1
|
Simkins AT, Donald PF, Beresford AE, Butchart SHM, Fa JE, Fernández-Llamazares AO, Garnett ST, Buchanan GM. Rates of tree cover loss in key biodiversity areas on Indigenous Peoples' lands. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024; 38:e14195. [PMID: 37811727 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Indigenous Peoples' lands (IPL) cover at least 38 million km2 (28.1%) of Earth's terrestrial surface. These lands can be important for biodiversity conservation. Around 20.7% of IPL intersect areas protected by government (PAs). Many sites of importance for biodiversity within IPL could make a substantial but hitherto unquantified contribution to global site-based conservation targets. Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) represent the largest global network of systematically identified sites of high importance for biodiversity. We assessed the effectiveness of IPL in slowing biodiversity loss inside and outside PAs by quantifying tree cover loss from 2000 to 2019 in KBAs at international and national levels and comparing it with losses at equivalent sites outside mapped IPL. Based on a matched sample of 1-km2 cells in KBAs inside and outside mapped IPL, tree cover loss in KBAs outside PAs was lower inside IPL than outside IPL. By contrast, tree cover loss in KBAs inside PAs was lower outside IPL than inside IPL (although the difference was far smaller). National rates of tree cover loss in KBAs varied greatly in relation to their IPL and PA status. In one half of the 44 countries we examined individually, there was no significant difference in the rate of tree cover loss in KBAs inside and outside mapped IPL. The reasons for this intercountry variation could illuminate the importance of IPL in meeting the Convention on Biological Diversity's ambition of conserving 30% of land by 2030. Critical to this will be coordinated action by governments to strengthen and enforce Indigenous Peoples' rights, secure their collective systems of tenure and governance, and recognize their aspirations for their lands and futures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Thomas Simkins
- BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul F Donald
- BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Stuart H M Butchart
- BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia E Fa
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Stephen T Garnett
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nath AJ, Reang D, Sileshi GW. The Shifting Cultivation Juggernaut: An Attribution Problem. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2022; 6:2200051. [PMID: 35958829 PMCID: PMC9360341 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Shifting cultivation entails clearing a delimited land and transforming it into arable land. Owing to its complexity, this system has been a subject of debate and intervention since the colonial-era, and is often considered as the "tropical deforestation culprit." Shifting cultivators are often labeled as "forest eaters" and are considered backward and primitive. Opponents of shifting cultivation often attribute the loss of forest cover to shifting cultivation, and favor intensification, claiming that commercial plantations are more productive. However, attempts to replace it have often failed due to inadequate understanding of the system and the decision-making processes involved. On the other hand, a growing body of literature provides evidence that shifting cultivation is an ecologically and economically efficient practice. After a careful review of the literature, the authors conclude that the dichotomy of opinions is the consequence of the attribution problem. The authors also argue that the management of forest ecosystems will be challenging if policy and practice are not based on careful understanding of the power of this age-old practice. Hence, there is a need for a careful diagnosis of this system and a rethink before claiming that the system is unsustainable and attempting to replace it with practices such as plantations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Jyoti Nath
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceAssam UniversitySilchar788011India
| | - Demsai Reang
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceAssam UniversitySilchar788011India
| | - Gudeta W. Sileshi
- Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity ManagementAddis Ababa3434Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang R, Wang Z, Fahad S, Geng S, Zhang C, Harrison MT, Adnan M, Saud S, Zhou M, Liu K, Wang X. Rice Paddies Reduce Subsequent Yields of Wheat Due to Physical and Chemical Soil Constraints. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:959784. [PMID: 35937355 PMCID: PMC9354814 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.959784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Yields of wheat crops that succeed rice paddy crops are generally low. To date, it has been unclear whether such low yields were due to rice paddies altering soil physical or mineral characteristics, or both. To investigate this quandary, we conducted field experiments in the Jianghan Plain to analyze differences in the spatial distribution of wheat roots between rice-wheat rotation (RW) and dryland-wheat rotations (DW) using a range of nitrogen treatments. Dryland wheat crops were preceded by either dryland soybean or corn in the prior summer. Biomass of wheat crops in RW systems was significantly lower than that of DW for all N fertilizer treatments, although optimal nitrogen management resulted in comparable wheat yields in both DW and RW. Soil saturated water capacity and non-capillary porosity were higher in DW than RW, whereas soil bulk density was higher in RW. Soil available nitrogen and organic matter were higher in DW than RW irrespective of N application, while