1
|
Kitagawa W, Hata M. Development of Efficient Genome-Reduction Tool Based on Cre/ loxP System in Rhodococcus erythropolis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020268. [PMID: 36838232 PMCID: PMC9959502 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodococcus has been extensively studied for its excellent ability to degrade artificial chemicals and its capability to synthesize biosurfactants and antibiotics. In recent years, studies have attempted to use Rhodococcus as a gene expression host. Various genetic tools, such as plasmid vectors, transposon mutagenesis, and gene disruption methods have been developed for use in Rhodococcus; however, no effective method has been reported for performing large-size genome reduction. Therefore, the present study developed an effective plasmid-curing method using the levansucrase-encoding sacB gene and a simple two-step genome-reduction method using a modified Cre/loxP system. For the results, R. erythropolis JCM 2895 was used as the model; a mutant strain that cured all four plasmids and deleted seven chromosomal regions was successfully obtained in this study. The total DNA deletion size was >600 kb, which corresponds mostly to 10% of the genome size. Using this method, a genome-structure-stabilized and unfavorable gene/function-lacking host strain can be created in Rhodococcus. This genetic tool will help develop and improve Rhodococcus strains for various industrial and environmental applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kitagawa
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial and Technology (AIST), Sapporo 062-8517, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Miyako Hata
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial and Technology (AIST), Sapporo 062-8517, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Characterization of the 2,6-Dimethylphenol Monooxygenase MpdAB and Evaluation of Its Potential in Vitamin E Precursor Synthesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0011022. [PMID: 35380460 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00110-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2,6-Dimethylphenol (2,6-DMP) is a widely used chemical intermediate whose residue has been frequently detected in the environment, posing a threat to some aquatic organisms. Microbial degradation is an effective method to eliminate 2,6-DMP in nature. However, the genetic and biochemical mechanisms of 2,6-DMP metabolism remain unknown. Mycobacterium neoaurum B5-4 is a 2,6-DMP-degrading bacterium isolated in our previous study. Here, a 2,6-DMP degradation-deficient mutant of strain B5-4 was screened. Comparative genomic, transcriptomic, gene disruption, and genetic complementation data indicated that mpdA and mpdB are responsible for the initial step of 2,6-DMP degradation in M. neoaurum B5-4. MpdAB was predicted to be a two-component flavin-dependent monooxygenase system, which shows 32% and 36% identities with HsaAB from Mycobacterium tuberculosis CDC1551. The transcription of mpdA and mpdB was substantially increased upon exposure to 2,6-DMP. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that purified 6×His-MpdA and 6×His-MpdB hydroxylated 2,6-DMP and 2,3,6-trimethylphenol (2,3,6-TMP) at the para-position using NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as cofactors. The apparent Km values of MpdAB for 2,6-DMP and 2,3,6-TMP were 0.12 ± 0.01 and 0.17 ± 0.01 mM, respectively, and the corresponding kcat/Km values were 4.02 and 2.84 s-1 mM-1, respectively. Since para-hydroxylated 2,3,6-TMP is a major precursor for vitamin E synthesis, the potential of MpdAB in vitamin E synthesis was preliminarily evaluated using whole-cell catalysis. Low expression levels of MpdA and 2,3,6-TMP cytotoxicity limited the efficiency of whole-cell catalysis. Together, this study reveals the genetic and biochemical basis for the initial step of 2,6-DMP biodegradation and provides candidate enzymes for vitamin E synthesis. IMPORTANCE Although the microbial degradation of the six isomers of dimethylphenol has been extensively studied, the genetic and biochemical mechanisms of 2,6-DMP degradation remain unclear. This study identified the genes responsible for the initial step in the 2,6-DMP catabolic pathway in M. neoaurum B5-4. Moreover, MpdAB also catalyzed the transformation of 2,3,6-TMP to 2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone (2,3,5-TMHQ), a crucial step in vitamin E synthesis. Overall, this study provides candidate enzymes for both the bioremediation of 2,6-DMP contamination and the development of a green method to synthesize vitamin E.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yogo Y, Yasuda K, Takita T, Yasukawa K, Iwai Y, Nishikawa M, Sugimoto H, Ikushiro S, Sakaki T. Metabolism of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by Streptomyces griseolus CYP105A1 and its variants. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 45:100455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
4
|
Donini E, Firrincieli A, Cappelletti M. Systems biology and metabolic engineering of Rhodococcus for bioconversion and biosynthesis processes. