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Nadai C, Bovo B, Giacomini A, Corich V. New rapid
PCR
protocol based on high‐resolution melting analysis to identify
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
and other species within its genus. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:1232-1242. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Nadai
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE) University of Padova Legnaro PD Italy
| | - B. Bovo
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE) University of Padova Legnaro PD Italy
| | - A. Giacomini
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE) University of Padova Legnaro PD Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Research in Viticulture and Enology (CIRVE) University of Padova Conegliano TV Italy
| | - V. Corich
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE) University of Padova Legnaro PD Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Research in Viticulture and Enology (CIRVE) University of Padova Conegliano TV Italy
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Azzolini M, Tosi E, Faccio S, Lorenzini M, Torriani S, Zapparoli G. Selection of Botrytis cinerea and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for the improvement and valorization of Italian passito style wines. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 13:540-52. [PMID: 23710966 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the quality of Italian passito wine, produced from withered grapes that can be naturally infected by noble rot, in this study, a novel protocol was developed to select suitable cultures of both Botrytis cinerea to infect grapes (as noble rot) and of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ferment grapes. A total of 16 B. cinerea isolated from withered grapes were typified by RAPD-PCR, and three representative strains were selected for physiological characterization. The strains showed different mycelial growth and enzymatic activities (i.e. polygalacturonase, protease, and laccase). A total of 15 yeasts were isolated from spontaneous fermented wines, these were identified as S. cerevisiae, and typified at strain level. Seven strains were selected according to RAPD-PCR profiles and tested for their fermentation performances. The effects of B. cinerea and S. cerevisiae cultures on the aroma profile of sweet style wine were preliminary evaluated fermenting artificially botrytized grapes induced with B. cinerea infection. The combination of selected fungi affected the aroma profile of wine according to the variation of the content of important molecules (i.e. alcohols, esters, and lactones). This study has provided valuable information to develop new natural cultures destined to induce grape botrytization and manage fermentation in passito winemaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Azzolini
- Centro per la Sperimentazione in Vitivinicoltura, Provincia di Verona, Servizio Agricoltura, San Pietro in Cariano, Verona, Italy
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3
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Differentiation of species of the genus Saccharomyces using biomolecular fingerprinting methods. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4597-606. [PMID: 23546421 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4823-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The genus Saccharomyces comprises very closely related species. This high degree of relationship makes a simple identification and differentiation of strains difficult since these species are hardly discriminable by their morphological and physiological features. A sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA and the corresponding internal transcribed spacers can only rarely be successfully applied. In this study, we proved the applicability of a novel DNA fingerprinting method, the SAPD-PCR (specifically amplified polymorphic DNA) and of MALDI-TOF-MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry) fingerprinting with the MALDI Biotyper for the differentiation of species belonging to the genus Saccharomyces. It was possible with SAPD-PCR to create specific banding patterns for all Saccharomyces species. Different strains of the same species produced nearly the same banding patterns. Specific and reproducible reference spectra could be generated for each of the strains with the MALDI Biotyper. Therefore, SAPD-PCR and MALDI-TOF-MS can be fast and reliable tools to identify these related Saccharomyces species which are applied in many biotechnological processes.
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Garcia Sanchez R, Solodovnikova N, Wendland J. Breeding of lager yeast with Saccharomyces cerevisiae improves stress resistance and fermentation performance. Yeast 2013; 29:343-55. [PMID: 22887121 DOI: 10.1002/yea.2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lager beer brewing relies on strains collectively known as Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, which are hybrids between S. cerevisiae and S. eubayanus-like strains. Lager yeasts are particularly adapted to low-temperature fermentations. Selection of new yeast strains for improved traits or fermentation performance is laborious, due to the allotetraploid nature of lager yeasts. Initially, we have generated new F1 hybrids by classical genetics, using spore clones of lager yeast and S. cerevisiae and complementation of auxotrophies of the single strains upon mating. These hybrids were improved on several parameters, including growth at elevated temperature and resistance against high osmolarity or high ethanol concentrations. Due to the uncertainty of chromosomal make-up of lager yeast spore clones, we introduced molecular markers to analyse mating-type composition by PCR. Based on these results, new hybrids between a lager and an ale yeast strain were isolated by micromanipulation. These hybrids were not subject to genetic modification. We generated and verified 13 hybrid strains. All of these hybrid strains showed improved stress resistance as seen in the ale parent, including improved survival at the end of fermentation. Importantly, some of the strains showed improved fermentation rates using 18° Plato at 18-25°C. Uniparental mitochondrial DNA inheritance was observed mostly from the S. cerevisiae parent.
