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Hester GM, VanDusseldorp TA, Ha PL, Kiani K, Olmos AA, Jabbari M, Kalladanthyil S, An S, Bailly AR, Dalton BE, Bryantsev AL. Microbiopsy Sampling for Examining Age-Related Differences in Skeletal Muscle Fiber Morphology and Composition. Front Physiol 2022; 12:756626. [PMID: 35082686 PMCID: PMC8784837 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.756626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The increasingly popular microbiopsy is an appealing alternative to the more invasive Bergström biopsy given the challenges associated with harvesting skeletal muscle in older populations. Parameters of muscle fiber morphology and composition derived from the microbiopsy have not been compared between young and older adults. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine muscle fiber morphology and composition in young (YM) and older (OM) males using the microbiopsy sampling technique. A secondary aim was to determine if specific strength is associated with serum levels of C-terminal agrin fragment [CAF; an indicator of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) degradation]. Methods: Thirty healthy, YM (n = 15, age = 20.7 ± 2.2 years) and OM (n = 15, age = 71.6 ± 3.9 years) underwent ultrasound imaging to determine whole-muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris as well as isometric and isokinetic (60°⋅s–1 and 180°⋅s–1) peak torque testing of the knee extensors. Microbiopsy samples of the vastus lateralis were collected from 13 YM and 11 OM, and immunofluorescence was used to calculate CSA and proportion of type I and type II fibers. Results: Peak torque was lower in OM at all velocities (p ≤ 0.001; d = 1.39–1.86) but only lower at 180°⋅s–1 (p = 0.003; d = 1.23) when normalized to whole-muscle CSA. Whole-muscle CSA was smaller in OM (p = 0.001; d = 1.34), but atrophy was not present at the single fiber level (p > 0.05). Per individual, ∼900 fibers were analyzed, and type I fiber CSA was larger (p = 0.05; d = 0.94) in OM which resulted in a smaller type II/I fiber CSA ratio (p = 0.015; d = 0.95). CAF levels were not sensitive to age (p = 0.159; d = 0.53) nor associated with specific strength or whole-muscle CSA in OM. Conclusion: The microbiopsy appears to be a viable alternative to the Bergström biopsy for histological analyses of skeletal muscle in older adults. NMJ integrity was not influential for age-related differences in specific strength in our healthy, non-sarcopenic older sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett M Hester
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Phuong L Ha
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Kaveh Kiani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Alex A Olmos
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Melody Jabbari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Shania Kalladanthyil
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - SooBin An
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Alyssa R Bailly
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Benjamin E Dalton
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Anton L Bryantsev
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
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Umek N, Janáček J, Cvetko E, Eržen I. Horizontal deformation of skeletal muscle thick sections visualised by confocal microscopy. J Microsc 2020; 282:113-122. [PMID: 33202057 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Certain morphological parameters of the skeletal muscle tissue can be better understood via 3D considerations. Fluorescent confocal microscopy of thick tissue sections is a well-established method for visualising and measuring skeletal muscle fibres and surrounding capillaries in 3D. However, thick tissue sections are prone to deformations which may significantly influence some stereological and morphometric results like muscle fibre diameter and capillary length, but not dimensionless parameters like object number and Euler-Poincaré characteristics. To better understand this phenomenon, we studied the horizontal deformation of thick (100 µm) transverse skeletal muscle sections, by comparing the muscle fibre diameters measured on thick sections to muscle fibre diameters measured on thin (10 µm) sections of the same sample. Diameter changes were further correlated with shrinkage in the Z direction (axial shrinkage) and deviation of the muscle fibre preferential axis from the Z-axis. We showed that the thick sections dilated in horizontal and shrunk in Z direction, and that the magnitude of horizontal dilation was associated with the magnitude of shrinkage in the Z direction. The latter was more pronounced in transversely than obliquely cut tissue sections. The results emphasise that even when shrinkage in the Z direction can be corrected using calibration, it is important to optimise histological protocols to minimise the Z-axis collapse that could cause horizontal dilation. LAY DESCRIPTION: In skeletal muscle research, 3D analysis is especially important for studying the microvasculature. Laser scanning confocal