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Patel VK, Vaishnaw A, Shirbhate E, Kore R, Singh V, Veerasamy R, Rajak H. Cortisol as a Target for Treating Mental Disorders: A Promising Avenue for Therapy. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:588-600. [PMID: 37861053 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575262104230928042150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol, commonly known as the "stress hormone," plays a critical role in the body's response to stress. Elevated cortisol levels have been associated with various mental disorders, including anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Consequently, researchers have explored cortisol modulation as a promising avenue for treating these conditions. However, the availability of research on cortisol as a therapeutic option for mental disorders is limited, and existing studies employ diverse methodologies and outcome measures. This review article aimed to provide insights into different treatment approaches, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, which can effectively modulate cortisol levels. Pharmacological interventions involve the use of substances, such as somatostatin analogs, dopamine agonists, corticotropin-releasing hormone antagonists, and cortisol synthesis inhibitors. Additionally, non-pharmacological techniques, including cognitivebehavioral therapy, herbs and supplements, transcranial magnetic stimulation, lifestyle changes, and surgery, have been investigated to reduce cortisol levels. The emerging evidence suggests that cortisol modulation could be a promising treatment option for mental disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the effectiveness and safety of these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Patel
- Pushpendra College of Pharmacy, Ambikapur, Surguja 497101, (C.G.), India
| | - Aayush Vaishnaw
- Dr. C.V. Raman Institute of Pharmacy, Dr. C.V. Raman University, Bilaspur, C.G. 495113, India
| | - Ekta Shirbhate
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur 495 009, (C.G.), India
| | - Rakesh Kore
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur 495 009, (C.G.), India
| | - Vaibhav Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur 495 009, (C.G.), India
| | - Ravichandran Veerasamy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia
| | - Harish Rajak
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur 495 009, (C.G.), India
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The imidazodiazepine, KRM-II-81: An example of a newly emerging generation of GABAkines for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 213:173321. [PMID: 35041859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
GABAkines, or positive allosteric modulators of γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors, are used for the treatment of anxiety, epilepsy, sleep, and other disorders. The search for improved GABAkines, with reduced safety liabilities (e.g., dependence) or side-effect profiles (e.g., sedation) constituted multiple discovery and development campaigns that involved a multitude of strategies over the past century. Due to the general lack of success in the development of new GABAkines, there had been a decades-long draught in bringing new GABAkines to market. Recently, however, there has been a resurgence of efforts to bring GABAkines to patients, the FDA approval of the neuroactive steroid brexanolone for post-partum depression in 2019 being the first. Other neuroactive steroids are in various stages of clinical development (ganaxolone, zuranolone, LYT-300, Sage-324, PRAX 114, and ETX-155). These GABAkines and non-steroid compounds (GRX-917, a TSPO binding site ligand), darigabat (CVL-865), an α2/3/5-preferring GABAkine, SAN711, an α3-preferring GABAkine, and the α2/3-preferring GABAkine, KRM-II-81, bring new therapeutic promise to this highly utilized medicinal target in neurology and psychiatry. Herein, we also discuss possible conditions that have enabled the transition to a new age of GABAkines. We highlight the pharmacology of KRM-II-81 that has the most preclinical data reported. KRM-II-81 is the lead compound in a new series of orally bioavailable imidazodiazepines entering IND-enabling safety studies. KRM-II-81 has a preclinical profile predicting efficacy against pharmacoresistant epilepsies, traumatic brain injury, and neuropathic pain. KRM-II-81 also produces anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in rodent models. Other key features of the pharmacology of this compound are its low sedation rate, lack of tolerance development, and the ability to prevent the development of seizure sensitization.
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Design, synthesis, structural optimization, SAR, in silico prediction of physicochemical properties and pharmacological evaluation of novel & potent thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 169:106084. [PMID: 34856350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a 41-amino-acid neuropeptide secreted from the hypothalamus and is the main regulator of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. CRF is the master hormone which modulates physiological and behavioral responses to stress. Many disorders including anxiety, depression, addictive disorders and others are related to over activation of the CRF system. This suggests that new molecules which can interfere with CRF binding to its receptors may be potential candidates for neuropsychiatric drugs to treat stress-related disorders. Previously, three series of pyrimidine and fused pyrimidine CRF1 receptor antagonists were synthesized by our group and specific binding assays, competitive binding studies and determination of the ability to antagonize the agonist-stimulated accumulation of cAMP (the second messenger for CRF receptors) were reported. In continuation of our efforts in this direction, in the current manuscript, we report the synthesis & biological evaluation of a new series of CRF1 receptor antagonists. Seven compounds showed promising binding affinity with the best two compounds (compounds 6 & 43) displaying a superior binding affinity to all of our previous compounds. Compounds 6 & 43 have only 4 times and 2 times less binding affinity than the standard CRF antagonist antalarmin, respectively. Thus, our two best lead compounds (compound 6 & 43) can be considered potent CRF receptor antagonists with binding affinity of 41.0 & 19.2 nM versus 9.7 nM for antalarmin.
