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Godfrey DA, Kaufman EA, Crowell SE. Non-suicidal Self-injury History Moderates the Association Between Maternal Emotional Support and Adolescent Affect During Conflict. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024; 55:415-425. [PMID: 36028639 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Onset of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is most frequent during adolescence. Etiological models indicate that abnormal affective reactivity and regulation within interpersonal contexts is related to heightened NSSI risk. The current study examined the effects of maternal emotional support on adolescent sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity and observed anger during a conflict discussion among 56 mother-daughter dyads consisting of healthy adolescents and adolescents with a history of self-injury. During the conflict discussion task, maternal emotional support and adolescent anger were coded from behavior, and cardiovascular pre-ejection period was used to index SNS responding. Results demonstrated that maternal emotional support was negatively associated with adolescent anger and SNS activity during the conflict. However, these associations were not significant among adolescents with heightened NSSI history. Maternal emotional support may serve as an interpersonal mechanism for adolescent physiological and behavioral regulation, yet may function differently among adolescents with more frequent NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Godfrey
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 4505 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Erin A Kaufman
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, 361 Windermere Road, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Sheila E Crowell
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, 380 S. 1530 E. BEH S. 502, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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2
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Troje NF. Depth from motion parallax: Deictic consistency, eye contact, and a serious problem with Zoom. J Vis 2023; 23:1. [PMID: 37656465 PMCID: PMC10479236 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.10.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of head and eye gaze between two or more individuals displayed during verbal and nonverbal face-to-face communication contains a wealth of information and is used for both volitionary and unconscious signaling. Current video communication systems convey visual signals about gaze behavior and other directional cues, but the information they carry is often spurious and potentially misleading. I discuss the consequences of this situation, identify the source of the problem as a more general lack of deictic consistency, and demonstrate that using display technologies that simulate motion parallax are both necessary and sufficient to alleviate it. I then devise an avatar-based remote communication solution that achieves deictic consistency and provides natural, dynamic eye contact for computer-mediated audiovisual communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus F Troje
- Centre for Vision Research and Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Tonhajzerova I, Visnovcova Z, Ondrejka I, Funakova D, Hrtanek I, Ferencova N. Major depressive disorder at adolescent age is associated with impaired cardiovascular autonomic regulation and vasculature functioning. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 181:14-22. [PMID: 36029918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular adverse complications represent a risk factor for increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, there is little knowledge of adolescent MDD. We aimed to study complex cardiovascular autonomic regulation and early atherosclerotic damage with a focus on an analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure variability (BPV), systolic time intervals, and measures of early atherosclerotic changes in adolescent MDD. Ninety depressive adolescents (34 boys, age 15.8 ± 1.3 yrs.) and 90 age-/gender-matched controls were examined. Evaluated parameters: HRV - time and spectral parameters, BPV - mean, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure, spectral systolic parameters; haemodynamic indices - stroke volume, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, systolic time intervals - left ventricular ejection time, pre-ejection period; atherosclerotic indices - ankle-brachial index (ABI), pulse wave velocity, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, cardio-ankle vascular index; growth factors - epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor associated with monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Our results showed that the MDD group had significantly reduced HRV and higher BPV measures, shortened systolic time intervals, lower ABI, and higher EGF compared to controls. Concluding, our study revealed that adolescent MDD is associated with cardiovascular dysregulation and early vasculature dysfunction as preclinical markers of higher risk for cardiovascular morbidity, thus adolescence seems to represent an important age period for early diagnosis and prevention of later MDD-linked cardiovascular diseases manifesting in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Tonhajzerova
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4C, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic.
| | - Zuzana Visnovcova
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4D, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic.
| | - Igor Ondrejka
- Psychiatric Clinic, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, Kollarova 2, 036 59 Martin, Slovak Republic.
| | - Dana Funakova
- Psychiatric Clinic, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, Kollarova 2, 036 59 Martin, Slovak Republic.
| | - Igor Hrtanek
- Psychiatric Clinic, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, Kollarova 2, 036 59 Martin, Slovak Republic.
| | - Nikola Ferencova
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4D, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic.
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4
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Lan Q, Li H, Wang L, Chang S. Breastfeeding duration and vagal regulation of infants and mothers. Early Hum Dev 2022; 171:105620. [PMID: 35785691 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vagal regulation within the parasympathetic nervous system supports self-regulation and social engagement. Research has suggested that early feeding practices may influence mother-infant vagal functioning. AIM We aimed to examine the association between breastfeeding duration and mother-infant vagal regulation during an interaction. We hypothesized that breastfeeding duration would be positively associated with adaptive vagal regulation in infants and mothers. METHOD 204 mother-infant dyads (infant mean age 6 months) completed the face-to-face still-face (FFSF) task. During the task, vagal regulation indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA, a component of heart rate variability) was calculated through continuously recorded electrocardiogram signals. Breastfeeding duration and demographic information were reported by mothers. Linear mixed models were adopted to estimate the associations between breastfeeding duration and repeated measures of RSA in infants and mothers throughout the FFSF. RESULTS Infants breastfed for a longer duration demonstrated lower RSA throughout the FFSF (B = -0.06, 95 % CI: -0.09 to -0.03), suggesting active physiological mobilization to engage in interaction and regulate distress. Mothers with longer breastfeeding duration displayed higher baseline RSA and higher overall RSA levels (higher vagal control) during the FFSF (B = 0.06, 95 % CI: 0.02 to 0.09), indicating a calmer and regulated state. CONCLUSION Longer breastfeeding duration was associated with more adaptive mother-infant vagal regulation during the interaction, indicating a positive dose-response association. This finding reveals breastfeeding practice as a factor contributing to infant effective vagal regulation and further supports WHO recommendation on exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months and continuing breastfeeding to 24 months and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qili Lan
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Suying Chang
- United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Office for China, Beijing, China.