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 66:701-713. [PMID: 34215934 PMCID: PMC8449775 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00892-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Rhodococcus spp. strains are widespread in diverse natural and anthropized environments thanks to their high metabolic versatility, biodegradation activities, and unique adaptation capacities to several stress conditions such as the presence of toxic compounds and environmental fluctuations. Additionally, the capability of Rhodococcus spp. strains to produce high value-added products has received considerable attention, mostly in relation to lipid accumulation. In relation with this, several works carried out omic studies and genome comparative analyses to investigate the genetic and genomic basis of these anabolic capacities, frequently in association with the bioconversion of renewable resources and low-cost substrates into triacylglycerols. This review is focused on these omic analyses and the genetic and metabolic approaches used to improve the biosynthetic and bioconversion performance of Rhodococcus. In particular, this review summarizes the works that applied heterologous expression of specific genes and adaptive laboratory evolution approaches to manipulate anabolic performance. Furthermore, recent molecular toolkits for targeted genome editing as well as genome-based metabolic models are described here as novel and promising strategies for genome-scaled rational design of Rhodococcus cells for efficient biosynthetic processes application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Donini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Firrincieli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Cappelletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang Y, Yu H. Genetic toolkits for engineering Rhodococcus species with versatile applications. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107748. [PMID: 33823269 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Rhodococcus spp. are a group of non-model gram-positive bacteria with diverse catabolic activities and strong adaptive capabilities, which enable their wide application in whole-cell biocatalysis, environmental bioremediation, and lignocellulosic biomass conversion. Compared with model microorganisms, the engineering of Rhodococcus is challenging because of the lack of universal molecular tools, high genome GC content (61% ~ 71%), and low transformation and recombination efficiencies. Nevertheless, because of the high interest in Rhodococcus species for bioproduction, various genetic elements and engineering tools have been recently developed for Rhodococcus spp., including R. opacus, R. jostii, R. ruber, and R. erythropolis, leading to the expansion of the genetic toolkits for Rhodococcus engineering. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the important developed genetic elements for Rhodococcus, including shuttle vectors, promoters, antibiotic markers, ribosome binding sites, and reporter genes. In addition, we also summarize gene transfer techniques and strategies to improve transformation efficiency, as well as random and precise genome editing tools available for Rhodococcus, including transposition, homologous recombination, recombineering, and CRISPR/Cas9. We conclude by discussing future trends in Rhodococcus engineering. We expect that more synthetic and systems biology tools (such as multiplex genome editing, dynamic regulation, and genome-scale metabolic models) will be adapted and optimized for Rhodococcus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youxiang Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis (Tsinghua University), the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huimin Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis (Tsinghua University), the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kuyukina MS, Varushkina AM, Ivshina IB. Effects of Electroporation on Antibiotic Susceptibility and Adhesive Activity to n-Hexadecane in Rhodococcus ruber IEGM 231. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820060083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
7
|
Liang Y, Jiao S, Wang M, Yu H, Shen Z. A CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing system for Rhodococcus ruber TH. Metab Eng 2020; 57:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
8
|
Molecular Mechanism and Genetic Determinants of Buprofezin Degradation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00868-17. [PMID: 28710269 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00868-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Buprofezin is a widely used insect growth regulator whose residue has been frequently detected in the environment, posing a threat to aquatic organisms and nontarget insects. Microorganisms play an important role in the degradation of buprofezin in the natural environment. However, the relevant catabolic pathway has not been fully characterized, and the molecular mechanism of catabolism is still completely unknown. Rhodococcus qingshengii YL-1 can utilize buprofezin as a sole source of carbon and energy for growth. In this study, the upstream catabolic pathway in strain YL-1 was identified using tandem mass spectrometry. Buprofezin is composed of a benzene ring and a heterocyclic ring. The degradation is initiated by the dihydroxylation of the benzene ring and continues via dehydrogenation, aromatic ring cleavage, breaking of an amide bond, and the release of the heterocyclic ring 2-tert-butylimino-3-isopropyl-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one (2-BI). A buprofezin degradation-deficient mutant strain YL-0 was isolated. A comparative genomic analysis combined with gene deletion and complementation experiments revealed that the gene cluster bfzBA3A4A1A2C is responsible for the upstream catabolic pathway of buprofezin. The bfzA3A4A1A2 cluster encodes a novel Rieske nonheme iron oxygenase (RHO) system that is responsible for the dihydroxylation of buprofezin at the benzene ring; bfzB is involved in dehydrogenation, and bfzC is in charge of benzene ring cleavage. Furthermore, the products of bfzBA3A4A1A2C can also catalyze dihydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and aromatic ring cleavage of biphenyl, flavanone, flavone, and bifenthrin. In addition, a transcriptional study revealed that bfzBA3A4A1A2C is organized in one transcriptional unit that is constitutively expressed in strain YL-1.IMPORTANCE There is an increasing concern about the residue and environmental fate of buprofezin. Microbial metabolism is an important mechanism responsible for the buprofezin degradation in the natural environment. However, the molecular mechanism and genetic determinants of microbial degradation of buprofezin have not been well identified. This work revealed that gene cluster bfzBA3A4A1A2C is responsible for the upstream catabolic pathway of buprofezin in Rhodococcus qingshengii YL-1. The products of bfzBA3A4A1A2C could also degrade bifenthrin, a widely used pyrethroid insecticide. These findings enhance our understanding of the microbial degradation mechanism of buprofezin and benefit the application of strain YL-1 and bfzBA3A4A1A2C in the bioremediation of buprofezin contamination.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ellinger J, Schmidt-Dannert C. Construction of a BioBrick™ compatible vector system for Rhodococcus. Plasmid 2017; 90:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
