/kg bw. Finally, 14 compounds were identified from BGEA by LC-MS. This research provides some basis for the folk use of B. grandiflora in the treatment of inflammation and pain-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Dan Teng
- College of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Ming-Rui Yang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yi-Huan Li
- College of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jian-Fen Xiao
- College of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Qian-Ru Zhang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Hong-Ping He
- College of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Hua-Yi Jiang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
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Davis AK, Morris WT, Hobbs E, Blakely E. Do Invasive Jorō Spiders ( Trichonephila clavata) from Asia Avoid Eating Unpalatable Monarch Butterflies ( Danaus plexippus) in North America? Insects 2024; 15:309. [PMID: 38786865 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
An invasive spider from East Asia has established in the U.S. southeast (the "jorō spider," Trichonephila clavata) and is rapidly expanding its range. Studies assessing the impact of this species are needed, including how expansive its diet is. An open question is whether monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus, are a potential prey item for this spider, given that jorō spiders do not coexist with monarchs in their native range. Since monarch larvae feed on milkweed, they sequester cardiac glycosides into their adult tissues, rendering them unpalatable to many predators. At sites within northeast Georgia, we staged a series of trials (n = 61) where we tossed monarchs into jorō spider webs and, for comparison, performed similar trials with another aposematic species, gulf fritillary (Agraulis vanilla), and a palatable species, tiger swallowtail (Papilio glaucus). We recorded the outcome of the trials, which included whether the spider attacked or did not attack the prey. We also conducted a visual survey during the same fall season to look for evidence of jorō spiders consuming monarchs naturally. Our findings revealed that jorō spiders avoided eating monarchs; spiders only attacked monarchs 20% of the time, which was significantly less than the attack rates of similarly sized or larger butterflies: 86% for gulf fritillaries and 58% for tiger swallowtails. Some jorō spiders even removed monarchs from their webs. From our visual surveys of the surrounding area, we found no evidence of natural monarch consumption and, in general, butterflies made up only a fraction of the jorō spider diet. We conclude that jorō spiders appear to recognize monarch butterflies as being unpalatable, even without having a prior history with the species. This invokes questions about how these spiders can immediately recognize their unpalatability without touching the butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Davis
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Emma Hobbs
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ella Blakely
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Younkin GC, Alani ML, Züst T, Jander G. Four enzymes control natural variation in the steroid core of Erysimum cardenolides. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.10.588904. [PMID: 38645095 PMCID: PMC11030354 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.10.588904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Plants commonly produce families of structurally related metabolites with similar defensive functions. This apparent redundancy raises the question of underlying molecular mechanisms and adaptive benefits of such chemical variation. Cardenolides, a class defensive compounds found in the wallflower genus Erysimum (L., Brassicaceae) and scattered across other plant families, show substantial structural variation, with glycosylation and hydroxylation being common modifications of a steroid core, which itself may vary in terms of stereochemistry and saturation. Through a combination of chemical mutagenesis and analysis of gene coexpression networks, we identified four enzymes involved in cardenolide biosynthesis in Erysimum that work together to determine stereochemistry at carbon 5 of the steroid core: Ec3βHSD, a 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Ec3KSI, a ketosteroid isomerase, EcP5βR2, a progesterone 5β-reductase, and EcDET2, a steroid 5α-reductase. We biochemically characterized the activity of these enzymes in vitro and generated CRISPR/Cas9 knockout lines to confirm activity in vivo. Cardenolide biosynthesis was not eliminated in any of the knockouts. Instead, mutant plants accumulated cardenolides with altered saturation and stereochemistry of the steroid core. Furthermore, we found variation in carbon 5 configuration among the cardenolides of 44 species of Erysimum, where the occurrence of some 5β-cardenolides is associated with the expression and sequence of P5βR2. This may have allowed Erysimum species to fine-tune their defensive profiles to target specific herbivore populations over the course of evolution. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Plants use an array of toxic compounds to defend themselves from attack against insects and other herbivores. One mechanism through which plants may evolve more toxic compounds is through modifications to the structure of compounds they already produce. In this study, we show how plants in the wallflower genus Erysimum use four enzymes to fine-tune the structure of toxic metabolites called cardenolides. Natural variation in the sequence and expression of a single enzyme called progesterone 5β-reductase 2 partly explains the variation in cardenolides observed across the Erysimum genus. These alterations to cardenolide structure over the course of evolution suggests that there may be context-dependent benefits to Erysimum to invest in one cardenolide variant over another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon C. Younkin
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | | | - Tobias Züst
- Institute of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Cuello C, Jansen HJ, Abdallah C, Zamar Mbadinga DL, Birer Williams C, Durand M, Oudin A, Papon N, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Dirks RP, Jensen MK, O'Connor SE, Besseau S, Courdavault V. The Madagascar palm genome provides new insights on the evolution of Apocynaceae specialized metabolism. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28078. [PMID: 38533072 PMCID: PMC10963385 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Specialized metabolites possess diverse interesting biological activities and some cardenolides- and monoterpene indole alkaloids- (MIAs) derived pharmaceuticals are currently used to treat human diseases such as cancers or hypertension. While these two families of biocompounds are produced by specific subfamilies of Apocynaceae, one member of this medicinal plant family, the succulent tree Pachypodium lamerei Drake (also known as Madagascar palm), does not produce such specialized metabolites. To explore the evolutionary paths that have led to the emergence and loss of cardenolide and MIA biosynthesis in Apocynaceae, we sequenced and assembled the P. lamerei genome by combining Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-reads and Illumina short-reads. Phylogenomics revealed that, among the Apocynaceae whose genomes have been sequenced, the Madagascar palm is so far the species closest to the common ancestor between MIA producers/non-MIA producers. Transposable elements, constituting 72.48% of the genome, emerge as potential key players in shaping genomic architecture and influencing specialized metabolic pathways. The absence of crucial MIA biosynthetic genes such as strictosidine synthase in P. lamerei and non-Rauvolfioideae species hints at a transposon-mediated mechanism behind gene loss. Phylogenetic analysis not only showcases the evolutionary divergence of specialized metabolite biosynthesis within Apocynaceae but also underscores the role of transposable elements in this intricate process. Moreover, we shed light on the low conservation of enzymes involved in the final stages of MIA biosynthesis in the distinct MIA-producing plant families, inferring independent gains of these specialized enzymes along the evolution of these medicinal plant clades. Overall, this study marks a leap forward in understanding the genomic dynamics underpinning the evolution of specialized metabolites biosynthesis in the Apocynaceae family, with transposons emerging as potential architects of genomics restructuring and gene loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Cuello
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Hans J. Jansen
- Future Genomics Technologies, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cécile Abdallah
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | | | - Caroline Birer Williams
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Mickael Durand
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Audrey Oudin
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, IRF, SFR ICAT, F-49000, Angers, France
| | | | - Ron P. Dirks
- Future Genomics Technologies, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Krogh Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sarah Ellen O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Sébastien Besseau
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
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Baum M, Dobler S. Fecal Deployment: An Alternative Way of Defensive Host Plant Cardenolide Use by Lilioceris merdigera Larvae. J Chem Ecol 2024; 50:63-70. [PMID: 38062246 PMCID: PMC10991028 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The brilliant red Lilioceris merdigera (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) can spend its entire life cycle on the cardenolide-containing plant Convallaria majalis (lily of the valley) and forms stable populations on this host. Yet, in contrast to many other insects on cardenolide-containing plants L. merdigera does not sequester these plant toxins in the body but rather both adult beetles and larvae eliminate ingested cardenolides with the feces. Tracer feeding experiments showed that this holds true for radioactively labeled ouabain and digoxin, a highly polar and a rather apolar cardenolide. Both compounds or their derivatives are incorporated in the fecal shields of the larvae. The apolar digoxin, but not the polar ouabain, showed a deterrent effect on the generalist predatory ant Myrmica rubra, which occurs in the habitat of L. merdigera. The deterrent effect was detected for digoxin both in choice and feeding time assays. In a predator choice assay, a fecal shield derived from a diet of cardenolide-containing C. majalis offered L. merdigera larvae better protection from M. rubra than one derived from non-cardenolide Allium schoenoprasum (chives) or no fecal shield at all. Thus, we here present data suggesting a new way how insects may gain protection by feeding on cardenolide-containing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Baum
- Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
- Chemistry Education Department, IPN, Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Olshausenstraße 62, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Susanne Dobler
- Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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Hoogshagen M, Hastings AP, Chavez J, Duckett M, Pettit R, Pahnke AP, Agrawal AA, de Roode JC. Mixtures of Milkweed Cardenolides Protect Monarch Butterflies against Parasites. J Chem Ecol 2024; 50:52-62. [PMID: 37932621 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a diverse arsenal of defensive secondary metabolites in their evolutionary arms race with insect herbivores. In addition to the bottom-up forces created by plant chemicals, herbivores face top-down pressure from natural enemies, such as predators, parasitoids and parasites. This has led to the evolution of specialist herbivores that do not only tolerate plant secondary metabolites but even use them to fight natural enemies. Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are known for their use of milkweed chemicals (cardenolides) as protection against vertebrate predators. Recent studies have shown that milkweeds with high cardenolide concentrations can also provide protection against a virulent protozoan parasite. However, whether cardenolides are directly responsible for these effects, and whether individual cardenolides or mixtures of these chemicals are needed to reduce infection, remains unknown. We fed monarch larvae the four most abundant cardenolides found in the anti-parasitic-milkweed Asclepias curassavica at varying concentrations and compositions to determine which provided the highest resistance to parasite infection. Measuring infection rates and infection intensities, we found that resistance is dependent on both concentration and composition of cardenolides, with mixtures of cardenolides performing significantly better than individual compounds, even when mixtures included lower concentrations of individual compounds. These results suggest that cardenolides function synergistically to provide resistance against parasite infection and help explain why only milkweed species that produce diverse cardenolide compounds provide measurable parasite resistance. More broadly, our results suggest that herbivores can benefit from consuming plants with diverse defensive chemical compounds through release from parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy P Hastings
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Šigutová H, Pyszko P, Šigut M, Czajová K, Kostovčík M, Kolařík M, Hařovská D, Drozd P. Concentration-dependent effect of plant secondary metabolites on bacterial and fungal microbiomes in caterpillar guts. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0299423. [PMID: 37991377 PMCID: PMC10783044 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02994-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The caterpillar gut is an excellent model system for studying host-microbiome interactions, as it represents an extreme environment for microbial life that usually has low diversity and considerable variability in community composition. Our study design combines feeding caterpillars on a natural and artificial diet with controlled levels of plant secondary metabolites and uses metabarcoding and quantitative PCR to simultaneously profile bacterial and fungal assemblages, which has never been performed. Moreover, we focus on multiple caterpillar species and consider diet breadth. Contrary to many previous studies, our study suggested the functional importance of certain microbial taxa, especially bacteria, and confirmed the previously proposed lower importance of fungi for caterpillar holobiont. Our study revealed the lack of differences between monophagous and polyphagous species in the responses of microbial assemblages to plant secondary metabolites, suggesting the limited role of the microbiome in the plasticity of the herbivore diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Šigutová
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Pyszko
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Martin Šigut
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Czajová
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Martin Kostovčík
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Denisa Hařovská
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Drozd
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
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Agrawal AA, Hastings AP, Duplais C. Testing the selective sequestration hypothesis: Monarch butterflies preferentially sequester plant defences that are less toxic to themselves while maintaining potency to others. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14340. [PMID: 38017619 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Herbivores that sequester toxins are thought to have cracked the code of plant defences. Nonetheless, coevolutionary theory predicts that plants should evolve toxic variants that also negatively impact specialists. We propose and test the selective sequestration hypothesis, that specialists preferentially sequester compounds that are less toxic to themselves while maintaining toxicity to enemies. Using chemically distinct plants, we show that monarch butterflies sequester only a subset of cardenolides from milkweed leaves that are less potent against their target enzyme (Na+ /K+ -ATPase) compared to several dominant cardenolides from leaves. However, sequestered compounds remain highly potent against sensitive Na+ /K+ -ATPases found in most predators. We confirmed this differential toxicity with mixtures of purified cardenolides from leaves and butterflies. The genetic basis of monarch adaptation to sequestered cardenolides was also confirmed with transgenic Drosophila that were CRISPR-edited with the monarch's Na+ /K+ -ATPase. Thus, the monarch's selective sequestration appears to reduce self-harm while maintaining protection from enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Amy P Hastings
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Christophe Duplais
- Department of Entomology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, USA
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Burger H, Buttala S, Koch H, Ayasse M, Johnson SD, Stevenson PC. Nectar cardenolides and floral volatiles mediate a specialized wasp pollination system. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246156. [PMID: 38180227 PMCID: PMC10785657 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Specialization in plant pollination systems can arise from traits that function as filters of flower visitors. This may involve chemical traits such as floral volatiles that selectively attract favoured visitors and non-volatile nectar constituents that selectively deter disfavoured visitors through taste or longer-term toxic effects or both. We explored the functions of floral chemical traits in the African milkweed Gomphocarpus physocarpus, which is pollinated almost exclusively by vespid wasps, despite having nectar that is highly accessible to other insects such as honeybees. We demonstrated that the nectar of wasp-pollinated G. physocarpus contains cardenolides that had greater toxic effects on Apis mellifera honeybees than on Vespula germanica wasps, and also reduced feeding rates by honeybees. Behavioural experiments using natural compositions of nectar compounds showed that these interactions are mediated by non-volatile nectar chemistry. We also identified volatile compounds with acetic acid as a main component in the floral scent of G. physocarpus that elicited electrophysiological responses in wasp antennae. Mixtures of these compounds were behaviourally effective for attraction of V. germanica wasps. The results show the importance of both volatile and non-volatile chemical traits as filters that lead to specialization in plant pollination systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Burger
- Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Samantha Buttala
- Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hauke Koch
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,Kew Green, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Steven D. Johnson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Philip C. Stevenson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,Kew Green, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
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12
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Brueggemann L, Tewes LJ, Müller C. Characterisation and localisation of plant metabolites involved in pharmacophagy in the turnip sawfly. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291180. [PMID: 37796933 PMCID: PMC10553352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several herbivorous insects consume certain metabolites from plants for other purposes than nutrition, such as defence. Adults of the turnip sawfly, Athalia rosae take up specific terpenoids, called clerodanoids, from Ajuga reptans. These metabolites are slightly modified by the sawflies and influence their mating behaviour and defence against predators. We characterised these metabolites and investigated their localisation in the insect and the specificity of the uptake and metabolite modification. Therefore, we performed feeding assays with adults and larvae of A. rosae as well as larvae of Spodoptera exigua, followed by chemical analyses. Two main clerodanoid-derived metabolites were detected in the abdomen and thorax but also on the surface of the adults. Small amounts were also found in larvae of the sawfly, while they were not detectable in S. exigua. Our findings provide new insights into the peculiarities of pharmacophagy and specialised metabolism in A. rosae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Brueggemann
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lisa Johanna Tewes
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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13
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Vogels JJ, Van de Waal DB, WallisDeVries MF, Van den Burg AB, Nijssen M, Bobbink R, Berg MP, Olde Venterink H, Siepel H. Towards a mechanistic understanding of the impacts of nitrogen deposition on producer-consumer interactions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1712-1731. [PMID: 37265074 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deposition has increased substantially since the second half of the 20th century due to human activities. This increase of reactive N into the biosphere has major implications for ecosystem functioning, including primary production, soil and water chemistry and producer community structure and diversity. Increased N deposition is also linked to the decline of insects observed over recent decades. However, we currently lack a mechanistic understanding of the effects of high N deposition on individual fitness, species richness and community structure of both invertebrate and vertebrate consumers. Here, we review the effects of N deposition on producer-consumer interactions, focusing on five existing ecological frameworks: C:N:P ecological stoichiometry, trace element ecological stoichiometry, nutritional geometry, essential micronutrients and allelochemicals. We link reported N deposition-mediated changes in producer quality to life-history strategies and traits of consumers, to gain a mechanistic understanding of the direction of response in consumers. We conclude that high N deposition influences producer quality via eutrophication and acidification pathways. This makes oligotrophic poorly buffered ecosystems most vulnerable to significant changes in producer quality. Changes in producer quality between the reviewed frameworks are often interlinked, complicating predictions of the effects of high N deposition on producer quality. The degree and direction of fitness responses of consumers to changes in producer quality varies among species but can be explained by differences in life-history traits and strategies, particularly those affecting species nutrient intake regulation, mobility, relative growth rate, host-plant specialisation, ontogeny and physiology. To increase our understanding of the effects of N deposition on these complex mechanisms, the inclusion of life-history traits of consumer species in future study designs is pivotal. Based on the reviewed literature, we formulate five hypotheses on the mechanisms underlying the effects of high N deposition on consumers, by linking effects of nutritional ecological frameworks to life-history strategies. Importantly, we expect that N-deposition-mediated changes in producer quality will result in a net decrease in consumer community as well as functional diversity. Moreover, we anticipate an increased risk of outbreak events of a small subset of generalist species, with concomitant declines in a multitude of specialist species. Overall, linking ecological frameworks with consumer life-history strategies provides a mechanistic understanding of the impacts of high N deposition on producer-consumer interactions, which can inform management towards more effective mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost J Vogels
- Bargerveen Foundation, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dedmer B Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel F WallisDeVries
- De Vlinderstichting / Dutch Butterfly Conservation, P.O. Box 6700 AM, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marijn Nijssen
- Bargerveen Foundation, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Bobbink
- B-WARE Research Centre, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matty P Berg
- A-LIFE, Section Ecology & Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- GELIFES, Community and Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Olde Venterink
