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Alessandra F, Vitalba G, Antonella B, Giulia DM, Carmine C, Marco D, Rachel S, Giacomo C, Anna F, Valerio G, Giovanni S. The complex relationship between infertility and female genital tract cancer: A review. Urologia 2021; 89:444-450. [PMID: 34338095 DOI: 10.1177/03915603211036426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The link between female infertility and gynecological cancer has always been a debated and challenging topic. Although cervical cancer has the worst impact on female fertility, as it is usually diagnosed in patients of reproductive age, endometrial and ovarian cancer are also diagnosed and treated often in relatively younger patients in which fertility preservation is a relevant issue. The aim of this review is to highlight the correlation between therapy for female infertility and the developing cancer's risk and to describe the fertility sparing treatments in gynecological oncology. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic review of the literature through the main scientific search engines (PubMed and Google Scholar) was performed. We selected the most relevant articles based on the largest case series and the latest updates. All selected documents have been listed in the references. RESULTS Fifty-six relevant articles published between 1996 and 2019 were identified.Results from the available evidence report no significant increased risk of endometrial, cervical, and ovarian cancer in patients having infertility treatments.In young patients diagnosed with gynecological cancer, preservation of fertility is a personalized choice depending on several factors (type, stage, age and desire to conceive, safety of the treatment, and feasibility of fertility sparing surgery). For ovarian cancer FIGO stage IA G1, IA G2 (grade), and IC G1; for endometrial adenocarcinoma grade 1 with no lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) or myometrial invasion and for early-stage cervical cancer (FIGO stage 2018: IA1-IB1), fertility sparing treatment is possible. The role of fertility sparing treatment with the increase of personalization of therapies therapy is always a theme of discussion and research. CONCLUSION At present data regarding the risk of gynecological cancers after infertility treatments are reassuring. Careful evaluation of female fertility-sparing options in young women interested by ovarian, endometrial, or cervical tumors should be carried out involving a multidisciplinary team and ensuring safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Familiari Alessandra
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Gallitelli Vitalba
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Biscione Antonella
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Di Marco Giulia
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Conte Carmine
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - D'Indinosante Marco
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Schwab Rachel
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Giacomo
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Fagotti Anna
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gallotta Valerio
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Scambia Giovanni
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Deng K, Zhang M, Kong WY, Liu W, Zhang YN, Yu Q, Wu GH, Yan L. Does a hyperechogenic endometrial mass in the uterus during controlled ovarian stimulation affect assisted reproductive technology cycle outcomes? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020; 250:17-23. [PMID: 32375083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Healthy embryos and endometrial receptivity are keys to the success of in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). Abnormal transvaginal ultrasonography (TVU) findings in the endometrium are a concern during assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments. Observation of a hyperechogenic endometrial mass (HEM) during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) in an IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycle is a dilemma. Here we investigated whether an HEM would affect ART cycle outcomes. STUDY DESIGN We analyzed all data from patients who underwent IVF or ICSI treatment cycles from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2016 at our institution. Patients diagnosed with an HEM were included. Each woman was matched with two control subjects of similar age (± 1 year), in terms of the number of cycles, type of infertility (primary or secondary), protocol used for COS, but with no HEM identified by TVU. Baseline characteristics, COS response, and pregnancy outcomes after ET were compared. RESULTS In all, 1088 patients were diagnosed with an HEM. Of these, 426 met the inclusion criteria and were matched with 852 controls. Baseline characteristics showed no significant differences between the groups. The peak endometrial thickness was significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group (1.15 ± 0.18 cm vs. 1.08 ± 0.21 cm, p < 0.001). The live birth rates were 43.7% vs 46.2% in the experimental and control groups, respectively. There were no significant between-group differences in the rates of biochemical or clinical pregnancy or abortions at any stage. CONCLUSIONS Newly diagnosed HEMs < 18 mm in diameter monitored by TVU did not impair the outcomes of ART following COS in this study. If other conditions are suitable, completion of ART cycles should be the appropriate approach in such cases. KEY MESSAGE Newly diagnosed hyperechogenic endometrial masses measuring <18 mm in diameter monitored by TVU during COS did not adversely affect the outcomes of these IVF/ICSI-ET cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Deng
- Reproductive Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Cheloo College of Medicine,Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qufu, Qufu 273100, PR China
| | - Wei-Ya Kong
- Reproductive Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Cheloo College of Medicine,Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- Reproductive Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Cheloo College of Medicine,Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Reproductive Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Cheloo College of Medicine,Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Qian Yu
- Reproductive Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Cheloo College of Medicine,Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Gui-Hua Wu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR China.
| | - Lei Yan
- Reproductive Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Cheloo College of Medicine,Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China; Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR China.