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5
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Pengelly RJ, Wheals AE. Rapid identification of Saccharomyces eubayanus and its hybrids. FEMS Yeast Res 2012; 13:156-61. [PMID: 23110474 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces species Saccharomyces eubayanus was recently discovered in Patagonia. Genomic, genetic and phylogenetic data all suggest that it is one of the two parents of the hybrid yeast S. pastorianus (S. cerevisiae being the other). Saccharomyces eubayanus genomes can also be found in strains of the hybrid species S. bayanus. Here, we describe a novel pair of PCR primers targeted against the S. eubayanus FSY1 gene that will specifically detect S. eubayanus and hybrids containing this allele of the gene. The primer pair can be used to identify the species using a rapid, inexpensive colony PCR method suitable for a preliminary identification of wild isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben J Pengelly
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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6
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Muir A, Harrison E, Wheals A. A multiplex set of species-specific primers for rapid identification of members of the genus Saccharomyces. FEMS Yeast Res 2011; 11:552-63. [PMID: 22093682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2011.00745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces genus (previously Saccharomyces sensu stricto) formally comprises Saccharomyces arboricola, Saccharomyces bayanus, Saccharomyces cariocanus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces kudriavzevii, Saccharomyces mikatae, Saccharomyces paradoxus and Saccharomyces pastorianus. Species-specific primer pairs that produce a single band of known and different product size have been developed for each member of the clade with the exception of S. pastorianus, which is a polyphyletic allopolyploid hybrid only found in lager breweries, and for which signature sequences could not be reliably created. Saccharomyces cariocanus is now regarded as an American variant of S. paradoxus, and accordingly a single primer pair that recognizes both species was developed. A different orthologous and essential housekeeping gene was used to detect each species, potentially avoiding competition between PCR primers and overlap between amplicons. In multiplex format, two or more different species could be identified in a single reaction; double and triple hybrids could not always be correctly identified. Forty-two unidentified yeasts from sugar cane juice fermentations were correctly identified as S. cerevisiae. A colony PCR method was developed that is rapid, robust, inexpensive and capable of automation, requires no mycological expertise on the part of the user and is thus useful for large-scale preliminary screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Muir
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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7
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Adt I, Kohler A, Gognies S, Budin J, Sandt C, Belarbi A, Manfait M, Sockalingum GD. FTIR spectroscopic discrimination of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces bayanus strains. Can J Microbiol 2010; 56:793-801. [PMID: 20921989 DOI: 10.1139/w10-062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the potential of Fourier-transform infrared absorption spectroscopy to screen, on the one hand, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-S. cerevisiae strains and, on the other hand, to discriminate between S. cerevisiae and Saccharomyces bayanus strains. Principal components analysis (PCA), used to compare 20 S. cerevisiae and 21 non-Saccharomyces strains, showed only 2 misclassifications. The PCA model was then used to classify spectra from 14 Samos strains. All 14 Samos strains clustered together with the S. cerevisiae group. This result was confirmed by a routinely used electrophoretic pattern obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The method was then tested to compare S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus strains. Our results indicate that identification at the strain level is possible. This first result shows that yeast classification and S. bayanus identification can be feasible in a single measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Adt
- MéDIAN, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, MEDyC CNRS UMR 6237, UFR Pharmacie, IFR53, 51 rue Cognacq-jay, 51096 REIMS CEDEX, France.