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Henk Siepel
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Kunert M, Langley C, Lucier R, Ploss K, Rodríguez López CE, Serna Guerrero DA, Rothe E, O'Connor SE, Sonawane PD. Promiscuous CYP87A enzyme activity initiates cardenolide biosynthesis in plants. Nat Plants 2023; 9:1607-1617. [PMID: 37723202 PMCID: PMC10581899 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Cardenolides are specialized, steroidal metabolites produced in a wide array of plant families1,2. Cardenolides play protective roles in plants, but these molecules, including digoxin from foxglove (Digitalis spp.), are better known for treatment of congenital heart failure, atrial arrhythmia, various cancers and other chronic diseases3-9. However, it is still unknown how plants synthesize 'high-value', complex cardenolide structures from, presumably, a sterol precursor. Here we identify two cytochrome P450, family 87, subfamily A (CYP87A) enzymes that act on both cholesterol and phytosterols (campesterol and β-sitosterol) to form pregnenolone, the first committed step in cardenolide biosynthesis in the two phylogenetically distant plants Digitalis purpurea and Calotropis procera. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing these CYP87A enzymes ectopically accumulated pregnenolone, whereas silencing of CYP87A in D. purpurea leaves by RNA interference resulted in substantial reduction of pregnenolone and cardenolides. Our work uncovers the key entry point to the cardenolide pathway, and expands the toolbox for sustainable production of high-value plant steroids via synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritta Kunert
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Chloe Langley
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rosalind Lucier
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Ploss
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Carlos E Rodríguez López
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Delia A Serna Guerrero
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Eva Rothe
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
| | - Prashant D Sonawane
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
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15
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Carlson NJ, Agrawal AA. A nutrition-defence trade-off drives diet choice in a toxic plant generalist. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230987. [PMID: 37554038 PMCID: PMC10410223 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant toxicity shapes the dietary choices of herbivores. Especially when herbivores sequester plant toxins, they may experience a trade-off between gaining protection from natural enemies and avoiding toxicity. The availability of toxins for sequestration may additionally trade off with the nutritional quality of a potential food source for sequestering herbivores. We hypothesized that diet mixing might allow a sequestering herbivore to balance nutrition and defence (via sequestration of plant toxins). Accordingly, here we address diet mixing and sequestration of large milkweed bugs (Oncopeltus fasciatus) when they have differential access to toxins (cardenolides) in their diet. In the absence of toxins from a preferred food (milkweed seeds), large milkweed bugs fed on nutritionally adequate non-toxic seeds, but supplemented their diet by feeding on nutritionally poor, but cardenolide-rich milkweed leaf and stem tissues. This dietary shift corresponded to reduced insect growth but facilitated sequestration of defensive toxins. Plant production of cardenolides was also substantially induced by bug feeding on leaf and stem tissues, perhaps benefitting this cardenolide-resistant herbivore. Thus, sequestration appears to drive diet mixing in this toxic plant generalist, even at the cost of feeding on nutritionally poor plant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J. Carlson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, 215 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Anurag A. Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, 215 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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16
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Ghosh E, Tafesh-Edwards GSY, Eleftherianos I, Goldin SL, Ode PJ. The plant toxin 4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate decreases herbivore performance and modulates cellular and humoral immunity. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289205. [PMID: 37531339 PMCID: PMC10395821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect herbivores frequently encounter plant defense molecules, but the physiological and ecological consequences for their immune systems are not fully understood. The majority of studies attempting to relate levels of plant defensive chemistry to herbivore immune responses have used natural population or species-level variation in plant defensive chemistry. Yet, this potentially confounds the effects of plant defense chemistry with other potential plant trait differences that may affect the expression of herbivore immunity. We used an artificial diet containing known quantities of a plant toxin (4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate; 4MSOB-ITC or ITC, a breakdown product of the glucosinolate glucoraphanin upon herbivory) to explicitly explore the effects of a plant toxin on the cellular and humoral immune responses of the generalist herbivore Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) that frequently feeds on glucosinolate-containing plants. Caterpillars feeding on diets with high concentrations of ITC experienced reduced survivorship and growth rates. High concentrations of ITC suppressed the appearance of several types of hemocytes and melanization activity, which are critical defenses against parasitic Hymenoptera and microbial pathogens. In terms of T. ni humoral immunity, only the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes lebocin and gallerimycin were significantly upregulated in caterpillars fed on diets containing high levels of ITC relative to caterpillars that were provided with ITC-free diet. Surprisingly, challenging caterpillars with a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli resulted in the upregulation of the AMP gene cecropin. Feeding on high concentrations of plant toxins hindered caterpillar development, decreased cellular immunity, but conferred mixed effects on humoral immunity. Our findings provide novel insights into the effects of herbivore diet composition on insect performance demonstrating the role of specific plant defense toxins that shape herbivore immunity and trophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enakshi Ghosh
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Unites States of America
| | - Ghada S Y Tafesh-Edwards
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., Unites States of America
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., Unites States of America
| | - Stephanie L Goldin
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Unites States of America
| | - Paul J Ode
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Unites States of America
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Unites States of America
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17
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Jones PL, Martin KR, Prachand SV, Hastings AP, Duplais C, Agrawal AA. Compound-Specific Behavioral and Enzymatic Resistance to Toxic Milkweed Cardenolides in a Generalist Bumblebee Pollinator. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:418-427. [PMID: 36745328 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites that defend leaves from herbivores also occur in floral nectar. While specialist herbivores often have adaptations providing resistance to these compounds in leaves, many social insect pollinators are generalists, and therefore are not expected to be as resistant to such compounds. The milkweeds, Asclepias spp., contain toxic cardenolides in all tissues including floral nectar. We compared the concentrations and identities of cardenolides between tissues of the North American common milkweed Asclepias syriaca, and then studied the effect of the predominant cardenolide in nectar, glycosylated aspecioside, on an abundant pollinator. We show that a generalist bumblebee, Bombus impatiens, a common pollinator in eastern North America, consumes less nectar with experimental addition of ouabain (a standard cardenolide derived from Apocynacid plants native to east Africa) but not with addition of glycosylated aspecioside from milkweeds. At a concentration matching that of the maximum in the natural range, both cardenolides reduced activity levels of bees after four days of consumption, demonstrating toxicity despite variation in behavioral deterrence (i.e., consumption). In vitro enzymatic assays of Na+/K+-ATPase, the target site of cardenolides, showed lower toxicity of the milkweed cardenolide than ouabain for B. impatiens, indicating that the lower deterrence may be due to greater tolerance to glycosylated aspecioside. In contrast, there was no difference between the two cardenolides in toxicity to the Na+/K+-ATPase from a control insect, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Accordingly, this work reveals that even generalist pollinators such as B. impatiens may have adaptations to reduce the toxicity of specific plant secondary metabolites that occur in nectar, despite visiting flowers from a wide variety of plants over the colony's lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle R Martin
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
| | | | - Amy P Hastings
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Christophe Duplais
- Department of Entomology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Entomology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, USA
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18
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Quicke DLJ, Ghafouri Moghaddam M, Butcher BA. Dietary Challenges for Parasitoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea); Coping with Toxic Hosts, or Not? Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:424. [PMID: 37505693 PMCID: PMC10467097 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many insects defend themselves against predation by being distasteful or toxic. The chemicals involved may be sequestered from their diet or synthesized de novo in the insects' body tissues. Parasitoid wasps are a diverse group of insects that play a critical role in regulating their host insect populations such as lepidopteran caterpillars. The successful parasitization of caterpillars by parasitoid wasps is contingent upon their aptitude for locating and selecting suitable hosts, thereby determining their efficacy in parasitism. However, some hosts can be toxic to parasitoid wasps, which can pose challenges to their survival and reproduction. Caterpillars employ a varied array of defensive mechanisms to safeguard themselves against natural predators, particularly parasitoid wasps. These defenses are deployed pre-emptively, concurrently, or subsequently during encounters with such natural enemies. Caterpillars utilize a range of strategies to evade detection or deter and evade attackers. These tactics encompass both measures to prevent being noticed and mechanisms aimed at repelling or eluding potential threats. Post-attack strategies aim to eliminate or incapacitate the eggs or larvae of parasitoids. In this review, we investigate the dietary challenges faced by parasitoid wasps when encountering toxic hosts. We first summarize the known mechanisms through which insect hosts can be toxic to parasitoids and which protect caterpillars from parasitization. We then discuss the dietary adaptations and physiological mechanisms that parasitoid wasps have evolved to overcome these challenges, such as changes in feeding behavior, detoxification enzymes, and immune responses. We present new analyses of all published parasitoid-host records for the Ichneumonoidea that attack Lepidoptera caterpillars and show that classically toxic host groups are indeed hosts to significantly fewer species of parasitoid than most other lepidopteran groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Buntika A. Butcher
- Integrative Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (D.L.J.Q.); (M.G.M.)
