1
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Parisi F, Aurisicchio L, Pecorari A, Poli A, Millanta F. A Preliminary Evaluation of the Prognostic Role of HER-2 and HER-3 Immunohistochemical Expression in Canine Melanomas. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1400. [PMID: 38791617 PMCID: PMC11117344 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine melanoma is a malignant and aggressive neoplasm showing clinical, histological, and molecular features similar to the human counterpart. In human medicine, epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) have already been suggested as prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets in cutaneous melanoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of HER-2 and HER-3 in canine melanomas by immunohistochemistry and correlate their expression to the clinicopathological parameters of the examined tumors. Thirty-seven canine melanoma samples were recruited. Data regarding signalment and clinical parameters were also collected. The population was composed of 18 cutaneous, 16 oral/mucosal, and three digital/foot pad melanomas. Histopathological investigations were carried out to analyze histological type, ulceration, and mitotic count. On each sample, immunohistochemistry was performed using an anti-Melan-A or anti-Melanoma antigen, i.e., anti-HER-2 and anti-HER-3 antibodies. HER-2 and HER-3 positivity were classified using already established scoring criteria and a statistical analysis was carried out. The results highlighted that HER-2 expression was observed in 48.6% of the samples and HER-3 expression in 18.9%. The highest HER 2 score (3+) was recorded in 16.2% of the samples, while the coexpression of the two receptors was detected in 13.5% of the samples. A statistically significant association (p < 0.05) was observed between the expression of HER-2 and HER-3 and the presence of ulceration in oromucosal tumors. This work confirms the expression of HER-2 and HER-3 in canine melanomas and suggests a putative association with negative prognostic parameters. Further studies are necessary to strengthen these data by increasing the samples size and combining pathological examinations with molecular biology in the investigation of EGFR family receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.P.); (A.P.); (F.M.)
| | | | - Arianna Pecorari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.P.); (A.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.P.); (A.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesca Millanta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.P.); (A.P.); (F.M.)
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2
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Žagar Ž, Schmidt JM. A Scoping Review on Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Cats: Current Evidence and Future Directions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3059. [PMID: 37835664 PMCID: PMC10572079 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have become invaluable in the treatment of human and canine malignancies, but their role in feline oncology is less defined. While toceranib phosphate and masitinib mesylate are licensed for use in dogs, no TKI is yet approved for cats. This review systematically maps the research conducted on the expression of tyrosine kinases in neoplastic and non-neoplastic domestic feline tissues, as well as the in vitro/in vivo use of TKIs in domestic cats. We identify and discuss knowledge gaps and speculate on the further research and potential indications for TKI use in cats. A comprehensive search of three electronic databases and relevant paper reference lists identified 139 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. The most commonly identified tumors were mast cell tumors (MCTs), mammary and squamous cell carcinomas and injection-site sarcomas. Based on the current literature, toceranib phosphate appears to be the most efficacious TKI in cats, especially against MCTs. Exploring the clinical use of TKIs in mammary carcinomas holds promise. Despite the progress, currently, the evidence falls short, underscoring the need for further research to discover new indications in feline oncology and to bridge the knowledge gaps between human and feline medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Žagar
- IVC Evidensia Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, 65719 Hofheim am Taunus, Germany
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3