microscopy of skeletal muscle thick tissue sections is a well-established method for visualising and measuring skeletal muscle fibres and surrounding capillaries in 3D. However, such sections are prone to deformations which may significantly influence the study results. To better understand this phenomenon, we studied the horizontal deformation of thick transverse skeletal muscle sections. We compared the average muscle fibre diameters measured on thick skeletal muscle sections, thin fixed skeletal muscle sections and immunohistochemically stained thin skeletal muscle sections with the muscle fibre diameters measured on thin native skeletal muscle sections of the same sample, with the latter condition serving as the standard diameters (ie the control condition). We further studied the association among muscle fibre diameter changes, shrinkage of the thick skeletal muscle sections in the Z direction and their sectioning angle. We showed that the thick skeletal muscle sections dilated in the horizontal direction and shrunk in the Z direction, and that the magnitude of horizontal dilation was associated with the magnitude of shrinkage in Z direction. The shrinkage in the Z direction was more pronounced in transversely than obliquely cut tissue sections. These results emphasise that even when shrinkage in the Z direction can be corrected using Z-axis calibration, it is very important to optimise histological protocols to minimise the Z-axis collapse that could cause horizontal dilation in order to enhance the integrity of study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejc Umek
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jiří Janáček
- Department of Biomathematics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Erika Cvetko
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ida Eržen
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Vikne H, Strøm V, Pripp AH, Gjøvaag T. Human skeletal muscle fiber type percentage and area after reduced muscle use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1298-1317. [PMID: 32281690 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this systematic review was to examine the effect of reduced muscle activity on the relative number of type 1 muscle fibers (%) in the human vastus lateralis muscle. Other objectives were changes in type 2A and 2X percentages and muscle fiber cross-sectional area. We conducted systematic literature searches in eight databases and included studies assessing type 1 fiber percentage visualized by ATPase or immunohistochemical staining before and after a period (≥14 days) of reduced muscle activity. The reduced muscle activity models were detraining, leg unloading, and bed rest. Forty-two studies comprising 451 participants were included. Effect sizes were calculated as the mean difference between baseline and follow-up and Generic Inverse Variance tests with random-effects models were used for the weighted summary effect size. Overall, the mean type 1 muscle fiber percentage was significantly reduced after interventions (-1.94%-points, 95% CI [-3.37, -0.51], P = .008), with no significant differences between intervention models (P = .86). Meta-regression showed no effect of study duration on type 1 fiber percentage (P = .98). Conversely, the overall type 2X fiber percentage increased after reduced muscle activity (P < .001). The CSA of the muscle fiber types decreased after the study period (all P-values < 0.001) with greater reductions in type 2 than type 1 fibers (P < .001). The result of this meta-analysis display that the type 1 muscle fiber percentage decrease as a result of reduced muscle activity, although the effect size is relatively small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Vikne
- National Advisory Unit on Occupational Rehabilitation, Rauland, Norway
| | - Vegard Strøm
- Department of Research, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Are Hugo Pripp
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Centre of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Support Services, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje Gjøvaag
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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The effect of resistance training, detraining and retraining on muscle strength and power, myofibre size, satellite cells and myonuclei in older men. Exp Gerontol 2020; 133:110860. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Nederveen JP, Ibrahim G, Fortino SA, Snijders T, Kumbhare D, Parise G. Variability in skeletal muscle fibre characteristics during repeated muscle biopsy sampling in human vastus lateralis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:368-375. [PMID: 32207991 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The percutaneous muscle biopsy procedure is an invaluable tool for characterizing skeletal muscle and capillarization. Little is known about methodological or biological variation stemming from the technique in heterogeneous muscle. Five muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis of a group of young men (n = 29, 22 ± 1 years) over a 96-h period. We investigated the repeatability of fibre distribution, indices of muscle capillarization and perfusion, and myofibre characteristics. No differences between the biopsies were reported in myofibre type distribution, cross-sectional area (CSA), and perimeter. Capillary-to-fibre perimeter exchange index and individual capillary-fibre contacts were unchanged with respect to the location of the muscle biopsy and index of capillarization. The variability in the sampling distribution of fibre type specific muscle CSA increased when fewer than 150 muscle fibres were quantified. Variability in fibre type distribution increased when fewer than 150 muscle fibres were quantified. Myofibre characteristics and indices of capillarization are largely consistent throughout the vastus lateralis when assessed via the skeletal muscle biopsy technique. Novelty Markers of muscle capillarization and perfusion were unchanged across multiple sites of the human vastus lateralis. Myofibre characteristics such as muscle cross-sectional area, perimeter, and fibre type distribution were also unchanged. Variation of muscle CSA was higher when fewer than 150 muscle fibres were quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Nederveen
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - George Ibrahim
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.,School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Stephen A Fortino
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Tim Snijders
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.,Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Dinesh Kumbhare
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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Sieljacks P, Wang J, Groennebaek T, Rindom E, Jakobsgaard JE, Herskind J, Gravholt A, Møller AB, Musci RV, de Paoli FV, Hamilton KL, Miller BF, Vissing K. Six Weeks of Low-Load Blood Flow Restricted and High-Load Resistance Exercise Training Produce Similar Increases in Cumulative Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis and Ribosomal Biogenesis in Healthy Males. Front Physiol 2019; 10:649. [PMID: 31191347 PMCID: PMC6548815 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: High-load resistance exercise contributes to maintenance of muscle mass, muscle protein quality, and contractile function by stimulation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS), hypertrophy, and strength gains. However, high loading may not be feasible in several clinical populations. Low-load blood flow restricted resistance exercise (BFRRE) may provide an alternative approach. However, the long-term protein synthetic response to BFRRE is unknown and the myocellular adaptations to prolonged BFRRE are not well described. Methods: To investigate this, 34 healthy young subjects were randomized to 6 weeks of low-load BFRRE, HLRE, or non-exercise control (CON). Deuterium oxide (D2O) was orally administered throughout the intervention period. Muscle biopsies from m. vastus lateralis were collected before and after the 6-week intervention period to assess long-term myofibrillar MPS and RNA synthesis as well as muscle fiber-type-specific cross-sectional area (CSA), satellite cell content, and myonuclei content. Muscle biopsies were also collected in the immediate hours following single-bout exercise to assess signaling for muscle protein degradation. Isometric and dynamic quadriceps muscle strength was evaluated before and after the intervention. Results: Myofibrillar MPS was higher in BFRRE (1.34%/day, p < 0.01) and HLRE (1.12%/day, p < 0.05) compared to CON (0.96%/day) with no significant differences between exercise groups. Muscle RNA synthesis was higher in BFRRE (0.65%/day, p < 0.001) and HLRE (0.55%/day, p < 0.01) compared to CON (0.38%/day) and both training groups increased RNA content, indicating ribosomal biogenesis in response to exercise. BFRRE and HLRE both activated muscle degradation signaling. Muscle strength increased 6-10% in BFRRE (p < 0.05) and 13-23% in HLRE (p < 0.01). Dynamic muscle strength increased to a greater extent in HLRE (p < 0.05). No changes in type I and type II muscle fiber-type-specific CSA, satellite cell content, or myonuclei content were observed. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that BFRRE increases long-term muscle protein turnover, ribosomal biogenesis, and muscle strength to a similar degree as HLRE. These findings emphasize the potential application of low-load BFRRE to stimulate muscle protein turnover and increase muscle function in clinical populations where high loading is untenable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sieljacks
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Wang
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Groennebaek
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emil Rindom
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jon Herskind
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Gravholt
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas B. Møller
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert V. Musci
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | - Karyn L. Hamilton
