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Powell C, Fischborn T. Serial Repitching of Dried Lager Yeast. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2010-0125-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lawrence SJ, Wimalasena TT, Nicholls SM, Box WG, Boulton C, Smart KA. Incidence and Characterization of Petites Isolated from Lager Brewing YeastSaccharomyces CerevisiaePopulations. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2012-0917-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Lawrence
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Tithira T. Wimalasena
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sarah M. Nicholls
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Wendy G. Box
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Chris Boulton
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Katherine A. Smart
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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Bellissimi E, Ingledew WM. Analysis of Commercially Available Active Dry Yeast Used for Industrial Fuel Ethanol Production. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-63-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Bellissimi
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5A8
| | - W. M. Ingledew
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5A8
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Jenkins CL, Lawrence SJ, Kennedy AI, Thurston P, Hodgson JA, Smart KA. Incidence and Formation of Petite Mutants in Lager Brewing YeastSaccharomyces Cerevisiae(Syn.S. Pastorianus) Populations. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2009-0212-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L. Jenkins
- School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen J. Lawrence
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Pat Thurston
- Scottish & Newcastle UK Ltd., Royal Brewery, Manchester, UK
| | - Jeff A. Hodgson
- Scottish & Newcastle UK Ltd., John Smith's Brewery, Tadcaster, UK
| | - Katherine A. Smart
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
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Wine yeast typing by MALDI-TOF MS. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3737-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Brewing beer involves microbial activity at every stage, from raw material production and malting to stability in the package. Most of these activities are desirable, as beer is the result of a traditional food fermentation, but others represent threats to the quality of the final product and must be controlled actively through careful management, the daily task of maltsters and brewers globally. This review collates current knowledge relevant to the biology of brewing yeast, fermentation management, and the microbial ecology of beer and brewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Bokulich
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Charles W. Bamforth
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Lyness CA, Meaden PG. EXPRESSION OF THESTA2GLUCOAMYLASE GENE OFSACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAEIN BREWERS' YEAST. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1997.tb00935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Biotyping Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Barszczewski W, Robak M. PCR-Based Differentiation and Homology of Brewing and Type Strains of the Genus Saccharomyces. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2006.tb00246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Powell CD, Diacetis AN. Long Term Serial Repitching and the Genetic and Phenotypic Stability of Brewer's Yeast. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2007.tb00258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Vidgren V, Londesborough J. 125th Anniversary Review: Yeast Flocculation and Sedimentation in Brewing. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2011.tb00495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Pope GA, MacKenzie DA, Defernez M, Aroso MAMM, Fuller LJ, Mellon FA, Dunn WB, Brown M, Goodacre R, Kell DB, Marvin ME, Louis EJ, Roberts IN. Metabolic footprinting as a tool for discriminating between brewing yeasts. Yeast 2007; 24:667-79. [PMID: 17534862 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of industrial yeast strains by examining their metabolic footprints (exometabolomes) was investigated and compared to genome-based discriminatory methods. A group of nine industrial brewing yeasts was studied by comparing their metabolic footprints, genetic fingerprints and comparative genomic hybridization profiles. Metabolic footprinting was carried out by both direct injection mass spectrometry (DIMS) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS), with data analysed by principal components analysis (PCA) and canonical variates analysis (CVA). The genomic profiles of the nine yeasts were compared by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis, genetic fingerprinting using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis and microarray comparative genome hybridizations (CGH). Metabolomic and genomic analysis comparison of the nine brewing yeasts identified metabolomics as a powerful tool in separating genotypically and phenotypically similar strains. For some strains discrimination not achieved genomically was observed metabolomically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina A Pope
- National Collection of Yeast Cultures, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
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Smart KA. Brewing yeast genomes and genome-wide expression and proteome profiling during fermentation. Yeast 2007; 24:993-1013. [PMID: 17879324 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome structure, ancestry and instability of the brewing yeast strains have received considerable attention. The hybrid nature of brewing lager yeast strains provides adaptive potential but yields genome instability which can adversely affect fermentation performance. The requirement to differentiate between production strains and assess master cultures for genomic instability has led to significant adoption of specialized molecular tool kits by the industry. Furthermore, the development of genome-wide transcriptional and protein expression technologies has generated significant interest from brewers. The opportunity presented to explore, and the concurrent requirement to understand both, the constraints and potential of their strains to generate existing and new products during fermentation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Smart
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
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Arvik T, Henick-Kling T, Gafner J. Automated genotyping of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the RiboPrinter®. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 104:35-41. [PMID: 16109451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Revised: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This research note addresses the development of an automated molecular typing system for yeast. Specifically, our objectives were to generate specific probes for genotyping yeast with an automated fingerprinting system. We have adapted the RiboPrinter microbial characterization system for use with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast using alternative probes based on specific multi-copy gene families. Manual construction and labeling of probes proved successful in initial experiments. Results indicate that this method could be applied to food or clinical environments if the appropriate probes are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torey Arvik
- Cornell University/New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Science Laboratory Building, Geneva, New York 14456, USA.