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Sammarco A, Finesso G, Zanetti R, Ferro S, Rasotto R, Caliari D, Goldschmidt MH, Orvieto E, Castagnaro M, Cavicchioli L, Zappulli V. Biphasic Feline Mammary Carcinomas Including Carcinoma and Malignant Myoepithelioma. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:377-387. [PMID: 32100640 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820908792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Feline mammary tumors are usually malignant and aggressive carcinomas. Most cases are simple monophasic carcinomas (1 epithelial population), and additional phenotyping is usually not needed. In this study, we describe 10 malignant mammary tumors from 9 female cats that had unusual histomorphology: they appeared biphasic, with 2 distinct cell populations. Initially, they were morphologically diagnosed as either carcinosarcoma (1/10) or malignant pleomorphic tumor (9/10) of the mammary gland, as the latter did not match any previously described histological subtype. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed for pancytokeratin, cytokeratins 8 and 18, cytokeratin 14, cytokeratins 5 and 6, vimentin, p63, calponin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, Ki-67, ERBB2, estrogen receptor alpha, and progesterone receptor. In 7 of 10 cases, the biphasic nature was confirmed and, on the basis of the IHC results, they were classified as carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma (4/10), ductal carcinoma (1/10), and carcinosarcoma (2/10). The other 3 of 10 cases were monophasic based on IHC. In the cases of carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma, the malignant myoepithelial cells were 100% positive for vimentin (4/4) and variably positive for p63, calponin, and cytokeratins (4/4). These findings show that, although rare, biphasic mammary carcinomas do occur in cats. In dogs and humans, tumors composed of malignant epithelial and myoepithelial cells have a less aggressive behavior than certain simple carcinomas, and therefore, their identification might also be clinically significant in the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sammarco
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Finesso
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rossella Zanetti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Michael H Goldschmidt
- Laboratory of Pathology and Toxicology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Enrico Orvieto
- Pathology Department ULSS5 Polesana, Viale Tre Martiri, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Cavicchioli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
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4
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Soares M, Ribeiro R, Najmudin S, Gameiro A, Rodrigues R, Cardoso F, Ferreira F. Serum HER2 levels are increased in cats with mammary carcinomas and predict tissue HER2 status. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17314-26. [PMID: 26909614 PMCID: PMC4951214 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
HER2 is overexpressed in about 30% of feline mammary carcinomas (FMC) and in 15-30% of breast cancers. Women with HER2-positive breast tumors are associated with shorter survival. This study aimed to optimize the detection and quantification of serum HER2 (sHER2) in cats and to evaluate its potential in diagnosing cats with mammary carcinomas (MC) overexpressing HER2. A prospective study was conducted in 60 queens showing MC and 20 healthy animals. Pre-operative serum samples were collected for sHER2 quantification using two immunoassays: ELISA and Dot blot assay. sHER2 levels were compared with tissue HER2 status assessed by immunohistochemistry. Queens with FMC showed significantly higher mean levels of sHER2 by both ELISA and Dot blot assay. A significant difference in the sHER2 levels was also found between cats with HER2-positive MC and those with low-expressing HER2 MC. A significant correlation between sHER2 levels and tumor HER2 status was also found, particularly when ELISA was used (r = 0.58, p < 0.0001). The value of 10 ng/ml was proposed as the optimal cutoff for both immunoassays by ROC analysis. Like in humans, sHER2 levels are increased in cats with MC HER2-positive, strongly suggesting that evaluation of sHER2 levels can be very useful in feline oncology. The results show that ELISA and Dot blot assay can replace the immunohistochemistry technique, due to their efficacy and lower costs for diagnostic purposes and for monitoring the response to anti-HER2 therapies in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Soares
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Ribeiro
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Shabir Najmudin
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Gameiro
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Rodrigues
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fátima Cardoso
- Breast Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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5