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19
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Herbertz M, Dalla S, Wagschal V, Turjalei R, Heiser M, Dobler S. Coevolutionary escalation led to differentially adapted paralogs of an insect's Na,K-ATPase optimizing resistance to host plant toxins. Mol Ecol 2023. [PMID: 37296537 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides are chemical defence toxins known to fatally inhibit the Na,K-ATPase (NKA) throughout the animal kingdom. Several animals, however, have evolved target-site insensitivity through substitutions in the otherwise highly conserved cardiac glycoside binding pocket of the NKA. The large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, shares a long evolutionary history with cardiac glycoside containing plants that led to intricate adaptations. Most strikingly, several duplications of the bugs' NKA1α gene provided the opportunity for differential resistance-conferring substitutions and subsequent sub-functionalization of the enzymes. Here, we analysed cardiac glycoside resistance and ion pumping activity of nine functional NKA α/β-combinations of O. fasciatus expressed in cell culture. We tested the enzymes with two structurally distinct cardiac glycosides, calotropin, a host plant compound, and ouabain, a standard cardiac glycoside. The identity and number of known resistance-conferring substitutions in the cardiac glycoside binding site significantly impacted activity and toxin resistance in the three α-subunits. The β-subunits also influenced the enzymes' characteristics, yet to a lesser extent. Enzymes containing the more ancient αC-subunit were inhibited by both compounds but much more strongly by the host plant toxin calotropin than by ouabain. The sensitivity to calotropin was diminished in enzymes containing the more derived αB and αA, which were only marginally inhibited by both cardiac glycosides. This trend culminated in αAβ1 having higher resistance against calotropin than against ouabain. These results support the coevolutionary escalation of plant defences and herbivore tolerance mechanisms. The possession of multiple paralogs additionally mitigates pleiotropic effects by compromising between ion pumping activity and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Herbertz
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Safaa Dalla
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vera Wagschal
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rohin Turjalei
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marlies Heiser
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Dobler
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Espinosa Del Alba L, Petschenka G. No physiological costs of dual sequestration of chemically different plant toxins in the milkweed bug Spilostethus saxatilis (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae). J Insect Physiol 2023; 147:104508. [PMID: 37011856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many herbivorous insects not only cope with plant toxins but also sequester them as a defense against predators and parasitoids. Sequestration is a product of the evolutionary arms race between plants and herbivorous insects and has been hypothesized to incur physiological costs due to specific adaptations required. Contradictory evidence about these costs exists for insects sequestering only one class of toxin, but very little is known about the physiological implications for species sequestering structurally different classes of compounds. Spilostethus saxatilis is a milkweed bug belonging to the cardenolide-sequestering heteropteran subfamily Lygaeinae (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) that has shifted to the colchicine-containing plant Colchicum autumnale, a resource of chemically unrelated alkaloids. Using feeding-assays on artificial diet and chemical analysis, we assessed whether S. saxatilis is still able to sequester cardenolides apart from colchicine and related metabolites (colchicoids), and tested the effect of (1) either a natural cardenolide concentration (using ouabain as a model compound) or a natural colchicine concentration, (2) an increased concentration of both toxins, and (3) seeds of either Asclepias syriaca (cardenolides) or C. autumnale (colchicoids) on a set of life-history traits. For comparison, we assessed the same life-history traits in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus exposed to cardenolides only. Although cardenolides and colchicoids have different physiological targets (Na+/K+-ATPase vs tubulin) and thus require different resistance traits, chronic exposure and sequestration of both isolated toxins caused no physiological costs such as reduced growth, increased mortality, lower fertility, or shorter adult life span in S. saxatilis. Indeed, an increased performance was observed in O. fasciatus and an according trend was found in S. saxatilis when feeding on isolated ouabain and isolated colchicine, respectively. Positive effects were even more pronounced when insects were provided with natural toxic seeds (i.e. C. autumnale for S. saxatilis and A. syriaca for O. fasciatus), especially in O. fasciatus. Our findings suggest, that S. saxatilis can sequester two chemically unrelated classes of plant compounds at a cost-free level, and that colchicoids may even play a beneficial role in terms of fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Espinosa Del Alba
- Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Otto-Sander Straße 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Otto-Sander Straße 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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21
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Wang X, Zhao G, Ju C, Dong L, Liu Y, Ding Z, Li W, Peng Y, Zheng J. Reduction of emodin-8-O-ß-D-glucoside content participates in processing-based detoxification of polygoni multiflori radix. Phytomedicine 2023; 114:154750. [PMID: 36990007 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of severe liver injury by the herbal medicine Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) has drawn significant attention. The fact that processing attenuates PMR-induced hepatotoxicity has been well accepted, but the mechanisms are still ambiguous. PURPOSE This study aimed to illuminate the mechanism of processing-based attenuation of PMR hepatotoxicity. METHODS The contents of emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside (EG) and emodin (EMD) in raw and processed PMR were quantified. The difference in toxicokinetic behaviors of EG and EMD was determined in vivo, and the disposition properties of EG were investigated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Decreased EG content was found in processed (black bean) PMR. Processed PMR showed reduced adverse effects relative to raw PMR. In addition, less hepatic protein adduction derived from EMD was produced in mice after exposure to processed PMR than that in animals receiving raw PMR. Glucose transporters SGLT1 and GLUT2 participated in the absorption of EG, and effective hydrolysis of EG to EMD took place in the intestinal epithelial cells during the process of absorption. Cytosolic broad-specificity β-glucosidase and lactase phlorizin hydrolase, as well as intestinal flora, participated in the hydrolysis of EG. The circulated EMD resulting from the deglycosylation of EG executed the hepatotoxic action. CONCLUSION EG is a pre-toxin and can be metabolically activated to EMD participating in the hepatotoxic event. The reduction of EG content due to processing is a key mechanistic factor that initiates the detoxification of PMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Roa, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Guode Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Roa, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Chengguo Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning 116600, PR China
| | - Lingwen Dong
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Roa, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Yuyang Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Roa, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Zifang Ding
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Roa, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, 9 Beijing Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004 Guizhou, PR China.
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Roa, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Roa, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, 9 Beijing Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, PR China.
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22
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Agrawal AA, Hastings AP. Tissue-specific plant toxins and adaptation in a specialist root herbivore. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302251120. [PMID: 37216531 PMCID: PMC10235950 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302251120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In coevolution between plants and insects, reciprocal selection often leads to phenotype matching between chemical defense and herbivore offense. Nonetheless, it is not well understood whether distinct plant parts are differentially defended and how herbivores adapted to those parts cope with tissue-specific defense. Milkweed plants produce a diversity of cardenolide toxins and specialist herbivores have substitutions in their target enzyme (Na+/K+-ATPase), each playing a central role in milkweed-insect coevolution. The four-eyed milkweed beetle (Tetraopes tetrophthalmus) is an abundant toxin-sequestering herbivore that feeds exclusively on milkweed roots as larvae and less so on milkweed leaves as adults. Accordingly, we tested the tolerance of this beetle's Na+/K+-ATPase to cardenolide extracts from roots versus leaves of its main host (Asclepias syriaca), along with sequestered cardenolides from beetle tissues. We additionally purified and tested the inhibitory activity of dominant cardenolides from roots (syrioside) and leaves (glycosylated aspecioside). Tetraopes' enzyme was threefold more tolerant of root extracts and syrioside than leaf cardenolides. Nonetheless, beetle-sequestered cardenolides were more potent than those in roots, suggesting selective uptake or dependence on compartmentalization of toxins away from the beetle's enzymatic target. Because Tetraopes has two functionally validated amino acid substitutions in its Na+/K+-ATPase compared to the ancestral form in other insects, we compared its cardenolide tolerance to that of wild-type Drosophila and CRISPR-edited Drosophila with Tetraopes' Na+/K+-ATPase genotype. Those two amino acid substitutions accounted for >50% of Tetraopes' enhanced enzymatic tolerance of cardenolides. Thus, milkweed's tissue-specific expression of root toxins is matched by physiological adaptations in its specialist root herbivore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag A. Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Amy P. Hastings
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
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23
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Mongue AJ, Martin SH, Manweiler REV, Scullion H, Koehn JL, de Roode JC, Walters JR. Genome sequence of Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, an apicomplexan parasite of monarch butterflies: cryptic diversity and response to host-sequestered plant chemicals. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:278. [PMID: 37226080 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexa are ancient and diverse organisms which have been poorly characterized by modern genomics. To better understand the evolution and diversity of these single-celled eukaryotes, we sequenced the genome of Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, a parasite of monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus. We contextualize our newly generated resources within apicomplexan genomics before answering longstanding questions specific to this host-parasite system. To start, the genome is miniscule, totaling only 9 million bases and containing fewer than 3,000 genes, half the gene content of two other sequenced invertebrate-infecting apicomplexans, Porospora gigantea and Gregarina niphandrodes. We found that O. elektroscirrha shares different orthologs with each sequenced relative, suggesting the true set of universally conserved apicomplexan genes is very small indeed. Next, we show that sequencing data from other potential host butterflies can be used to diagnose infection status as well as to study diversity of parasite sequences. We recovered a similarly sized parasite genome from another butterfly, Danaus chrysippus, that was highly diverged from the O. elektroscirrha reference, possibly representing a distinct species. Using these two new genomes, we investigated potential evolutionary response by parasites to toxic phytochemicals their hosts ingest and sequester. Monarch butterflies are well-known to tolerate toxic cardenolides thanks to changes in the sequence of their Type II ATPase sodium pumps. We show that Ophryocystis completely lacks Type II or Type 4 sodium pumps, and related proteins PMCA calcium pumps show extreme sequence divergence compared to other Apicomplexa, demonstrating new avenues of research opened by genome sequencing of non-model Apicomplexa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Mongue
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
| | - Simon H Martin
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachel E V Manweiler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA
| | - Helena Scullion
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Jordyn L Koehn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA
| | | | - James R Walters
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA
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24
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Petzel-Witta S, Wunder C, Pogoda W, Toennes SW, Mebs D. Missed chances? Sequestration and non-sequestration of alkaloids by moths (Lepidoptera). Toxicon 2023; 227:107098. [PMID: 36990229 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Some butterflies and moths sequester and retain noxious phytochemicals for defence against predators. In the present study, three moth species, the garden tiger moth, Arctia caja, the death hawk moth, Acherontia atropos, and the oleander hawk moth, Daphnis nerii, were tested whether they sequester alkaloids from their host plants. Whereas A. caja consistently sequestered atropine from Atropa belladonna, also when atropine sulfate was added to the alkaloid-free diet of the larvae, A. atropos and D. nerii were found to be unable to sequester alkaloids, neither atropine nor eburnamenine from Vinca major, respectively. Instead of acquiring toxicity as chemical defence, nocturnal lifestyle and cryptic attitudes may improve their chances of survival.