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Tasma Z, Wills P, Hay DL, Walker CS. Agonist bias and agonist-dependent antagonism at corticotrophin releasing factor receptors. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 8:e00595. [PMID: 32529807 PMCID: PMC7290078 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors represent potential drug targets for the treatment of anxiety, stress, and other disorders. However, it is not known if endogenous CRF receptor agonists display biased signaling, how effective CRF receptor antagonists are at blocking different agonists and signaling pathways or how receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) effect these processes. This study aimed to address this by investigating agonist and antagonist action at CRF1 and CRF2 receptors. We used CRF1 and CRF2 receptor transfected Cos7 cells to assess the ability of CRF and urocortin (UCN) peptides to activate cAMP, inositol monophosphate (IP1 ), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling and determined the ability of antagonists to block agonist-stimulated cAMP and IP1 accumulation. The ability of RAMPs to interact with CRF receptors was also examined. At the CRF1 receptor, CRF and UCN1 activated signaling in the same manner. However, at the CRF2 receptor, UCN1 and UCN2 displayed similar signaling profiles, whereas CRF and UCN3 displayed bias away from IP1 accumulation over cAMP. The antagonist potency was dependent on the receptor, agonist, and signaling pathway. CRF1 and CRF2 receptors had no effect on RAMP1 or RAMP2 surface expression. The presence of biased agonism and agonist-dependent antagonism at the CRF receptors offers new avenues for developing drugs tailored to activate a specific signaling pathway or block a specific agonist. Our findings suggest that the already complex CRF receptor pharmacology may be underappreciated and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Tasma
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Wills
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Odoemelam CS, Percival B, Wallis H, Chang MW, Ahmad Z, Scholey D, Burton E, Williams IH, Kamerlin CL, Wilson PB. G-Protein coupled receptors: structure and function in drug discovery. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36337-36348. [PMID: 35517958 PMCID: PMC9057076 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) superfamily comprise similar proteins arranged into families or classes thus making it one of the largest in the mammalian genome. GPCRs take part in many vital physiological functions making them targets for numerous novel drugs. GPCRs share some distinctive features, such as the seven transmembrane domains, they also differ in the number of conserved residues in their transmembrane domain. Here we provide an introductory and accessible review detailing the computational advances in GPCR pharmacology and drug discovery. An overview is provided on family A-C GPCRs; their structural differences, GPCR signalling, allosteric binding and cooperativity. The dielectric constant (relative permittivity) of proteins is also discussed in the context of site-specific environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benita Percival
- Nottingham Trent University 50 Shakespeare St Nottingham NG1 4FQ UK
| | - Helen Wallis
- Nottingham Trent University 50 Shakespeare St Nottingham NG1 4FQ UK
| | - Ming-Wei Chang
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre, University of Ulster Jordanstown Campus Newtownabbey BT37 0QB Northern Ireland UK
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- De Montfort University The Gateway Leicester LE1 9BH UK
| | - Dawn Scholey
- Nottingham Trent University 50 Shakespeare St Nottingham NG1 4FQ UK
| | - Emily Burton
- Nottingham Trent University 50 Shakespeare St Nottingham NG1 4FQ UK
| | - Ian H Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA1 7AY UK
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Ahuja VT, Hartz RA, Molski TF, Mattson GK, Lentz KA, Grace JE, Lodge NJ, Bronson JJ, Macor JE. Synthesis and evaluation of carbamate and aryl ether substituted pyrazinones as corticotropin releasing factor-1 (CRF1) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2184-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lim FPL, Dolzhenko AV. 4-Amino-substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-2-amines: a new practical synthesis and biological activity. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lim FPL, Dolzhenko AV. 1,3,5-Triazine-based analogues of purine: From isosteres to privileged scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:371-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lim FPL, Luna G, Dolzhenko AV. A new, one-pot, multicomponent synthesis of 5-aza-9-deaza-adenines under microwave irradiation. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lodge NJ, Li YW, Chin FT, Dischino DD, Zoghbi SS, Deskus JA, Mattson RJ, Imaizumi M, Pieschl R, Molski TF, Fujita M, Dulac H, Zaczek R, Bronson JJ, Macor JE, Innis RB, Pike VW. Synthesis and evaluation of candidate PET radioligands for corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 receptors. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:524-35. [PMID: 24793011 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A radioligand for measuring the density of corticotropin-releasing factor subtype-1 receptors (CRF1 receptors) in living animal and human brain with positron emission tomography (PET) would be a useful tool for neuropsychiatric investigations and the development of drugs intended to interact with this target. This study was aimed at discovery of such a radioligand from a group of CRF1 receptor ligands based on a core 3-(phenylamino)-pyrazin-2(1H)-one scaffold. METHODS CRF1 receptor ligands were selected for development as possible PET radioligands based on their binding potency at CRF1 receptors (displacement of [(125)I]CRF from rat cortical membranes), measured lipophilicity, autoradiographic binding profile in rat and rhesus monkey brain sections, rat biodistribution, and suitability for radiolabeling with carbon-11 or fluorine-18. Two identified candidates (BMS-721313 and BMS-732098) were labeled with fluorine-18. A third candidate (BMS-709460) was labeled with carbon-11 and all three radioligands were evaluated in PET experiments in rhesus monkey. CRF1 receptor density (Bmax) was assessed in rhesus brain cortical and cerebellum membranes with the CRF1 receptor ligand, [(3)H]BMS-728300. RESULTS The three ligands selected for development showed high binding affinity (IC50 values, 0.3-8nM) at CRF1 receptors and moderate lipophilicity (LogD, 2.8-4.4). [(3)H]BMS-728300 and the two (18)F-labeled ligands showed region-specific binding in rat and rhesus monkey brain autoradiography, namely higher binding density in the frontal and limbic cortex, and cerebellum than in thalamus and brainstem. CRF1 receptor Bmax in rhesus brain was found to be 50-120 fmol/mg protein across cortical regions and cerebellum. PET experiments in rhesus monkey showed that the radioligands [(18)F]BMS-721313, [(18)F]BMS-732098 and [(11)C]BMS-709460 gave acceptably high brain radioactivity uptake but no indication of the specific binding as seen in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Candidate CRF1 receptor PET radioligands were identified but none proved to be effective for imaging monkey brain CRF1 receptors. Higher affinity radioligands are likely required for successful PET imaging of CRF1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Lodge
- Department of Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Yu-Wen Li
- Department of Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Frederick T Chin
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Douglas D Dischino
- Department of Radiochemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Sami S Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Deskus
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Ronald J Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Masao Imaizumi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rick Pieschl