10
|
Huang L, Zhao L, Zan X, Song Y, Ratledge C. Boosting fatty acid synthesis in Rhodococcus opacus PD630 by overexpression of autologous thioesterases. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:999-1008. [PMID: 26956236 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the role of thioesterases in Rhodococcus opacus PD630 by endogenously overexpression in this bacteria for increased lipid production. RESULTS Overexpression of four thioesterases from R. opacus PD630 in E. coli led to a 2- to 8-fold increase in C16:1 and C18:1 fatty acids while, when overexpressed in R. opacus PD630, only two recombinants had significant effect on the quantities and compositions of total fatty acid. The contents of total fatty acids (FAs) in two recombinants, pJTE2 (OPAG_00508 thioesterase) and pJTE4 (WP_012687673.1 thioesterase), were 400-460 mg/g (CDW) which is 1.5 times of wild-type strain PD630 (300-350 mg/g CDW), and 20-30 % (w/w) more than that of the control strain PDpJAM2 (330-370 mg/g CDW). The contents of 17:1 and 18:1 fatty acids increased by about 27 and 35 %, respectively, in pJTE2 and by 35 and 20 %, respectively, in pJTE4 compared with the control strain. CONCLUSIONS The engineered strains showed improved production of lipid (as total fatty acids), and could also tailor the composition of the fatty acid profile when cultured in mineral salts medium using glucose as sole carbon source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luxuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Zan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanda Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Colin Ratledge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yasutake Y, Nishioka T, Imoto N, Tamura T. A Single Mutation at the Ferredoxin Binding Site of P450 Vdh Enables Efficient Biocatalytic Production of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2284-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
12
|
Xiong M, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Li C. Survival of GFP-tagged Rhodococcus sp. D310-1 in chlorimuron-ethyl-contaminated soil and its effects on the indigenous microbial community. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 252-253:347-354. [PMID: 23542325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The recently isolated bacterial strain Rhodococcus sp. D310-1 can degrade high concentrations of chlorimuron-ethyl (up to 1000 mg L(-1)), indicating its potential for the bioremediation of soil contaminated with high levels of chlorimuron-ethyl. In this study, Rhodococcus sp. D310-1 was tagged with green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) to track its survival in soil. Subsequently, degradation activity of the gfp-tagged strain and its effects on indigenous microbial community were analyzed. Results showed the cell numbers of Rhodococcus sp. D310-1::gfp in non-sterilized soil maintained at 8.5 × 10(4) cells g(-1) dry soil 45 days after inoculation of 7.74 × 10(6) cells g(-1) dry soil and approximately 49% of chlorimuron-ethyl was removed. However, The cell numbers of Rhodococcus sp. D310-1::gfp in sterilized samples increased gradually to 7.85 × 10(7) cells g(-1) dry soil and approximately 78% of chlorimuron-ethyl was removed. PCR-DGGE demonstrated that inoculation of this gfp-tagged strain in chlorimuron-ethyl-contaminated soil has negligible impact on the community structure of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi. These results indicate that Rhodococcus sp. D310-1 is effective for the remediation of chlorimuron-ethyl-contaminated soil and also provides valuable information about the behavior of the inoculant population during bioremediation, which could be directly used in the risk assessment of inoculant population and optimization of bioremediation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Xiong
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Carere J, McKenna SE, Kimber MS, Seah SYK. Characterization of an aldolase-dehydrogenase complex from the cholesterol degradation pathway of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochemistry 2013; 52:3502-11. [PMID: 23614353 DOI: 10.1021/bi400351h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
HsaF and HsaG are an aldolase and dehydrogenase from the cholesterol degradation pathway of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. HsaF could be heterologously expressed and purified as a soluble dimer, but the enzyme was inactive in the absence of HsaG. HsaF catalyzes the aldol cleavage of 4-hydroxy-2-oxoacids to produce pyruvate and an aldehyde. The enzyme requires divalent metals for activity, with a preference for Mn(2+). The Km values for 4-hydroxy-2-oxoacids were about 20-fold lower than observed for the aldolase homologue, BphI from the polychlorinated biphenyl degradation pathway. Acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde were channeled directly to the dehydrogenase, HsaG, without export to the bulk solvent where they were transformed to acyl-CoA in an NAD(+) and coenzyme A dependent reaction. HsaG is able to utilize aldehydes up to five carbons in length as substrates, with similar catalytic efficiencies. The HsaF-HsaG complex was crystallized and its structure was determined to a resolution of 1.93 Å. Substitution of serine 41 in HsaG with isoleucine or aspartate resulted in about 35-fold increase in Km for CoA but only 4-fold increase in Km dephospho-CoA, suggesting that this residue interacts with the 3'-ribose phosphate of CoA. A second protein annotated as a 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid aldolase in M. tuberculosis (MhpE, Rv3469c) was expressed and purified, but was found to lack aldolase activity. Instead this enzyme was found to possess oxaloacetate decarboxylase activity, consistent with the conservation (with the 4-hydroxy-2-oxoacid aldolases) of residues involved in pyruvate enolate stabilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Carere