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Benjamin F. Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Kristian Vissing
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Wens I, Dalgas U, Vandenabeele F, Grevendonk L, Verboven K, Hansen D, Eijnde BO. High Intensity Exercise in Multiple Sclerosis: Effects on Muscle Contractile Characteristics and Exercise Capacity, a Randomised Controlled Trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133697. [PMID: 26418222 PMCID: PMC4587912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Low-to-moderate intensity exercise improves muscle contractile properties and endurance capacity in multiple sclerosis (MS). The impact of high intensity exercise remains unknown. Methods Thirty-four MS patients were randomized into a sedentary control group (SED, n = 11) and 2 exercise groups that performed 12 weeks of a high intensity interval (HITR, n = 12) or high intensity continuous cardiovascular training (HCTR, n = 11), both in combination with resistance training. M.vastus lateralis fiber cross sectional area (CSA) and proportion, knee-flexor/extensor strength, body composition, maximal endurance capacity and self-reported physical activity levels were assessed before and after 12 weeks. Results Compared to SED, 12 weeks of high intensity exercise increased mean fiber CSA (HITR: +21±7%, HCTR: +23±5%). Furthermore, fiber type I CSA increased in HCTR (+29±6%), whereas type II (+23±7%) and IIa (+23±6%,) CSA increased in HITR. Muscle strength improved in HITR and HCTR (between +13±7% and +45±20%) and body fat percentage tended to decrease (HITR: -3.9±2.0% and HCTR: -2.5±1.2%). Furthermore, endurance capacity (Wmax +21±4%, time to exhaustion +24±5%, VO2max +17±5%) and lean tissue mass (+1.4±0.5%) only increased in HITR. Finally self-reported physical activity levels increased 73±19% and 86±27% in HCTR and HITR, respectively. Conclusion High intensity cardiovascular exercise combined with resistance training was safe, well tolerated and improved muscle contractile characteristics and endurance capacity in MS. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01845896
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Affiliation(s)
- Inez Wens
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building A, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Ulrik Dalgas
- Section of Sport Science, Dep. Public Health, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 4, 8000, Aarhus, C, Denmark
| | - Frank Vandenabeele
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building A, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Lotte Grevendonk
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building A, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Verboven
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building A, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dominique Hansen
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building A, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bert O. Eijnde
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building A, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Smith K, Atherton PJ. The metabolic and temporal basis of muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance exercise. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 16:633-44. [PMID: 26289597 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1073362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Constituting ∼40% of body mass, skeletal muscle has essential locomotory and metabolic functions. As such, an insight into the control of muscle mass is of great importance for maintaining health and quality-of-life into older age, under conditions of cachectic disease and with rehabilitation. In healthy weight-bearing individuals, muscle mass is maintained by the equilibrium between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown; when this balance tips in favour of MPS hypertrophy occurs. Despite considerable research into pharmacological/nutraceutical interventions, resistance exercise training (RE-T) remains the most potent stimulator of MPS and hypertrophy (in the majority of individuals). However, the mechanism(s) and time course of hypertrophic responses to RE-T remain poorly understood. We would suggest that available data are very much in favour of the notion that the majority of hypertrophy occurs in the early phases of RE-T (though still controversial to some) and that, for the most part, continued gains are hard to come by. Whilst the mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy represent the culmination of mechanical, auto/paracrine and endocrine events, the measurement of MPS remains a cornerstone for understanding the control of hypertrophy - mainly because it is the underlying driving force behind skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Development of sophisticated isotopic techniques (i.e. deuterium oxide) that lend to longer term insight into the control of hypertrophy by sustained RE-T will be paramount in providing insights into the metabolic and temporal regulation of hypertrophy. Such technologies will have broad application in muscle mass intervention for both athletes and for mitigating disease/age-related cachexia and sarcopenia, alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Brook