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5
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Alen NV, Shields GS, Nemer A, D'Souza IA, Ohlgart MJ, Hostinar CE. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between parenting and child autonomic nervous system activity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104734. [PMID: 35716874 PMCID: PMC11023739 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parental socialization may influence the development of children's autonomic nervous system (ANS), a key stress-response system. However, to date no quantitative synthesis of the literature linking parenting and child ANS physiology has been conducted. To address this gap, we conducted a pre-registered meta-analysis. A systematic review of the literature identified 103 studies (n = 13,044 participants) with available effect sizes describing the association between parenting and either parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) or sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in children. The overall analysis revealed non-significant associations between parenting and child ANS physiology on average. However, moderation analyses revealed a positive association between more positive parenting and higher resting PNS activity that was stronger when a study was experimental rather than correlational, and when the sample included children with a clinical condition. In conclusion, well-controlled experimental studies show that positive parenting is associated with the development of higher resting PNS activity, an effect that may be stronger among children who are at elevated developmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V Alen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Trier, Germany
| | - Grant S Shields
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Adele Nemer
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, USA
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6
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Siciliano RE, Anderson AS, Compas BE. Autonomic nervous system correlates of posttraumatic stress symptoms in youth: Meta-analysis and qualitative review. Clin Psychol Rev 2022; 92:102125. [PMID: 35078039 PMCID: PMC8858870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Physiological dysregulation is a key diagnostic criterion for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While PTSD is defined by trauma exposure, symptom presentations are varied. Similarly, findings of autonomic nervous system (ANS), including parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS), function in youth exposed to trauma are mixed (e.g., hyporeactivity and hyperreactivity). The present meta-analysis quantitatively assesses the relation between ANS measures broadly, and PNS- and SNS-specific measures, and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in youth (ages 4.98 to 19.55 years) across 38 cross-sectional and longitudinal studies (N = 3488). Findings demonstrate that heightened ANS activity is related to increased PTSS during stress tasks (r = 0.07), while decreased SNS activity at rest corresponded to increased PTSS (r = -0.09). The correlation between PNS measures and PTSS was non-significant. The moderation effect of age on the relation between PNS activity measured during stress tasks and PTSS approached significance, such that younger children showed a stronger negative relation between symptoms and PNS activity compared to older youth. Qualitative review of included studies revealed significant variability across sample and stressor characteristics and study methodology. Findings indicate the importance of autonomic dysregulation in youth with PTSS. Additional considerations for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Siciliano
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Allegra S. Anderson
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bruce E. Compas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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7
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MacGowan TL, Colonnesi C, Nikolić M, Schmidt LA. Expressions of shyness and theory of mind in children: A psychophysiological study. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Choi JW, Thakur H, Cohen JR. Cardiac autonomic functioning across stress and reward: Links with depression in emerging adults. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 168:1-8. [PMID: 34280425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.07.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) has received much attention as a potential low-cost, peripheral indicator of depression. Despite theoretical support, however, results have been mixed as to whether indices of the ANS reliably index depression. In response, the present study sought to clarify the relation between ANS activity and depression by examining cardiac autonomic balance (CAB) and cardiac autonomic regulation (CAR), two composite indices of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system, within both a stressful and rewarding context. We hypothesized that CABStress, representing the difference between the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches in response to stress, and CARReward, representing the summation of the two branches in response to reward, will be most indicative of depressogenic risk. We examined the parasympathetic (i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia) and sympathetic (i.e., pre-ejection period) responses of 97 emerging adults (Mage = 18.93) for a stress (i.e., negative mood induction) and reward (i.e., probabilistic learning) task, as well as their depressive symptoms at baseline, 3-week, and 6-week follow-up. Analyses found partial support for our hypotheses, revealing greater CARReward (i.e., coactivation of both branches) was related to lower depressive symptoms. Further, exploratory analyses examining gender differences found lower CABStress (i.e., sympathetically-oriented response) was predictive of an increasing trajectory of depression, but only among males. Overall, the current study highlights the importance of simultaneously examining both branches of the ANS across various environmental contexts. Research and clinical implications of the current findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Wan Choi
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
| | - Hena Thakur
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
| | - Joseph R Cohen
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
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9
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Colditz IG. Adrenergic Tone as an Intermediary in the Temperament Syndrome Associated With Flight Speed in Beef Cattle. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.652306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The temperament of farm animals can influence their resilience to everyday variations within the managed production environment and has been under strong direct and indirect selection during the course of domestication. A prominent objective measure used for assessing temperament in beef cattle is the behavioral flight response to release from confinement in a crush or chute. This behavioral measure, termed flight speed (also known as escape velocity) is associated with physiological processes including body temperature, feeding behavior, growth rate, carcass composition, immune function, and health outcomes. This review examines the functional links between this suite of traits and adrenergic activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenomedullary hormonal system. It is suggested that flight speed is the behavioral aspect of an underlying “flightiness” temperament syndrome, and that elevated adrenergic tone in animals with a high level of flightiness (i.e., flighty animals) tunes physiological activities toward a sustained “fight or flight” defense profile that reduces productivity and the capacity to flourish within the production environment. Nonetheless, despite a common influence of adrenergic tone on this suite of traits, variation in each trait is also influenced by other regulatory pathways and by the capacity of tissues to respond to a range of modulators in addition to adrenergic stimuli. It is suggested that tuning by adrenergic tone is an example of homeorhetic regulation that can help account for the persistent expression of behavioral and somatic traits associated with the flight speed temperament syndrome across the life of the animal. At a population level, temperament may modulate ecological fit within and across generations in the face of environmental variability and change. Associations of flight speed with the psychological affective state of the animal, and implications for welfare are also considered. The review will help advance understanding of the developmental biology and physiological regulation of temperament syndromes.
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10
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Ritz T, Schulz SM, Rosenfield D, Wright RJ, Bosquet Enlow M. Cardiac sympathetic activation and parasympathetic withdrawal during psychosocial stress exposure in 6-month-old infants. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13673. [PMID: 33048371 PMCID: PMC8548071 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Infant autonomic reactivity to stress is a potential predictor of later life health complications, but research has not sufficiently examined sympathetic activity, controlled for effects of physical activity and respiration, or studied associations among autonomic adjustments, cardiac activity, and affect in infants. We studied 278 infants during the repeated Still-Face Paradigm, a standardized stressor, while monitoring cardiac activity (ECG) and respiratory pattern (respiratory inductance plethysmography). Video ratings of physical activity and affect were also performed. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and T-wave amplitude (TWA) served as noninvasive indicators of cardiac parasympathetic and sympathetic activity, respectively. Responses were compared between infants who completed two still-face exposures and those who terminated after one exposure due to visible distress. Findings, controlled for physical activity, showed robust reductions in respiration-adjusted RSA and TWA, with more tonic attenuation of TWA. Infants completing only one still-face trial showed more pronounced autonomic changes and less recovery from stress. They also showed elevated minute ventilation, suggesting hyperventilation. Both reductions in adjusted RSA and TWA contributed equally to heart rate changes and were associated with higher negative and lower positive affect. These associations were more robust in the group of distressed infants unable to complete both still-face trials. Thus, cardiac sympathetic activation and parasympathetic withdrawal are part of the infant stress response, beyond associated physical activity and respiration changes. Their association with cardiac chronotropy and affect increases as infants' distress level increases. This excess reactivity to social stress should be examined as a predictor of future cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ritz
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Stefan M. Schulz
- Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Experimental Psychopathology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - David Rosenfield
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Rosalind J. Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Michelle Bosquet Enlow
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Vrijkotte TGM, Smeets J, de Rooij SR, Bosch JA. Maternal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status during early pregnancy: Association with child behavioral problems and the role of autonomic nervous system activity. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:3338-3345. [PMID: 33218766 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The prenatal environment, including availability of critical nutrients, has a profound impact on offspring development. The present study examined the association between maternal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) status during pregnancy and later child behavioral problems at the age of 5-6 years. In light of evidence of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation in some behavioral problems, study further tested if the above association is statistically mediated by cardiac ANS activity. METHODS Data was collected as part of the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development-study and complete data were available for 1717 mothers and their offspring. Maternal LC-PUFA status was assessed during early pregnancy (mean gestation = 12.7, SD = 2.5 weeks) and quantified as levels of docosahexenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), as well as the ratio of n-6:n-3 fatty acids. Child emotional problems and peer problems (internalizing problems), as well as conduct problems and inattention/hyperactivity (externalizing problems), were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as rated by the mother and teacher at 5-6 years. Child cardiac respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), pre-ejection period (PEP), and heart rate (HR) were utilized as measures of ANS activity at 5-6 years. RESULTS The results confirmed an association between maternal LC-PUFA status and internalizing behavioral problems as rated by the mother, as shown for DHA (β = -0.11;p < 0.01), EPA (β = -0.22;p < 0.05), and n-6:n-3 LC-PUFA (β = 0.17;p < 0.01). Statistical mediation was only demonstrated for HR. No associations were observed between LC-PUFA status and externalizing behavioral problems. CONCLUSIONS The present results are consistent with a role of maternal LC-PUFA status in internalizing behavioral problems as rated by the mother. These results were not observed when problem behavior was rated by the teacher. Analyses did not yield strong evidence supporting ANS activity as a possible mediator in this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G M Vrijkotte
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - J Smeets
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S R de Rooij
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J A Bosch
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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12
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Holochwost SJ, Kolacz J, Mills-Koonce WR. Towards an understanding of neurophysiological self-regulation in early childhood: A heuristic and a new approach. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 63:734-752. [PMID: 33164204 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Self-regulation in early childhood encompasses both "top down," volitional processes, as well as the "bottom up" activity of three neurophysiological systems: the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In this paper we briefly review the structure, function, and early development of each of these systems and then explain why neurophysiological self-regulation is most accurately defined as a function of their joint activity. We note that while there are a number of predictive models that employ this definition, the field would benefit from a straightforward heuristic and aligned methods of visualization and analysis. We then present one such heuristic, which we call neurophysiological space, and outline how it may facilitate a new, collaborative approach to building a better understanding of self-regulation in early childhood. We conclude with a presentation of early education as one setting in which our heuristic and methods could be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Holochwost
- Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Jacek Kolacz
- Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - W Roger Mills-Koonce
- School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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13
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Alen NV, Deer LK, Hostinar CE. Autonomic nervous system activity predicts increasing serum cytokines in children. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 119:104745. [PMID: 32535403 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Systemic inflammation is associated with increased risk for prevalent and costly diseases, and animal models implicate the autonomic nervous system in the control of inflammatory processes. In humans, research on autonomic-immune connections has been much more limited, and has focused on single branch autonomic measures (i.e., either parasympathetic or sympathetic). The current study utilized cardiac autonomic balance (CAB), derived from dual-branch cardiac autonomic recordings, to test the relation between resting autonomic function and inflammatory reactivity to challenge in children. METHODS Participants included 96 children (51 boys, 45 girls) ages 9-11 years (mean age = 9.93 years, SD = 0.57 years). CAB values were calculated from standardized measures of parasympathetic and sympathetic activity, namely resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia and pre-ejection period data, respectively. Children provided two blood samples, one before and one following exposure to an acute social stressor or control condition. Serum was assayed for four cytokines that orchestrate inflammation: interleukin-6 (IL6), interleukin-8 (IL8), interleukin-10 (IL10), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFa). RESULTS We discovered large individual differences in inflammatory marker production across children, and no average main effect of stress condition. CAB significantly predicted these individual differences, such that children lower on CAB showed increasing serum cytokines from time 1 to time 2. In contrast, children with greater CAB tended to show declining inflammatory markers across the session. DISCUSSION Low cardiac autonomic balance (i.e., the combination of low parasympathetic and high sympathetic activity) may be a useful marker of proinflammatory tendencies in children, suggesting novel paths for early risk detection and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V Alen
- Psychology Department Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA 95618, United States.