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Diessler ME, Castellano MC, Portiansky EL, Burns S, Idiart JR. Canine mammary carcinomas: influence of histological grade, vascular invasion, proliferation, microvessel density and VEGFR2 expression on lymph node status and survival time. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:450-461. [PMID: 26833549 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous invasive non-inflammatory canine mammary carcinomas (CMC) and their regional lymph nodes (LN) were analysed (n = 136). Histological grade (HG) and vascular invasion (VI) in the tumours and lymph node status were recorded. Proliferation index (PI), microvessel density (MVD) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expression were estimated using anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), anti-von Willebrand factor and anti-Flk-1, respectively. Eighteen months follow-up was performed (34 bitches). Tumours of different grades showed differences regarding PI, Flk-1/integrated optical density (Flk-1/IOD) and MVD. Every feature showed significant association with LN status through bivariate analyses. From multivariate analyses, VI and Flk-1/IOD were selected to predict LN status. Data revealed that the probability of a CMC-bearing bitch to remain alive at 1, 4, 5 and 14-18 months was 0.91, 0.87, 0.81 and 0.77, respectively. Besides LN status, VI was the only feature positively correlated with survival time, although a trend to shorter survival of animal patients bearing high expressing VEGFR2 CMC was noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Diessler
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M C Castellano
- Clínica de Pequeños Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - E L Portiansky
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - S Burns
- LISEA (Laboratorio de Investigación de Sistemas Ecológicos y Ambientales), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - J R Idiart
- Laboratorio de Patología Especial "Dr. B. Epstein", Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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6
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Saraiva AL, Payan-Carreira R, Gärtner F, Faria F, Lourenço LM, Pires MA. Changes in c-erbB-2 Immunoexpression in Feline Endometrial Adenocarcinomas. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 51:33-9. [PMID: 26638806 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (c-erbB-2), an oncoprotein with potential prognostic marker and therapeutic use, is overexpressed in several human and animal tumours. But information regarding this molecule in feline tumours is scarce. This study aimed to assess the changes in the immunohistochemical expression of c-erbB-2 in feline endometrial adenocarcinomas (FEA) compared to normal endometrium. An immunohistochemistry assay using a specific antibody against c-erbB-2 was performed in FEA samples (n = 34) and in normal endometrium in the follicular (FS; n = 12) and luteal (LS; n = 11) stages. In FEA, the c-erbB-2 immunoexpression was assessed in neoplastic epithelial cells whilst in normal endometria it was individually evaluated in the surface and the superficial and deep glandular epithelia (SE, SGE and DGE, respectively). In FS and in LS, all the epithelia were positive for c-erbB-2; positivity was higher in the SE and the SGE than in DGE. Twenty of the 34 FEA samples (58.8%) were positive for c-erbB-2 immunolabelling. Nevertheless, its expression was higher in all the epithelia in the FS compared to FEA (p ≤ 0.0001) or the LS (p = 0.016). The results presented herein suggest that c-erbB-2 molecule is differently expressed in the feline endometrium through the oestrous cycle and though it may also be involved in feline endometrial carcinogenesis, a question remains unanswered on the importance of additional pathways of epithelial proliferation in the neoplastic changes in feline endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Saraiva
- CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - R Payan-Carreira
- CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - F Gärtner
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - F Faria
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - L M Lourenço
- CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - M A Pires
- CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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7
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Abstract
Harnessing the ability of the immune system to eradicate cancer has been a long-held goal of oncology. Work from the last two decades has finally brought immunotherapy into the forefront for cancer treatment, with demonstrable clinical success for aggressive tumors where other therapies had failed. In this review, we will discuss a range of therapies that are in different stages of clinical or preclinical development for companion animals with cancer, and which share the common objective of eliciting adaptive, anti-tumor immune responses. Even though challenges remain, manipulating the immune system holds significant promise to create durable responses and improve outcomes in companion animals with cancer. Furthermore, what we learn from this process will inform and accelerate development of comparable therapies for human cancer patients.