- a MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology , University of Nottingham , UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- a MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology , University of Nottingham , UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- a MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology , University of Nottingham , UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- a MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology , University of Nottingham , UK
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Boman N, Burén J, Antti H, Svensson MB. Gene expression and fiber type variations in repeated vastus lateralis biopsies. Muscle Nerve 2015; 52:812-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.24616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Boman
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation; Sports Medicine, Umeå University; Umå Sweden
| | - Jonas Burén
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine; Medicine, Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Henrik Antti
- Department of Chemistry; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Michael B. Svensson
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation; Sports Medicine, Umeå University; Umå Sweden
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Wens I, Dalgas U, Vandenabeele F, Krekels M, Grevendonk L, Eijnde BO. Multiple sclerosis affects skeletal muscle characteristics. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108158. [PMID: 25264868 PMCID: PMC4180259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of multiple sclerosis (MS) on skeletal muscle characteristics, such as muscle fiber cross sectional area (CSA), fiber type proportion, muscle strength and whole muscle mass, remains conflicting. Methods In this cross sectional study, body composition and muscle strength of the quadriceps were assessed in 34 MS (EDSS: 2.5±0.19) patients and 18 matched healthy controls (HC). Hereafter a muscle biopsy (m.vastus lateralis) was taken. Results Compared to HC, mean muscle fiber CSA of all fibers, as well as CSA of type I, II and IIa fibers were smaller and muscle strength of the quadriceps was lower in MS patients. Whole body composition was comparable between groups. However, compared to HC, the biopsied leg tended to have a higher fat percentage (p = 0.1) and a lower lean mass (p = 0.06) in MS patients. Conclusion MS seems to negatively influence skeletal muscle fiber CSA, muscle strength and muscle mass of the lower limbs of mildly affected MS patients. This emphasises the need for rehabilitation programs focusing on muscle preservation of the lower limb. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01845896
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Affiliation(s)
- Inez Wens
- REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Ulrik Dalgas
- Section of Sport Science, Dep. Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Frank Vandenabeele
- REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Maartje Krekels
- REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Lotte Grevendonk
- REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Bert O. Eijnde
- REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
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Arbanas J, Klasan GS, Nikolic M, Jerkovic R, Miljanovic I, Malnar D. Fibre type composition of the human psoas major muscle with regard to the level of its origin. J Anat 2010; 215:636-41. [PMID: 19930517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to explore the fibre type composition of the human psoas major muscle at different levels of its origin, from the first lumbar to the fourth lumbar vertebra, and to compare the muscle fibre size and distribution of different fibre types between levels with respect to its complex postural and dynamic function. Muscle samples were collected from 15 young males (younger than 35 years). Serial transverse sections (5 microm) of the samples were cut by cryomicrotome. Type I, IIA and IIX muscle fibres were typed using myosin heavy chain identification. The serial sections were analysed using a light microscope with a magnitude of 100x. The differences between measurements were evaluated using a repeated-measures anova and Scheffé test for post-hoc analysis. Our study showed that the human psoas major muscle was composed of type I, IIA and IIX muscle fibres. It had a predominance of type IIA muscle fibres, whereas type I muscle fibres had the largest cross-sectional area. Type IIX muscle fibres were present as a far smaller percentage and had the smallest cross-sectional area. Moreover, the fibre type composition of the psoas major muscle was different between levels of its origin starting from the first lumbar to the fourth lumbar vertebra. We conclude that the fibre type composition of the psoas major muscle indicated its dynamic and postural functions, which supports the fact that it is the main flexor of the hip joint (dynamic function) and stabilizer of the lumbar spine, sacroiliac and hip joints (postural function). The cranial part of the psoas major muscle has a primarily postural role, whereas the caudal part of the muscle has a dynamic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Arbanas