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3
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Garrido MP, Bruneau N, Vega M, Selman A, Tapia JC, Romero C. Follicle-stimulating hormone promotes nerve growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in epithelial ovarian cells. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:961-971. [PMID: 32369181 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the first cause of death for gynecological malignances in developed countries and around 80% correspond to Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC). Overexpression of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and its high affinity receptor TRKA are involved in EOC progression, modulating several oncogenic processes such as angiogenesis by the increase of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). FSH receptors (FSH-R) are present in EOC, but their changes and contribution during EOC progression are still not thoroughly known. The aims of this study were to evaluate the abundance of FSH receptors during EOC differentiation and to determine whether FSH modulates oncoproteins such as NGF and VEGF in ovarian cells. FSH-R expression in EOC tissues and cell lines (A2780, poorly differentiated EOC cells and HOSE, non-tumoral ovarian surface epithelial cells) were measured by RT-PCR and laser capture of epithelial cells from EOC samples by qPCR. FSH-R protein levels were evaluated by immunohisto/cytochemistry. Additionally, ovarian explants and ovarian cell lines were stimulated with FSH and/or FSH-R inhibitor to assess NGF and VEGF mRNA and protein levels. The results showed that FSH-R levels decreased during EOC progression, nevertheless these receptors are still present in poorly differentiated EOC. FSH increased NGF expression in ovarian cells, which was prevented using a FSH-R inhibitor. Similarly, in ovarian cancer explants, FSH increased NGF and VEGF mRNA, as well as NGF protein levels. These results suggest that FSH would display a key role not only in initial stages of EOC, but also in late stages of this disease, by modulation of NGF and VEGF levels in EOC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza P Garrido
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Reproductive Biology, Clinical Hospital University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Bruneau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita Vega
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Reproductive Biology, Clinical Hospital University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alberto Selman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,National Institute of Cancer, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio C Tapia
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Romero
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Endocrinology and Reproductive Biology, Clinical Hospital University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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4
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Sanchez AM, Flamini MI, Zullino S, Russo E, Giannini A, Mannella P, Naccarato AG, Genazzani AR, Simoncini T. Regulatory Actions of LH and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone on Breast Cancer Cells and Mammary Tumors in Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:239. [PMID: 29867771 PMCID: PMC5964138 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotrophins are mainly known to influence the body through the formation of gonadal steroids. However, receptors for luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH) are present in a set of extra-gonadal tissues in humans and animals, but their functional relevance is uncertain. In this article, we present experimental evidence that, in T-47D breast cancer (BC) cells, FSH, and LH alter the expression of genes involved in adhesion, motility, and invasion through the activation of their receptors. Using miniarray technology we also found that LH influences the expression of a broad set of genes involved in cancer biology in T-47D cells. Interestingly, the regulatory actions of FSH and LH depend on the modality of exposure, with significant differences between pre-pubertal-like vs. post-menopausal-like amounts of gonadotrophins, but not after intermittent administration, representative of fertile life. We also studied the modulation of the circulating levels of gonadotrophins in an in vivo rat model of BC progression and observed a direct correlation with the extent of cancer growth. These results support the hypothesis that gonadotrophins may have direct effects on extra-gonadal tissues. They also highlight that gonadotrophins could potentially contribute to BC progression, particularly in post-menopausal women who typically have higher gonadotrophin levels. This research may ultimately lead to testing the use of gonadotrophin-modulating drugs in BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Matias Sanchez
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Movimiento Celular, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Angel Matias Sanchez, ; Tommaso Simoncini,
| | - Marina Ines Flamini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Sara Zullino
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Russo
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Giannini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Mannella
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Giuseppe Naccarato
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Riccardo Genazzani
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Simoncini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Angel Matias Sanchez, ; Tommaso Simoncini,
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5