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8
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Wei WZ, Jones RF, Juhasz C, Gibson H, Veenstra J. Evolution of animal models in cancer vaccine development. Vaccine 2015; 33:7401-7407. [PMID: 26241945 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Advances in cancer vaccine development are facilitated by animal models reflecting key features of human cancer and its interface with host immunity. Several series of transplantable preneoplastic and neoplastic mouse mammary lesions have been used to delineate mechanisms of anti-tumor immunity. Mimicking immune tolerance to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) such as HER2/neu, transgenic mice developing spontaneous mammary tumors are strong model systems for pre-clinical vaccine testing. In these models, HER2 DNA vaccines are easily administered, well-tolerated, and induce both humoral and cellular immunity. Although engineered mouse strains have advanced cancer immunotherapy, basic shortcomings remain. For example, multiple mouse strains have to be tested to recapitulate genetic regulation of immune tolerance in humans. Outbred domestic felines more closely parallel humans in the natural development of HER2 positive breast cancer and their varying genetic background. Electrovaccination with heterologous HER2 DNA induces robust adaptive immune responses in cats. Importantly, homologous feline HER2 DNA with a single amino acid substitution elicits unique antibodies to feline mammary tumor cells, unlocking a new vaccine principle. As an alternative approach to targeted vaccination, non-surgical tumor ablation such as cryoablation induces anti-tumor immunity via in situ immunization, particularly when combined with toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist. As strategies for vaccination advance, non-invasive monitoring of host response becomes imperative. As an example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning following administration of tryptophan metabolism tracer [11C]-alpha-methyl-tryptophan (AMT) provides non-invasive imaging of both tumor growth and metabolic activities. Because AMT is a substrate of indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that produces the immune regulatory molecule kynurenine, AMT imaging can provide novel insight of host response. In conclusion, new feline models improve the predictive power of cancer immunotherapy and real-time PET imaging enables mechanistic monitoring of host immunity. Strategic utilization of these new tools will expedite cancer vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zen Wei
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
| | - Richard F Jones
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Csaba Juhasz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Heather Gibson
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Jesse Veenstra
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
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9
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Cannon CM. Cats, Cancer and Comparative Oncology. Vet Sci 2015; 2:111-126. [PMID: 29061935 PMCID: PMC5644631 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring tumors in dogs are well-established models for several human cancers. Domestic cats share many of the benefits of dogs as a model (spontaneous cancers developing in an immunocompetent animal sharing the same environment as humans, shorter lifespan allowing more rapid trial completion and data collection, lack of standard of care for many cancers allowing evaluation of therapies in treatment-naïve populations), but have not been utilized to the same degree in the One Medicine approach to cancer. There are both challenges and opportunities in feline compared to canine models. This review will discuss three specific tumor types where cats may offer insights into human cancers. Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma is common, shares both clinical and molecular features with human head and neck cancer and is an attractive model for evaluating new therapies. Feline mammary tumors are usually malignant and aggressive, with the ‘triple-negative’ phenotype being more common than in humans, offering an enriched population in which to examine potential targets and treatments. Finally, although there is not an exact corollary in humans, feline injection site sarcoma may be a model for inflammation-driven tumorigenesis, offering opportunities for studying variations in individual susceptibility as well as preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Cannon
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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10
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Gibson HM, Veenstra JJ, Jones R, Vaishampayan U, Sauerbrey M, Bepler G, Lum L, Reyes J, Weise A, Wei WZ. Induction of HER2 Immunity in Outbred Domestic Cats by DNA Electrovaccination. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:777-86. [PMID: 25711535 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Domestic cats share human living environments and genetic traits. They develop spontaneous feline mammary carcinoma (FMC) with similar histopathology to human breast cancer. HER2 and AKT phosphorylation was demonstrated in primary FMC by immunoblot analysis, indicating HER2 as a therapeutic target. FMC lines K12 and K248 expressing HER1, HER2, and HER3 were sensitive to receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors gefitinib and lapatinib. To test HER2 vaccine response in cats, purpose-bred, healthy cats were electrovaccinated with heterologous (xenogeneic) or point-mutated feline HER2 DNA. T-cell reactivity to feline self-HER2 was detected in 4 of 10 cats that received bear HER2, human-rat fusion HER2 (E2Neu) or mutant feline HER2 (feHER2-K), which contains a single amino acid substitution. The variable T-cell responses may resemble that in the genetically heterogeneous human population. All immune sera to heterologous HER2 recognized feline HER2 expressed in 3T3 cells (3T3/HER2), but not that in FMC K12 or K248. Immune sera to mutant pfeHER2-K bound 3T3/HER2 cells weakly, but they showed better recognition of K12 and K248 cells that also express HER1 and HER3, suggesting distinct HER2 epitopes displayed by FMC that may be simulated by feHER2-K. In summary, HER2 DNA electroporation overcomes T-cell immune tolerance in approximately 40% of healthy cats and induces antibodies with distinct specificity. Vaccination studies in domestic cats can expedite vaccine iteration to guide human vaccine design and better predict outcome, with the added benefit of helping feline mammary tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Gibson