| | - LillyBelle K Deer
- Psychology Department Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA 95618, United States
| | - Camelia E Hostinar
- Psychology Department Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA 95618, United States.
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14
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Waxman JA, DiLorenzo MG, Pillai Riddell RR. Convergence of behavioral and cardiac indicators of distress in toddlerhood: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025420922618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to systematically review the available literature on the relation between behavioral and cardiac indicators used to measure distress in toddlerhood. After ascertaining the eligibility of 2,424 articles through a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) guided search process, 22 articles ( N = 2,504) that investigated associations between behavioral and cardiac indicators of distress in toddlerhood were identified. The narrative synthesis described the overall relation (direction [positive, negative], strength [Cohen’s D]) between behavioral and cardiac indicators and was organized by cardiac indicator (i.e., heart rate [HR], heart period, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, pre-ejection period) and type of behavior measured (i.e., coding for expressed emotion behaviors vs. emotion regulation behaviors). Methodological characteristics (i.e., timing of measurement for behavioral and cardiac indicators [concurrent, predictive], length of measurement epochs, inclusion of covariates and moderators) were also described. HR was consistently positively ( D = .05 to .54) related to expressed emotion behaviors. No other cardiac and behavioral indicators were consistently related. Methodological differences related to behavioral and cardiac indicators utilized, timing of measurement, and length of measurement epochs may be responsible for heterogeneity in findings. The findings suggest that researchers might get divergent results depending on whether distress is measured with cardiac or behavioral indicators of distress in toddlerhood. Suggestions for future psychophysiological research with young children are offered.
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15
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A network analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociation in trauma-exposed adolescents. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 72:102222. [PMID: 32272318 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dissociation have long been recognized to co-occur, leading the DSM-5 to introduce a dissociative subtype of PTSD into its nomenclature. Most research to date on the dissociative subtype has focused on adults. The current study aimed to extend this research to an adolescent sample and to examine symptom-level associations between PTSD and dissociation using network analysis. The analysis was conducted with 448 trauma-exposed detained US adolescents (24.55% female; mean age 15.98 ± 1.25 years). A network consisting of 20 DSM-5 PTSD symptoms was constructed, followed by a network consisting of 20 PTSD symptoms and five dissociative items. Expected influence bridge centrality was estimated to examine items with the most/strongest cross-construct connections (i.e. between PTSD and dissociation). The PTSD symptoms concentration problems, amnesia and recurrent memories and the dissociative items depersonalization, derealisation and can't remember things that happened had the highest bridge centrality values. These symptom-level associations extend our understanding of the PTSD-dissociation relationship by pointing to specific symptoms of PTSD and dissociation that may drive the co-morbidity between the two constructs. These findings may inform future intervention efforts.
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16
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Noten MMPG, van der Heijden KB, Huijbregts SCJ, van Goozen SHM, Swaab H. Infant emotional responses to challenge predict empathic behavior in toddlerhood. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:454-470. [PMID: 31489632 PMCID: PMC7217152 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although emotional responses are theorized to be important in the development of empathy, findings regarding the prediction of early empathic behavior by infant behavioral and physiological responses are mixed. This study examined whether behavioral and physiological responses to mild emotional challenge (still face paradigm and car seat task) in 118 infants at age 6 months predicted empathic distress and empathic concern in response to an empathy-evoking task (i.e, experimenter's distress simulation) at age 20 months. Correlation analyses, corrected for sex and baseline levels of physiological arousal, showed that stronger physiological and behavioral responses to emotional challenge at age 6 months were positively related to observed empathic distress, but not empathic concern, at age 20 months. Linear regression analyses indicated that physiological and behavioral responses to challenge at 6 months independently predicted empathic distress at 20 months, which suggests an important role for both physiological and behavioral emotional responses in empathy development. In addition, curvilinear regression analyses showed quadratic associations between behavioral responses at 6 months, and empathic distress and empathic concern at 20 months, which indicates that moderate levels of behavioral responsivity predict the highest levels of empathic distress and empathic concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malou M. P. G. Noten
- Department of Clinical Neurodevelopmental SciencesLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan B. van der Heijden
- Department of Clinical Neurodevelopmental SciencesLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Stephan C. J. Huijbregts
- Department of Clinical Neurodevelopmental SciencesLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Stephanie H. M. van Goozen
- Department of Clinical Neurodevelopmental SciencesLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
- School of PsychologyCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Hanna Swaab
- Department of Clinical Neurodevelopmental SciencesLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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17
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MacGowan TL, Schmidt LA. Shyness, aggression, and empathy in children of shy mothers: Moderating influence of children's psychophysiological self‐regulation. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:324-338. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taigan L. MacGowan
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Louis A. Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
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18
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Oshri A, Duprey EB, Liu S, Ehrlich KB. Harsh parenting and youth systemic inflammation: Modulation by the autonomic nervous system. Health Psychol 2020; 39:482-496. [PMID: 32202827 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to test the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in modulating the impact of family stress induced by harsh parenting on youths' inflammation. First, we examined the direct effect of severity of adverse parenting behaviors on two serum biomarkers of systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein and interleukin-6) among youth. Second, we tested the moderating role of ANS reactivity in response to laboratory-induced stress in the association between harsh parenting and inflammation among these youth. METHOD The sample included 101 low-income children (75.2% African American) between 9 and 12 years of age (Mage = 10.9; SDage = 1.2) who participated in a conflict task with their primary caregiver in a laboratory setting. Heart rate variability reactivity (HRV-R), skin conductance level reactivity (SCL-R), and preejection period reactivity (PEPr-R) were used to index parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system reactivity. Markers of low-grade inflammation (C-reactive protein and interleukin-6) were obtained from serum. RESULTS After adjusting for confounding variables, ANS activity moderated the associations between family stress and systemic inflammation. Specifically, elevated HRV-R buffered the effect of family stress on youths' inflammation, whereas elevated PEPr-R and SCL-R exacerbated the effect. CONCLUSION These findings show that self-regulatory capacity and threat sensitivity, as indicated by ANS function, may have an impact on the associations between family stress and systemic inflammation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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19