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rhodococcus prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup) is degraded by deaminase of pup (Dop). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1959-66. [PMID: 23047115 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup) is a functional analog of ubiquitin. Post-translationally modified pupylated proteins are selectively degraded by a proteasome-dependent proteolytic system. Deaminase of Pup (Dop) activates Pup by deaminating the C-terminal from glutamine to glutamate, and subsequently activated Pup is conjugated to target proteins by proteasome accessory factor A. Dop is also involved in the removal of Pup from pupylated proteins. Deconjugated free Pup is capable of religating to target proteins. Although the pupylation system is well studied in Mycobacterium, little is known about it in other actinomycetes. Both Rhodococcus and Mycobacterium Dop remove Pup from pupylated proteins, but in these two bacteria, no accumulation of deconjugated free Pup from Rhodococcus is observed. Analysis of a model pupylated protein revealed that Rhodococcus Pup is degraded at multiple sites by Dop. The endopeptidase activity of Dop can be detected using a fluorogenic substrate in conjunction with aminopeptidase. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of the model enzyme increases when Pup is deconjugated. These results suggest that depupylated Rhodococcus Pup is not recycled for religation with target proteins, and that Pup not only functions as a degradation signal, but also regulates the enzymatic activity of target proteins by conjugation and deconjugation to them.
Collapse
|
15
|
Characterization of a rifampin-inactivating glycosyltransferase from a screen of environmental actinomycetes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:5061-9. [PMID: 22802246 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01166-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying and understanding the collection of all antibiotic resistance determinants presented in the global microbiota, the antibiotic resistome, provides insight into the evolution of antibiotic resistance and critical information for the development of future antimicrobials. The rifamycins are broad-spectrum antibiotics that target bacterial transcription by inhibition of RNA polymerase. Although mutational alteration of the drug target is the predominant mechanism of resistance to this family of antibiotics in the clinic, a number of diverse inactivation mechanisms have also been reported. In this report, we investigate a subset of environmental rifampin-resistant actinomycete isolates and identify a diverse collection of rifampin inactivation mechanisms. We describe a single isolate, WAC1438, capable of inactivating rifampin by glycosylation. A draft genome sequence of WAC1438 (most closely related to Streptomyces speibonae, according to a 16S rRNA gene comparison) was assembled, and the associated rifampin glycosyltransferase open reading frame, rgt1438, was identified. The role of rgt1438 in rifampin resistance was confirmed by its disruption in the bacterial chromosome, resulting in a loss of antibiotic inactivation and a 4-fold decrease in MIC. Interestingly, examination of the RNA polymerase β-subunit sequence of WAC1438 suggests that it harbors a resistant target and thus possesses dual mechanisms of rifamycin resistance. Using an in vitro assay with purified enzyme, Rgt1438 could inactivate a variety of rifamycin antibiotics with comparable steady-state kinetics constants. Our results identify rgt1438 as a rifampin resistance determinant from WAC1438 capable of inactivating an assortment of rifamycins, adding a new element to the rifampin resistome.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The two metabolically versatile actinobacteria Rhodococcus opacus PD630 and R. jostii RHA1 can efficiently convert diverse organic substrates into neutral lipids mainly consisting of triacylglycerol (TAG), the precursor of energy-rich hydrocarbon. Neither, however, is able to utilize xylose, the important component present in lignocellulosic biomass, as the carbon source for growth and lipid accumulation. In order to broaden their substrate utilization range, the metabolic pathway of d-xylose utilization was introduced into these two strains. This was accomplished by heterogenous expression of two well-selected genes, xylA, encoding xylose isomerase, and xylB, encoding xylulokinase from Streptomyces lividans TK23, under the control of the tac promoter with an Escherichia coli-Rhodococcus shuttle vector. The recombinant R. jostii RHA1 bearing xylA could grow on xylose as the sole carbon source, and additional expression of xylB further improved the biomass yield. The recombinant could consume both glucose and xylose in the sugar mixture, although xylose metabolism was still affected by the presence of glucose. The xylose metabolic pathway was also introduced into the high-lipid-producing strain R. opacus PD630 by expression of xylA and xylB. Under nitrogen-limited conditions, the fatty acid composition was determined, and lipid produced from xylose by recombinants of R. jostii RHA1 and R. opacus PD630 carrying xylA and xylB represented up to 52.5% and 68.3% of the cell dry weight (CDW), respectively. This work demonstrates that it is feasible to produce lipid from the sugars, including xylose, derived from renewable feedstock by genetic modification of rhodococcus strains.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang ZL, Wang D, Li Q, Li WL, Tang H, Xing JM. Enhanced biodesulfurization by expression of dibenzothiophene uptake genes in Rhodococcus erythropolis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0656-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