soil available P and K were higher under RW both at anthesis and post-harvest stages. At anthesis, root length percentage (RLP) was more concentrated in surface layers (0-20 cm) in RW, whereas at 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm, RLP was higher in DW than RW for all N treatments. At maturity, RLP were ranked 0-20 > 20-40 > 40-60 cm under both cropping systems irrespective of N fertilization. Root length percentage and soil chemical properties at 0-20 cm were positively correlated (r = 0.79 at anthesis, r = 0.68 at post-harvest) with soil available P, while available N (r = -0.59) and soil organic matter (r = -0.39) were negatively correlated with RLP at anthesis. Nitrogen applied at 180 kg ha-1 in three unform amounts of 60 kg N ha-1 at sowing, wintering and jointing resulted in higher yields than other treatments for both cropping systems. Overall, our results suggest that flooding of rice paddies increased bulk density and reduced available nitrogen, inhibiting the growth and yield of subsequent wheat crops relative to rainfed corn or soybean crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Shah Fahad
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Shiying Geng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengxiang Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Matthew Tom Harrison
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Shah Saud
- College of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Meixue Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Ke Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brockhaus M, Di Gregorio M, Djoudi H, Moeliono M, Pham TT, Wong GY. The forest frontier in the Global South: Climate change policies and the promise of development and equity. AMBIO 2021; 50:2238-2255. [PMID: 34487339 PMCID: PMC8563894 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Halting forest loss and achieving sustainable development in an equitable manner require state, non-state actors, and entire societies in the Global North and South to tackle deeply established patterns of inequality and power relations embedded in forest frontiers. Forest and climate governance in the Global South can provide an avenue for the transformational change needed-yet, does it? We analyse the politics and power in four cases of mitigation, adaptation, and development arenas. We use a political economy lens to explore the transformations taking place when climate policy meets specific forest frontiers in the Global South, where international, national and local institutions, interests, ideas, and information are at play. We argue that lasting and equitable outcomes will require a strong discursive shift within dominant institutions and among policy actors to redress policies that place responsibilities and burdens on local people in the Global South, while benefits from deforestation and maladaptation are taken elsewhere. What is missing is a shared transformational objective and priority to keep forests standing among all those involved from afar in the major forest frontiers in the tropics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brockhaus
- Department of Forest Science, Chair of International Forest Policy, University of Helsinki (Helsinki) and Helsinki Sustainability Center (HELSUS), Helsinki, Finland.
- CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Monica Di Gregorio
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Moira Moeliono
- CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Grace Y Wong
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Atieno M, Herrmann L, Nguyen HT, Phan HT, Nguyen NK, Srean P, Than MM, Zhiyong R, Tittabutr P, Shutsrirung A, Bräu L, Lesueur D. Assessment of biofertilizer use for sustainable agriculture in the Great Mekong Region. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 275:111300. [PMID: 32871522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A growing concern on the deleterious effects of chemical inputs to the environment has been on the rise from the excessive use of chemical inputs leading to soil and water pollution, destruction to fauna and microbial communities, reduced soil fertility and increased crop disease susceptibility. In the Great Mekong Region (GMR), a large majority of the population relies on agriculture and faces severe challenges including decline in soil fertility, increased pests and diseases, leading to lower ecosystem productivity. In this region, over-dependence on chemical fertilizers also continues to impact negatively on soil health and the wider ecosystem. Agroecological practices, and beneficial microorganisms in particular, offer an affordable and sustainable alternative to mineral inputs for improved plant nutrition and soil health for optimal crop performance and sustainable production. Biofertilizers are a key component in integrated nutrient management as well as for increased economic benefits from reduced expenditure on chemical fertilizers, holistically leading to sustainable agriculture. To cope with the need for biofertilizer adoption for sustainable agricultural production, the countries in the GMR are putting efforts in promoting development and use of biofertilizers and making them available to farmers at affordable costs. Despite these efforts, farmers continue to use chemical fertilizers at high rates with the hope of increased yields instead of taking advantage of microbial products capable of providing plant nutrients while restoring or improving soil health. This study explored the current agricultural practices in the six countries in the GMR (China, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Lao PDR), the critical need for sustainable agroecological practices with a special emphasis on biofertilizers. We highlighted the current status, distribution, adoption and gaps of biofertilizer production in the GMR, in order to obtain an insight on the nature of biofertilizers, efficacy and production standards, adoption or lack of biofertilizers in the GMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Atieno
- Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, Asia hub, Common Microbial Biotechnology Platform (CMBP), Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Laetitia Herrmann
- Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, Asia hub, Common Microbial Biotechnology Platform (CMBP), Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Huong Thu Nguyen
- Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, Asia hub, Common Microbial Biotechnology Platform (CMBP), Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hoan Thi Phan
- Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, Asia hub, Common Microbial Biotechnology Platform (CMBP), Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nghia Khoi Nguyen
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can Tho University, Viet Nam
| | - Pao Srean
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Processing, University of Battambang, Battambang, Cambodia
| | - Maw Maw Than
- Department of Agricultural Research, Yezin, NayPyiTaw, Myanmar
| | - Ruan Zhiyong
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-CIAT Joint Laboratory in Advanced Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Panlada Tittabutr
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand
| | - Arawan Shutsrirung
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Lambert Bräu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Didier Lesueur
- Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, Asia hub, Common Microbial Biotechnology Platform (CMBP), Hanoi, Viet Nam; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
What Determines Indigenous Chepang Farmers’ Swidden Land-Use Decisions in the Central Hill Districts of Nepal? SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12135326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Swidden or shifting cultivation is a widespread yet controversial land-use in the tropical forest–agriculture frontier. In recent years, the extent of land under swidden and the people who rely on it for subsistence and income have declined. We report swidden land-use changes in two central hill districts of Nepal by indigenous Chepang communities—a stronghold of swidden cultivation in mountainous Nepal. Despite a common trend of swidden decline, as in other parts of South and Southeast Asia, we found that swidden is important in the life and livelihoods of smallholder rural Chepang farmers in the area. Swidden cultivation was found to be more important to farmers with limited off-farm opportunities and in areas where alternative land-uses were scarce. We discuss biophysical, socio-economic, institutional, and other key drivers affecting farmers’ decision to shift away from or continue with swidden in the area. Using linear mixed effect models, we also examined households’ attributes that may expedite swidden decisions in the area. Our study recommends greater access to alternative land-use(s) and other income-generating options for the wellbeing of smallholder indigenous Chepang farmers, as well as the sustainability of this age-old land-use practice.
Collapse
|
7
|
What Awaits Myanmar’s Uplands Farmers? Lessons Learned from Mainland Southeast Asia. LAND 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/land8020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mainland Southeast Asia (MSA) has seen sweeping upland land use changes in the past decades, with transition from primarily subsistence shifting cultivation to annual commodity cropping. This transition holds implications for local upland communities and ecosystems. Due to its particular political regime, Myanmar is at the tail of this development. However, with Myanmar’s official strategy of agricultural commercialization and intensification, recent liberalization of the national economy, and influx of multinational agricultural companies, the effects on upland land transitions could come fast. We analyze the current state of upland land use in Myanmar in a socio-economic and political context, identify the dynamics in three indicator commodity crops (maize, cassava, and rubber), and discuss the state driven economic, tenurial and policy reforms that have occurred in upland areas of mainland Southeast Asian countries in past decades. We draw on these insights to contextualize our study and hypothesize about possible transition pathways for Myanmar. The transition to annual commodity cropping is generally driven by a range of socio-economic and technical factors. We find that land use dynamics for the three indicator crops are associated with market demand and thus the opening of national Southeast-Asian economies, research and development of locally suitable high yielding varieties (HYVs), and subsidies for the promotion of seeds and inputs. In contrast, promotion of HYVs in marginal areas and without adequate agricultural extension services may results in agricultural contraction and yield dis-intensification. The environmental impacts of the transition depend on the transition pathway, e.g., through large-scale plantation projects or smallholder initiatives. The agricultural development in upland MSA follows a clear diffusion pattern with transition occurring first in Thailand, spreading to Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. While these countries point to prospects for Myanmar, we hypothesize that changes will come slow due to Myanmar’s sparse rural infrastructure, with uncertainty about tenure, in particular in areas still troubled by armed conflicts, and unwillingness of international investors to approach Myanmar given the recent setbacks to the democratization process.