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jesse J Veenstra
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Richard Jones
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ulka Vaishampayan
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Gerold Bepler
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Lawrence Lum
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Joyce Reyes
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Amy Weise
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Wei-Zen Wei
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
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11
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Zappulli V, Rasotto R, Caliari D, Mainenti M, Peña L, Goldschmidt MH, Kiupel M. Prognostic evaluation of feline mammary carcinomas: a review of the literature. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:46-60. [PMID: 24741029 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814528221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A large number of studies have investigated feline mammary tumors in an attempt to identify prognostic markers and generate comparative analyses with human breast cancer. Nevertheless, a retrospective base of assessments and the lack of standardization in methodology and study design have caused weakness in study results, making comparison difficult. We examined feline mammary tumor publications and evaluated postulated prognostic parameters according to the recently published "Recommended Guidelines for the Conduct and Evaluation of Prognostic Studies in Veterinary Oncology." Using these criteria, we determined with statistically significant reliability that prognostic parameters for feline mammary tumors are tumor grading and lymph node/lymphovascular invasion. Furthermore, tumor subtype, size, and staging are worthy of further standardized investigation. We present statistical significance for each studied parameter as well as its relevance to disease progression and survival. Our evaluation suggests that marker expression (ie, Ki67, HER2, ER) may provide relevant information applicable for therapeutic predictions; however, consensus efforts and protocol standardization are needed. We identify and discuss major points of concern--such as sample preservation and selection, standardization of immunohistochemical protocols, and evaluation of results--to provide support for subsequent reliable analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Italy
| | | | - D Caliari
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Italy
| | - M Mainenti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Italy
| | - L Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery, and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - M H Goldschmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - M Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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12
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Santos S, Baptista CS, Abreu RMV, Bastos E, Amorim I, Gut IG, Gärtner F, Chaves R. ERBB2 in cat mammary neoplasias disclosed a positive correlation between RNA and protein low expression levels: a model for erbB-2 negative human breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83673. [PMID: 24386251 PMCID: PMC3873372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human ERBB2 is a proto-oncogene that codes for the erbB-2 epithelial growth factor receptor. In human breast cancer (HBC), erbB-2 protein overexpression has been repeatedly correlated with poor prognosis. In more recent works, underexpression of this gene has been described in HBC. Moreover, it is also recognised that oncogenes that are commonly amplified or deleted encompass point mutations, and some of these are associated with HBC. In cat mammary lesions (CMLs), the overexpression of ERBB2 (27%-59.6%) has also been described, mostly at the protein level and although cat mammary neoplasias are considered to be a natural model of HBC, molecular information is still scarce. In the present work, a cat ERBB2 fragment, comprising exons 10 to 15 (ERBB2_10-15) was achieved for the first time. Allelic variants and genomic haplotype analyses were also performed, and differences between normal and CML populations were observed. Three amino acid changes, corresponding to 3 non-synonymous genomic sequence variants that were only detected in CMLs, were proposed to damage the 3D structure of the protein. We analysed the cat ERBB2 gene at the DNA (copy number determination), mRNA (expression levels assessment) and protein levels (in extra- and intra protein domains) in CML samples and correlated the last two evaluations with clinicopathological features. We found a positive correlation between the expression levels of the ERBB2 RNA and erbB-2 protein, corresponding to the intracellular region. Additionally, we detected a positive correlation between higher mRNA expression and better clinical outcome. Our results suggest that the ERBB2 gene is post-transcriptionally regulated and that proteins with truncations and single point mutations are present in cat mammary neoplastic lesions. We would like to emphasise that the recurrent occurrence of low erbB-2 expression levels in cat mammary tumours, suggests the cat mammary neoplasias as a valuable model for erbB-2 negative HBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Santos
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Cláudia S. Baptista
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary Clinics of University of Porto, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui M. V. Abreu
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- CIMO-ESA, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Estela Bastos
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Irina Amorim
- Institute of Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivo G. Gut
- Centre National de Genotypage, Evry, France
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Institute of Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Chaves