18
|
Permeabilization induced by lipid II-targeting lantibiotic nisin and its effect on the bioconversion of vitamin D3 to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by Rhodococcus erythropolis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 405:393-8. [PMID: 21237135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 (VD3) is a fat-soluble prohormone in mammals. VD3 is inert and must be activated by hydroxylation at the C-25 and C-1α positions to exert its biological activity. We recently accomplished the bioconversion of VD3 to 25(OH)VD3 with a recombinant strain of Rhodococcus erythropolis and found that the permeability of VD3 into the cytoplasm may be the rate-limiting step of 25(OH)VD3 production (Sallam et al., 2010). When the cells were treated with the lipid II-targeting lantibiotic nisin, the permeability of green chemiluminescent cyclodextrin (GCCD), which is used as a model substrate instead of VD3-partially methylated-β-cyclodextrin (PMCD) complex, was drastically induced. Nisin also induced VD3 hydroxylation, and the rate was correlated with the expression levels of Vdh and its redox partner proteins. In the bioconversion reaction, the stability of the redox partner proteins and the additional NADH-regenerating system are crucial for VD3 hydroxylation. The degradation rate of the [2Fe-2S] cluster of ferredoxin ThcC from R. erythropolis NI86/21 is faster than that of AciB from Acinetobacter sp. OC4. Therefore, the nisin-treated R. erythropolis cells coexpressing Vdh and AciBC (1176.5 μg) exhibited much greater 25(OH)VD3 production than the cells coexpressing Vdh and ThcCD (431.7 μg) after four consecutive 16 h reactions. These results suggest that nisin forms nisin-lipid II pore complexes in the Rhodococcus membrane that increase the accessibility of VD3-PMCD complexes to the inside of the cells. Furthermore, nisin-treated Rhodococcus cells can be utilized for the bioconversion of other fat-soluble chemicals.
Collapse
|
19
|
Fujii Y, Norihisa K, Fujii T, Aritoku Y, Kagawa Y, Sallam KI, Johdo O, Arisawa A, Tamura T. Construction of a novel expression vector in Pseudonocardia autotrophica and its application to efficient biotransformation of compactin to pravastatin, a specific HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 404:511-6. [PMID: 21144838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The novel plasmid vector (pTAOR4-Rev) suitable for gene expression in actinomycete strains of Pseudonocardia autotrophica was constructed from 2 P. autotrophica genetic elements, the novel replication origin and the acetone-inducible promoter. The replication origin was isolated from the endogenous plasmid of strain DSM 43082 and the acetone-inducible promoter was determined by analysis of the upstream region of an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase gene homologue in strain NBRC 12743. P. autotrophica strains transformed with pTAOR4-P450, carrying a gene for cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, expressed P450 from the acetone-inducible promoter, as verified by SDS-PAGE and spectral analysis. The biotransformation test of acetone-induced resting cells prepared from a strain of P. autotrophica carrying pTAOR4 that harbors a compactin (CP)-hydroxylating P450 gene revealed 3.3-fold increased production of pravastatin (PV), a drug for hypercholesterolemia. Biotransformation of CP by the same strain in batch culture yielded PV accumulation of 14.3 g/l after 100 h. The expression vector pTAOR4-Rev and its function-enhancing derivatives provide a versatile approach to industrial biotransformation by Pseudonocardia strains, which can be good hosts for P450 monooxygenase expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Fujii
- Bioresource Laboratories, Mercian Corporation, 1808 Nakaizumi, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0078, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
New vector system for random, single-step integration of multiple copies of DNA into the Rhodococcus genome. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:2531-9. [PMID: 20154109 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02131-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed a new vector system for creating a random mutant library with multiple integrations of DNA fragments into the Rhodococcus genome in a single step. For this, we cotransformed two vectors into Rhodococcus by electroporation: pTip-istAB-sacB regulates the expression of the transposase (IstA) and its helper protein (IstB) under the influence of a thiostrepton-inducible promoter, and pRTSK-sacB provides the transposable-marker DNA. Both are multicopy vectors that are stable in the host cells; transposition of the transposable-marker DNA occurs only after the induction of IstA/IstB expression. With the addition of thiostrepton, all cultured cells harboring the two vectors, irrespective of the volume, can be mutated by random insertion of the transposable-marker DNA into their genome. Among the generated mutants examined, 30% showed multiple (two to five) insertion copies. The multiple integrated DNA copies were stable in the genome for more than 80 generations of serial growth without the addition of any selective antibiotics. This system can also be used for integrating various copy numbers of stably maintained protein expression cassettes in the host cell genome to modulate the expression level of biologically active recombinant proteins. We successfully applied this system to integrate multiple copies of expression cassettes for proline iminopeptidase and vitamin D(3) hydroxylase into the Rhodococcus genome and verified that the clones containing double or multiple copies of the integrated cassettes produced higher levels and showed higher enzymatic activities of the target protein than clones with only a single copy of integration.