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Linking Parental Monitoring and Psychological Control with Internalizing Symptoms in Early Adolescence: The Moderating Role of Vagal Tone. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:809-821. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00631-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Yuan Y, Ali MK, Mathewson KJ, Sharma K, Faiyaz M, Tan W, Parsons SP, Zhang KK, Milkova N, Liu L, Ratcliffe E, Armstrong D, Schmidt LA, Chen JH, Huizinga JD. Associations Between Colonic Motor Patterns and Autonomic Nervous System Activity Assessed by High-Resolution Manometry and Concurrent Heart Rate Variability. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1447. [PMID: 32038145 PMCID: PMC6989554 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal colonic motility may be associated with dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Our aim was to evaluate if associations between colonic motor patterns and autonomic neural activity could be demonstrated by assessing changes in heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy volunteers. A total of 145 colonic motor patterns were assessed in 11 healthy volunteers by High-Resolution Colonic Manometry (HRCM) using an 84-channel water-perfused catheter. Motor patterns were evoked by balloon distention, a meal and luminal bisacodyl. The electrocardiogram (ECG) and cardiac impedance were assessed during colonic manometry. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and root mean square of successive differences of beat-to-beat intervals (RMSSD) served as measures of parasympathetic reactivity while the Baevsky's Stress Index (SI) and the pre-ejection period (PEP) were used as measures of sympathetic reactivity. Taking all motor patterns into account, our data show that colonic motor patterns are accompanied by increased parasympathetic activity and decreased sympathetic activity that may occur without eliciting a significant change in heart rate. Motor Complexes (more than one motor pattern occurring in close proximity), High-Amplitude Propagating Pressure Waves followed by Simultaneous Pressure Waves (HAPW-SPWs) and HAPWs without SPWs are all associated with an increase in RSA and a decrease in SI. Hence RSA and SI may best reflect autonomic activity in the colon during these motor patterns as compared to RMSSD and PEP. SI and PEP do not measure identical sympathetic reactivity. The SPW, which is a very low amplitude pressure wave, did not significantly change the autonomic measures employed here. In conclusion, colonic motor patterns are associated with activity in the ANS which is reflected in autonomic measures of heart rate variability. These autonomic measures may serve as proxies for autonomic neural dysfunction in patients with colonic dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M Khawar Ali
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Karen J Mathewson
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kartik Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mahi Faiyaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sean P Parsons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kailai K Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Natalija Milkova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Elyanne Ratcliffe
- Department of Pediatrics, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Louis A Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ji-Hong Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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21
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Davis EL, Brooker RJ, Kahle S. Considering context in the developmental psychobiology of self‐regulation. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:423-435. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Davis
- Department of Psychology University of California, Riverside Riverside CA USA
| | | | - Sarah Kahle
- University of California, Davis Davis CA USA
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22
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Zeytinoglu S, Calkins SD, Leerkes EM. Autonomic nervous system functioning in early childhood: Responses to cognitive and negatively valenced emotional challenges. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 62:657-673. [PMID: 31578722 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning is "context-dependent," few studies examined children's normative sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic responses to distinct challenges in early childhood years. Examining children's ANS responsivity to distinct challenges is important for understanding normative autonomic responses toward everyday life stressors and identifying paradigms that effectively elicit a "stress response." We examined children's (N = 278) sympathetic (preejection period [PEP]) and parasympathetic (respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA]) responses to cognitive (i.e., problem-solving and cognitive control) and negatively valenced emotional (i.e., blocked goal and unfairness) challenges in preschool, kindergarten, and grade 1. Children, on average, demonstrated parasympathetic inhibition (RSA withdrawal) in response to all challenges but the magnitude of these responses depended on the task. Children showed sympathetic activation (PEP shortening) toward the problem-solving task at each assessment and there was no sample-level change in the magnitude of this response over time. Children showed greater sympathetic responsivity toward the cognitive control task over time, with evidence for a sympathetic activation response only in grade 1. Children experienced sympathetic inhibition (PEP lengthening) toward the unfairness tasks but did not experience significant sympathetic responsivity toward the blocked goal tasks. Parasympathetic responsivity to most challenges were modestly stable but there was no stability in sympathetic responsivity across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Zeytinoglu
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Susan D Calkins
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Esther M Leerkes
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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23
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Murphy AM, Ross CN, Bliss-Moreau E. Noninvasive cardiac psychophysiology as a tool for translational science with marmosets. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e23037. [PMID: 31515850 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The importance of marmosets for comparative and translational science has grown in recent years because of their relatively rapid development, birth cohorts of twins, family social structure, and genetic tractability. Despite this, they remain understudied in investigations of affective processes. In this methodological note, we establish the validity of using noninvasive commercially available equipment to record cardiac physiology and compute indices of autonomic nervous system activity-a major component of affective processes. Specifically, we recorded electrocardiogram and impedance cardiogram, from which we derived heart rate, respiration rate, measures of high-frequency heart rate variability (indices of parasympathetic autonomic nervous system activity), and ventricular contractility (an index of sympathetic autonomic nervous system activity). Our methods produced physiologically plausible data, and further, animals with increased heart rates during testing were also more reactive to isolation from their social partner and presentation of novel objects, though no relationship was observed between reactivity and specific indices of parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Murphy
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Corinna N Ross
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Texas A&M University, San Antonio, Texas.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas.,Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Eliza Bliss-Moreau
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
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24
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Smarius LJCA, Strieder TGA, Doreleijers TAH, Vrijkotte TGM, Zafarmand MH, de Rooij SR. Common oxytocin polymorphisms interact with maternal verbal aggression in early infancy impacting blood pressure at age 5-6: The ABCD study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216035. [PMID: 31233509 PMCID: PMC6590781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress has been shown to contribute to alterations in biobehavioral regulation. Genetic make-up, especially related to social sensitivity, might affect the child’s vulnerability to these alterations. This study examined whether maternal verbally aggressive behavior in early infancy interacts with oxytocin polymorphisms in changing resting cardiovascular outcomes at age 5–6. In the Amsterdam-Born-Children-and-their-Development-(ABCD)-study, a large prospective, observational, population-based birth cohort, maternal verbally aggressive behavior was assessed in the 13th postnatal week (range 11–25 weeks, SD 2 weeks) by a questionnaire (maternal self-report). Indicators of resting cardiac autonomic nervous system activity (sympathetic drive by pre-ejection period, parasympathetic drive by respiratory sinus arrhythmia), heart rate, and blood pressure were measured at age 5–6 years. Data on oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms rs53576, rs2268498 and oxytocin polymorphisms rs2740210, rs4813627, were collected (N = 966 included). If the child was carrier of the rs53576 GG variant, exposure to maternal verbally aggressive behavior (10.6%) was associated with increased systolic blood pressure at age 5–6 (B = 4.9 mmHg,95% CI[2.2;7.7]). If the child was carrier of the rs2268498 TT/TC variant, exposure to maternal verbally aggressive behavior was associated with increased systolic blood pressure at age 5–6 (B = 3.0 mmHg,95%CI[1.0:5.0]). No significant interactions of maternal verbally aggressive behavior with oxytocin gene polymorphisms on heart rate or cardiac autonomic nervous system activity were found. In conclusion, oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms may partly determine a child’s vulnerability to develop increased systolic blood pressure after being exposed to maternal verbally aggressive behavior in early infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia J. C. A. Smarius
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry de Bascule, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Theo A. H. Doreleijers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja G. M. Vrijkotte
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. H. Zafarmand
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne R. de Rooij