- Department of Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Thaddeus F Molski
- Department of Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heidi Dulac
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Robert Zaczek
- Department of Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Joanne J Bronson
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - John E Macor
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Patel RN. Biocatalytic synthesis of chiral alcohols and amino acids for development of pharmaceuticals. Biomolecules 2013; 3:741-77. [PMID: 24970190 PMCID: PMC4030968 DOI: 10.3390/biom3040741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chirality is a key factor in the safety and efficacy of many drug products and thus the production of single enantiomers of drug intermediates and drugs has become increasingly important in the pharmaceutical industry. There has been an increasing awareness of the enormous potential of microorganisms and enzymes derived there from for the transformation of synthetic chemicals with high chemo-, regio- and enatioselectivities. In this article, biocatalytic processes are described for the synthesis of chiral alcohols and unntural aminoacids for pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh N Patel
- SLRP Associates Consultation in Biotechnology, 572 Cabot Hill Road, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
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Zorrilla EP, Heilig M, de Wit H, Shaham Y. Behavioral, biological, and chemical perspectives on targeting CRF(1) receptor antagonists to treat alcoholism. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 128:175-86. [PMID: 23294766 PMCID: PMC3596012 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorders are chronic disabling conditions for which existing pharmacotherapies have only modest efficacy. In the present review, derived from the 2012 Behavior, Biology and Chemistry "Translational Research in Addiction" symposium, we summarize the anti-relapse potential of corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 (CRF(1)) receptor antagonists to reduce negative emotional symptoms of acute and protracted alcohol withdrawal and stress-induced relapse to alcohol seeking. METHODS We review the biology of CRF(1) systems, the activity of CRF(1) receptor antagonists in animal models of anxiolytic and antidepressant activity, and experimental findings in alcohol addiction models. We also update the clinical trial status of CRF(1) receptor antagonists, including pexacerfont (BMS-562086), emicerfont (GW876008), verucerfont (GSK561679), CP316311, SSR125543A, R121919/NBI30775, R317573/19567470/CRA5626, and ONO-2333Ms. Finally, we discuss the potential heterogeneity and pharmacogenomics of CRF(1) receptor pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence. RESULTS The evidence suggests that brain penetrant-CRF(1) receptor antagonists have therapeutic potential for alcohol dependence. Lead compounds with clinically desirable pharmacokinetic properties now exist, and longer receptor residence rates (i.e., slow dissociation) may predict greater CRF(1) receptor antagonist efficacy. Functional variants in genes that encode CRF system molecules, including polymorphisms in Crhr1 (rs110402, rs1876831, rs242938) and Crhbp genes (rs10055255, rs3811939) may promote alcohol seeking and consumption by altering basal or stress-induced CRF system activation. CONCLUSIONS Ongoing clinical trials with pexacerfont and verucerfont in moderately to highly severe dependent anxious alcoholics may yield insight as to the role of CRF(1) receptor antagonists in a personalized medicine approach to treat drug or alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P. Zorrilla
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037 USA,Correspondence: Eric P. Zorrilla, Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA, tel: 858-784-7416, fax: 858-784-7405,
| | - Markus Heilig
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637 USA
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Lodge NJ, Lelas S, Li YW, Molski T, Grace J, Sivarao DV, Post-Munson D, Healy F, Bronson JJ, Hartz R, Macor JE, Zaczek R. Pharmacological and behavioral characterization of the novel CRF1 antagonist BMS-763534. Neuropharmacology 2012; 67:284-93. [PMID: 23174340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BMS-763534 is a potent (CRF(1) IC(50) = 0.4 nM) and selective (>1000-fold selectivity vs. all other sites tested) CRF(1) receptor antagonist (pA2 = 9.47 vs. CRF(1)-mediated cAMP production in Y79 cells). BMS-763534 accelerated the dissociation of (125)I-o-CRF from rat frontal cortex membrane CRF(1) receptors consistent with a negative allosteric modulation of CRF binding. BMS-763534 produced dose-dependent increases in CRF(1) receptor occupancy and anxiolytic efficacy; lowest effective anxiolytic dose = 0.56 mg/kg, PO, which was associated with 71 ± 5% CRF(1) receptor occupancy of frontoparietal CRF(1) receptors. Sedative/ataxic effects of BMS-763534 were only observed at high dose multiples (54-179×) relative to the lowest dose required for anxiolytic efficacy. At doses of 5- to 18-fold higher than the lowest efficacious dose in the anxiety assay, BMS-763534 shared subjective effects with the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide. Interestingly BMS-790318, the O-demethylated metabolite of BMS-763534, showed weak affinity for the TBOB site of the GABA(A) receptor (67% inhibition at 10 μM) and augmented GABA evoked currents (EC(50) = 1.6 μM). Thus, the unanticipated signal in the drug discrimination assay may have resulted from an interaction of the metabolite BMS-790318 with the TBOB site on the GABA(A) channel where it appears to behave as an allosteric potentiator of GABA evoked currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Lodge
- Department of Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA.
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Ramsey SJ, Attkins NJ, Fish R, van der Graaf PH. Quantitative pharmacological analysis of antagonist binding kinetics at CRF1 receptors in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:992-1007. [PMID: 21449919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A series of novel non-peptide corticotropin releasing factor type-1 receptor (CRF(1)) antagonists were found to display varying degrees of insurmountable and non-competitive behaviour in functional in vitro assays. We describe how we attempted to relate this behaviour to ligand receptor-binding kinetics in a quantitative manner and how this resulted in the development and implementation of an efficient pharmacological screening method based on principles described by Motulsky and Mahan. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A non-equilibrium binding kinetic assay was developed to determine the receptor binding kinetics of non-peptide CRF(1) antagonists. Nonlinear, mixed-effects modelling was used to obtain estimates of the compounds association and dissociation rates. We present an integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) approach, whereby the time course of in vivo CRF(1) receptor binding of novel compounds can be predicted on the basis of in vitro assays. KEY RESULTS The non-competitive antagonist behaviour appeared to be correlated to the CRF(1) receptor off-rate kinetics. The integrated PKPD model suggested that, at least in a qualitative manner, the in vitro assay can be used to triage and select compounds for further in vivo investigations. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study provides evidence for a link between ligand offset kinetics and insurmountable/non-competitive antagonism at the CRF(1) receptor. The exact molecular pharmacological nature of this association remains to be determined. In addition, we have developed a quantitative framework to study and integrate in vitro and in vivo receptor binding kinetic behaviour of CRF(1) receptor antagonists in an efficient manner in a drug discovery setting.