Collapse
|
21
|
Xiong X, Xing J, Li X, Bai X, Li W, Li Y, Liu H. Enhancement of biodesulfurization in two-liquid systems by heterogeneous expression of vitreoscilla hemoglobin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:2394-7. [PMID: 17293512 PMCID: PMC1855677 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02372-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vgb gene, encoding Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb), was introduced into a specific desulfurization bacterium, Rhodococcus erythropolis LSSE8-1. The VHb-specific spectrum was observed for the recombinant. Compared to the wild type, the strain bearing vgb showed a higher biomass yield and desulfurizing activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Xiong
- Laboratory of Separation Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 353, Beijing 100080, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sallam KI, Tamura N, Tamura T. A multipurpose transposon-based vector system mediates protein expression in Rhodococcus erythropolis. Gene 2006; 386:173-82. [PMID: 17098379 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the current study we developed two transposon-based vectors; namely pTNR-KA and pTNR-TA and utilized them for expression of proteasome complex, derived from Streptomyces coelicolor, in Rhodococcus erythropolis. The two vectors can be transposed into Rhodococcus cells by means of electroporation, either individually in two consecutive processes or in combinations by a single step. During transposition, each of the two vectors liberates its transposable-marker gene, which integrated in a single copy into a random site in the Rhodococcus chromosomal DNA. Southern blot analysis indicated that the two transposable-marker genes of both vectors does not alter or knock out each other. To utilize these vectors for Streptomyces proteasome expression, two expression cassettes were constructed; each cassette comprised a constitutive promoter (P(nit)), the DNA fragment, prcA or prcB that encodes alpha- or beta-subunits of Streptomyces proteasome, and T(thcA) transcriptional terminator. The cassettes were then individually introduced into the multiple cloning sites that are located in the transposable-marker gene of the two vectors. The two cassettes-harboring vectors were subsequently co-transposed, in combinations, into the Rhodococcus genome by a single electroporation step and the Streptomyces proteasome was successfully expressed in the rodococcal host cell. The isolated proteasome was further characterized and the peptidase activity was confirmed and indicated that it was biologically active. The present study concluded that both pTNR-KA and pTNR-TA can be used as transposon-based protein expression systems in Rhodococcus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Ibrahim Sallam
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Sallam KI, Mitani Y, Tamura T. Construction of random transposition mutagenesis system in Rhodococcuserythropolis using IS1415. J Biotechnol 2005; 121:13-22. [PMID: 16107286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on the metabolic activities of genus Rhodococcus have shown rhodococci to be of important use in industrial, pharmaceutical and environmental biotechnology. The increasing economic significance of Rhodococcus encourages renewed efforts to characterize their genetic systems, as Rhodococcus genetics are still poorly understood. The goal of this study is to adapt a transposon system for use in creating random mutagenesis in Rhodococcus erythropolis. A plasmid carrying IS1415, a member of IS21 family identified from Rerythropolis, has been constructed and designated as pTNR. pTNR is a non-replicating transposon tool introduced into target cells by electroporation. During its transposition, the transposable-marker gene is separated from the open reading frames (istAB) of IS1415, which should avoid secondary transposition. Transposition of pTNR into wild-type R. erythropolis created mutagenesis with a high efficiency of 1.23x10(6)mutants per microgram plasmid DNA. However, it could also be transposed into other Rhodococcus spp. at lower frequencies in comparison with that of R. erythropolis. It has been indicated by Southern hybridization that the generated kanamycin-resistant mutants were resulted from single transposition event of pTNR. The results also revealed that the transposable-marker gene of pTNR was randomly inserted into the chromosomal DNA of R. erythropolis. The affected DNA regions carrying the transposed DNA element could be conveniently recovered for further characterization using a plasmid rescue procedure. Sequence data of the insertion sites of 40 random mutants analyzed indicated that transposition of pTNR generated 6-bp direct target duplications in 36 cases, while in the remaining four mutants; it generated 5- or 7-bp target duplications (two cases each). This study concluded that pTNR could be served as an efficient genetic tool for construction of random mutagenesis system in Rhodococcus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Ibrahim Sallam