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Lockhart L, Oliver SG, Delneri D. Tools for the study of genome rearrangements in laboratory and industrial yeast strains. Yeast 2002; 19:441-8. [PMID: 11921092 DOI: 10.1002/yea.852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the extent of genome rearrangements in laboratory and industrial yeast strains, a set of plasmids, containing ca. 300 bp fragments from highly conserved genes from S. cerevisiae, has been constructed. We chose three unique PCR products, each from a single gene, per chromosome: one from close to the centromere, and one from each chromosome end. Using these plasmids as probes to hybridize a Southern blot from a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis separation of the 16 yeast chromosomes, it is possible to identify large chromosomal rearrangements such as reciprocal translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Lockhart
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, 2.205 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Jespersen L, van der Kühle A, Petersen KM. Phenotypic and genetic diversity of Saccharomyces contaminants isolated from lager breweries and their phylogenetic relationship with brewing yeasts. Int J Food Microbiol 2000; 60:43-53. [PMID: 11014521 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A taxonomic study was carried out for isolates of Saccharomyces spp. identified as contaminants ("wild yeast") in 24 different lager breweries. With reference to the current taxonomy all isolates were found to belong to the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex and 58% of the isolates were further identified as S. cerevisiae, 26% as S. pastorianus and 3% as S. bayanus. The remaining isolates (13%) could not be identified to the species level based on their phenotypic characteristics. However, some of these isolates were identified as S. cerevisiae by HaeIII restriction digest of PCR-amplified intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Chromosome length polymorphism (CLP) was evident among the Saccharomyces brewing contaminants with chromosome profiles typical of Saccharomyces sensu stricto. Based upon cluster analysis of their chromosome profiles the majority of the brewing contaminants could be grouped as either S. cerevisiae or S. pastorianus/S. bayanus. Further, the technique was able to differentiate between almost all brewing contaminants and to separate them from any specific lager brewing yeast. The diversity of the Saccharomyces brewing contaminants clearly demonstrated by their CLP was further reflected by MAL genotyping. For the majority of the isolates more than two MAL loci were found with MAL1, MAL2 MAL3, MAL4 and MAL11, MAL31, MAL41 as the dominant genotypes. For all isolates MAL11 and MAL31 were found whereas MAL61 only was found for one isolate. The high number of MAL loci found in the SaccharomYces brewing contaminants indicate their adaptation to a maltose-enriched environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jespersen
- Deparment of Dairy and Food Science, Food Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark. lj.@kvl.dk
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Jespersen L, Cesar LB, Meaden PG, Jakobsen M. Multiple alpha-glucoside transporter genes in brewer's yeast. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:450-6. [PMID: 9925567 PMCID: PMC91046 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.2.450-456.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maltose and maltotriose are the two most abundant fermentable sugars in brewer's wort, and the rate of uptake of these sugars by brewer's yeast can have a major impact on fermentation performance. In spite of this, no information is currently available on the genetics of maltose and maltotriose uptake in brewing strains of yeast. In this work, we studied 30 brewing strains of yeast (5 ale strains and 25 lager strains) with the aim of examining the alleles of maltose and maltotriose transporter genes contained by them. To do this, we hybridized gene probes to chromosome blots. Studies performed with laboratory strains have shown that maltose utilization is conferred by any one of five unlinked but highly homologous MAL loci (MAL1 to MAL4 and MAL6). Gene 1 at each locus encodes a maltose transporter. All of the strains of brewer's yeast examined except two were found to contain MAL11 and MAL31 sequences, and only one of these strains lacked MAL41. MAL21 was not present in the five ale strains and 12 of the lager strains. MAL61 was not found in any of the yeast strains. In three of the lager strains, there was evidence that MAL transporter gene sequences occurred on chromosomes other than those known to carry MAL loci. Sequences corresponding to the AGT1 gene, which encodes a transporter of several alpha-glucosides, including maltose and maltotriose, were detected in all but one of the yeast strains. Homologues of AGT1 were identified in three of the lager strains, and two of these homologues were mapped, one to chromosome II and the other to chromosome XI. AGT1 appears to be a member of a family of closely related genes, which may have arisen in brewer's yeast in response to selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jespersen