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Fleck BA, Hoare SRJ, Pick RR, Bradbury MJ, Grigoriadis DE. Binding kinetics redefine the antagonist pharmacology of the corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 341:518-31. [PMID: 22357972 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.188714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor antagonists are under preclinical and clinical investigation for stress-related disorders. In this study the impact of receptor-ligand binding kinetics on CRF₁ receptor antagonist pharmacology was investigated by measuring the association rate constant (k₁), dissociation rate constant (k₋₁), and kinetically derived affinity at 37°C. Three aspects of antagonist pharmacology were reevaluated: comparative binding activity of advanced compounds, in vivo efficacy, and structure-activity relationships. Twelve lead compounds, with little previously noted difference of affinity, varied substantially in their kinetic binding activity with a 510-fold range of kinetically derived affinity (k₋₁/k₁), 170-fold range of k₋₁, and 13-fold range of k₁. The k₋₁ values indicated previous affinity measurements were not close to equilibrium, resulting in compression of the measured affinity range. Dissociation was exceptionally slow for three ligands (k₋₁ t(1/2) of 1.6-7.2 h at 37°C). Differences of binding behavior were consistent with in vivo pharmacodynamics (suppression of adrenocorticotropin in adrenalectomized rats). Ligand concentration-effect relationships correlated with their kinetically derived affinity. Two ligands that dissociated slowly (53 and 130 min) produced prolonged suppression, whereas only transient suppression was observed with a more rapidly dissociating ligand (16 min). Investigating the structure-activity relationship indicated exceptionally low values of k₁, approaching 100,000-fold less than the diffusion-limited rate. Retrospective interpretation of medicinal chemistry indicates optimizing specific elements of chemical structure overcame kinetic barriers in the association pathway, for example, constraint of the pendant aromatic orthogonal to the ligand core. Collectively, these findings demonstrate receptor binding kinetics provide new dimensions for understanding and potentially advancing the pharmacology of CRF₁ receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Fleck
- Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., San Diego, California, USA
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Melancon BJ, Hopkins CR, Wood MR, Emmitte KA, Niswender CM, Christopoulos A, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. Allosteric modulation of seven transmembrane spanning receptors: theory, practice, and opportunities for central nervous system drug discovery. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1445-64. [PMID: 22148748 DOI: 10.1021/jm201139r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Melancon
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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17
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Pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyridazines, pyrrolo[2,1-f]triazin-4(3H)-ones, and related compounds as novel corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF1) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:1122-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Saito T, Obitsu T, Kondo T, Matsui T, Nagao Y, Kusumi K, Matsumura N, Ueno S, Kishi A, Katsumata S, Kagamiishi Y, Nakai H, Toda M. 6,7-Dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[d]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and their derivatives as novel corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5432-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Katugampola S, Fish R, Wood C, Young K, Da Costa Mathews C. Automated blood sampling to identify pharmacodynamics biomarkers of corticotrophin releasing factor receptor 1 antagonism. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2011; 64:158-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and their tricyclic derivatives as corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF₁) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5955-66. [PMID: 21930387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To identify structurally novel CRF1 receptor antagonists, a series of bicyclic core antagonists, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines and pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazines were designed, synthesized and evaluated as CRF1 receptor antagonists. Compounds 2-27 showed binding affinity (IC(50)=4.2-418 nM) and antagonist activity (EC(50)=4.0-889 nM). Compound 5 was found to show oral efficacy in an Elevated Plus Maze test in rats. Further chemical modification of them led us to discovery of the tricyclic core antagonists pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrrolo[3,2-e]pyrimidines. The discovery process of these compounds is presented, as is the study of the structure-activity relationship.
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Patel RN. Biocatalysis: Synthesis of Key Intermediates for Development of Pharmaceuticals. ACS Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/cs200219b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh N. Patel
- Biotechnology Department, Unimark Remedies, Ltd., Mumbai, India
- SLRP Associates, LLC, 572 Cabot Hill Road, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
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Wilhelm CJ, Murphy-Crews A, Menasco DJ, Huckans MS, Loftis JM. Corticotropin releasing factor-1 receptor antagonism alters the biochemical, but not behavioral effects of repeated interleukin-1β administration. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:313-21. [PMID: 21839099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the immune system via administration of cytokines is used for the treatment of chronic viral infections such as hepatitis C and for cancers resistant to radiotherapy. Cytokine-based treatments induce a range of "sickness" behaviors (e.g. depression, anxiety, pain, anorexia, and fatigue). Activation of the hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis via the induction of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) may underlie these unwanted side effects. This study used repeated systemic injections of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) to model the sickness behaviors and biochemical effects of immune system activation. We assessed the ability of CRF type I receptor (CRF(1)) antagonism to reduce biochemical and behavioral signs of sickness induced by IL-1β treatment. Forty Wistar rats were assigned to one of four groups: 1) saline+vehicle; 2) saline+DMP904 (CRF(1) antagonist); 3) IL-1β+vehicle; 4) IL-1β+DMP904. Rats received intraperitoneal injections of either DMP904 or vehicle and of IL-1β or saline for six days. Sickness behavior was evaluated using body weight assessments and forced swim testing (FST). Blood and brain samples were collected to measure cytokine, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phospho-p38 MAPK levels using multiplex techniques. There were significant reductions in body weights and FST immobility times associated with IL-1β administration. Rats administered IL-1β had significantly higher serum levels of IL-10, but not interferon-γ. Within the hippocampus, IL-1β reduced levels of p38 MAPK, but had no impact on levels of phospho-p38 MAPK except in the presence of DMP904. When administered alone, DMP904 had no significant effect on p38 MAPK or phospho-p38 MAPK in the hippocampus, but when given with IL-1β led to increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. IL-1β and DMP904 reduced levels of p38 MAPK within the hypothalamus, while co-administration of IL-1β and DMP904 abolished the effects of either drug alone. IL-1β decreased immobility time in the FST, and led to reductions in body weight, changes in serum cytokine levels and p38 MAPK regulation within the hippocampus and hypothalamus. DMP904 blocked some of the neurochemical effects of IL-1β, but did not impact the behavioral measures, or serum cytokines. Thus, additional studies will be needed to determine whether CRF(1) antagonism is an effective treatment for cytokine-induced sickness. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare J Wilhelm
- Research & Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Kehne JH, Cain CK. Therapeutic utility of non-peptidic CRF1 receptor antagonists in anxiety, depression, and stress-related disorders: evidence from animal models. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128:460-87. [PMID: 20826181 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive responding to threatening stressors is of fundamental importance for survival. Dysfunctional hyperactivation of corticotropin releasing factor type-1 (CRF(1)) receptors in stress response system pathways is linked to stress-related psychopathology and CRF(1) receptor antagonists (CRAs) have been proposed as novel therapeutic agents. CRA effects in diverse animal models of stress that detect anxiolytics and/or antidepressants are reviewed, with the goal of evaluating their potential therapeutic utility in depression, anxiety, and other stress-related disorders. CRAs have a distinct phenotype in animals that has similarities to, and differences from, those of classic antidepressants and anxiolytics. CRAs are generally behaviorally silent, indicating that CRF(1) receptors are normally in a state of low basal activation. CRAs reduce stressor-induced HPA axis activation by blocking pituitary and possibly brain CRF(1) receptors which may ameliorate chronic stress-induced pathology. In animal models sensitive to anxiolytics and/or antidepressants, CRAs are generally more active in those with high stress levels, conditions which may maximize CRF(1) receptor hyperactivation. Clinically, CRAs have demonstrated good tolerability and safety, but have thus far lacked compelling efficacy in major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, or irritable bowel syndrome. CRAs may be best suited for disorders in which stressors clearly contribute to the underlying pathology (e.g. posttraumatic stress disorder, early life trauma, withdrawal/abstinence from addictive substances), though much work is needed to explore these possibilities. An evolving literature exploring the genetic, developmental and environmental factors linking CRF(1) receptor dysfunction to stress-related psychopathology is discussed in the context of improving the translational value of current animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Kehne
- Translational Neuropharmacology Consulting, LLC, 9710 Traville Gateway Drive #307, Rockville, MD 20850-7408, USA.