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Sung HK, Ma SH, Choi JY, Hwang Y, Ahn C, Kim BG, Kim YM, Kim JW, Kang S, Kim J, Kim TJ, Yoo KY, Kang D, Park S. The Effect of Breastfeeding Duration and Parity on the Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Prev Med Public Health 2016; 49:349-366. [PMID: 27951628 PMCID: PMC5160134 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.16.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize current evidence regarding the association of parity and duration of breastfeeding with the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Methods A systematic search of relevant studies published by December 31, 2015 was performed in PubMed and EMBASE. A random-effect model was used to obtain the summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Thirty-two studies had parity categories of 1, 2, and ≥3. The summary RRs for EOC were 0.72 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.79), 0.57 (95% CI, 0.49 to 0.65), and 0.46 (95% CI, 0.41 to 0.52), respectively. Small to moderate heterogeneity was observed for one birth (p<0.01; Q=59.46; I2=47.9%). Fifteen studies had breastfeeding categories of <6 months, 6-12 months, and >13 months. The summary RRs were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.87), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.64 to 0.81), and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.56 to 0.79), respectively. Only small heterogeneity was observed for <6 months of breastfeeding (p=0.17; Q=18.79, I2=25.5%). Compared to nulliparous women with no history of breastfeeding, the joint effects of two births and <6 months of breastfeeding resulted in a 0.5-fold reduced risk for EOC. Conclusions The first birth and breastfeeding for <6 months were associated with significant reductions in EOC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Kyung Sung
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Ma
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeob Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunji Hwang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choonghyun Ahn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung-Gie Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Man Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Weon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sokbom Kang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jaehoon Kim
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keun-Young Yoo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Daehee Kang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suekyung Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
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6
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Chen J, Bai M, Ning C, Xie B, Zhang J, Liao H, Xiong J, Tao X, Yan D, Xi X, Chen X, Yu Y, Bast RC, Zhang Z, Feng Y, Zheng W. Gankyrin facilitates follicle-stimulating hormone-driven ovarian cancer cell proliferation through the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α/cyclin D1 pathway. Oncogene 2015; 35:2506-17. [PMID: 26364616 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gankyrin is a regulatory subunit of the 26kD proteasome complex. As a novel oncoprotein, gankyrin is expressed aberrantly in cancers from several different sites and has been shown to contribute to oncogenesis in endometrial and cervical carcinomas. Neither gankyrin's contribution to the development of epithelial ovarian cancer nor its interaction with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-driven proliferation in ovarian cancer has been studied. Here we have found that gankyrin is overexpressed in ovarian cancers compared with benign ovarian cystadenomas and that gankyrin regulates FSH upregulation of cyclin D1. Importantly, gankyrin regulates PI3K/AKT signaling by downregulating PTEN. Prolonged AKT activation by FSH stimulation of the FSH receptor (FSHR) promotes gankyrin expression, which, in turn, enhances AKT activation by inhibiting PTEN. Overexpression of gankyrin decreases hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein levels, but has little effect on HIF-1α mRNA levels, which could be attributed to gankyrin mediating HIF-1α protein stability via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Reduction in HIF-1α protein stability led to attenuation of the binding with cyclin D1 promoter, resulted in abolishment of the negative regulation of cyclin D1 by HIF-1α, which promotes proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Our results document that gankyrin regulates HIF-1α protein stability and cyclin D1 expression, ultimately mediating FSH-driven ovarian cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - C Ning
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - B Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - H Liao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - J Xiong
- Department of Neuropathology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Tao
- Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - D Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Xi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Yu
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R C Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - W Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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7