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Wiese DA, Thaiwong T, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Kiupel M. Feline mammary basal-like adenocarcinomas: a potential model for human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with basal-like subtype. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:403. [PMID: 24004841 PMCID: PMC3849986 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), an immunophenotype defined by the absence of immunolabeling for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2 protein, has a highly aggressive behavior. A subpopulation of TNBCs exhibit a basal-like morphology with immunohistochemical positivity for cytokeratins 5/6 (CK5/6) and/or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and have a high incidence of BRCA (breast cancer susceptibility) mutations. Feline mammary adenocarcinomas (FMAs) are highly malignant and share a similar basal-like subtype. The purpose of this study was to classify FMAs according to the current human classification of breast cancer that includes evaluation of ER, PR and HER2 status and expression of basal CK 5/6 and EGFR. Furthermore, we selected triple negative, basal-like FMAs to screen for BRCA mutations similar to those described in human TNBC. Methods Twenty four FMAs were classified according to the current human histologic breast cancer classification including immunohistochemistry (IHC) for ER, PR HER2, CK5/6 and EGFR. Genetic alteration and loss of heterozygosity of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes were analyzed in triple negative, basal-like FMAs. Results IHC for ER, PR and HER2 identified 14 of the 24 (58%) FMAs as a triple negative. Furthermore, 11of these 14 (79%) triple negative FMAs had a basal-like subtype. However, no genetic abnormalities were detected in BRCA1 and BRCA2 by direct sequencing and loss of heterozygosity analysis. Conclusion FMAs are highly aggressive neoplasms that are commonly triple negative and exhibit a basal-like morphology. This is similar to human TNBC that are also commonly classified as a basal-like subtype. While sequencing of a select number of triple negative, basal-like FMAs and testing for loss of heterozygosity of BRCA1 and BRCA2 did not identify mutations similar to those described in human TNBC, further in-depth evaluation is required to elucidate a potential role of BRCA in the tumorigenesis of triple negative, basal-like FMAs. The strong similarities in clinical behavior, morphology and IHC phenotype suggest that triple negative, basal-like FMAs may be a suitable spontaneous animal model for studying novel therapeutic approaches against human basal-like TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wiese
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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14
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Soares M, Correia J, Rodrigues P, Simões M, de Matos A, Ferreira F. Feline HER2 protein expression levels and gene status in feline mammary carcinoma: optimization of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2013; 19:876-882. [PMID: 23718944 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613001529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) is a tumor biomarker that when overexpressed and/or amplified is associated with a poor prognosis for women with breast cancer. This specific tumor subtype is eligible for a specific immunotherapy that increases survival period. However, in feline oncology, only a few studies have been performed on molecular characterization of feline (fHER2) in feline mammary carcinoma (FMC), and the available data are inconsistent. In this study, fHER2 protein levels and gene status in FMC were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. After being optimized, these techniques revealed that fHER2 is overexpressed in 33% of FMC cases, although fHER2 and fTOP2A gene amplification could not be observed. Our results support the possibility of using FMC as a natural model for comparative oncology. Additional data obtained may also improve the diagnostics, and consequently the treatment, of this type of tumor in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Soares
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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15
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Thamm DH. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor special issue. Vet Comp Oncol 2013; 10:161-2. [PMID: 22882484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2012.00339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Hughes K, Dobson J. Prognostic histopathological and molecular markers in feline mammary neoplasia. Vet J 2012; 194:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Sequence variants and haplotype analysis of cat ERBB2 gene: a survey on spontaneous cat mammary neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2783-2800. [PMID: 22489125 PMCID: PMC3317687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13032783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human ERBB2 proto-oncogene is widely considered a key gene involved in human breast cancer onset and progression. Among spontaneous tumors, mammary tumors are the most frequent cause of cancer death in cats and second most frequent in humans. In fact, naturally occurring tumors in domestic animals, more particularly cat mammary tumors, have been proposed as a good model for human breast cancer, but critical genetic and molecular information is still scarce. The aims of this study include the analysis of the cat ERBB2 gene partial sequences (between exon 17 and 20) in order to characterize a normal and a mammary lesion heterogeneous populations. Cat genomic DNA was extracted from normal frozen samples (n = 16) and from frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded mammary lesion samples (n = 41). We amplified and sequenced two cat ERBB2 DNA fragments comprising exons 17 to 20. It was possible to identify five sequence variants and six haplotypes in the total population. Two sequence variants and two haplotypes show to be specific for cat mammary tumor samples. Bioinformatics analysis predicts that four of the sequence variants can produce alternative transcripts or activate cryptic splicing sites. Also, a possible association was identified between clinicopathological traits and the variant haplotypes. As far as we know, this is the first attempt to examine ERBB2 genetic variations in cat mammary genome and its possible association with the onset and progression of cat mammary tumors. The demonstration of a possible association between primary tumor size (one of the two most important prognostic factors) and the number of masses with the cat ERBB2 variant haplotypes reveal the importance of the analysis of this gene in veterinary medicine.