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lessard PA, O'Brien XM, Currie DH, Sinskey AJ. pB264, a small, mobilizable, temperature sensitive plasmid from Rhodococcus. BMC Microbiol 2004; 4:15. [PMID: 15084226 PMCID: PMC419973 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-4-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gram-positive bacteria of the genus Rhodococcus have shown an extraordinary capacity for metabolizing recalcitrant organic compounds. One hindrance to the full exploitation of Rhodococcus is the dearth of genetic tools available for strain manipulation. To address this issue, we sought to develop a plasmid-based system for genetic manipulation of a variety of Rhodococcus strains. RESULTS We isolated and sequenced pB264, a 4,970 bp cryptic plasmid from Rhodococcus sp. B264-1 with features of a theta-type replication mechanism. pB264 was nearly identical to pKA22, a previously sequenced but uncharacterized cryptic plasmid. Derivatives of pB264 replicate in a diverse range of Rhodococcus species, showing that this plasmid does not bear the same host range restrictions that have been exhibited by other theta replicating plasmids. Replication or maintenance of pB264 is inhibited at 37 degrees C, making pB264 useful as a suicide vector for genetic manipulation of Rhodococcus. A series of deletions revealed that ca. 1.3 kb from pB264 was sufficient to support replication and stable inheritance of the plasmid. This region includes two open reading frames that encode functions (RepAB) that can support replication of pB264 derivatives in trans. Rhodococcus sp. B264-1 will mobilize pB264 into other Rhodococcus species via conjugation, making it possible to genetically modify bacterial strains that are otherwise difficult to transform. The cis-acting element (oriT) required for conjugal transfer of pB264 resides within a ca. 0.7 kb region that is distinct from the regions responsible for replication. CONCLUSION Shuttle vectors derived from pB264 will be useful for genetic studies and strain improvement in Rhodococcus, and will also be useful for studying the processes of theta replication and conjugal transfer among actinomycetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Lessard
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xian M O'Brien
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Devin H Currie
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anthony J Sinskey
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nakashima N, Tamura T. A novel system for expressing recombinant proteins over a wide temperature range from 4 to 35°C. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 86:136-48. [PMID: 15052633 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli cells are the most commonly used host cells for large-scale production of recombinant proteins, but some proteins are difficult to express in E. coli. Therefore, we tested the nocardioform actinomycete Rhodococcus erythropolis, which grows at temperatures ranging from 4 to 35 degrees C, as an expression host cell. We constructed inducible expression vectors, where the expression of the target genes could be controlled with the antibiotic thiostrepton. Using these expression vectors, several milligrams of reporter proteins could be isolated from 1 liter of culture of R. erythropolis cells grown at a temperature range from 4 to 35 degrees C. Moreover, we successfully purified serum amyloid A1, NADH dehydorogenase 1 alpha subcomplex 4, cytochrome b5-like protein, apolipoprotein A-V, cathepsin D, pancreatic Rnase, and HMG-1 that are all difficult to express in E. coli. In the case of kallikrein 6, mouse deoxyribonuclease I and Kid1, which are also difficult to express in E. coli, the expression level of each protein increased when proteins were expressed at low temperature (4 degrees C). Based on these results, we conclude that a recombinant protein expression system using R. erythropolis as the host cell is superior to respective E. coli systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Nakashima
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Arenskötter M, Baumeister D, Kalscheuer R, Steinbüchel A. Identification and application of plasmids suitable for transfer of foreign DNA to members of the genus Gordonia. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:4971-4. [PMID: 12902293 PMCID: PMC169124 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.8.4971-4974.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer systems for Gordonia polyisoprenivorans strains VH2 and Y2K based on electroporation and conjugation, respectively, were established. Several parameters were optimized, resulting in transformation efficiencies of >4 x 10(5) CFU/ micro g of plasmid DNA. In contrast to most previously described electroporation protocols, the highest efficiencies were obtained by applying a heat shock after the intrinsic electroporation. Under these conditions, transfer and autonomous replication of plasmid pNC9503 was also demonstrated to proceed in G. alkanivorans DSM44187, G. nitida DSM44499(T), G. rubropertincta DSM43197(T), G. rubropertincta DSM46038, and G. terrae DSM43249(T). Conjugational plasmid DNA transfer to G. polyisoprenivorans resulted in transfer frequencies of up to 5 x 10(-6) of the recipient cells. Recombinant strains capable of polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis from alkanes were constructed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Arenskötter