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De Amici M, Dallanoce C, Holzgrabe U, Tränkle C, Mohr K. Allosteric ligands for G protein-coupled receptors: a novel strategy with attractive therapeutic opportunities. Med Res Rev 2010; 30:463-549. [PMID: 19557759 DOI: 10.1002/med.20166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric receptor ligands bind to a recognition site that is distinct from the binding site of the endogenous messenger molecule. As a consequence, allosteric agents may attach to receptors that are already transmitter-bound. Ternary complex formation opens an avenue to qualitatively new drug actions at G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), in particular receptor subtype selective potentiation of endogenous transmitter action. Consequently, suitable exploitation of allosteric recognition sites as alternative molecular targets could pave the way to a drug discovery paradigm different from those aimed at mimicking or blocking the effects of endogenous (orthosteric) receptor activators. The number of allosteric ligands reported to modulate GPCR function is steadily increasing and some have already reached routine clinical use. This review aims at introducing into this fascinating field of drug discovery and at providing an overview about the achievements that have already been made. Various case examples will be discussed in the framework of GPCR classification (family A, B, and C receptors). In addition, the behavior at muscarinic receptors of hybrid derivatives incorporating both an allosteric and an orthosteric fragment in a common molecular skeleton will be illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Amici
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pietro Pratesi, University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Booth C, Wayman CP, Jackson VM. An ex vivo multi-electrode approach to evaluate endogenous hormones and receptor subtype pharmacology on evoked and spontaneous neuronal activity within the ventromedial hypothalamus; translation from female receptivity. J Sex Med 2010; 7:2411-23. [PMID: 20487238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) controls female rodent copulatory behavior, which can be modulated by injection of various compounds into the VMH. Aim. The aim was to determine whether evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) or single-unit activity within the VMH ex vivo is a better parameter to predict lordosis. METHODS VMH slices were placed onto a 64 microelectrode chip and spontaneous single-unit activity was recorded or slices stimulated to evoke EPSPs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The sodium channel blocker, tetrodotoxin and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate antagonist, 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) inhibited EPSPs, confirming EPSPs were glutamatergic in origin. The GABA(A) antagonist bicuculline potentiated EPSPs implying endogenous GABA tone. Single-unit activity was abolished by tetrodotoxin but unaffected by DNQX or bicuculline. RESULTS Glutamatergic neurotransmission was greatest during metestrous and following ovariectomization. The number of regions within the VMH eliciting single-unit activity was reduced following ovariectomy without changing spike frequency. Adrenergic agents increasing lordosis via the VMH in vivo, decreased glutamate neurotransmission but increased single-unit activity. Conversely, agents decreasing lordosis via the VMH increased glutamatergic neurotransmission and inhibited single-unit activity (8-OH-DPAT, [D-Ala(2), N-Me-Phe(4), Gly-ol(5)]-enkephalin, corticotropin releasing factor, bicuculline). Melanocortin and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide agonists had no effect. CONCLUSIONS Here we present a novel, robust VMH in vitro technique that (i) is consistent with the hypothesis that glutamate via non-NMDA receptors inhibits lordosis; (ii) glutamate is under the endogenous tone of GABA and steroid hormones; (iii) inhibition of lordosis during metestrous and following ovariectomy potentiates glutamatergic neurotransmission; (iv) activation of G(q)- and G(i)-coupled receptors decreases and increases glutamate neurotransmission, respectively, with an inverse correlation on single-unit activity; (v) activation of G(s)-coupled receptors has no direct effect on glutamate or single-unit activity; and (vi) potency, receptor subtypes and localization can be determined prior to in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair Booth
- Pfizer, Discovery Biology, Sandwich, Kent, UK
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26
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Progress in corticotropin-releasing factor-1 antagonist development. Drug Discov Today 2010; 15:371-83. [PMID: 20206287 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor antagonists have been sought since the stress-secreted peptide was isolated in 1981. Although evidence is mixed concerning the efficacy of CRF(1) antagonists as antidepressants, CRF(1) antagonists might be novel pharmacotherapies for anxiety and addiction. Progress in understanding the two-domain model of ligand-receptor interactions for CRF family receptors might yield chemically novel CRF(1) receptor antagonists, including peptide CRF(1) antagonists, antagonists with signal transduction selectivity and nonpeptide CRF(1) antagonists that act via the extracellular (rather than transmembrane) domains. Novel ligands that conform to the prevalent pharmacophore and exhibit drug-like pharmacokinetic properties have been identified. The therapeutic utility of CRF(1) antagonists should soon be clearer: several small molecules are currently in Phase II/III clinical trials for depression, anxiety and irritable bowel syndrome.