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18
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Peñafiel-Verdu C, Buendia AJ, Navarro JA, Ramirez GA, Vilafranca M, Altimira J, Sanchez J. Reduced expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin and high expression of basal cytokeratins in feline mammary carcinomas with regional metastasis. Vet Pathol 2012; 49:979-87. [PMID: 22337774 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812436744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Feline mammary carcinomas are highly aggressive neoplasms. Several mechanisms are thought to be involved in their progression, including the loss of epithelial adhesion molecules. The present study was carried out on 21 adenomas and 139 mammary carcinomas. Of the carcinomas, 66 were not reported to have metastasized, while the remaining 73 had evidence of regional lymph node metastasis at the moment of diagnosis. The relationship was examined between the expression of the E-cadherin-β-catenin complex and basal (CK5/6, CK14) and luminal (CK8/18) cytokeratin expression. In the medical literature, carcinomas expressing basal cytokeratins are reported as having a poor prognosis in human breast cancer. Results revealed that preservation of the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin is a significant feature of carcinomas without metastasis, whereas carcinomas with metastasis reveal the loss of one or both adhesion molecules. Additionally, basal cytokeratin expression was statistically associated with the presence of regional metastasis. Furthermore, the expression of E-cadherin-β-catenin was significantly correlated with the high expression of CK18 and low expression of CK5/6.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Peñafiel-Verdu
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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19
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Akkoc A, Inan S, Sonmez G. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and steroid receptor expressions in feline mammary tumors. Biotech Histochem 2012; 87:312-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2011.652173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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20
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Rasotto R, Caliari D, Castagnaro M, Zanetti R, Zappulli V. An Immunohistochemical Study of HER-2 Expression in Feline Mammary Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2011; 144:170-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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21
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Jacobs TM, Hoppe BR, Poehlmann CE, Ferracone JD, Sorenmo KU. Mammary adenocarcinomas in three male cats exposed to medroxyprogesterone acetate (1990–2006). J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:169-74. [PMID: 19818661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this case series, three unrelated male housemate cats were treated repeatedly with injections of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) for intercat aggression and urinary house soiling. All three cats subsequently developed multiple recurrent mammary adenocarcinomas and underwent numerous surgical resections. This report describes the clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings in these three cats and highlights the potential for mammary carcinomas to develop in male cats years after receiving MPA injections. Extended survival times and a long delay between the administration of the progestin injections and the onset of mammary neoplasia are noted. Estrogen and progesterone receptor staining was performed on some of the tumors and the complex role of hormones in the pathogenesis and the prognosis of feline mammary carcinoma is discussed. Clinicians using MPA should institute life-long surveillance of their feline patients for mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry M Jacobs
- Park Pet Hospital, 7378 N. Teutonia Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53209, USA
| | - Bruce R Hoppe
- Park Pet Hospital, 7378 N. Teutonia Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53209, USA
| | | | - Jackie D Ferracone
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348–1692, USA
| | - Karin U Sorenmo
- Ryan Veterinary Hospital, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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22