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Zhao J, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang Y. Does ovarian stimulation for IVF increase gynaecological cancer risk? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online 2015; 31:20-9. [PMID: 26003452 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether ovarian stimulation for IVF increases the risk of gynaecological cancer, including ovarian, endometrial, cervical and breast cancers, as an independent risk factor. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. Clinical trials that examined the association between ovarian stimulation for IVF and gynaecologic cancers were included. The outcomes of interest were incidence rate of gynaecologic cancers. Twelve cohort studies with 178,396 women exposed to IVF were included; 10 studies were used to analyse ovarian (167,640 women) and breast (151,702 women) cancers, and six studies were identified in the analysis of endometrial (116,672 women) and cervical cancer (114,799 women). Among these studies, 175 ovarian, 48 endometrial, 502 cervical and 866 cases of breast cancer were reported. The meta-analysis found no significant association between ovarian stimulation for IVF and increased ovarian, endometrial, cervical and breast cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85 to 1.32; OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.63; OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.60; OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.76, respectively). Ovarian stimulation for IVF, therefore, does not increase the gynaecologic cancer risk, whether hormone-dependent endometrial and breast cancer or non-hormone-dependent ovarian and cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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8
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Akhtar MJ, Ahamed M, Alhadlaq HA, Alrokayan SA, Kumar S. Targeted anticancer therapy: Overexpressed receptors and nanotechnology. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 436:78-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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9
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Ratner LD, Rulli SB, Huhtaniemi IT. Genetically modified mouse models addressing gonadotropin function. Reprod Biol 2014; 14:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Zhang X, Hong S, Kang Y, Zheng Y, Sun H, Xu C. Expression and purification of the extracellular domain of the human follicle-stimulating hormone receptor using Escherichia coli. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2013; 40:501-8. [PMID: 24147778 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although much is known about the structure and biological functions of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor (FSHR), the interaction of FSHR and FSH has been challenging to characterize due to the limited quantity of active FSHR protein produced by simple methods. The goal of this study was to express and purify the extracellular domain (ECD) of human FSHR (hFSHR). METHODS Total RNA was isolated from normal human ovary tissue. cDNA for hFSHR ECD were amplified and subsequently ligated into the pET32a(+) vector. The plasmid vector construct was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Expression in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) pLysS strain was induced by isopropyl-thio-β-D-thiogalactoside, and the recombinant products were purified by immuno-affinity chromatography using an Ni-NTA and High-Q column. The recombinant protein was confirmed by western blotting. RESULTS Following induction, E. coli expressed a recombinant protein of approximately 65 kDa in size, whereas the non-induced E. coli did not express the recombinant protein. The recombinant fragments purified using a High-Q column demonstrated a single band and an abundant yield. The recombinant protein was soluble and specifically recognized by an antibody for hFSHR. Additionally, four mutation sites were detected that resulted in amino acid shifts at position 112 Asn/Thr, 197 Glu/Ala, 198 Leu/Val and 307 Ala/Thr. CONCLUSION The recombinant hFSHR ECD protein was expressed and purified. This method could be easily scaled for increased production and may facilitate additional applications utilizing FSHR in assisted reproductive technology, a contraceptive FSH vaccine and FSHR-targeted therapeutic agents used to treat ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Oral contraceptive use and impact of cumulative intake of estrogen and progestin on risk of ovarian cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:2197-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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12
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Patel H, Bhartiya D, Parte S, Gunjal P, Yedurkar S, Bhatt M. Follicle stimulating hormone modulates ovarian stem cells through alternately spliced receptor variant FSH-R3. J Ovarian Res 2013; 6:52. [PMID: 23870332 PMCID: PMC3728228 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-6-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have earlier reported that follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) modulates ovarian stem cells which include pluripotent, very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) and their immediate descendants 'progenitors' termed ovarian germ stem cells (OGSCs), lodged in adult mammalian ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). FSH may exert pleiotropic actions through its alternatively spliced receptor isoforms. Four isoforms of FSH receptors (FSHR) are reported in literature of which FSH-R1 and FSH-R3 have biological activity. Present study was undertaken to identify FSHR isoforms mediating FSH action on ovarian stem cells, using sheep OSE cells culture as the study model. METHODS Cultures of sheep OSE cells (a mix of epithelial cells, VSELs, OGSCs and few contaminating red blood cells) were established with and without FSH 5IU/ml treatment. Effect of FSH treatment on self-renewal of VSELs and their differentiation into OGSCs was studied after 15 hrs by qRT-PCR using markers specific for VSELs (Oct-4A, Sox-2) and OGSCs (Oct-4). FSH receptors and its specific transcripts (R1 and R3) were studied after 3 and 15 hrs of FSH treatment by immunolocalization, in situ hybridization and qRT-PCR. FSHR and OCT-4 were also immuno-localized on sheep ovarian sections, in vitro matured follicles and early embryos. RESULTS FSH