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bio-informatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Suurland J, van der Heijden KB, Huijbregts SCJ, van Goozen SHM, Swaab H. Infant Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Activity during Baseline, Stress and Recovery: Interactions with Prenatal Adversity Predict Physical Aggression in Toddlerhood. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 46:755-768. [PMID: 28782091 PMCID: PMC5899751 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to prenatal adversity is associated with aggression later in life. Individual differences in autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning, specifically nonreciprocal activation of the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) nervous systems, increase susceptibility to aggression, especially in the context of adversity. Previous work examining interactions between early adversity and ANS functioning in infancy is scarce and has not examined interaction between PNS and SNS. This study examined whether the PNS and SNS moderate the relation between cumulative prenatal risk and early physical aggression in 124 children (57% male). Cumulative risk (e.g., maternal psychiatric disorder, substance (ab)use, and social adversity) was assessed during pregnancy. Parasympathetic respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and sympathetic pre-ejection period (PEP) at baseline, in response to and during recovery from emotional challenge were measured at 6 months. Physical aggression and non-physical aggression/oppositional behavior were measured at 30 months. The results showed that cumulative prenatal risk predicted elevated physical aggression and non-physical aggression/oppositional behavior in toddlerhood; however, the effects on physical aggression were moderated by PNS and SNS functioning. Specifically, the effects of cumulative risk on physical aggression were particularly evident in children characterized by low baseline PNS activity and/or by nonreciprocal activity of the PNS and SNS, characterized by decreased activity (i.e., coinhibition) or increased activity (i.e., coactivation) of both systems at baseline and/or in response to emotional challenge. These findings extend our understanding of the interaction between perinatal risk and infant ANS functioning on developmental outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Suurland
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, Room 4A03, Box 9555, 2300, RB, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - K B van der Heijden
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, Room 4A03, Box 9555, 2300, RB, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S C J Huijbregts
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, Room 4A03, Box 9555, 2300, RB, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S H M van Goozen
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, Room 4A03, Box 9555, 2300, RB, Leiden, The Netherlands.,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - H Swaab
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, Room 4A03, Box 9555, 2300, RB, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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26
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Tonhajzerova I, Mestanikova A, Jurko A, Grendar M, Langer P, Ondrejka I, Jurko T, Hrtanek I, Cesnekova D, Mestanik M. Arterial stiffness and haemodynamic regulation in adolescent anorexia nervosa versus obesity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:81-90. [PMID: 31163115 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications contribute to higher morbidity and mortality in patients with anorexia nervosa. We aimed to study biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in anorexic, normal-weight, and obese adolescents with focus on complex cardiovascular autonomic regulation and early arteriosclerotic damage. We examined 20 adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa, 20 obese girls, and 20 healthy normal-weight controls. Collected data: body composition analysis, 5 min recordings of R-R intervals and beat-to-beat blood pressure (BP), and arterial stiffness evaluated using cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). Evaluated parameters: beat-to-beat heart rate and BP variability, haemodynamic parameters (total peripheral resistance (TPR) cardiac output), CAVI, and anthropometric indices, including novel body roundness index (BRI). Adolescents with anorexia nervosa had increased CAVI associated with lower arterial constriction indexed by low-frequency band of BP variability compared with normal-weight peers (p = 0.03, p = 0.04, respectively) and obese adolescents (p < 0.01, p = 0.01, respectively). After normalization of CAVI and TPR by BRI, the relationship between CAVI and TPR was significant for all groups with the highest slope in the anorexia nervosa group (R2 = 0.724, p < 0.01). This is the first study revealing early arteriosclerotic damage in anorexic girls with increased CAVI. Complex analysis of cardiovascular autonomic regulation, and early arteriosclerotic, hemodynamic, and anthropometric changes in spectrum anorexia nervosa, normal weight, and obesity could help to understand the mechanisms of increased cardiovascular risk in malnutrition. Novelty Girls with anorexia nervosa showed signs of early arteriosclerotic damage indexed by CAVI. Insufficient sympathetic cardiovascular control was found already in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. The effect of body composition on CAVI was best predicted by novel body roundness index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Tonhajzerova
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4C, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic.,Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4D, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrea Mestanikova
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4C, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic.,Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4D, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Alexander Jurko
- Pediatric Cardiology, Kollarova 13, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Marian Grendar
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4D, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Langer
- Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Scientific Instruments of the ASCR, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Ondrejka
- Psychiatric Clinic, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, Kollarova 2, 036 59 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Tomas Jurko
- Department of Neonatology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, Kollarova 2, 036 59 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Igor Hrtanek
- Psychiatric Clinic, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, Kollarova 2, 036 59 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Dana Cesnekova
- Psychiatric Clinic, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, Kollarova 2, 036 59 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Mestanik
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4C, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic.,Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4D, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
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27
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Tu KM, Li X, Cohen JR. The “Heart” of depression during early adolescence. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:1168-1179. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Tu
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois
| | - Joseph R. Cohen
- Department of Psychology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois
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28
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Development of cardiac autonomic balance in infancy and early childhood: A possible pathway to mental and physical health outcomes. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wass SV. How orchids concentrate? The relationship between physiological stress reactivity and cognitive performance during infancy and early childhood. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:34-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Effect of excessive infant crying on resting BP, HRV and cardiac autonomic control in childhood. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197508. [PMID: 29851997 PMCID: PMC5979019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Early life stress has been shown to influence the developing autonomic nervous system. Stressors in infancy may program the autonomic nervous system resting state set point, affecting cardiovascular function in later life. Excessive crying may be an indicator of increased stress arousal in infancy. We hypothesized that excessive infant crying is related to altered cardiac autonomic nervous system activity and increased blood pressure at age 5–6 years. Methods In the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study, excessive crying, maternal burden of infant care and maternal aggressive behavior in the 13th week after birth (range 11–16 weeks) were reported using questionnaires. Blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability and indicators of cardiac autonomic nervous system activity (sympathetic drive by pre-ejection period, parasympathetic drive by respiratory sinus arrhythmia) were measured at age 5–6 years during rest. Inclusion criteria were singleton birth, term-born, and no reported congenital or cardiovascular problems (N = 2153 included). Results Excessive crying (2.8%) was not associated with resting heart rate, heart rate variability, pre-ejection period, respiratory sinus arrhythmia nor with blood pressure at age 5–6 years. Conclusions Excessive infant crying as an indicator of increased stress arousal does not seem to be related to resting activity of the autonomic nervous system or blood pressure at age 5–6. Potential associations may become visible under stressed conditions.