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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Mackey AL, Kjaer M, Charifi N, Henriksson J, Bojsen-Moller J, Holm L, Kadi F. Assessment of satellite cell number and activity status in human skeletal muscle biopsies. Muscle Nerve 2009; 40:455-65. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.21369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Salanova M, Schiffl G, Püttmann B, Schoser BG, Blottner D. Molecular biomarkers monitoring human skeletal muscle fibres and microvasculature following long-term bed rest with and without countermeasures. J Anat 2008; 212:306-18. [PMID: 18221329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms of human skeletal muscle adaptation to disuse are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the morphological and biochemical changes of the lower limb soleus and vastus lateralis muscles following 60 days of head-down tilt bed rest in women with and without exercise countermeasure using molecular biomarkers monitoring functional cell compartments. Muscle biopsies were taken before (pre) and after bed rest (post) from a bed rest-only and a bed rest exercise group (n = 8, each). NOS1 and NOS3/PECAM, markers of myofibre 'activity' and capillary density, and MuRF1 (E3 ubiquitin-ligase), a marker of proteolysis, were documented by confocal immunofluorescence and immunoblot analyses. Morphometrical parameters (myofibre cross-sectional area, type I/II distribution) were largely preserved in muscles from the exercise group with a robust trend for type II hypertrophy in vastus lateralis. In the bed rest-only group, the relative NOS1 immunostaining intensity was decreased at type I and II myofibre membranes, while the bed rest plus exercise group compensated for this loss particularly in soleus. In the microvascular network, NOS3 expression and the capillary-to-fibre ratio were both increased in the exercise group. Elevated MuRF1 immunosignals found in subgroups of atrophic myofibres probably reflected accelerated proteolysis. Immunoblots revealed overexpression of the MuRF1 protein in the soleus of the bed rest-only group (> 35% vs. pre). We conclude that exercise countermeasure during bed rest affected both NOS/NO signalling and proteolysis in female skeletal muscle. Maintenance of NO signalling mechanisms and normal protein turnover by exercise countermeasure may be crucial steps to attenuate human skeletal muscle atrophy and to maintain cell function following chronic disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salanova
- Center of Space Medicine Berlin (ZWMB), Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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Holm L, Esmarck B, Mizuno M, Hansen H, Suetta C, Hölmich P, Krogsgaard M, Kjaer M. The effect of protein and carbohydrate supplementation on strength training outcome of rehabilitation in ACL patients. J Orthop Res 2006; 24:2114-23. [PMID: 16917926 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury experience atrophy and weakening of the extensor as well as the hamstrings muscles at the injured leg. Especially, the weakness of the quadriceps muscle has been ascribed to hamper daily physical tasks. The purpose of the present study was therefore to investigate if nutrient supplementation during 12 weeks of conservative rehabilitation strength training could enhance hypertrophy and strength of the quadriceps muscle in ACL-injured patients. Twenty-six ACL-injured men and women were included and randomly distributed into three supplementation groups: Protein+Carbohydrate (PC), Isocaloric-Carbohydrate (IC), or Placebo (PL), ingesting the supplementation immediately after each of 36 training sessions. Determined from images of thigh cross-sections (magnetic resonance imaging) the hypertrophy of the quadriceps muscle differed significantly between groups at the distal part, with the PC group demonstrating the largest hypertrophy. Peak torque of the quadriceps muscle at constant velocity 60 degrees.s-1 was significantly elevated in the PC group only, and the time to reach peak torque tended to decrease as well only in the PC group. The results from this study demonstrate that restoration of the distal vasti muscle mass and knee extension muscle strength with resistance training is promoted further by protein-containing nutrient supplementation immediately after single exercise sessions. Thus, exercise-related protein supplementation may seem important for surgery-related rehabilitation of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Bldg. 8, 1st, 2400 København NV, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Beaton LJ, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Variability in estimating eccentric contraction-induced muscle damage and inflammation in humans. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY = REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYSIOLOGIE APPLIQUEE 2002; 27:516-26. [PMID: 12429897 DOI: 10.1139/h02-028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied five young healthy volunteers who performed a "damage protocol" consisting of 240 (24 sets x 10 repetitions/set) maximal isokinetic eccentric muscle contractions (30 degrees/s) on each leg one week apart. Biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis on two occasions. Two biopsies were taken from within the same muscle 24h following the damage protocol. On a second occasion a single biopsy was taken from the contralateral leg at 24h following the same damage protocol. Biopsies at all three sites showed Z-band disruption, much greater (i.e., approximately 14-fold) than is typically observed in resting biopsies, with no significant differences (ANOVA) according to site location (within legs or between legs). The within-leg coefficient of variation (CV) was, however, 41 +/- 30%, and the between-leg CVs were 57 +/- 36% and 68 +/- 36%. Macrophage cells were also detected within the muscle, and cell numbers were not statistically different between biopsy sites. However, the within-biopsy CV = 52 +/- 19% and the between-biopsy CVs of 34 +/- 24% and 48 +/- 27%. We conclude that eccentric contraction-induced Z-band streaming and inflammatory cell response, as detected in muscle biopsy samples from humans, is highly variable with a CV of 40-70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise J Beaton
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Porter MM, Koolage CW, Lexell J. Biopsy sampling requirements for the estimation of muscle capillarization. Muscle Nerve 2002; 26:546-8. [PMID: 12362422 DOI: 10.1002/mus.10221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the number of tibialis anterior biopsy samples and muscle fibers required to estimate the capillary supply of individual muscle fibers (C:F(i)). C:F(i) was calculated for 25 type 1 fibers in each of 8 images from 3 biopsies of 5 young healthy individuals. Sequential estimation analysis indicated that 50 fibers from one biopsy are sufficient to characterize the C:F(i) of the tibialis anterior for a group of subjects. Thus, when analyzing the capillarization of the tibialis anterior, the requirements of only one biopsy sample and 50 fibers means a great reduction in time for analysis and in the invasiveness of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Porter
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation Studies, University of Manitoba, 207 Max Bell Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Ferretti G, Antonutto G, Denis C, Hoppeler H, Minetti AE, Narici MV, Desplanches D. The interplay of central and peripheral factors in limiting maximal O2 consumption in man after prolonged bed rest. J Physiol 1997; 501 ( Pt 3):677-86. [PMID: 9218227 PMCID: PMC1159468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.677bm.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The effects of bed rest on the cardiovascular and muscular parameters which affect maximal O2 consumption (VO2,max) were studied. The fractional limitation of VO2,max imposed by these parameters after bed rest was analysed. 2. The VO2,max, by standard procedure, and the maximal cardiac output (Qmax), by the pulse contour method, were measured during graded cyclo-ergometric exercise on seven subjects before and after a 42-day head-down tilt bed rest. Blood haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) and arterialized blood gas analysis were determined at the highest work load. 3. Muscle fibre types, oxidative enzyme activities, and capillary and mitochondrial densities were measured on biopsy samples from the vastus lateralis muscle before and at the end of bed rest. The measure of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) by NMR imaging at the level of biopsy site allowed computation of muscle oxidative capacity and capillary length. 4. The VO2,max was reduced after bed rest (-16.6%). The concomitant decreases in Qmax (-30.8%), essentially due to a change in stroke volume, and in [Hb] led to a huge decrease in O2 delivery (-39.7%). 5. Fibre type distribution was unaffected by bed rest. The decrease in fibre area corresponded to the significant reduction in muscle CSA (-17%). The volume density of mitochondria was reduced after bed rest (-16.6%), as were the oxidative enzyme activities (-11%). The total mitochondrial volume was reduced by 28.5%. Capillary density was unchanged. Total capillary length was 22.2% lower after bed rest, due to muscle atrophy. 6. The interaction between these muscular and cardiovascular changes led to a smaller reduction in VO2,max than in cardiovascular O2 transport. Yet the latter appears to play the greatest role in limiting VO2,max after bed rest (> 70% of overall limitation), the remaining fraction being shared between peripheral O2 diffusion and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ferretti
- Département de Physiologie, Centre Médical Universitaire, Genève, Switzerland.