treatment resulted in increased stem cells self-renewal and clonal expansion evident by the appearance of stem cell clusters. FSH receptors were expressed on ovarian stem cells whereas the epithelial cells were distinctly negative. An increase in R3 mRNA transcripts was noted after 3 hrs of FSH treatment and was reduced to basal levels by 15 hrs, whereas R1 transcript expression remained unaffected. Both FSHR and OCT-4 were immuno-localized in nuclei of stem cells, showed nuclear or ooplasmic localization in oocytes of primordial follicles and in cytoplasm of granulosa cells in growing follicles. CONCLUSIONS FSH modulates ovarian stem cells via FSH-R3 to undergo potential self-renewal, clonal expansion as 'cysts' and differentiation into oocytes. OCT-4 and FSHR proteins (required initially to maintain pluripotent state of VSELs and for FSH action respectively) gradually shift from nuclei to cytoplasm of developing oocytes and are later possibly removed by surrounding granulosa cells as the oocyte prepares itself for fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiren Patel
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai 400012, INDIA
| | - Deepa Bhartiya
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai 400012, INDIA
| | - Seema Parte
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai 400012, INDIA
| | - Pranesh Gunjal
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai 400012, INDIA
| | - Snehal Yedurkar
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai 400012, INDIA
| | - Mithun Bhatt
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai 400012, INDIA
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13
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Targeted paclitaxel nanoparticles modified with follicle-stimulating hormone β 81-95 peptide show effective antitumor activity against ovarian carcinoma. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:498-505. [PMID: 23811008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The majority of patients with advanced ovarian cancer will experience a relapse and ultimately die from refractory diseases. Targeted therapy shows promise for these patients. Novel therapeutic strategies should be developed on the basis of the molecular mechanisms involved in ovarian cancer and the steroid hormone environment of ovaries. The ovary is the main target organ of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which bind to its receptor with high affinity. In this study a FSH receptor-targeting ligand, FSH β 81-95 peptide, was used as a targeting moiety to synthesize an FSH receptor-mediated drug delivery system. FSH β 81-95 peptide-conjugated nanoparticles (FSH81-NPs) and paclitaxel-loaded FSH81-NPs (FSH81-NP-PTXs) were synthesized. In vitro studies showed that FSH β 81-95 peptide enabled the specific uptake of cytotoxic drugs and increased the intracellular paclitaxel concentration in FSH receptor-expressing cancer cells, resulting in enhanced cytotoxic effects. In vivo studies showed that FSH81-NP-PTXs possessed higher antitumor efficacy against FSH receptor-expressing tumors without any clinical signs of adverse side effects or body weight loss due to modification with FSH β 81-95 peptide. Therefore, FSH binding peptide-targeted drug delivery system exhibited high potential in the treatment of ovarian cancer, and tumor targeting via reproductive hormone receptors might improve the outcome of diseases.
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Siristatidis C, Sergentanis TN, Kanavidis P, Trivella M, Sotiraki M, Mavromatis I, Psaltopoulou T, Skalkidou A, Petridou ET. Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF: impact on ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancer—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2012; 19:105-23. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dms051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Ammundsen HB, Faber MT, Jensen A, Høgdall E, Blaakaer J, Høgdall C, Kjaer SK. Use of analgesic drugs and risk of ovarian cancer: results from a Danish case-control study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012; 91:1094-102. [PMID: 22646488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of analgesic drug use in development of ovarian cancer is not fully understood. We examined the association between analgesic use and risk of ovarian cancer. In addition, we examined whether the association differed according to histological types. DESIGN Population-based case-control study. SETTING Denmark in the period 1995-1999. POPULATION We included 756 women with epithelial ovarian cancer and 1564 randomly selected control women aged 35-79 years. METHODS Information on analgesic drug use was collected from personal interviews. Analgesic drugs were divided into the following categories: any analgesics; aspirin; non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; paracetamol; and other analgesic drugs. The association between analgesic drug use and ovarian cancer risk was analysed using multiple logistic regression models. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Epithelial ovarian cancer. RESULTS Women with a regular use of any analgesics (OR = 0.79; 95% CI 0.62 - 1.01) or aspirin (OR = 0.68; 95% CI 0.46 - 1.02) had a decreased risk of ovarian cancer, although not statistically significant. Regular use of non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, paracetamol or other analgesics did not decrease ovarian cancer risk. Use of any analgesics (OR = 0.72; 95% CI 0.53-0.98) or aspirin (OR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.36-1.00) resulted in a statistically significant decreased risk of serous ovarian cancer but not mucinous or other ovarian tumors. CONCLUSION In accordance with most previous studies, our results indicate a possible inverse association between analgesic use, particularly aspirin, and ovarian cancer risk.