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Suurland J, van der Heijden KB, Huijbregts SCJ, van Goozen SHM, Swaab H. Interaction between prenatal risk and infant parasympathetic and sympathetic stress reactivity predicts early aggression. Biol Psychol 2017; 128:98-104. [PMID: 28720479 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonreciprocal action of the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) nervous systems, increases susceptibility to emotional and behavioral problems in children exposed to adversity. Little is known about the PNS and SNS in interaction with early adversity during infancy. Yet this is when the physiological systems involved in emotion regulation are emerging and presumably most responsive to environmental influences. We examined whether parasympathetic respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and sympathetic pre-ejection period (PEP) response and recovery at six months, moderate the association between cumulative prenatal risk and physical aggression at 20 months (N=113). Prenatal risk predicted physical aggression, but only in infants exhibiting coactivation of PNS and SNS (i.e., increase in RSA and decrease in PEP) in response to stress. These findings indicate that coactivation of the PNS and SNS in combination with prenatal risk is a biological marker for the development of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Suurland
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - K B van der Heijden
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S C J Huijbregts
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S H M van Goozen
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - H Swaab
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Ritz T, Rosenfield D, St Laurent CD, Trueba AF, Werchan CA, Vogel PD, Auchus RJ, Reyes-Serratos E, Befus AD. A novel biomarker associated with distress in humans: calcium-binding protein, spermatid-specific 1 (CABS1). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R1004-R1016. [PMID: 28381457 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00393.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-binding protein spermatid-specific 1 (CABS1) is expressed in the human submandibular gland and has an anti-inflammatory motif similar to that in submandibular rat 1 in rats. Here, we investigate CABS1 in human saliva and its association with psychological and physiological distress and inflammation in humans. Volunteers participated across three studies: 1) weekly baseline measures; 2) a psychosocial speech and mental arithmetic stressor under evaluative threat; and 3) during academic exam stress. Salivary samples were analyzed for CABS1 and cortisol. Additional measures included questionnaires of perceived stress and negative affect; exhaled nitric oxide; respiration and cardiac activity; lung function; and salivary and nasal inflammatory markers. We identified a CABS1 immunoreactive band at 27 kDa in all participants and additional molecular mass forms in some participants. One week temporal stability of the 27-kDa band was satisfactory (test-retest reliability estimate = 0.62-0.86). Acute stress increased intensity of 18, 27, and 55 kDa bands; 27-kDa increases were associated with more negative affect and lower heart rate, sympathetic activity, respiration rate, and minute ventilation. In both acute and academic stress, changes in 27 kDa were positively associated with salivary cortisol. The 27-kDa band was also positively associated with VEGF and salivary leukotriene B4 levels. Participants with low molecular weight CABS1 bands showed reduced habitual stress and negative affect in response to acute stress. CABS1 is readily detected in human saliva and is associated with psychological and physiological indicators of stress. The role of CABS1 in inflammatory processes, stress, and stress resilience requires careful study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ritz
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas
| | - David Rosenfield
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas
| | - Chris D St Laurent
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ana F Trueba
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.,Quito Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Chelsey A Werchan
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas
| | - Pia D Vogel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eduardo Reyes-Serratos
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - A Dean Befus
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
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Bliss-Moreau E, Moadab G, Capitanio JP. Maternal rearing environment impacts autonomic nervous system activity. Dev Psychobiol 2017; 59:551-556. [PMID: 28369889 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While it is now well known that social deprivation during early development permanently perturbs affective responding, accumulating evidence suggests that less severe restriction of the early social environment may also have deleterious effects. In the present report, we evaluate the affective responding of rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) infants raised by their mothers in restricted social environments or by their mothers in large social groups by indexing autonomic nervous system activity. Following a 25-hr evaluation of biobehavioral organization, electrocardiogram, and an index of respiration were recorded for 10 min. This allowed for an evaluation of both heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an index of parasympathetic activity, during a challenging situation. Three- to four-month-old infants raised in restricted social environments had significantly higher heart rates and lower RSA as compared to infants raised in unrestricted social environments, consistent with a more potent stress response to the procedure. These results are consistent with mounting evidence that the environment in which individuals are raised has important consequences for affective processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Bliss-Moreau
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Gilda Moadab
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
| | - John P Capitanio
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
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Ohtani N, Kitagawa K, Mikami K, Kitawaki K, Akiyama J, Fuchikami M, Uchiyama H, Ohta M. Horseback Riding Improves the Ability to Cause the Appropriate Action (Go Reaction) and the Appropriate Self-control (No-Go Reaction) in Children. Front Public Health 2017; 5:8. [PMID: 28220146 PMCID: PMC5292768 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many obvious health benefits to riding, including developing a strong core and legs, but there are also many less obvious benefits, such as increased confidence and introspection. Few studies have addressed the effects of horseback riding on children and the mechanisms underlying how riding affects humans. We examined the effects of horseback riding on the ability to distinguish Go/No-go tasks and solve arithmetic problems in children. METHODS The subjects were 34 boys and 72 girls, aged 10-12 years old, which were divided into three groups (horse riding, walking, and resting). They were healthy typical children, who performed the Go/No-go tasks and solved the arithmetic problems. The heart rate and heart rate variability of the children, and the three-dimensional acceleration of the children while walking horses, were examined. RESULTS Riding on a half-breed horse or a pony improved the ability to perform Go/No-go tasks and solve arithmetic problems, possibly through sympathetic activity. Some horses, like the Kiso, might provide a healing effect to children through parasympathetic activity. Statistically significant differences in the three-dimensional acceleration and the autonomic activities were observed among the three horses. The acceleration in the Kiso horse group during walking in hand was significantly different from those involving the other two horses, indicating that the vibrations produced by these horses might modify the autonomic activities. CONCLUSION The most important beneficial factor of horseback riding for children and for human health appears to be associated with the horse's vibrations, which may differ among horses. Riding some horses may improve the ability of children to respond with an appropriate action depending on the situation (Go reaction) or use self-control appropriately (No-go reaction), possibly through the activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyo Ohtani
- Laboratory of Effective Animals for Human Health, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine , Chuo-ku, Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Kenji Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Effective Animals for Human Health, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine , Chuo-ku, Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Kinuyo Mikami
- Laboratory of Effective Animals for Human Health, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine , Chuo-ku, Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Kasumi Kitawaki
- Laboratory of Effective Animals for Human Health, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine , Chuo-ku, Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Junko Akiyama
- Laboratory of Effective Animals for Human Health, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kanagawa, Japan; Faculty of Animal Health Technology, Yamazaki Gakuen University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maho Fuchikami
- Laboratory of Animal Facilitated Therapy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture , Atsugi, Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Hidehiko Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Animal Facilitated Therapy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture , Atsugi, Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Ohta
- Laboratory of Effective Animals for Human Health, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kanagawa, Japan; Laboratory of Animal Facilitated Therapy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
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Infant autonomic nervous system response and recovery: Associations with maternal risk status and infant emotion regulation. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 29:759-773. [PMID: 27581204 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether risk status and cumulative risk were associated with autonomic nervous system reactivity and recovery, and emotion regulation in infants. The sample included 121 6-month-old infants. Classification of risk status was based on World Health Organization criteria (e.g., presence of maternal psychopathology, substance use, and social adversity). Heart rate, parasympathetic respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and sympathetic preejection period were examined at baseline and across the still face paradigm. Infant emotion regulation was coded during the still face paradigm. Infants in the high-risk group showed increased heart rate, parasympathetic withdrawal, and sympathetic activation during recovery from the still face episode. Higher levels of cumulative risk were associated with increased sympathetic nervous system activation. Moreover, increased heart rate during recovery in the high-risk group was mediated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic activity, indicating mobilization of sympathetic resources when confronted with socioemotional challenge. Distinct indirect pathways were observed from maternal risk to infant emotion regulation during the still face paradigm through parasympathetic and sympathetic regulation. These findings underline the importance of specific measures of parasympathetic and sympathetic response and recovery, and indicate that maternal risk is associated with maladaptive regulation of stress early in life reflecting increased risk for later psychopathology.
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37
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Clark CAC, Skowron EA, Giuliano RJ, Fisher PA. Intersections between cardiac physiology, emotion regulation and interpersonal warmth in preschoolers: Implications for drug abuse prevention from translational neuroscience. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 163 Suppl 1:S60-9. [PMID: 27306733 PMCID: PMC4911543 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood is characterized by dramatic gains in emotion regulation skills that support social adjustment and mental health. Understanding the physiological substrates of healthy emotion regulation may offer new directions for altering trajectories toward initiation and escalation of substance abuse. Here, we describe the intersections between parasympathetic and sympathetic tone, emotion regulation and prosocial behavior in a high-risk sample of preschoolers. METHOD Fifty-two 3-6 year old children completed an assessment of attention regulation in response to affective stimuli. Cardiac respiratory sinus arrhythmia, an index of parasympathetic tone, and pre-ejection period, a marker of sympathetic activation, were recorded at rest and while children engaged in social interactions with their mothers and an unfamiliar research assistant. Mothers reported on children's emotional reactivity and prosocial behavior. RESULTS Controlling for age and psychosocial risk, higher parasympathetic tone predicted better attention regulation in response to angry emotion and higher levels of prosocial behavior, whereas a reciprocal pattern of higher parasympathetic tone and lower sympathetic arousal predicted better attention in response to positive emotion and lower emotional reactivity. Children exposed to fewer risk factors and higher levels of maternal warmth were more able to sustain a high level of parasympathetic tone during interaction episodes. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that autonomic measures represent biomarkers for socio-emotional competence in young children. They also point to the importance of early experiences in the establishment of physiological regulation and the promise of family-based intervention to promote healthy emotion regulation and prevent substance dependence in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caron A C Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Skowron
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services and Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, United States.