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Santos S, Sá D, Bastos E, Guedes-Pinto H, Gut I, Gärtner F, Chaves R. An efficient protocol for genomic DNA extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Res Vet Sci 2008; 86:421-6. [PMID: 18926550 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPET) represent the largest source of archival biological material available for genomic studies. In this work we present an advanced protocol for extraction of high quality DNA from FFPET that can be applied in several molecular studies. Although cat mammary tumours (CMT) are the third most frequent tumour in cats the recovery of significant number of samples for molecular studies are in some way restricted to FFPET samples. We were able to obtain high quality DNA from FFPET of thirty six CMT that were subjected to pre-fixation and fixation processes routinely used in the veterinary hospitals. The quality of DNA obtained was tested by PCR amplification using six sets of primers that amplify single-copy fragments. The DNA fragments obtained were further sequenced. This protocol was able to provide FFPET gDNA that can be amplified and sequenced for larger fragments up to 1182bp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Santos
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CGB-UTAD/IBB), Quinta de Prados, Apdo 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Brenn SH, Couto SS, Craft DM, Leung C, Bergman PJ. Evaluation of P-glycoprotein expression in feline lymphoma and correlation with clinical outcome. Vet Comp Oncol 2008; 6:201-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2008.00161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Morris JS, Nixon C, Bruck A, Nasir L, Morgan IM, Philbey AW. Immunohistochemical expression of TopBP1 in feline mammary neoplasia in relation to histological grade, Ki67, ERα and p53. Vet J 2008; 175:218-26. [PMID: 17336111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The immunohistochemical expression of topoisomerase IIbeta binding protein 1 (TopBP1) was examined in 123 feline mammary lesions (18 non-neoplastic lesions including six fibroadenomatous hyperplasia and 12 duct ectasia, 17 adenomas and 88 carcinomas) in relation to histological grade, oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) status, proliferation index (Ki67) and p53 expression. There was positive staining for TopBP1 in 122 of 123 feline mammary lesions, although nine samples had fewer than 20% positive cells. The percentage of cells positive for TopBP1 increased with histological grade. Most staining was nuclear but both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining was observed as the degree of malignancy increased. TopBP1 is expressed in feline mammary tumours and its expression is correlated with histological grade. Many neoplasms which over-express p53 or are ERalpha negative show TopBP1 immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S Morris
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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Ordás J, Millán Y, Dios R, Reymundo C, Martín de las Mulas J. Proto-oncogene HER-2 in normal, dysplastic and tumorous feline mammary glands: an immunohistochemical and chromogenic in situ hybridization study. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:179. [PMID: 17880730 PMCID: PMC2045669 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Feline mammary carcinoma has been proposed as a natural model of highly aggressive, hormone-independent human breast cancer. To further explore the utility of the model by adding new similarities between the two diseases, we have analyzed the oncogene HER-2 status at both the protein and the gene levels. Methods Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 30 invasive carcinomas, 7 benign lesions and two normal mammary glands were analyzed. Tumour features with prognostic value were recorded. The expression of protein HER-2 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and the number of gene copies by means of DNA chromogenic in situ hybridization. Results Immunohistochemical HER-2 protein overexpression was found in 40% of feline mammary carcinomas, a percentage higher to that observed in human breast carcinoma. As in women, feline tumours with HER-2 protein overexpression had pathological features of high malignancy. However, amplification of HER-2 was detected in 16% of carcinomas with protein overexpression, a percentage much lower than that observed in their human counterpart. Conclusion Feline mammary carcinoma would be a suitable natural model of that subset of human breast carcinomas with HER-2 protein overexpression without gene amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ordás
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera de Madrid- Cádiz Km 396 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Yolanda Millán
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera de Madrid- Cádiz Km 396 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafaela Dios
- Departamento de Estadística, Econometría, Investigación Operativa y Organización de Empresas, E.T.S. Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera de Madrid-Cádiz Km. 396 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Reymundo
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14001 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juana Martín de las Mulas
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera de Madrid- Cádiz Km 396 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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