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Toledano M, Lamazou F, Gallot V, Frydman R, Fanchin R, Grynberg M. Les stimulations ovariennes modérées pour fécondation in vitro constituent-elles un réel progrès en assistance médicale à la procréation ? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 41:6-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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17
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Huhtaniemi I. Are gonadotrophins tumorigenic--a critical review of clinical and experimental data. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 329:56-61. [PMID: 20471448 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The growth of many gonadal and extragonadal tumors is stimulated by gonadal sex hormones. Because gonadal hormone production is regulated by pituitary gonadotrophins, the latter hormones can be considered as indirect tumor promoters. In addition, there is a growing body of evidence that both gonadal (e.g. ovarian cancer) and extragonadal (e.g. breast, uterus, prostate and adrenal) tumors express gonadotrophin receptors, indicating the possibility of a direct tumorigenic role for FSH and LH. The purpose of this brief review is to present a critical evaluation of the current information, both clinical and experimental, about the direct involvement of gonadotrophins in the induction and growth of gonadal and extragonadal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilpo Huhtaniemi
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, IRDB Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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18
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Sapoznik S, Cohen B, Tzuman Y, Meir G, Ben-Dor S, Harmelin A, Neeman M. Gonadotropin-regulated lymphangiogenesis in ovarian cancer is mediated by LEDGF-induced expression of VEGF-C. Cancer Res 2010; 69:9306-14. [PMID: 19934313 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The risk and severity of ovarian carcinoma, the leading cause of gynecologic malignancy death, are significantly elevated in postmenopausal women. Ovarian failure at menopause, associated with a reduction in estrogen secretion, results in an increase of the gonadotropic luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), suggesting a role for these hormones in facilitating the progression of ovarian carcinoma. The current study examined the influence of hormonal stimulation on lymphangiogenesis in ovarian cancer cells. In vitro stimulation of ES2 ovarian carcinoma cells with LH and FSH induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C. In vivo, ovariectomy of mice resulted in activation of the VEGF-C promoter in ovarian carcinoma xenografts, increased VEGF-C mRNA level, and enhanced tumor lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis. Seeking the molecular mechanism, we examined the role of lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) and the possible contribution of its putative target, a conserved stress-response element identified in silico in the VEGF-C promoter. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we showed that LEDGF/p75 indeed binds the VEGF-C promoter, and binding is augmented by FSH. A corresponding hormonally regulated increase in the LEDGF/p75 mRNA and protein levels was observed. Suppression of LEDGF/p75 expression using small interfering RNA, suppression of LH and FSH production using the gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist cetrorelix, or mutation of the conserved stress-response element suppressed the hormonally induced expression of VEGF-C. Overall, our data suggest a possible role for elevated gonadotropins in augmenting ovarian tumor lymphangiogenesis in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Sapoznik
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
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Zhang XY, Chen J, Zheng YF, Gao XL, Kang Y, Liu JC, Cheng MJ, Sun H, Xu CJ. Follicle-stimulating hormone peptide can facilitate paclitaxel nanoparticles to target ovarian carcinoma in vivo. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6506-14. [PMID: 19638590 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is an important treatment for ovarian cancer. However, conventional chemotherapy has inevitable drawbacks due to side effects from nonspecific biodistribution of the chemotherapeutic drugs. To solve such problem, targeted delivery approaches were developed. The targeted delivery approaches combine drug carriers with the targeting system and can preferentially bring drugs to the targeted sites. Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) is an ovarian cancer-specific receptor. By using a peptide derived from FSH (amino acids 33-53 of the FSH beta chain, named as FSH33), we developed a conjugated nanoparticle, FSH33-NP, to target FSHR in ovarian cancer. FSH33-NP was tested for recognition specificity and uptake efficiency on FSHR-expressing cells. Then, the antitumor efficiency of paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded FSH33-NP (FSH33-NP-PTX) was determined. FSH33-NP-PTX displayed stronger antiproliferation and antitumor effects compared with free PTX or naked PTX-loaded nanoparticles (NP-PTX) both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, this novel FSH33-NP delivery system showed very high selectivity and efficacy for FSHR-expressing tumor tissues. Therefore, it has good potential to become a new therapeutic approach for patients with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-yan Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, People's Republic of China
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20