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Goodwin TJ, Poulter RT. The CARE-2 and rel-2 repetitive elements of Candida albicans contain LTR fragments of a new retrotransposon. Gene X 1998; 218:85-93. [PMID: 9751806 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00362-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CARE-2 and Rel-2 are dispersed, repetitive elements of Candida albicans. Hybridisation experiments suggest that they are present at 10-20 copies per genome and appear on most, if not all, of the chromosomes. A high degree of interstrain variation has been demonstrated for CARE-2, making it of use for strain typing. Until now, however, the nature of the repetitive elements within CARE-2 and Rel-2 was unknown. We show here that CARE-2 and Rel-2 contain long terminal repeat (LTR) fragments of a new retrotransposon. These LTRs, which we designate kappa, are partially responsible for the repetitive nature of CARE-2 and Rel-2. Complete copies of the kappa elements are present elsewhere in the genome and adjacent to some are sequences characteristic of the internal regions of retrotransposons. An apparently high degree of scrambling of the kappa elements suggests that they may represent a hotspot for mutation and recombination in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Goodwin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Timmins EM, Quain DE, Goodacre R. Differentiation of brewing yeast strains by pyrolysis mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Yeast 1998; 14:885-93. [PMID: 9717234 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(199807)14:10<885::aid-yea286>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Two rapid spectroscopic approaches for whole-organism fingerprinting--pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)--were used to analyse 22 production brewery Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Multivariate discriminant analysis of the spectral data was then performed to observe relationships between the 22 isolates. Upon visual inspection of the cluster analyses, similar differentiation of the strains was observed for both approaches. Moreover, these phenetic classifications were found to be very similar to those previously obtained using genotypic studies of the same brewing yeasts. Both spectroscopic techniques are rapid (typically 2 min for PyMS and 10 s for FT-IR) and were shown to be capable of the successful discrimination of both ale and lager yeasts. We believe that these whole-organism fingerprinting methods could find application in brewery quality control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Timmins
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, U.K
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Tessier WD, Meaden PG, Dickinson FM, Midgley M. Identification and disruption of the gene encoding the K(+)-activated acetaldehyde dehydrogenase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998; 164:29-34. [PMID: 9675847 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The identity of the gene encoding the mitochondrial K(+)-activated acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (K(+)-ACDH) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been confirmed. The gene is situated on the right arm of chromosome XV, bears the systematic name YOR374w and the deduced product shows significant homology to other members of the S. cerevisiae aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) family. YOR374w has now been assigned the gene name ALD7. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of K(+)-ACDHs purified from several diverse strains of S. cerevisiae were determined, and found to have 81-100% identity in alignments with the product of ALD7. Haploid mutants containing a deletion of ALD7 were constructed and, in these strains, the K(+)-ACDH was not detectable under any growth conditions examined. The activity of the Mg(2+)-activated acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (Mg(2+)-ACDH), encoded by ALD6, remained at wild-type levels in the mutants. Growth on glucose was not affected in the mutants lacking ALD7 (in contrast to the behaviour of ald6 mutants), whereas growth on ethanol was severely impaired. This observation, together with previous work by our group, shows that both the Mg(2+)- and K(+)-ACDHs are required for growth on ethanol, whilst only the former plays a role during growth on glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Tessier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, UK
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Meaden PG, Dickinson FM, Mifsud A, Tessier W, Westwater J, Bussey H, Midgley M. TheALD6 gene ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a cytosolic, Mg2+-activated acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. Yeast 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(199711)13:14%3c1319::aid-yea183%3e3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Meaden PG, Dickinson FM, Mifsud A, Tessier W, Westwater J, Bussey H, Midgley M. The ALD6 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a cytosolic, Mg(2+)-activated acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. Yeast 1997; 13:1319-27. [PMID: 9392076 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(199711)13:14<1319::aid-yea183>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The deduced translation product of an open reading frame on the left arm of chromosome XVI of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with the systematic name of YPL061w, is 500 amino acids in length and shares significant homology with aldehyde dehydrogenases. Amino acids 2 to 16 of the protein encoded by YPL061w were found to be identical to the N-terminal 15 amino acids of the purified cytosolic, Mg(2+)-activated acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ACDH) of S. cerevisiae. This enzyme is thought to be involved in the production of acetate from which cytosolic acetyl-CoA is then synthesized. Deletion of YPL061w was detrimental to the growth of haploid strains of yeast; an analysis of one deletion mutant revealed a maximum specific growth rate (in complex medium containing glucose) of one-third of that displayed by the wild-type strain. Mutants deleted in YPL061w were also unable to use ethanol as a carbon source. As expected, the cytosolic, Mg(2+)-activated ACDH activity had been lost from the mutants, although the mitochondrial, K(+)-activated ACDH was readily detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Meaden
- ICBD, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K.
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