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25
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Negin B, Jander G. Convergent and divergent evolution of plant chemical defenses. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2023; 73:102368. [PMID: 37087925 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The majority of the several hundred thousand specialized metabolites produced by plants function in defense against insects and other herbivores. Despite this diversity, identical metabolites or structurally distinct metabolites hitting the same targets in herbivorous animals have evolved repeatedly. This convergent evolution may reflect the constraints of plant primary metabolism in providing metabolic precursors, as well as the limited number of readily accessible targets in animals. These restrictions may make it uncommon for plants to develop completely novel toxic and deterrent metabolites, despite the ongoing evolution of resistance mechanisms in insect herbivores. Defensive compounds that are unique to individual genera or species often have long biosynthetic pathways that may complicate the repeated evolution of these metabolites in different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Negin
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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26
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Medina-Ortiz K, Navia F, Mosquera-Gil C, Sánchez A, Sterling G, Fierro L, Castaño S. Identification of the NA +/K +-ATPase α-Isoforms in Six Species of Poison Dart Frogs and their Sensitivity to Cardiotonic Steroids. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:116-132. [PMID: 36877397 PMCID: PMC10102066 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiotonic steroids (CTS) are a group of compounds known to be toxic due to their ability to inhibit the Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), which is essential to maintain the balance of ions in animal cells. An evolutionary strategy of molecular adaptation to avoid self-intoxication acquired by CTS defended organisms and their predators is the structural modification of their NKA where specific amino acid substitutions confer resistant phenotypes. Several lineages of poison dart frogs (Dendrobatidae) are well known to sequester a wide variety of lipophilic alkaloids from their arthropod diet, however there is no evidence of CTS-sequestration or dietary exposure. Interestingly this study identified the presence of α-NKA isoforms (α1 and α2) with amino acid substitutions indicative of CTS-resistant phenotypes in skeletal muscle transcriptomes obtained from six species of dendrobatids: Phyllobates aurotaenia, Oophaga anchicayensis, Epipedobates boulengeri, Andinobates bombetes, Andinobates minutus, and Leucostethus brachistriatus, collected in the Valle del Cauca (Colombia). P. aurotaenia, A. minutus, and E. boulengeri presented two variants for α1-NKA, with one of them having these substitutions. In contrast, O. anchicayensis and A. bombetes have only one α1-NKA isoform with an amino acid sequence indicative of CTS susceptibility and an α2-NKA with one substitution that could confer a reduced affinity for CTS. The α1 and α2 isoforms of L. brachistriatus do not contain substitutions imparting CTS resistance. Our findings indicate that poison dart frogs express α-NKA isoforms with different affinities for CTS and the pattern of this expression might be influenced by factors related to evolutionary, physiological, ecological, and geographical burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Medina-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Herpetología Y Toxinología, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Felipe Navia
- Laboratorio de Herpetología Y Toxinología, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Claudia Mosquera-Gil
- Laboratorio de Herpetología Y Toxinología, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Adalberto Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Herpetología Y Toxinología, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo Sterling
- Laboratorio de Herpetología Y Toxinología, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Leonardo Fierro
- Laboratorio de Herpetología Y Toxinología, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Santiago Castaño
- Laboratorio de Herpetología Y Toxinología, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
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27
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Hu Y, Wang X, Xu Y, Yang H, Tong Z, Tian R, Xu S, Yu L, Guo Y, Shi P, Huang S, Yang G, Shi S, Wei F. Molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution in wild animals and plants. Sci China Life Sci 2023; 66:453-495. [PMID: 36648611 PMCID: PMC9843154 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Wild animals and plants have developed a variety of adaptive traits driven by adaptive evolution, an important strategy for species survival and persistence. Uncovering the molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution is the key to understanding species diversification, phenotypic convergence, and inter-species interaction. As the genome sequences of more and more non-model organisms are becoming available, the focus of studies on molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution has shifted from the candidate gene method to genetic mapping based on genome-wide scanning. In this study, we reviewed the latest research advances in wild animals and plants, focusing on adaptive traits, convergent evolution, and coevolution. Firstly, we focused on the adaptive evolution of morphological, behavioral, and physiological traits. Secondly, we reviewed the phenotypic convergences of life history traits and responding to environmental pressures, and the underlying molecular convergence mechanisms. Thirdly, we summarized the advances of coevolution, including the four main types: mutualism, parasitism, predation and competition. Overall, these latest advances greatly increase our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms for diverse adaptive traits and species interaction, demonstrating that the development of evolutionary biology has been greatly accelerated by multi-omics technologies. Finally, we highlighted the emerging trends and future prospects around the above three aspects of adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Hu
- CAS Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Yongchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zeyu Tong
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ran Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Yalong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Shuangquan Huang
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Guang Yang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Suhua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Fuwen Wei
- CAS Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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28
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Hudman KL, Stevenson M, Contreras K, Scott A, Kopachena JG. Experimental Suppression of Red Imported Fire Ants (Solenopsis invicta) Has Little Impact on the Survival of Eggs to Third Instar of Spring-Generation Monarch Butterflies (Danaus plexippus) Due to Buffering Effects of Host-Plant Arthropods. Diversity 2023; 15:331. [DOI: 10.3390/d15030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The eastern migratory population of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) has shown evidence of declines in recent years. During early spring, when the population is at its smallest, red imported fire ants (RIFA) (Solenopsis invicta) have been implicated as having devastating effects on monarch egg and larval survival, but there are no conclusive experimental data to support this contention. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of RIFA on the survival of spring monarch eggs to third instar larvae. Three treatments were analyzed: control plots, RIFA-suppressed plots, and RIFA-enhanced plots. Other host-plant arthropods were also documented. In control plots, monarch survival was unrelated to RIFA abundance on or around the plants. For both years combined, RIFA suppression had little impact on monarch survival. In one of the two years, higher survival occurred in the suppressed treatment, but confidence in this difference was low. In control plots, monarch survival increased with increasing numbers of other arthropods (not including RIFA) on the host plant. Predator pressure did not vary relative to arthropod abundance, and RIFA only occupied plants in large numbers when large numbers of other arthropods were also present. The presence of RIFA did not affect predator pressure. RIFA artificially drawn onto host plants created artificially high predator pressure, and monarch survival was low. Long-term use of bait to control RIFA may not be cost-effective provided surrounding biodiversity is high. Efforts to promote spring monarchs should focus on promoting biodiversity in addition to planting milkweed.
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29
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Raghavan I, Ravi Gopal B, Carroll E, Wang ZQ. Cardenolide Increase in Foxglove after 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole Treatment Reveals a Potential Link between Cardenolide and Phytosterol Biosynthesis. Plant Cell Physiol 2023; 64:107-116. [PMID: 36222367 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cardenolides are steroidal metabolites in Digitalis lanata with potent cardioactive effects on animals. In plants, cardenolides are likely involved in various stress responses. However, the molecular mechanism of cardenolide increase during stresses is mostly unknown. Additionally, cardenolides are proposed to arise from cholesterol, but indirect results show that phytosterols may also be substrates for cardenolide biosynthesis. Here, we show that cardenolides increased after methyl jasmonate (MJ), sorbitol, potassium chloride (KCl) and salicylic acid analog [2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTH)] treatments. However, the expression of three known genes for cardenolide biosynthesis did not correlate well with these increases. Specifically, the expression of progesterone-5β-reductases (P5βR and P5βR2) did not correlate with the cardenolide increase. The expression of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD) correlated with changes in cardenolide levels only during the BTH treatment. Mining the D. lanata transcriptome identified genes involved in cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis: C24 sterol sidechain reductase 1 (SSR1), C4 sterol methyl oxidase 1, and 3 (SMO1 and SMO3). Surprisingly, the expression of all three genes correlated well with the cardenolide increase after the BTH treatment. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SSR1 is likely involved in both cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis. In addition, SMO1 is likely specific to phytosterol biosynthesis, and SMO3 is specific to cholesterol biosynthesis. These results suggest that stress-induced increase of cardenolides in foxglove may correlate with cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis. In summary, this work shows that cardenolides are important for stress responses in D. lanata and reveals a potential link between phytosterol and cardenolide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Raghavan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 109 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Baradwaj Ravi Gopal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 109 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Emily Carroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 109 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Zhen Q Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 109 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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30
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Cope OL, Zehr LN, Agrawal AA, Wetzel WC. The timing of heat waves has multiyear effects on milkweed and its insect community. Ecology 2023; 104:e3988. [PMID: 36756764 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Extreme heat events are becoming more frequent and intense as climate variability increases, and these events inherently vary in their timing. We predicted that the timing of a heat wave would determine its consequences for insect communities owing to temporal variation in the susceptibility of host plants to heat stress. We subjected common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) plants to in-field experimental heat waves to investigate how the timing of heat waves, both seasonally and relative to a biotic stressor (experimental herbivory), affected their ecological consequences. We found that heat waves had multiyear, timing-specific effects on plant-insect communities. Early-season heat waves led to greater and more persistent effects on plants and herbivore communities than late-season heat waves. Heat waves following experimental herbivory had reduced consequences. Our results show that extreme climate events can have complex, lasting ecological effects beyond the year of the event-and that timing is key to understanding those effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L Cope
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Luke N Zehr
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - William C Wetzel
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan, USA
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31
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Dinan L, Lafont F, Lafont R. The Distribution of Phytoecdysteroids among Terrestrial Vascular Plants: A Comparison of Two Databases and Discussion of the Implications for Plant/Insect Interactions and Plant Protection. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:776. [PMID: 36840124 PMCID: PMC9967490 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytoecdysteroids are a class of plant secondary compounds which are present in a wide diversity of vascular plant species, where they contribute to a reduction in invertebrate predation. Over the past 55 years, a significant body of heterogeneous literature on the presence, identities and/or quantities of ecdysteroids in plant species has accumulated, resulting in the compilation of a first database, the Ecdybase Literature Survey (ELS; 4908 entries, covering 2842 species). A second extensive database on the distribution of ecdysteroids in vascular plants is available as the Exeter Survey (ES; 4540 entries, covering 4155 species), which used standardised extraction and analysis methods to survey seeds/spores. We compare the usefulness of these two databases to provide information on the occurrence of phytoecdysteroids at the order/family levels in relation to the recent molecular classifications of gymnosperms, pteridophytes/lycophytes and angiosperms. The study, in conjunction with the other published literature, provides insights into the distribution of phytoecdysteroids in the plant world, their role in plant protection in nature and their potential future contribution to crop protection. Furthermore, it will assist future investigations in the chemotaxonomy of phytoecdysteroids and other classes of plant secondary compounds.
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32
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Petschenka G, Züst T, Hastings AP, Agrawal AA, Jander G. Quantification of plant cardenolides by HPLC, measurement of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibition activity, and characterization of target enzymes. Methods Enzymol 2023; 680:275-302. [PMID: 36710014 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of cardiac glycosides, broadly classified as cardenolides and bufadienolides, has evolved repeatedly among flowering plants. Individual species can produce dozens or even hundreds of structurally distinct cardiac glycosides. Although all cardiac glycosides exhibit biological activity by inhibiting the function of the essential Na+/K+-ATPase in animal cells, they differ in their level of inhibitory activity. For within- and between-species comparisons of cardiac glycosides to address ecological and evolutionary questions, it is necessary to not only quantify their relative abundance, but also their effectiveness in inhibiting the activity of different animal Na+/K+-ATPases. Here we describe protocols for characterizing the amount and toxicity of cardenolides from plant samples and the degree of insect Na+/K+-ATPase tolerance to inhibition: (1) an HPLC-based assay to quantify the abundance of individual cardenolides in plant extracts, (2) an assay to quantify inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase activity by plant extracts, and (3) extraction of insect Na+/K+-ATPases for inhibition assays.