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Granot D, Addadi Y, Kalchenko V, Harmelin A, Kunz-Schughart LA, Neeman M. In vivo imaging of the systemic recruitment of fibroblasts to the angiogenic rim of ovarian carcinoma tumors. Cancer Res 2007; 67:9180-9. [PMID: 17909023 PMCID: PMC4087196 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated stroma, in general, and tumor fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, in particular, play a role in tumor progression. We previously reported that myofibroblast infiltration into implanted ovarian carcinoma spheroids marked the exit of tumors from dormancy and that these cells contributed to vascular stabilization in ovarian tumors by expression of angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2. Ex vivo labeling of fibroblasts with either magnetic resonance or optical probes rendered them detectable for in vivo imaging. Thus, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) follow-up was feasible by biotin-bovine serum albumin-gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid or iron oxide particles, whereas labeling with near-IR and fluorescent vital stains enabled in vivo visualization by near-IR imaging and two-photon microscopy. Using this approach, we show here that prelabeled fibroblasts given i.p. to CD-1 nude mice can be followed in vivo by MRI and optical imaging over several days, revealing their extensive recruitment into the stroma of remote s.c. MLS human epithelial ovarian carcinoma tumors. Two-photon microscopy revealed the alignment of these invading fibroblasts in the outer rim of the tumor, colocalizing with the angiogenic neovasculature. Such angiogenic vessels remained confined to the stroma tracks within the tumor and did not penetrate the tumor nodules. These results provide dynamic evidence for the role of tumor fibroblasts in maintenance of functional tumor vasculature and offer means for image-guided targeting of these abundant stroma cells to the tumor as a possible mechanism for cellular cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Granot
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoseph Addadi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Alon Harmelin
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Leoni A. Kunz-Schughart
- OncoRay—Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michal Neeman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
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Abstract
Ovarian epithelial cancer (OEC) accounts for 90% of all ovarian cancers and is the leading cause of death from gynecological cancers in North America and Europe. Despite its clinical significance, the factors that regulate the development and progression of ovarian cancer are among the least understood of all major human malignancies. The two gonadotropins, FSH and LH, are key regulators of ovarian cell functions, and the potential role of gonadotropins in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer is suggested. Ovarian carcinomas have been found to express specific receptors for gonadotropins. The presence of gonadotropins in ovarian tumor fluid suggests the importance of these factors in the transformation and progression of ovarian cancers as well as being prognostic indicators. Functionally, there is evidence showing a direct action of gonadotropins on ovarian tumor cell growth. This review summarizes the key findings and recent advances in our understanding of these peptide hormones in ovarian cancer development and progression and their role in potential future cancer therapy. We will first discuss the supporting evidence and controversies in the "gonadotropin theory" and the use of animal models for exploring the involvement of gonadotropins in the etiology of ovarian cancer. The role of gonadotropins in regulating the proliferation, survival, and metastasis of OEC is next summarized. Relevant data from ovarian surface epithelium, which is widely believed to be the precursor of OEC, are also described. Finally, we will discuss the clinical applications of gonadotropins in ovarian cancer and the recent progress in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hye Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
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Aravindakshan J, Chen X, Sairam MR. Differential expression of claudin family proteins in mouse ovarian serous papillary epithelial adenoma in aging FSH receptor-deficient mutants. Neoplasia 2007; 8:984-94. [PMID: 17217615 PMCID: PMC1783714 DOI: 10.1593/neo.06529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a deadly disease with long latency. To understand the consequences of loss of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSH-R) signaling and to explore why the atrophic and anovulatory ovaries of follitropin receptor knockout (FORKO) mice develop different types of ovarian tumors, including serous papillary epithelial adenoma later in life, we used mRNA expression profiling to gain a comprehensive view of misregulated genes. Using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, protein analysis, and cellular localization, we show, for the first time, in vivo evidence that, in the absence of FSH-R signaling, claudin-3, claudin-4, and claudin-11 are selectively upregulated, whereas claudin-1 decreases in ovarian surface epithelium and tumors in comparison to wild type. In vitro experiments using a mouse ovarian surface epithelial cell line derived from wild-type females reveal direct hormonal influence on claudin proteins. Although recent studies suggest that cell junction proteins are differentially expressed in ovarian tumors in women, the etiology of such changes remains unclear. Our results suggest an altered hormonal environment resulting from FSH-R loss as a cause of early changes in tight junction proteins that predispose the ovary to late-onset tumors that occur with aging. More importantly, this study identifies claudin-11 overexpression in mouse ovarian serous cystadenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaprakash Aravindakshan
- Molecular Reproduction Research Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
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