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Hartz RA, Ahuja VT, Arvanitis AG, Rafalski M, Yue EW, Denhart DJ, Schmitz WD, Ditta JL, Deskus JA, Brenner AB, Hobbs FW, Payne J, Lelas S, Li YW, Molski TF, Mattson GK, Peng Y, Wong H, Grace JE, Lentz KA, Qian-Cutrone J, Zhuo X, Shu YZ, Lodge NJ, Zaczek R, Combs AP, Olson RE, Bronson JJ, Mattson RJ, Macor JE. Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and in vivo evaluation of N3-phenylpyrazinones as novel corticotropin-releasing factor-1 (CRF1) receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4173-91. [PMID: 19552437 DOI: 10.1021/jm900301y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that corticotropin-releasing factor-1 (CRF(1)) receptor antagonists may offer therapeutic potential for the treatment of diseases associated with elevated levels of CRF such as anxiety and depression. A pyrazinone-based chemotype of CRF(1) receptor antagonists was discovered. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the identification of numerous potent analogues including 12p, a highly potent and selective CRF(1) receptor antagonist with an IC(50) value of 0.26 nM. The pharmacokinetic properties of 12p were assessed in rats and Cynomolgus monkeys. Compound 12p was efficacious in the defensive withdrawal test (an animal model of anxiety) in rats. The synthesis, structure-activity relationships and in vivo properties of compounds within the pyrazinone chemotype are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Hartz
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA.
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28
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Gilligan PJ, Clarke T, He L, Lelas S, Li YW, Heman K, Fitzgerald L, Miller K, Zhang G, Marshall A, Krause C, McElroy JF, Ward K, Zeller K, Wong H, Bai S, Saye J, Grossman S, Zaczek R, Arneric SP, Hartig P, Robertson D, Trainor G. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 8-(pyrid-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines: potent, orally bioavailable corticotropin releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF1) antagonists. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3084-92. [PMID: 19361209 DOI: 10.1021/jm900025h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the syntheses and structure-activity relationships of 8-(substituted pyridyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine corticotropin releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF(1)) receptor antagonists. These CRF(1) receptor antagonists may be potential anxiolytic or antidepressant drugs. This research resulted in the discovery of compound 13-15, which is a potent, selective CRF(1) antagonist (hCRF(1) IC(50) = 6.1 +/- 0.6 nM) with weak affinity for the CRF-binding protein and biogenic amine receptors. This compound also has a good pharmacokinetic profile in dogs. Analogue 13-15 is orally effective in two rat models of anxiety: the defensive withdrawal (situational anxiety) model and the elevated plus maze test. Analogue 13-15 has been advanced to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Gilligan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, USA.
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Kulkarni SK, Dhir A. Current investigational drugs for major depression. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:767-88. [DOI: 10.1517/13543780902880850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Gilligan PJ, He L, Clarke T, Tivitmahaisoon P, Lelas S, Li YW, Heman K, Fitzgerald L, Miller K, Zhang G, Marshall A, Krause C, McElroy J, Ward K, Shen H, Wong H, Grossman S, Nemeth G, Zaczek R, Arneric SP, Hartig P, Robertson DW, Trainor G. 8-(4-Methoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines: Selective and Centrally Active Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor-1 (CRF1) Antagonists. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3073-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Gilligan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Liqi He
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Todd Clarke
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Parcharee Tivitmahaisoon
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Snjezana Lelas
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Yu-Wen Li
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Karen Heman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Lawrence Fitzgerald
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Keith Miller
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Ge Zhang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Anne Marshall
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Carol Krause
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - John McElroy
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Kathyrn Ward
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Helen Shen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Harvey Wong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Scott Grossman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Gregory Nemeth
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Robert Zaczek
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Stephen P. Arneric
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Paul Hartig
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - David W. Robertson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - George Trainor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
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Kehne JH, Maynard GD. CRF1 receptor antagonists: treatment of stress-related disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddstr.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Farrokhi CB, Tovote P, Blanchard RJ, Blanchard DC, Litvin Y, Spiess J. Cortagine: behavioral and autonomic function of the selective CRF receptor subtype 1 agonist. CNS DRUG REVIEWS 2008; 13:423-43. [PMID: 18078427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2007.00027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a neuropeptide and mediating component of neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral processes associated with the stress response. The two receptor subtypes identified in the mammalian brain, CRF receptor subtype 1 (CRF1) and CRF2, are suggested to differentially modulate these processes. Manipulation of these receptors with selective CRF compounds and transgenic models has revealed, in most studies, a clear potentiation of the stress response through central activation of CRF1. However, pharmacological activation of CRF restricted to CRF1 has been limited by the availability of selective peptidic compounds. Recently, a highly selective CRF1 agonist, cortagine, has been developed. It was synthesized from chimeric intermediate sequences of ovine CRF, sauvagine, and human/rat CRF into a highly soluble peptide with strong affinity for CRF1 (IC(50) < 5 nM) and a very low binding preference for CRF2 (IC(50) > 500 nM). Affinity for the CRF binding protein (IC(50) > 1,000 nM) can be abolished by the addition of a glutamate residue on position 21 of the cortagine peptide sequence. Cortagine has recently been tested in a variety of preclinical models of behavior including the elevated-plus-maze (EPM), forced swim test (FST), homecage, and rat exposure test (RET). Preliminary characterization in the EPM and FST suggested that this compound elicits anxiogenic and antidepressant-like effects, respectively. Additional testing in the homecage and RET, which targets various elements of behavior, directs to a more potent anxiogenic profile of cortagine. In this review, we discuss the behavioral findings and the tests used to measure these effects. Finally, we also discuss preliminary findings of autonomic activation obtained by central injection of cortagine that support CRF1 involvement in the modulation of heart rate and heart rate variability.