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Albertin W, Marullo P, Aigle M, Bourgais A, Bely M, Dillmann C, DE Vienne D, Sicard D. Evidence for autotetraploidy associated with reproductive isolation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: towards a new domesticated species. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:2157-70. [PMID: 19765175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Partial or whole-genome duplications have played a major role in the evolution of new species. We have investigated the variation of ploidy level in a panel of domesticated strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae coming from different geographical origins. Segregation studies and crosses with tester strains of different ploidy levels showed that part of the strains were well-balanced autotetraploids displaying tetrasomic inheritance. The presence of up to four different alleles for various loci is consistent with a polyploidization mechanism relying on the fusion of two nonreduced meiospores coming from two S. cerevisiae strains. Autotetraploidy was also in accordance with karyotype and flow cytometry analyses. Interestingly, most bakery strains were tetraploids, suggesting a link between ploidy level and human use. The null or drastically reduced fertility of the hybrids between tetraploid and diploid strains indicated that domesticated S. cerevisiae strains are composed of two groups isolated by post-zygotic reproductive barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Albertin
- CNRS, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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9
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Tosi E, Azzolini M, Guzzo F, Zapparoli G. Evidence of different fermentation behaviours of two indigenous strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeandSaccharomyces uvarumisolated from Amarone wine. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:210-8. [PMID: 19245401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Tosi
- Centro per la Sperimentazione in Vitivinicoltura, Provincia di Verona, Servizio Agricoltura, San Floriano, Verona, Italy
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10
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The β-tubulin gene as a molecular phylogenetic marker for classification and discrimination of the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2008; 95:135-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-008-9296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Huang CH, Lee FL, Tai CJ. A novel specific DNA marker in Saccharomyces bayanus for species identification of the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex. J Microbiol Methods 2008; 75:531-4. [PMID: 18786577 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was based on RAPD fingerprinting for species identification of the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex. 40 random primers were used for RAPD analysis. The results showed that one of these primers, OPT-18, produced a 974 bp species-specific band, which was only found in the tested S. bayanus. Afterward this specific fragment was isolated from agarose gel and ligated into vector for DNA sequencing. A pair of primer SpeOPT18Sbay-F2 and SpeOPT18Sbay-R2 were designed according to the cloned species-specific sequence, which was employed for PCR with the template DNA of the S. sensu stricto strains, single 779 bp species-specific band was only found in S. bayanus. Therefore, we conclude that our novel species DNA marker could be used to rapidly and accurately identify the species of S. bayanus from S. sensu stricto complex by direct PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsun Huang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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12
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Abstract
The ascomycetous yeasts traditionally referred to as the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex are a group of closely related species that are isolated by a postzygotic barrier. They can easily hybridize; and their allodiploid hybrids propagate by mitotic divisions as efficiently as the parental strains, but can barely divide by meiosis, and thus rarely produce viable spores (sterile interspecies hybrids). The postzygotic isolation is not effective in allotetraploids that are able to carry out meiosis and produce viable spores (fertile interspecies hybrids). By application of molecular identification methods, double (Saccharomyces cerevisiae x Saccharomyces uvarum and S. cerevisiae x Saccharomyces kudriavzevii) and triple (S. cerevisiae x S. uvarum x S. kudriavzevii) hybrids were recently identified in yeast populations of fermenting grape must and cider in geographically distinct regions. The genetic analysis of these isolates and laboratory-bred hybrids revealed great variability of hybrid genome structures and demonstrated that the alloploid genome of the zygote can undergo drastic changes during mitotic and meiotic divisions of the hybrid cells. This genome-stabilization process involves loss of chromosomes and genes and recombination between the partner genomes. This article briefly reviews the results of the analysis of interspecies hybrids, proposes a model for the mechanism of genome stabilization and highlights the potential of interspecies hybridization in winemaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Sipiczki
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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13
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Ivannikova YV, Naumova ES, Martynenko NN, Naumov GI. Characterization of the genome of Saccharomyces yeasts from red berry wines. Microbiology (Reading) 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261707020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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14
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Settanni L, Corsetti A. The use of multiplex PCR to detect and differentiate food- and beverage-associated microorganisms: a review. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 69:1-22. [PMID: 17280731 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Regarding food safety, rapid detection of microbial species is crucial to develop effective preventive and/or adjustment measures. Classical methods for determining the presence of certain species are time-consuming and labor-intensive, hence, molecular methods, which offer speed, sensitivity and specificity, have been developed to address this problem. Multiplex PCR (MPCR) is widely applied in the various fields of microbiology for the rapid differentiation of microbial species without compromising accuracy. This paper describes the method and reports on the state-of-the-art application of this technique to the identification of microorganisms vehiculated with foods and beverages. The identification of both pathogens and probiotics and the species important for food fermentation or deterioration will be discussed. Applications of MPCR in combination with other techniques are also reviewed. Potentials, pitfalls, limitations and future prospects are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Settanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Sezione di Microbiologia Agro-Alimentare ed Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Teramo, V. C.R. Lerici 1, 64023 Mosciano Sant' Angelo, Teramo, Italy