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Lexell J, Downham DY, Larsson Y, Bruhn E, Morsing B. Heavy-resistance training in older Scandinavian men and women: short- and long-term effects on arm and leg muscles. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1995; 5:329-41. [PMID: 8775717 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1995.tb00055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The short- and long-term effects of heavy-resistance training (85% of one-repetition maximum (RM)) on elbow flexion and knee extension dynamic and isokinetic strength and on morphology in the biceps brachii and vastus lateralis muscles were evaluated during 1 year in 35 Scandinavian men and women, aged 70-77 years, 12 of whom formed a control group. After the first 11 weeks of training (n = 23; 3 times/week) elbow flexion and knee extension dynamic strength (1 RM) had increased [mean +/- SD] 49% +/- 16 and 163% +/- 75, respectively, with no significant difference between men and women. For the following 27 weeks, strength was maintained with one training session per week (n = 12) but dropped without training (n = 11). After the final 11 weeks of training (n = 11; 3 times/week), strength had further increased 32% +/- 16 in both the arm and the leg. Isokinetic strength measurements (Cybex II; 30 degrees/s) revealed similar but smaller gains than for dynamic strength. Muscle biopsies (n = 20) taken at the start and after the first 11 weeks of training showed a significant increase in the area of both type 1 and type 2 fibers in the biceps brachii muscle and a positive significant correlation between the percentage increase in the proportional area of type 2 fibers in the vastus lateralis muscle and the percentage increase in knee extension dynamic muscle strength. In conclusion, older Scandinavian men and women have a high capacity both to improve and to maintain muscle strength, some of which is mediated through an adaptation in the muscle fiber type population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lexell
- Department of Rehabilitation, Lund University Hospital, Sweden
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Lexell J, Taylor CC. A morphometrical comparison of right and left whole human vastus lateralis muscle: how to reduce sampling errors in biopsy techniques. CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 1991; 11:271-6. [PMID: 1893684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.1991.tb00458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In studies of the effects of different training programmes, one muscle--most commonly the vastus lateralis--is used for the experiment while the contralateral muscle serves as a control, at the same time as muscle biopsies are taken from both sides. In order to increase the reliability of such studies, the sources and the magnitude of the sampling errors in the biopsy techniques need to be assessed in detail. In this study, cross-sections of whole right and left vastus lateralis muscle from six young sedentary right-handed men were prepared, and the total number and size of fibres and the proportion of the different fibre types were calculated. A significant difference (P less than 0.05-P less than 0.001) between the right and the left muscle was found for at least one of the three variables in each of the six men, but there was no systematic difference and, therefore, no significant right-left difference for the whole group. The maximum difference between the right and the left side for the mean fibre size was 25% and for the fibre type proportion 5%; these differences are much smaller than the known variation within individual muscles. In conclusion, any study involving biopsies from both the right and the left vastus lateralis may use either muscle for the experiment while the contralateral muscle serves as a control without leading to systematic sampling error, whereas the errors involved in taking small samples from each muscle are much more important to control and to reduce.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lexell
- Department of Neurology, University of Umeå, Sweden
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Lexell J, Taylor CC. Variability in muscle fibre areas in whole human quadriceps muscle. How much and why? ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1989; 136:561-8. [PMID: 2528889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To determine the variability in fibre areas in the human vastus lateralis muscle, cross-sections (15 microns) of whole autopsied muscles from eight young men have been prepared, and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of 375 type 1 and 375 type 2 fibres has been measured in five different regions throughout each muscle. The CSA of both fibre types varied significantly within all muscle cross-sections. Fibres in the deep parts of the muscle were larger than superficially. There was a significant correlation between the CSA of the two fibre types within each region: if a fibre of a given type was small, or large, the other fibre type was also small, or large. The CSA of type 2 fibres was larger than the CSA of type 1 fibres in 26 of the 40 regions: regions with type 1 fibres larger than type 2 fibres were mostly (71%) found deep in the muscle. The standard deviation of the CSA of type 1 fibres was significantly larger than for type 2 fibres in 35 of the 40 regions. In conclusion, the CSA of the different fibre types in the vastus lateralis of young men varies non-randomly. The pattern of variation, both throughout the muscle and in small sample regions, supports the general opinion that the functional demands placed on the fibre population are an important factor in the development of the fibre properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lexell
- Department of Neurology, University of Umeå, Sweden
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