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Specio SE, Wee S, O’Dell LE, Boutrel B, Zorrilla EP, Koob GF. CRF(1) receptor antagonists attenuate escalated cocaine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 196:473-82. [PMID: 17965976 PMCID: PMC2769571 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Previous work suggests a role for stress-related corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems in cocaine dependence. However, the involvement of activation of CRF(1) receptors in rats self-administering cocaine with extended access is unknown. OBJECTIVE The current study examined whether CRF(1) receptor antagonist administration alters cocaine self-administration in animals given extended access. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats (n = 32) acquired cocaine self-administration (0.66 mg/kg per infusion) in 1 h sessions for up to 11 days. Rats then were assigned to receive either daily short (1 h, ShA) or long (6 h, LgA) access to cocaine self-administration (n = 7-9 per group). Following escalation of intake, animals received one of two selective CRF(1) antagonists: antalarmin (6.3-25 mg/kg, i.p.) or N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)-3-(4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-2,5-dimethyl-pyrazolo[1,5a]pyrimidin-7-amine (MPZP; 3.6-27.5 mg/kg, s.c.). RESULTS By day 11 of the escalation period, LgA rats increased their cocaine intake, reaching an intake level of 15.1 mg/kg, compared to 11.1 mg/kg in ShA rats, during the first hour of sessions. Antalarmin reduced cocaine self-administration at the highest dose selectively in the LgA group but not the ShA group. MPZP reduced cocaine intake both in LgA and ShA rats. However, MPZP did so at a lower dose in LgA rats than in ShA rats. Within the LgA group, MPZP decreased cocaine intake in the first 10 min (loading phase) as well as in the latter session intake (maintenance phase). CONCLUSION The data suggest that hypersensitivity of the CRF system occurs with extended access to cocaine self-administration and that this altered CRF system may contribute to the increased motivation to self-administer cocaine that develops during psychostimulant dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila E. Specio
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, SP30-2400, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sunmee Wee
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, SP30-2400, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, e-mail:
| | - Laura E. O’Dell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Benjamin Boutrel
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, CH-1008 Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Eric P. Zorrilla
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, SP30-2400, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - George F. Koob
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, SP30-2400, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Chui WK, V. Dolzhenko A, V. Dolzhenko A. Pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazines (5-Aza-9-deazapurines): Synthesis and Biological Activity. HETEROCYCLES 2008. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-08-629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hubbard DT, Nakashima BR, Lee I, Takahashi LK. Activation of basolateral amygdala corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptors modulates the consolidation of contextual fear. Neuroscience 2007; 150:818-28. [PMID: 17988803 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The basolateral amygdala complex (BLA) and central amygdala nucleus (CeA) are involved in fear and anxiety. In addition, the BLA contains a high density of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF(1)) receptors in comparison to the CeA. However, the role of BLA CRF(1) receptors in contextual fear conditioning is poorly understood. In the present study, we first demonstrated in rats that oral administration of DMP696, the selective CRF(1) receptor antagonist, had no significant effects on the acquisition of contextual fear but produced a subsequent impairment in contextual freezing suggesting a role of CRF(1) receptors in the fear memory consolidation process. In addition, oral administration of DMP696 significantly reduced phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (pCREB) in the lateral and basolateral amygdala nuclei, but not in the CeA, during the post-fear conditioning period. We then demonstrated that bilateral microinjections of DMP696 into the BLA produced no significant effects on the acquisition of conditioned fear but reduced contextual freezing in a subsequent drug-free conditioned fear test. Importantly, bilateral microinjections of DMP696 into the BLA at 5 min or 3 h, but not 9 h, after exposure to contextual fear conditioning was also effective in reducing contextual freezing in the conditioned fear test. Finally, microinfusions of either DMP696 into the CeA or a specific corticotropin-releasing factor 2 receptor antagonist in the BLA were shown to have no major effects on disrupting either contextual fear conditioning or performance of contextual freezing in the drug-free conditioned fear test. Collectively, results implicate a role of BLA CRF(1) receptors in activating the fear memory consolidation process, which may involve BLA pCREB-induced synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Hubbard
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Blakeney JS, Reid RC, Le GT, Fairlie DP. Nonpeptidic Ligands for Peptide-Activated G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2960-3041. [PMID: 17622179 DOI: 10.1021/cr050984g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade S Blakeney
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Schmidt MV, Sterlemann V, Ganea K, Liebl C, Alam S, Harbich D, Greetfeld M, Uhr M, Holsboer F, Müller MB. Persistent neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of a novel, etiologically relevant mouse paradigm for chronic social stress during adolescence. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32:417-29. [PMID: 17449187 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress is widely regarded as a key risk factor for a variety of diseases. A large number of paradigms have been used to induce chronic stress in rodents. However, many of these paradigms do not consider the etiology of human stress-associated disorders, where the stressors involved are mostly of social nature and the effects of the stress exposure persist even if the stressor is discontinued. In addition, many chronic stress paradigms are problematic with regard to stress adaptation, continuity, duration and applicability. Here we describe and validate a novel chronic social stress paradigm in male mice during adolescence. We demonstrate persistent effects of chronic social stress after 1 week of rest, including altered adrenal sensitivity, decreased expression of corticosteroid receptors in the hippocampus and increased anxiety. In addition, pharmacological treatments with the antidepressant paroxetine (SSRI) or with the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist DMP696 were able to prevent aversive long-term consequences of chronic social stress. In conclusion, this novel chronic stress paradigm results in persistent alterations of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis function and behavior, which are reversible by pharmacological treatment. Moreover, this paradigm allows to investigate the interaction of genetic susceptibility and environmental risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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Hodgson RA, Higgins GA, Guthrie DH, Lu SX, Pond AJ, Mullins DE, Guzzi MF, Parker EM, Varty GB. Comparison of the V1b antagonist, SSR149415, and the CRF1 antagonist, CP-154,526, in rodent models of anxiety and depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 86:431-40. [PMID: 17291571 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vasopressin and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) are both critical regulators of an animal's stress response and have been linked to anxiety and depression. As such, antagonists of the CRF1 and V1b receptor subtypes are being developed as potential treatments for affective disorders. The two most characterized V1b and CRF1 antagonists are SSR149415 and CP-154,526, respectively, and the present studies were designed to compare these two compounds in acute animal models of affective disorders. We employed five anxiety models: Separation-induced pup vocalizations (guinea pig and rat), elevated plus-maze (EPM), conditioned lick suppression (CLS), and marble burying (mouse); as well as three depression models: forced swim test (FST; mouse and rat) and tail suspension test (TST; mouse). SSR149415 (1-30 mg/kg) was active in the vocalization, EPM and CLS models, but inactive in marble burying. CP-154,526 (1-30 mg/kg) was active in vocalization models, but inactive in EPM, CLS, and marble burying. SSR149415 was inactive in all depression models; CP-154,526 was active in rat FST but inactive in mouse models. This work demonstrates the different profiles of V1b and CRF1 receptor antagonists and supports both approaches in the treatment of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Hodgson
- Department of Neurobiology, Schering Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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von Mentzer B, Murata Y, Ahlstedt I, Lindström E, Martínez V. Functional CRF receptors in BON cells stimulate serotonin release. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 73:805-13. [PMID: 17184738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BON cells are human, pancreatic carcinoid-derived, endocrine-like cells that share functional similarities with intestinal enterochromaffin (EC) cells. We investigated the presence of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors, their signalling pathways and the functional effects of their stimulation in BON cells (clone #7). Expression analysis showed that BON cells contain mRNA for the CRF receptor types 1 and 2 (CRF1/2), although CRF2 mRNA levels were 23-fold higher than those of CRF1 mRNA. The CRF1/2 ligand, rat/human (r/h)CRF (EC50 = 233 nM), and the selective CRF2 ligand, human urocortin 3 (Ucn 3) (EC50 = 48 nM), induced a dose-dependent increase in cAMP formation. Effects of r/hCRF were blocked by 44% with the selective CRF1 antagonist DMP-696, while the selective CRF2 antagonist antisauvagine-30 had only marginal effects. Both ligands (100 nM) stimulated the release of serotonin with similar efficacy (3-fold increase over basal). Effects of r/hCRF, but not Ucn 3, were blocked by pre-incubation with antisauvagine-30. These observations demonstrate that the EC cell-related BON cells express functional CRF2 receptors linked to the release of serotonin. This suggests that EC cells may be a target for CRF and/or Ucn 3 in the intestine during stress-related responses. Actions of CRF/Ucn 3 and EC cell-derived mediators, such as serotonin, might underlie several motor, secretory and/or sensory disorders of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract which may play a role in the pathophysiology of functional GI disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt von Mentzer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden.