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15
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Tosch W, Lanthaler K, Boote V, Stretz D, Robson GD, Geiger E, Drucker DB. Molecular species of phosphatidylethanolamine from continuous cultures of Saccharomyces pastorianus syn. carlsbergensis strains. Yeast 2006; 23:75-82. [PMID: 16491465 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces pastorianus syn. carlsbergensis strain 34/70 is well known to be the most used strain for lager beer production. The difference between this strain and very closely related strain 34/78 is the latter's greater flocculating character. This single physiological trait can cause technical difficulties in beer production. The aim of this study was to determine whether lipid analysis by a combination of thin layer chromatography (TLC) with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) could be used as a strain-typing technique in order to distinguish S. pastorianus syn. carlsbergensis strain 34/70 from strain 34/78. Both strains (34/70 and 34/78) were harvested after continuous culture under standard conditions. Polar lipids were then extracted from lyophilized cultures and analysed by TLC in order to separate phospholipid families. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was extracted and investigated using ESI-MS, to gain further information on individual molecular species. Using TLC analysis, lipids were separated corresponding to standards for PE, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidic acid (PA) and sphingomyelin (SM). ESI-MS of the PE band, separated by TLC, showed that electrospray mass spectra were highly reproducible for repeat cultures. Novel findings were that both brewing strains displayed major phospholipid peaks with m/z 714, PE (34 : 2) m/z 742, PE (36 : 2) and m/z 758, PE (37 : 1). However, strain 34/78 had additional peaks of m/z 700, PE (33 : 2) and m/z 728, PE (35 : 2). Strain 34/70 had an extra peak with m/z 686 PE (32 : 2). We conclude that combined TLC/ESI-MS can distinguish between S. pastorianus syn. carlsbergensis 34/70 and 34/78 and may be a useful typing technique for differentiation of closely related yeast strains. This novel approach may aid quality assurance and could be suitable for yeast collections and larger industrial companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Tosch
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Masneuf-Pomarède I, Le Jeune C, Durrens P, Lollier M, Aigle M, Dubourdieu D. Molecular typing of wine yeast strains Saccharomyces bayanus var. uvarum using microsatellite markers. Syst Appl Microbiol 2006; 30:75-82. [PMID: 16621402 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Saccharomyces bayanus var. uvarum yeasts are associated with spontaneous fermentation of must. Some strains were shown to be enological yeasts of interest in different winemaking processes. The molecular typing of S. bayanus var. uvarum at the strain level has become significant for wine microbiologists. Four microsatellite loci were defined from the exploration of genomic DNA sequence of S. bayanus var. uvarum. The 40 strains studied were homozygote for the locus considered. The discriminating capacity of the microsatellite method was found to be equal to that of karyotypes analysis. Links between 37 indigenous strains with the same geographic origin could be established through the analysis of microsatellite patterns. The analysis of microsatellite polymorphism is a reliable method for wine S. bayanus var. uvarum strains and their hybrids with Saccharomyces cerevisiae identification in taxonomic, ecological studies and winemaking applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Masneuf-Pomarède
- ENITA de Bordeaux, 1 Cours du Général de Gaulle, BP 201, CS 40201, 33175 Gradignan cedex, France.
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Beh AL, Fleet GH, Prakitchaiwattana C, Heard GM. Evaluation of molecular methods for the analysis of yeasts in foods and beverages. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 571:69-106. [PMID: 16408594 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-28391-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Lin Beh
- Food Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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18
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Naumova ES, Naumov GI, Masneuf-Pomarède I, Aigle M, Dubourdieu D. Molecular genetic study of introgression betweenSaccharomyces bayanus andS. cerevisiae. Yeast 2005; 22:1099-115. [PMID: 16240458 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic constitution of different S. bayanus strains and natural interspecific Saccharomyces hybrids has been studied by genetic and molecular methods. Unlike S. bayanus var. uvarum, some S. bayanus var. bayanus strains (the type culture CBS 380, CBS 378, CBS 425, CBS 1548) harbour a number of S. cerevisiae subtelomeric sequences: Y', pEL50, SUC, RTM and MAL. The two varieties, having 86-100% nDNA-nDNA reassociation, are partly genetically isolated from one another but completely isolated from S. cerevisiae. Genetic and molecular data support the maintaining of var. bayanus and var. uvarum strains in the species S. bayanus. Using Southern hybridization with species-specific molecular markers, RFLP of the MET2 gene and flow cytometry analysis, we showed that the non-S. cerevisiae parents are different in lager brewing yeasts and in wine hybrid strains. Our results suggest that S. pastorianus is a hybrid between S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus var. bayanus, while S. bayanus var. uvarum contributed to the formation of the wine hybrids S6U and CID1. According to the partial sequence of ACT1 gene and flow cytometry analysis, strain CID1 is a triple hybrid between S. cerevisiae, S. kudriavzevii and S. bayanus var. uvarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S Naumova
- State Institute for Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms, Moscow 117545, Russia
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