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sekizaki T, Tanoue T, Osaki M, Shimoji Y, Tsubaki S, Takai S. Improved electroporation of Rhodococcus equi. J Vet Med Sci 1998; 60:277-9. [PMID: 9524960 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.60.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The condition of an electroporation method was re-evaluated for the introduction of foreign plasmid DNA into Rhodococcus equi. The method is based on an electroporation of the bacteria made competent by culturing in a broth containing glycine and by heat shock at 50 degrees C. Transformation of R. equi could be achieved with a chloramphenicol-resistant shuttle vector originating from Rhodococcus fascians at an efficiency of about 10(4) transformants/microgram DNA. The bacteria were also shown to become competent when they were incubated with a chemical transformation buffer prior to washing with an electroporation buffer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Sekizaki
- National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
De Mot R, Nagy I, De Schrijver A, Pattanapipitpaisal P, Schoofs G, Vanderleyden J. Structural analysis of the 6 kb cryptic plasmid pFAJ2600 from Rhodococcus erythropolis NI86/21 and construction of Escherichia coli-Rhodococcus shuttle vectors. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1997; 143 ( Pt 10):3137-3147. [PMID: 9353918 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-10-3137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of the 5936 bp cryptic plasmid pFAJ2600 from Rhodococcus erythropolis NI86/21 was determined. Based on the characteristics of its putative replication genes, repA and repB, pFAJ2600 was assigned to the family of pAL5000-related small replicons identified in Mycobacterium (pAL5000), Corynebacterium (pXZ10142), Brevibacterium (pRBL1), Bifidobacterium (pMB1) and Neisseria (pJD1). The replication systems of these plasmids show striking similarities to the ones used by the ColE2 family of plasmids from Enterobacteria with respect to both trans-acting factors and ori sequences. Two possible plasmid stabilization systems are encoded on pFAJ2600: a site-specific recombinase (PmrA) related to the Escherichia coli Xer proteins for plasmid multimer resolution and an ATPase (ParA) related to the A-type of proteins in sop/par partitioning systems. The proposed replication termination region of pFAJ2600 has features in common with the Ter loci of Bacillus subtilis. Chimeras composed of a pUC18-Cmr derivative inserted in the parA-repA intergenic region of vector pFAJ2600 produced vectors that could be shuttled between Escherichia coli and several Rhodococcus species (R. erythropolis, R. fascians, R. rhodochrous, R. ruber). The pFAJ2600-based shuttle vector pFAJ2574 was stably maintained in R. erythropolis and R. fascians growing under non-selective conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René De Mot
- F. A. Janssens Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - István Nagy
- F. A. Janssens Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Adinda De Schrijver
- F. A. Janssens Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Pranee Pattanapipitpaisal
- F. A. Janssens Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Geert Schoofs
- F. A. Janssens Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jos Vanderleyden
- F. A. Janssens Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shao ZQ, Behki R. Characterization of the expression of the thcB gene, coding for a pesticide-degrading cytochrome P-450 in Rhodococcus strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:403-7. [PMID: 8593046 PMCID: PMC167811 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.2.403-407.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A cytochrome P-450 system in Rhodococcus strains, encoded by thcB, thcC, and thcD, participates in the degradation of thiocarbamates and several other pesticides. The regulation of the system was investigated by fusing a truncated lacZ in frame to thcB, the structural gene for the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase. Analysis of the thcB-lacZ fusion showed that the expression of thcB was 10-fold higher in the presence of the herbicide EPTC (s-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate). Similar enhancement of the thcB-lacZ expression was found with other thiocarbamate pesticides. Atrazine, simazine, or carbofuran, although metabolized by the system, had no effect on the thcB-lacZ expression. The presence of glucose slightly increased the expression of thcB-lacZ, indicating no catabolic repression of the thcB-lacZ expression. The expression of thcB-lacZ was decreased more than twofold in Luria-Bertani medium. This was due in part to cysteine, which repressed thcB-lacZ expression. It was confirmed that the thcR gene, which is transcribed divergently from thcB, codes for a positive regulatory protein which is essential for the thcB-lacZ expression. Studies of the thcR-lacZ protein fusion showed that the thcR gene is expressed constitutively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Shao
- Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|