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Keck ME. Corticotropin-releasing factor, vasopressin and receptor systems in depression and anxiety. Amino Acids 2006; 31:241-50. [PMID: 16733617 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0333-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Affective disorders tend to be chronic and life-threatening diseases: suicide is estimated to be the cause of death in 10-15% of individuals with major depressive disorders. Major depression is one of the most prevalent and costly brain diseases with up to 20% of the worldwide population suffering from moderate to severe forms of the disease. Only 50% of individuals with depression show full remission in response to currently available antidepressant drug therapies which are based on serendipitous discoveries made in the 1950s. Previously underestimated, other severe depression-associated deleterious health-related effects have increasingly been recognized. Epidemiological studies have provided substantial evidence that patients with depression have a 2-4-fold increased risk both of developing cardiovascular disease and of mortality after experiencing a myocardial infarction. The majority of patients suffering from affective disorders have measurable shifts in their stress hormone regulation as reflected by elevated secretion of central and peripheral stress hormones or by altered hormonal responses to neuroendocrine challenge tests. In recent years, these alterations have increasingly been translated into testable hypotheses addressing the pathogenesis of illness. Refined molecular technologies and the creation of genetically engineered mice have allowed to specifically target individual genes involved in regulation of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and vasopressin (AVP) system elements. The cumulative evidence makes a strong case implicating dysfunction of these systems in the etiology and pathogenesis of depression and pathological anxiety. Translation of these advances into novel therapeutic strategies has already been started.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Keck
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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42
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Berton O, Nestler EJ. New approaches to antidepressant drug discovery: beyond monoamines. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006; 7:137-51. [PMID: 16429123 DOI: 10.1038/nrn1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1079] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
All available antidepressant medications are based on serendipitous discoveries of the clinical efficacy of two classes of antidepressants more than 50 years ago. These tricyclic and monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants were subsequently found to promote serotonin or noradrenaline function in the brain. Newer agents are more specific but have the same core mechanisms of action in promoting these monoamine neurotransmitters. This is unfortunate, because only approximately 50% of individuals with depression show full remission in response to these mechanisms. This review summarizes the obstacles that have hindered the development of non-monoamine-based antidepressants, and provides a progress report on some of the most promising current strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Berton
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Basic Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9070, USA
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Gannon RL, Millan MJ. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)(1) receptor antagonists CP154,526 and DMP695 inhibit light-induced phase advances of hamster circadian activity rhythms. Brain Res 2006; 1083:96-102. [PMID: 16551464 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The circadian activity of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is controlled by the master circadian pacemaker located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus. However, the reciprocal influence of CRF and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis upon the circadian pacemaker is less well established. Therefore, in the present study, we tested two nonpeptidergic antagonists at CRF(1) receptors for their ability to modulate photic resetting of pacemaker time (phase). CP154,526 dose dependently and significantly inhibited light-induced phase advances in hamster circadian activity rhythms late in the subjective night by approximately 60% at a maximally effective dose of 20 mg/kg delivered intraperitoneally. Likewise, a further CRF(1) receptor antagonist, DMP695, inhibited phase advances by approximately 40% at a dose of 10 mg/kg. The attenuation of phase shifts by CP154,526 was specific to phase advances as light-induced phase delays of the circadian pacemaker achieved early in the subjective night were not affected by CP154,526 (20 mg/kg). We also tested one of the CRF(1) receptor antagonists for its potential ability to reset the pacemaker in the absence of light and found that CP154,526 did not elicit a nonphotic phase shifts in circadian activity rhythms at circadian times (CT) 2, 8, 14, 18, or 22. In conclusion, CRF(1) receptor antagonists selectively modulate the effect of light on the circadian pacemaker late at night. These novel data emphasize the suspected critical link between CRF and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, on the one hand, and stress (including stress caused by jet-lag) and depression on the other. These results also suggest that CRF(1) antagonists may not only improve affect but also counter the circadian disruption associated with depression and other stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Gannon
- Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, USA.
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Valdez GR, Zorrilla EP, Koob GF. Homeostasis within the corticotropin-releasing factor system via CRF2 receptor activation: a novel approach for the treatment of anxiety. Drug Dev Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chen C, Grigoriadis DE. NBI 30775 (R121919), an orally active antagonist of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) type-1 receptor for the treatment of anxiety and depression. Drug Dev Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Overstreet DH, Knapp DJ, Breese GR. Can CRF1 receptor antagonists become antidepressant and/or anxiolytic agents? Drug Dev Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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