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Abstract
Aphids are serious pests of agricultural and ornamental plants and important model systems for hemipteran-plant interactions. The long evolutionary history of aphids with their host plants has resulted in a variety of systems that provide insight into the different adaptation strategies of aphids to plants and vice versa. In the past, various plant-aphid interactions have been documented, but lack of functional tools has limited molecular studies on the mechanisms of plant-aphid interactions. Recent technological advances have begun to reveal plant-aphid interactions at the molecular level and to increase our knowledge of the mechanisms of aphid adaptation or specialization to different host plants. In this article, we compile and analyze available information on plant-aphid interactions, discuss the limitations of current knowledge, and argue for new research directions. We advocate for more work that takes advantage of natural systems and recently established molecular techniques to obtain a comprehensive view of plant-aphid interaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Shih
- INRAE (National Institute of Agriculture, Food and Environment), UMR IGEPP, Le Rheu, France; , ,
| | - Akiko Sugio
- INRAE (National Institute of Agriculture, Food and Environment), UMR IGEPP, Le Rheu, France; , ,
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- INRAE (National Institute of Agriculture, Food and Environment), UMR IGEPP, Le Rheu, France; , ,
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Rajkovic J, Novakovic R, Grujic-Milanovic J, Ydyrys A, Ablaikhanova N, Calina D, Sharifi-Rad J, Al-Omari B. An updated pharmacological insight into calotropin as a potential therapeutic agent in cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1160616. [PMID: 37138852 PMCID: PMC10149670 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1160616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calotropin is a pharmacologically active compound isolated from milkweed plants like Calotropis procera, Calotropis gigantea, and Asclepias currasavica that belong to the Asclepiadaceae family. All of these plants are recognised as medical traditional plants used in Asian countries. Calotropin is identified as a highly potent cardenolide that has a similar chemical structure to cardiac glycosides (such as digoxin and digitoxin). During the last few years, cytotoxic and antitumor effects of cardenolides glycosides have been reported more frequently. Among cardenolides, calotropin is identified as the most promising agent. In this updated and comprehensive review, we aimed to analyze and discuss the specific mechanisms and molecular targets of calotropin in cancer treatment to open new perspectives for the adjuvant treatment of different types of cancer. The effects of calotropin on cancer have been extensively studied in preclinical pharmacological studies in vitro using cancer cell lines and in vivo in experimental animal models that have targeted antitumor mechanisms and anticancer signaling pathways. The analyzed information from the specialized literature was obtained from scientific databases until December 2022, mainly from PubMed/MedLine, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases using specific MeSH search terms. The results of our analysis demonstrate that calotropin can be a potential chemotherapeutic/chemopreventive adjunctive agent in cancer pharmacotherapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Rajkovic
- Institute for Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radmila Novakovic
- Institute for Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelica Grujic-Milanovic
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Alibek Ydyrys
- Biomedical Research Centre, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurzhanat Ablaikhanova
- Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
- *Correspondence: Daniela Calina, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Basem Al-Omari,
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
- *Correspondence: Daniela Calina, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Basem Al-Omari,
| | - Basem Al-Omari
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Daniela Calina, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Basem Al-Omari,
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Rubiano-Buitrago P, Pradhan S, Paetz C, Rowland HM. New Structures, Spectrometric Quantification, and Inhibitory Properties of Cardenolides from Asclepias curassavica Seeds. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010105. [PMID: 36615300 PMCID: PMC9822358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides are a large class of secondary metabolites found in plants. In the genus Asclepias, cardenolides in milkweed plants have an established role in plant-herbivore and predator-prey interactions, based on their ability to inhibit the membrane-bound Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme. Milkweed seeds are eaten by specialist lygaeid bugs, which are the most cardenolide-tolerant insects known. These insects likely impose natural selection for the repeated derivatisation of cardenolides. A first step in investigating this hypothesis is to conduct a phytochemical profiling of the cardenolides in the seeds. Here, we report the concentrations of 10 purified cardenolides from the seeds of Asclepias curassavica. We report the structures of new compounds: 3-O-β-allopyranosyl coroglaucigenin (1), 3-[4'-O-β-glucopyranosyl-β-allopyranosyl] coroglaucigenin (2), 3'-O-β-glucopyranosyl-15-β-hydroxycalotropin (3), and 3-O-β-glucopyranosyl-12-β-hydroxyl coroglaucigenin (4), as well as six previously reported cardenolides (5-10). We test the in vitro inhibition of these compounds on the sensitive porcine Na+/K+-ATPase. The least inhibitory compound was also the most abundant in the seeds-4'-O-β-glucopyranosyl frugoside (5). Gofruside (9) was the most inhibitory. We found no direct correlation between the number of glycosides/sugar moieties in a cardenolide and its inhibitory effect. Our results enhance the literature on cardenolide diversity and concentration among tissues eaten by insects and provide an opportunity to uncover potential evolutionary relationships between tissue-specific defense expression and insect adaptations in plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rubiano-Buitrago
- Research Group Predators and Toxic Prey, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.R.-B.); (H.M.R.)
| | - Shrikant Pradhan
- Research Group Predators and Toxic Prey, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Hannah M. Rowland
- Research Group Predators and Toxic Prey, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.R.-B.); (H.M.R.)
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Mohammadi S, Özdemir Hİ, Ozbek P, Sumbul F, Stiller J, Deng Y, Crawford AJ, Rowland HM, Storz JF, Andolfatto P, Dobler S. Epistatic Effects Between Amino Acid Insertions and Substitutions Mediate Toxin resistance of Vertebrate Na+,K+-ATPases. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6874786. [PMID: 36472530 PMCID: PMC9778839 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recurrent evolution of resistance to cardiotonic steroids (CTS) across diverse animals most frequently involves convergent amino acid substitutions in the H1-H2 extracellular loop of Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA). Previous work revealed that hystricognath rodents (e.g., chinchilla) and pterocliform birds (sandgrouse) have convergently evolved amino acid insertions in the H1-H2 loop, but their functional significance was not known. Using protein engineering, we show that these insertions have distinct effects on CTS resistance in homologs of each of the two species that strongly depend on intramolecular interactions with other residues. Removing the insertion in the chinchilla NKA unexpectedly increases CTS resistance and decreases NKA activity. In the sandgrouse NKA, the amino acid insertion and substitution Q111R both contribute to an augmented CTS resistance without compromising ATPase activity levels. Molecular docking simulations provide additional insight into the biophysical mechanisms responsible for the context-specific mutational effects on CTS insensitivity of the enzyme. Our results highlight the diversity of genetic substrates that underlie CTS insensitivity in vertebrate NKA and reveal how amino acid insertions can alter the phenotypic effects of point mutations at key sites in the same protein domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Mohammadi
- Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg 20146, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Research Group Predators and Toxic Prey, Jena 07745, Germany
| | | | - Pemra Ozbek
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Göztepe, İstanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Fidan Sumbul
- INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Josefin Stiller
- Villum Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Yuan Deng
- Villum Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Andrew J Crawford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hannah M Rowland
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Research Group Predators and Toxic Prey, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Peter Andolfatto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Susanne Dobler
- Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg 20146, Germany
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McCoy H, Zeng C, McCoy E, MacKinley P, Vickruck J, Calhoun LA, Tai HH. Evidence for Cardiac Glycosides in Foliage of Colorado Potato Beetle-Resistant Solanum okadae. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:14613-14621. [PMID: 36351172 PMCID: PMC9707519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Leptinotarsa decemlineata, the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), is a herbivore that primarily feeds on Solanum foliage and is a global pest of the potato agricultural industry. Potato breeding through cross-hybridization with CPB-resistant wild relatives is used for genetic improvement. The wild species Solanum okadae was demonstrated to deter CPB feeding in choice and no choice feeding assays. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used for comparative metabolite profiling between S. okadae and CPB-susceptible domesticated potato variety, Solanum tuberosum cv. Shepody. Major foliar metabolites detected were steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) with tomatine and dehydrotomatine produced in S. okadae and solanine and chaconine in S. tuberosum cv. Shepody. Cardiac glycosides were also detected in the foliar metabolite profile of S. okadae but not S. tuberosum cv. Shepody. This class of plant compounds have known insecticidal activity through inhibition of animal Na+/K+ ATPase. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) separation of foliar extracts also provided evidence for cardiac glycosides in S. okadae. Cardiac glycosides are known inhibitors of Na+/K+ ATPase, and foliar extracts from S. okadae (OKA15), but not S. tuberosum cv. Shepody, were able to inhibit the Na+/K+ ATPase of CPB. These findings suggest a novel mechanism of plant resistance against CPB involving production of cardiac glycosides in S. okadae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna
J. McCoy
- Fredericton
Research and Development Centre, Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 20280, 95 Innovation Road, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 4Z7
- Department
of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 5A3
| | - Cuijuan Zeng
- Fredericton
Research and Development Centre, Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 20280, 95 Innovation Road, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 4Z7
| | - Emily McCoy
- Fredericton
Research and Development Centre, Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 20280, 95 Innovation Road, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 4Z7
| | - Pamela MacKinley
- Fredericton
Research and Development Centre, Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 20280, 95 Innovation Road, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 4Z7
| | - Jess Vickruck
- Fredericton
Research and Development Centre, Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 20280, 95 Innovation Road, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 4Z7
| | - Larry A. Calhoun
- Department
of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 5A3
| | - Helen H. Tai
- Fredericton
Research and Development Centre, Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 20280, 95 Innovation Road, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 4Z7
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Jin Q, Li W, Yu W, Zeng M, Liu J, Xu P. Analysis and identification of potential type II helper T cell (Th2)-Related key genes and therapeutic agents for COVID-19. Comput Biol Med 2022; 150:106134. [PMID: 36201886 PMCID: PMC9528635 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic poses a severe threat to public health. However, so far, there are no effective drugs for COVID-19. Transcriptomic changes and key genes related to Th2 cells in COVID-19 have not been reported. These genes play an important role in host interactions with SARS-COV-2 and may be used as promising target. We analyzed five COVID-19-associated GEO datasets (GSE157103, GSE152641, GSE171110, GSE152418, and GSE179627) using the xCell algorithm and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Results showed that 5 closely correlated modular genes to COVID-19 and Th2 cell enrichment levels, including purple, blue, pink, tan and turquoise, were intersected with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 648 shared genes were obtained. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses revealed that they were enriched in cell proliferation, differentiation, and immune responses after virus infection. The most significantly enriched pathway involved the regulation of viral life cycle. Three key genes, namely CCNB1, BUB1, and UBE2C, may clarify the pathogenesis of COVID-19 associated with Th2 cells. 11 drug candidates were identified that could down-regulate three key genes using the cMAP database and demonstrated strong drugs binding energies aganist the three keygenes using molecular docking methods. BUB1, CCNB1 and UBE2C were identified key genes for COVID-19 and could be promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Jin