Collapse
|
8
|
Uriarte M, Chazdon RL. Incorporating natural regeneration in forest landscape restoration in tropical regions: synthesis and key research gaps. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology Columbia University 10th Floor Schermerhorn Extension, 1200 Amsterdam Ave. New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Robin L. Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut 75 N. Eagleville Road, Unit 3043 Storrs CT 06268‐3043 USA
- International Institute for Sustainability Estrada Dona Castorina 124, Horto Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mukul SA, Herbohn J, Firn J. Co-benefits of biodiversity and carbon sequestration from regenerating secondary forests in the Philippine uplands: implications for forest landscape restoration. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharif A. Mukul
- Tropical Forestry Group; School of Agriculture and Food Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore Qld 4558 Australia
| | - John Herbohn
- Tropical Forestry Group; School of Agriculture and Food Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore Qld 4558 Australia
| | - Jennifer Firn
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Qld 4001 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Warren-Thomas E, Dolman PM, Edwards DP. Increasing Demand for Natural Rubber Necessitates a Robust Sustainability Initiative to Mitigate Impacts on Tropical Biodiversity. Conserv Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul M. Dolman
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - David P. Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2TN UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Ziegler AD, Phelps J, Yuen JQ, Webb EL, Lawrence D, Fox JM, Bruun TB, Leisz SJ, Ryan CM, Dressler W, Mertz O, Pascual U, Padoch C, Koh LP. Carbon outcomes of major land-cover transitions in SE Asia: great uncertainties and REDD+ policy implications. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2012; 18:3087-3099. [PMID: 28741819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Policy makers across the tropics propose that carbon finance could provide incentives for forest frontier communities to transition away from swidden agriculture (slash-and-burn or shifting cultivation) to other systems that potentially reduce emissions and/or increase carbon sequestration. However, there is little certainty regarding the carbon outcomes of many key land-use transitions at the center of current policy debates. Our meta-analysis of over 250 studies reporting above- and below-ground carbon estimates for different land-use types indicates great uncertainty in the net total ecosystem carbon changes that can be expected from many transitions, including the replacement of various types of swidden agriculture with oil palm, rubber, or some other types of agroforestry systems. These transitions are underway throughout Southeast Asia, and are at the heart of REDD+ debates. Exceptions of unambiguous carbon outcomes are the abandonment of any type of agriculture to allow forest regeneration (a certain positive carbon outcome) and expansion of agriculture into mature forest (a certain negative carbon outcome). With respect to swiddening, our meta-analysis supports a reassessment of policies that encourage land-cover conversion away from these [especially long-fallow] systems to other more cash-crop-oriented systems producing ambiguous carbon stock changes - including oil palm and rubber. In some instances, lengthening fallow periods of an existing swidden system may produce substantial carbon benefits, as would conversion from intensely cultivated lands to high-biomass plantations and some other types of agroforestry. More field studies are needed to provide better data of above- and below-ground carbon stocks before informed recommendations or policy decisions can be made regarding which land-use regimes optimize or increase carbon sequestration. As some transitions may negatively impact other ecosystem services, food security, and local livelihoods, the entire carbon and noncarbon benefit stream should also be taken into account before prescribing transitions with ambiguous carbon benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Ziegler
- Geography Department, National University of Singapore, 1 Arts Link, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117570
| | - Jacob Phelps
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543
| | - Jia Qi Yuen
- Geography Department, National University of Singapore, 1 Arts Link, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117570
| | - Edward L Webb
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543
| | - Deborah Lawrence
- Environmental Sciences Department, University of Virginia, 216 Clark Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4123, USA
| | - Jeff M Fox
- East-West Center, 1601 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96848, USA
| | - Thilde B Bruun
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Stephen J Leisz
- Department of Anthropology, Clark B220, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Casey M Ryan
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Room 218 Crew Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK
| | - Wolfram Dressler
- Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, Building number 101, Gaia, B-wing 3rd floor, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ole Mertz
- Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Unai Pascual
- Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, 19 Silver Street, Cambridge, CB3 9EP, UK
- Basque Centre for Climate Change & Basque Foundation for Science - Ikerbasque, Alameda Urquijo 4, 4a, 48008, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Christine Padoch
- Institute of Economic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, 200 St./Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, USA
- Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan CUFOR, Situ Gede, Bogor Barat, 16115, Indonesia
| | - Lian Pin Koh
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, CHN G 73.1, Universitaetstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Fox J, Vogler JB, Sen OL, Giambelluca TW, Ziegler AD. Simulating land-cover change in Montane mainland southeast Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 49:968-979. [PMID: 22476665 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-012-9828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We used the conversion of land use and its effects (CLUE-s) model to simulate scenarios of land-cover change in Montane mainland southeast Asia (MMSEA), a region in the midst of transformation due to rapid intensification of agriculture and expansion of regional trade markets. Simulated changes affected approximately 10 % of the MMSEA landscape between 2001 and 2025 and 16 % between 2001 and 2050. Roughly 9 % of the current vegetation, which consists of native species of trees, shrubs, and grasses, is projected to be replaced by tree plantations, tea, and other evergreen shrubs during the 50 years period. Importantly, 4 % of this transition is expected to be due to the expansion of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), a tree plantation crop that may have important implications for local-to-regional scale hydrology because of its potentially high water consumption in the dry season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Fox
- East-West Center, 1601 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96848, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|