| | - Ryan J Giuliano
- Department of Psychology & Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, United States
| | - Philip A Fisher
- Department of Psychology & Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, United States
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38
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Bush NR, Caron ZK, Blackburn KS, Alkon A. Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges. J Vis Exp 2016:53652. [PMID: 26967045 DOI: 10.3791/53652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of two branches, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, and controls the function of internal organs (e.g., heart rate, respiration, digestion) and responds to everyday and adverse experiences (1). ANS measures in children have been found to be related to behavior problems, emotion regulation, and health (2-7). Therefore, understanding the factors that affect ANS development during early childhood is important. Both branches of the ANS affect young children's cardiovascular responses to stimuli and have been measured noninvasively, via external monitoring equipment, using valid and reliable measures of physiological change (8-11). However, there are few studies of very young children with simultaneous measures of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, which limits understanding of the integrated functioning of the two systems. In addition, the majority of existing studies of young children report on infants' resting ANS measures or their reactivity to commonly used mother-child interaction paradigms, and less is known about ANS reactivity to other challenging conditions. We present a study design and standardized protocol for a non-invasive and rapid assessment of cardiac autonomic control in 18 month old children. We describe methods for continuous monitoring of the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the ANS under resting and challenge conditions during a home or laboratory visit and provide descriptive findings from our sample of 140 ethnically diverse toddlers using validated equipment and scoring software. Results revealed that this protocol can produce a range of physiological responses to both resting and developmentally challenging conditions, as indicated by changes in heart rate and indices of parasympathetic and sympathetic activity. Individuals demonstrated variability in resting levels, responses to challenges, and challenge reactivity, which provides additional evidence that this protocol is useful for the examination of ANS individual differences for toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Bush
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Zoe K Caron
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Abbey Alkon
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco;
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Kahle S, Miller JG, Lopez M, Hastings PD. Sympathetic recovery from anger is associated with emotion regulation. J Exp Child Psychol 2016; 142:359-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vrijkotte TGM, van den Born BJH, Hoekstra CMCA, Gademan MGJ, van Eijsden M, de Rooij SR, Twickler MTB. Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Activation and Metabolic Profile in Young Children: The ABCD Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138302. [PMID: 26394362 PMCID: PMC4579089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In adults, increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic nervous system activity are associated with a less favorable metabolic profile. Whether this is already determined at early age is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to assess the association between autonomic nervous system activation and metabolic profile and its components in children at age of 5–6 years. Methods Cross-sectional data from an apparently healthy population (within the ABCD study) were collected at age 5–6 years in 1540 children. Heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; parasympathetic activity) and pre-ejection period (PEP; sympathetic activity) were assessed during rest. Metabolic components were waist-height ratio (WHtR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting triglycerides, glucose and HDL-cholesterol. Individual components, as well as a cumulative metabolic score, were analyzed. Results In analysis adjusted for child’s physical activity, sleep, anxiety score and other potential confounders, increased HR and decreased RSA were associated with higher WHtR (P< 0.01), higher SBP (p<0.001) and a higher cumulative metabolic score (HR: p < 0.001; RSA: p < 0.01). Lower PEP was only associated with higher SBP (p <0.05). Of all children, 5.6% had 3 or more (out of 5) adverse metabolic components; only higher HR was associated with this risk (per 10 bpm increase: OR = 1.56; p < 0.001). Conclusions This study shows that decreased parasympathetic activity is associated with central adiposity and higher SBP, indicative of increased metabolic risk, already at age 5–6 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja G. M. Vrijkotte
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center—University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Bert-Jan H. van den Born
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center—University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Maaike G. J. Gademan
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center—University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manon van Eijsden
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne R. de Rooij
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel T. B. Twickler
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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Bylsma LM, Yaroslavsky I, Rottenberg J, Jennings JR, George CJ, Kiss E, Kapornai K, Halas K, Dochnal R, Lefkovics E, Benák I, Baji I, Vetró Á, Kovacs M. Juvenile onset depression alters cardiac autonomic balance in response to psychological and physical challenges. Biol Psychol 2015; 110:167-74. [PMID: 26225465 PMCID: PMC4564352 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac autonomic balance (CAB) indexes the ratio of parasympathetic to sympathetic activation (Berntson, Norman, Hawkley, & Cacioppo, 2008), and is believed to reflect overall autonomic flexibility in the face of environmental challenges. However, CAB has not been examined in depression. We examined changes in CAB and other physiological variables in 179 youth with a history of juvenile onset depression (JOD) and 161 healthy controls, in response to two psychological (unsolvable puzzle, sad film) and two physical (handgrip, and forehead cold pressor) challenges. In repeated measures analyses, controls showed expected reductions in CAB for both the handgrip and unsolvable puzzle, reflecting a shift to sympathetic relative to parasympathetic activation. By contrast, JOD youth showed increased CAB from baseline for both tasks (p's<.05). No effects were found for the forehead cold pressor or sad film tasks, suggesting that CAB differences may arise under conditions requiring greater attentional control or sustained effort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Kovacs
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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42
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Kirsch V, Wilhelm FH, Goldbeck L. Psychophysiological characteristics of pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder during script-driven traumatic imagery. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2015; 6:25471. [PMID: 25660044 PMCID: PMC4320135 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v6.25471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychophysiological alterations such as elevated baseline levels and hyperresponsivity in cardiac, electrodermal, and facial muscle activity have been observed in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There are only few, inconclusive studies investigating psychophysiological responses in children and adolescents with PTSD. OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study sought to examine if autonomic variables, facial electromyography (EMG), and self-reported anxiety at baseline, while listening to neutral and idiosyncratic trauma scripts, differ between minors with a trauma history and PTSD, and a traumatized control (TC) group without PTSD. A better understanding of psychophysiological reactions in trauma-exposed children and adolescents could improve differential assessment and treatment decisions. METHOD PTSD was assessed using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents in 6- to 17-year-old trauma-exposed children, resulting in a group with PTSD according to DSM-IV (n=16) and a TC group without PTSD (n=18). Facial EMG, (para-)sympathetic measures (heart rate, electrodermal activity, respiratory sinus arrhythmia), and self-reported anxiety were measured during 5-min baseline, 3-min neutral script, and 3-min idiosyncratic trauma script. Baseline, reactivity (trauma minus baseline), and script contrast (trauma minus neutral) were analyzed by multivariate analyses of variance. RESULTS Children and adolescents with PTSD reported more anxiety compared to TC for baseline, reactivity, and script contrast (ps<0.021, ds>0.59), and showed elevated corrugator supercilii muscle activity for script contrast (p<0.05, d=0.79). No group differences emerged for sympathetic or parasympathetic measures. CONCLUSIONS Children and adolescents with PTSD experienced elevated anxiety at baseline and elevated anxiety and facial corrugator muscle response to an idiosyncratic trauma narrative. Autonomic hyperreactivity, typical for adult PTSD samples, did not figure prominently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Kirsch
- Clinic for Child and Adolescence Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany;
| | - Frank H Wilhelm
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lutz Goldbeck
- Clinic for Child and Adolescence Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Enlow MB, King L, Schreier H, Howard JM, Rosenfield D, Ritz T, Wright RJ. Maternal sensitivity and infant autonomic and endocrine stress responses. Early Hum Dev 2014; 90:377-85. [PMID: 24794304 PMCID: PMC4065189 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early environmental exposures may help shape the development of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, influencing vulnerability for health problems across the lifespan. Little is known about the role of maternal sensitivity in influencing the development of the ANS in early life. AIMS To examine associations among maternal sensitivity and infant behavioral distress and ANS and HPA axis reactivity to the Repeated Still-Face Paradigm (SFP-R), a dyadic stress task. STUDY DESIGN Observational repeated measures study. SUBJECTS Thirty-five urban, sociodemographically diverse mothers and their 6-month-old infants. OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in infant affective distress, heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and T-wave amplitude (TWA) across episodes of the SFP-R were assessed. A measure of cortisol output (area under the curve) in the hour following cessation of the SFP-R was also obtained. RESULTS Greater maternal insensitivity was associated with greater infant sympathetic activation (TWA) during periods of stress and tended to be associated with greater cortisol output following the SFP-R. There was also evidence for greater affective distress and less parasympathetic activation (RSA) during the SFP-R among infants of predominantly insensitive mothers. CONCLUSIONS Caregiving quality in early life may influence the responsiveness of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS as well as the HPA axis. Consideration of the ANS and HPA axis systems together provides a fuller representation of adaptive versus maladaptive stress responses. The findings highlight the importance of supporting high quality caregiving in the early years of life, which is likely to promote later health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Bosquet Enlow
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lucy King
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Hannah Schreier
- Department of Pediatrics, Kravis Children’s Hospital and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY
| | - Jamie M. Howard
- Anxiety and Mood Disorders Center, Child Mind Institute, New York City, NY
| | - David Rosenfield
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX
| | - Thomas Ritz
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX
| | - Rosalind J. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Kravis Children’s Hospital and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY,Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY
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Family conflict, autonomic nervous system functioning, and child adaptation: state of the science and future directions. Dev Psychopathol 2014; 23:703-21. [PMID: 23786705 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579411000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The family is one of the primary contexts of child development. Marital and parent-child conflict (family conflict) are common and predict a wide range of negative behavioral and emotional outcomes in children. Thus, an important task for developmental researchers is to identify the processes through which family conflict contributes to children's psychological maladjustment, as well as vulnerability and protective factors in the context of family conflict. In the current paper, we aim to advance a conceptual model that focuses on indices of children's autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning that increase vulnerability or provide protection against psychological maladjustment in the context of family conflict. In doing so, we provide a selective review that reflects the state of the science linking family conflict, children's ANS activity, and child psychological adjustment, and offer directions and guidance for future research. Our hope is to accelerate research at the intersection of family conflict and ANS functioning to advance understanding of risk and resilience among children.