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wanxi Li
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wendi Yu
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Maosen Zeng
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Basic Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Peiping Xu
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Bruno P, Arce CCM, Machado RAR, Besomi G, Spescha A, Glauser G, Jaccard C, Benrey B, Turlings TCJ. Sequestration of cucurbitacins from cucumber plants by Diabrotica balteata larvae provides little protection against biological control agents. J Pest Sci (2004) 2022; 96:1061-1075. [PMID: 37181825 PMCID: PMC10169900 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-022-01568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbitaceae plants produce cucurbitacins, bitter triterpenoids, to protect themselves against various insects and pathogens. Adult banded cucumber beetles (Diabrotica balteata), a common pest of maize and cucurbits, sequester cucurbitacins, presumably as a defensive mechanism against their natural enemies, which might reduce the efficacy of biological control agents. Whether the larvae also sequester and are protected by cucurbitacins is unclear. We profiled cucurbitacin levels in four varieties of cucumber, Cucumis sativus, and in larvae fed on these varieties. Then, we evaluated larval growth and resistance against common biocontrol organisms including insect predators, entomopathogenic nematodes, fungi and bacteria. We found considerable qualitative and quantitative differences in the cucurbitacin levels of the four cucumber varieties. While two varieties were fully impaired in their production, the other two accumulated high levels of cucurbitacins. We also observed that D. balteata larvae sequester and metabolize cucurbitacins, and although the larvae fed extensively on both belowground and aboveground tissues, the sequestered cucurbitacins were mainly derived from belowground tissues. Cucurbitacins had no detrimental effects on larval performance and, surprisingly, did not provide protection against any of the natural enemies evaluated. Our results show that D. balteata larvae can indeed sequester and transform cucurbitacins, but sequestered cucurbitacins do not impact the biocontrol potential of common natural enemies used in biocontrol. Hence, this plant trait should be conserved in plant breeding programs, as it has been demonstrated in previous studies that it can provide protection against plant pathogens and generalist insects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10340-022-01568-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Bruno
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carla C. M. Arce
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo A. R. Machado
- Experimental Biology Group, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaia Besomi
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Spescha
- Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Charlyne Jaccard
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Betty Benrey
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ted C. J. Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Krueger AJ, Rault LC, Robinson EA, Weissling TJ, Vélez AM, Anderson TD. Pyrethroid insecticide and milkweed cardenolide interactions on detoxification enzyme activity and expression in monarch caterpillars. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2022; 187:105173. [PMID: 36127039 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Declines of the monarch butterfly population have prompted large-scale plantings of milkweed to restore the population. In North America, there are >73 species of milkweed to choose from for these nationwide plantings. However, it is unclear how different milkweed species affect monarch caterpillar physiology, particularly detoxification enzyme activity and gene expression, given the highly variable cardenolide composition across milkweed species. Here, we investigate the effects of a high cardenolide, tropical milkweed species and a low cardenolide, swamp milkweed species on pyrethroid sensitivity as well as detoxification enzyme activity and expression in monarch caterpillars. Caterpillars fed on each species through the fifth-instar stage and were topically treated with bifenthrin after reaching this final-instar stage. Esterase, glutathione S-transferase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activities were quantified as well as the expression of selected esterase, glutathione S-transferase, ABC transporter, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase transcripts. There were no significant differences in survival 24 h after treatment with bifenthrin. However, bifenthrin significantly increased glutathione S-transferase activity in caterpillars feeding on tropical milkweed and significantly decreased esterase activity in caterpillars feeding on tropical and swamp milkweed. Significant differential expression of ABC transporter, glutathione S-transferase, and esterase genes was observed for caterpillars feeding on tropical and swamp milkweed and not receiving bifenthrin treatment. Furthermore, significant differential expression of glutathione S-transferase and esterase genes was observed for bifenthrin-treated and -untreated caterpillars feeding on tropical milkweed relative to swamp milkweed. These results suggest that feeding on different milkweed species can affect detoxification and development mechanisms with which monarch caterpillars rely on to cope with their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie J Krueger
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Leslie C Rault
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Emily A Robinson
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Thomas J Weissling
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Ana M Vélez
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Troy D Anderson
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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41
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Jeckel AM, Beran F, Züst T, Younkin G, Petschenka G, Pokharel P, Dreisbach D, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Robert CAM. Metabolization and sequestration of plant specialized metabolites in insect herbivores: Current and emerging approaches. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1001032. [PMID: 36237530 PMCID: PMC9552321 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivorous insects encounter diverse plant specialized metabolites (PSMs) in their diet, that have deterrent, anti-nutritional, or toxic properties. Understanding how they cope with PSMs is crucial to understand their biology, population dynamics, and evolution. This review summarizes current and emerging cutting-edge methods that can be used to characterize the metabolic fate of PSMs, from ingestion to excretion or sequestration. It further emphasizes a workflow that enables not only to study PSM metabolism at different scales, but also to tackle and validate the genetic and biochemical mechanisms involved in PSM resistance by herbivores. This review thus aims at facilitating research on PSM-mediated plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Moriguchi Jeckel
- Laboratory of Chemical Ecology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Beran
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Züst
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gordon Younkin
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Prayan Pokharel
- Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Domenic Dreisbach
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Christine Ganal-Vonarburg
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert
- Laboratory of Chemical Ecology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert,
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Chen W, Saqib HSA, Xu X, Dong Y, Zheng L, Lai Y, Jing X, Lu Z, Sun L, You M, He W. Glucosinolate Sulfatases-Sulfatase-Modifying Factors System Enables a Crucifer-Specialized Moth To Pre-detoxify Defensive Glucosinolate of the Host Plant. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:11179-11191. [PMID: 36043275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous herbivores orally secrete defense compounds to detoxify plant toxins. However, little is known about the role of orally secreted enzymes by a specialized pest, Plutella xylostella, in the detoxification of plant defense compounds. Three glucosinolate sulfatases (GSSs) or two sulfatase-modifying factors (SUMF1s) mutant strains were established on the basis of CRISPR/Cas9 technology to validate the existence of a species-specific GSSs-SUMF1s system. In comparison to the bioassay data from mutant strains of GSS1/GSS2 or SUMF1a/SUMF1b, GSS3 had a minimal role because no significant change was found in GSS3-/- under different feeding contexts. Antibody-based technologies were used to examine GSSs-related deficient strains, and the results showed that the GSS1 protein was primarily released through larval oral secretion. On the basis of high-performance liquid chromatography, we found that GSS1 was secreted to pre-desulfate the typical plant defensive glucosinolates known as 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl glucosinolate (4MSOB-GL) to suppress the production of the toxic substance, which is referred to as pre-detoxification strategy. These findings highlighted that the GSSs-SUMF1s system is the key factor for counteradaptation of P. xylostella to cruciferous plants, which strengthens the concept that herbivores deploy pre-detoxification strategies to disrupt the plant chemical defenses to facilitate the colonization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hafiz Sohaib Ahmed Saqib
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingfang Lai
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanjun Lu
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyi He
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
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43
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Mohammadi S, Yang L, Bulbert M, Rowland HM. Defence mitigation by predators of chemically defended prey integrated over the predation sequence and across biological levels with a focus on cardiotonic steroids. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:220363. [PMID: 36133149 PMCID: PMC9449480 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions have long served as models for the investigation of adaptation and fitness in natural environments. Anti-predator defences such as mimicry and camouflage provide some of the best examples of evolution. Predators, in turn, have evolved sensory systems, cognitive abilities and physiological resistance to prey defences. In contrast to prey defences which have been reviewed extensively, the evolution of predator counter-strategies has received less attention. To gain a comprehensive view of how prey defences can influence the evolution of predator counter-strategies, it is essential to investigate how and when selection can operate. In this review we evaluate how predators overcome prey defences during (i) encounter, (ii) detection, (iii) identification, (iv) approach, (v) subjugation, and (vi) consumption. We focus on prey that are protected by cardiotonic steroids (CTS)-defensive compounds that are found in a wide range of taxa, and that have a specific physiological target. In this system, coevolution is well characterized between specialist insect herbivores and their host plants but evidence for coevolution between CTS-defended prey and their predators has received less attention. Using the predation sequence framework, we organize 574 studies reporting predators overcoming CTS defences, integrate these counter-strategies across biological levels of organization, and discuss the costs and benefits of attacking CTS-defended prey. We show that distinct lineages of predators have evolved dissecting behaviour, changes in perception of risk and of taste perception, and target-site insensitivity. We draw attention to biochemical, hormonal and microbiological strategies that have yet to be investigated as predator counter-adaptations to CTS defences. We show that the predation sequence framework will be useful for organizing future studies of chemically mediated systems and coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Mohammadi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Institut für Zell- und Systembiologie der Tiere, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Lu Yang