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Benevides TW, Lane SJ. A Review of Cardiac Autonomic Measures: Considerations for Examination of Physiological Response in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2013; 45:560-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1971-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Gademan MG, van Eijsden M, Roseboom TJ, van der Post JA, Stronks K, Vrijkotte TG. Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Their Children’s Blood Pressure and Resting Cardiac Autonomic Balance at Age 5 to 6 Years. Hypertension 2013; 62:641-7. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Adverse intrauterine conditions can program hypertension. Because one of the underlying mechanisms is thought to be cardiac autonomic balance, we investigated the association between prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure and indicators of the autonomic balance in the child at age 5 to 6 years. Also investigated was whether these associations were mediated by standardized birth weight and child BMI. Pregnant women (n=3074) participating in the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study completed a questionnaire at gestational week 14. At age 5 to 6 years, offspring’s sympathetic drive (pre-ejection period), parasympathetic drive (respiratory sinus arrhythmia), and heart rate were measured by electrocardiography and impedance cardiography at rest. Blood pressure was assessed simultaneously. After adjusting for possible maternal/offspring confounders, prepregnancy BMI was positively linearly associated with diastolic blood pressure (β=0.11 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 0.05–0.17), systolic blood pressure (β=0.14 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 0.07–0.21), but not with heart rate, sympathetic or parasympathetic drive. After adding birth weight and child BMI to the model, the independent effect size of prepregnancy body mass index on systolic blood pressure (β=0.07 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 0.00–0.14) and diastolic blood pressure (β=0.07 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 0.01–0.13) decreased by ≈50%. Birth weight did not mediate these relationships, but was independently and negatively associated with blood pressure. Child BMI was positively associated with blood pressure and partly mediated the association between prepregnancy BMI and blood pressure. In conclusion, higher prepregnancy BMI is associated with higher blood pressure in the child (aged 5–6 years) but does not seem to be attributable to early alterations in resting cardiac autonomic balance. Child BMI, but not birth weight, mediated the association between prepregnancy BMI and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike G.J. Gademan
- From the Department of Public Health (M.G.J.G., K.S., T.G.M.V.), Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (T.J.R., J.A.M.v.d.P.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Documentation and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.v.E.); and Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The
| | - Manon van Eijsden
- From the Department of Public Health (M.G.J.G., K.S., T.G.M.V.), Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (T.J.R., J.A.M.v.d.P.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Documentation and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.v.E.); and Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The
| | - Tessa J. Roseboom
- From the Department of Public Health (M.G.J.G., K.S., T.G.M.V.), Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (T.J.R., J.A.M.v.d.P.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Documentation and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.v.E.); and Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The
| | - Joris A.M. van der Post
- From the Department of Public Health (M.G.J.G., K.S., T.G.M.V.), Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (T.J.R., J.A.M.v.d.P.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Documentation and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.v.E.); and Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The
| | - Karien Stronks
- From the Department of Public Health (M.G.J.G., K.S., T.G.M.V.), Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (T.J.R., J.A.M.v.d.P.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Documentation and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.v.E.); and Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The
| | - Tanja G.M. Vrijkotte
- From the Department of Public Health (M.G.J.G., K.S., T.G.M.V.), Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (T.J.R., J.A.M.v.d.P.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Documentation and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.v.E.); and Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The
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Bliss-Moreau E, Machado CJ, Amaral DG. Macaque cardiac physiology is sensitive to the valence of passively viewed sensory stimuli. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71170. [PMID: 23940712 PMCID: PMC3734104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomic nervous system activity is an important component of affective experience. We demonstrate in the rhesus monkey that both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system respond differentially to the affective valence of passively viewed video stimuli. We recorded cardiac impedance and an electrocardiogram while adult macaques watched a series of 300 30-second videos that varied in their affective content. We found that sympathetic activity (as measured by cardiac pre-ejection period) increased and parasympathetic activity (as measured by respiratory sinus arrhythmia) decreased as video content changes from positive to negative. These findings parallel the relationship between autonomic nervous system responsivity and valence of stimuli in humans. Given the relationship between human cardiac physiology and affective processing, these findings suggest that macaque cardiac physiology may be an index of affect in nonverbal animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Bliss-Moreau
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America.
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Burt KB, Obradović J. The construct of psychophysiological reactivity: Statistical and psychometric issues. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Children's vagal regulatory capacity predicts attenuated sympathetic stress reactivity in a socially supportive context: evidence for a protective effect of the vagal system. Dev Psychopathol 2012; 24:677-89. [PMID: 22559139 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579412000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Social support and vagal regulatory capacity (VRC), an index of flexible vagal responses during various types of stress, are linked to attenuated stress responding and positive health outcomes. Guided by the polyvagal perspective, we tested whether children's VRC is associated with attenuated sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stress reactivity in socially supportive conditions. Sixty-one 4- to 5-year-old children living in poverty underwent two standardized laboratory stress induction procedures. Cardiac vagal reactivity (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) to a first set of stressors (social, cognitive, physical, and emotional) indexed VRC. During a second set of stressors, participants were randomly assigned to a supportive or nonsupportive social context, and cardiac sympathetic reactivity (preejection period) was assessed. We hypothesized VRC would predict lower SNS stress reactivity, but only in the socially supportive context. Children with high VRC showed attenuated SNS stress reactivity in the socially supportive context compared to children with high VRC in the nonsupportive context and children with low VRC in either context. Individual differences in VRC predict attenuated SNS stress reactivity in socially supportive conditions. Understanding how social support and VRC jointly mitigate SNS stress reactivity may further efforts to prevent negative health outcomes. Implications for biological sensitivity to context and differential susceptibility theories are discussed.
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How can the study of physiological reactivity contribute to our understanding of adversity and resilience processes in development? Dev Psychopathol 2012; 24:371-87. [PMID: 22559120 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579412000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this article is to present current progress in understanding the interplay among adversity, physiological sensitivity to context, and adaptive functioning, with an emphasis on implications and future directions for resilience researchers. It includes a review of current literature that demonstrates (a) links between various levels of adversity exposure and variability in physiological reactivity, (b) how the interplay between children's physiological reactivity and different sources of risk and adversity relates to variability in adaptive functioning, and (c) various approaches for capturing a more dynamic nature of physiological reactivity and related processes. Throughout, important conceptual and empirical issues are highlighted.
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