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Bulbert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Oxford Brookes, Oxford, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Mohammadi S, Yang L, Bulbert M, Rowland HM. Defence mitigation by predators of chemically defended prey integrated over the predation sequence and across biological levels with a focus on cardiotonic steroids. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:220363. [PMID: 36133149 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6168216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions have long served as models for the investigation of adaptation and fitness in natural environments. Anti-predator defences such as mimicry and camouflage provide some of the best examples of evolution. Predators, in turn, have evolved sensory systems, cognitive abilities and physiological resistance to prey defences. In contrast to prey defences which have been reviewed extensively, the evolution of predator counter-strategies has received less attention. To gain a comprehensive view of how prey defences can influence the evolution of predator counter-strategies, it is essential to investigate how and when selection can operate. In this review we evaluate how predators overcome prey defences during (i) encounter, (ii) detection, (iii) identification, (iv) approach, (v) subjugation, and (vi) consumption. We focus on prey that are protected by cardiotonic steroids (CTS)-defensive compounds that are found in a wide range of taxa, and that have a specific physiological target. In this system, coevolution is well characterized between specialist insect herbivores and their host plants but evidence for coevolution between CTS-defended prey and their predators has received less attention. Using the predation sequence framework, we organize 574 studies reporting predators overcoming CTS defences, integrate these counter-strategies across biological levels of organization, and discuss the costs and benefits of attacking CTS-defended prey. We show that distinct lineages of predators have evolved dissecting behaviour, changes in perception of risk and of taste perception, and target-site insensitivity. We draw attention to biochemical, hormonal and microbiological strategies that have yet to be investigated as predator counter-adaptations to CTS defences. We show that the predation sequence framework will be useful for organizing future studies of chemically mediated systems and coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Mohammadi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Institut für Zell- und Systembiologie der Tiere, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Lu Yang
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Bulbert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Oxford Brookes, Oxford, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Miles LS, Murray‐Stoker D, Nhan VJ, Johnson MTJ. Effects of urbanization on specialist insect communities of milkweed are mediated by spatial and temporal variation. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S. Miles
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
| | - David Murray‐Stoker
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Vanessa J. Nhan
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
| | - Marc T. J. Johnson
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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46
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Giglio ML, Boland W, Heras H. Egg toxic compounds in the animal kingdom. A comprehensive review. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1938-1969. [PMID: 35916025 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00029f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1951 to 2022Packed with nutrients and unable to escape, eggs are the most vulnerable stage of an animal's life cycle. Consequently, many species have evolved chemical defenses and teamed up their eggs with a vast array of toxic molecules for defense against predators, parasites, or pathogens. However, studies on egg toxins are rather scarce and the available information is scattered. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of animal egg toxins and to analyze the trends and patterns with respect to the chemistry and biosynthesis of these toxins. We analyzed their ecology, distribution, sources, occurrence, structure, function, relative toxicity, and mechanistic aspects and include a brief section on the aposematic coloration of toxic eggs. We propose criteria for a multiparametric classification that accounts for the complexity of analyzing the full set of toxins of animal eggs. Around 100 properly identified egg toxins are found in 188 species, distributed in 5 phyla: cnidarians (2) platyhelminths (2), mollusks (9), arthropods (125), and chordates (50). Their scattered pattern among animals suggests that species have evolved this strategy independently on numerous occasions. Alkaloids are the most abundant and widespread, among the 13 types of egg toxins recognized. Egg toxins are derived directly from the environment or are endogenously synthesized, and most of them are transferred by females inside the eggs. Their toxicity ranges from ρmol kg-1 to mmol kg-1, and for some species, experiments support their role in predation deterrence. There is still a huge gap in information to complete the whole picture of this field and the number of toxic eggs seems largely underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías L Giglio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr Rodolfo R. Brenner", INIBIOLP, CONICET CCT La Plata - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Horacio Heras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr Rodolfo R. Brenner", INIBIOLP, CONICET CCT La Plata - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. .,Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
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Agrawal AA, Espinosa Del Alba L, López-Goldar X, Hastings AP, White RA, Halitschke R, Dobler S, Petschenka G, Duplais C. Functional evidence supports adaptive plant chemical defense along a geographical cline. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205073119. [PMID: 35696564 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205073119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental clines in organismal defensive traits are usually attributed to stronger selection by enemies at lower latitudes or near the host's range center. Nonetheless, little functional evidence has supported this hypothesis, especially for coevolving plants and herbivores. We quantified cardenolide toxins in seeds of 24 populations of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) across 13 degrees of latitude, revealing a pattern of increasing cardenolide concentrations toward the host's range center. The unusual nitrogen-containing cardenolide labriformin was an exception and peaked at higher latitudes. Milkweed seeds are eaten by specialist lygaeid bugs that are even more tolerant of cardenolides than the monarch butterfly, concentrating most cardenolides (but not labriformin) from seeds into their bodies. Accordingly, whether cardenolides defend seeds against these specialist bugs is unclear. We demonstrate that Oncopeltus fasciatus (Lygaeidae) metabolized two major compounds (glycosylated aspecioside and labriformin) into distinct products that were sequestered without impairing growth. We next tested several isolated cardenolides in vitro on the physiological target of cardenolides (Na+/K+-ATPase); there was little variation among compounds in inhibition of an unadapted Na+/K+-ATPase, but tremendous variation in impacts on that of monarchs and Oncopeltus. Labriformin was the most inhibitive compound tested for both insects, but Oncopeltus had the greater advantage over monarchs in tolerating labriformin compared to other compounds. Three metabolized (and stored) cardenolides were less toxic than their parent compounds found in seeds. Our results suggest that a potent plant defense is evolving by natural selection along a geographical cline and targets specialist herbivores, but is met by insect tolerance, detoxification, and sequestration.
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Greenstein L, Steele C, Taylor CM. Host plant specificity of the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269701. [PMID: 35700160 PMCID: PMC9197062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The preference-performance hypothesis explains host specificity in phytophagous insects, positing that host plants chosen by adults confer the greatest larval fitness. However, adults sometimes oviposit on plants supporting low larval success because the components of host specificity (adult preference, plant palatability, and larval survival) are non-binary and not necessarily correlated. Palatability (willingness to eat) is governed by chemical cues and physical barriers such as trichomes, while survival (ability to complete development) depends upon nutrition and toxicity. Absence of a correlation between the components of host specificity results in low-performance hosts supporting limited larval development. Most studies of specificity focus on oviposition behavior leaving the importance and basis of palatability and survival under-explored. We conducted a comprehensive review of 127 plant species that have been claimed or tested to be hosts for the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus to classify them as non-hosts, low performance, or high performance. We performed a meta-analysis to test if performance status could be explained by properties of neurotoxic cardenolides or trichome density. We also conducted a no-choice larval feeding experiment to identify causes of low performance. We identified 34 high performance, 42 low performance, 33 non-hosts, and 18 species with unsubstantiated claims. Mean cardenolide concentration was greater in high- than low-performance hosts and a significant predictor of host status, suggesting possible evolutionary trade-offs in monarch specialization. Other cardenolide properties and trichome density were not significant predictors of host status. In the experiment, we found, of the 62% of larvae that attempted to eat low-performance hosts, only 3.5% survived to adult compared to 85% of those on the high-performance host, demonstrating that multiple factors affect larval host plant specificity. Our study is the first to classify all known host plants for monarchs and has conservation implications for this threatened species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Greenstein
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christen Steele
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Caz M. Taylor
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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Abstract
The longstanding interactions between mammals and their symbionts enable thousands of mammal species to consume herbivorous diets. The microbial communities in mammals degrade both plant fiber and toxins. Microbial toxin degradation has been repeatedly documented in domestic ruminants, but similar work in wild mammals is more limited due to constraints on sampling and manipulating the microbial communities in these species. In this review, we briefly describe the toxins commonly encountered in mammalian diets, major classes of biotransformation enzymes in microbes and mammals, and the gut chambers that house symbiotic microbes. We next examine evidence for microbial detoxification in domestic ruminants before providing case studies on microbial toxin degradation in both foregut- and hindgut-fermenting wild mammals. We end by discussing species that may be promising for future investigations, and the advantages and limitations of approaches currently available for studying degradation of toxins by mammalian gut microbes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Denise Dearing
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA;
| | - Sara B Weinstein
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA;
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50
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Pocius VM, Cibotti S, Ray S, Ankoma-Darko O, McCartney NB, Schilder RJ, Ali JG. Impacts of larval host plant species on dispersal traits and free-flight energetics of adult butterflies. Commun Biol 2022; 5:469. [PMID: 35577926 PMCID: PMC9110344 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals derive resources from their diet and allocate them to organismal functions such as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and dispersal. How variation in diet quality can affect resource allocation to life-history traits, in particular those important to locomotion and dispersal, is poorly understood. We hypothesize that, particularly for specialist herbivore insects that are in co-evolutionary arms races with host plants, changes in host plant will impact performance. From their coevolutionary arms-race with plants, to a complex migratory life history, Monarch butterflies are among the most iconic insect species worldwide. Population declines initiated international conservation efforts involving the replanting of a variety of milkweed species. However, this practice was implemented with little regard for how diverse defensive chemistry of milkweeds experienced by monarch larvae may affect adult fitness traits. We report that adult flight muscle investment, flight energetics, and maintenance costs depend on the host plant species of larvae, and correlate with concentration of milkweed-derived cardenolides sequestered by adults. Our findings indicate host plant species can impact monarchs by affecting fuel requirements for flight. The growth of muscle and flight performance in monarch butterflies is influenced by the plant species the larvae grow on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Pocius
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Staci Cibotti
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Swayamjit Ray
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Obenewa Ankoma-Darko
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel B McCartney
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Rudolf J Schilder
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Jared G Ali
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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