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Forche A, Solis NV, Swidergall M, Thomas R, Guyer A, Beach A, Cromie GA, Le GT, Lowell E, Pavelka N, Berman J, Dudley AM, Selmecki A, Filler SG. Selection of Candida albicans trisomy during oropharyngeal infection results in a commensal-like phenotype. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008137. [PMID: 31091232 PMCID: PMC6538192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When the fungus Candida albicans proliferates in the oropharyngeal cavity during experimental oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), it undergoes large-scale genome changes at a much higher frequency than when it grows in vitro. Previously, we identified a specific whole chromosome amplification, trisomy of Chr6 (Chr6x3), that was highly overrepresented among strains recovered from the tongues of mice with OPC. To determine the functional significance of this trisomy, we assessed the virulence of two Chr6 trisomic strains and a Chr5 trisomic strain in the mouse model of OPC. We also analyzed the expression of virulence-associated traits in vitro. All three trisomic strains exhibited characteristics of a commensal during OPC in mice. They achieved the same oral fungal burden as the diploid progenitor strain but caused significantly less weight loss and elicited a significantly lower inflammatory host response. In vitro, all three trisomic strains had reduced capacity to adhere to and invade oral epithelial cells and increased susceptibility to neutrophil killing. Whole genome sequencing of pre- and post-infection isolates found that the trisomies were usually maintained. Most post-infection isolates also contained de novo point mutations, but these were not conserved. While in vitro growth assays did not reveal phenotypes specific to de novo point mutations, they did reveal novel phenotypes specific to each lineage. These data reveal that during OPC, clones that are trisomic for Chr5 or Chr6 are selected and they facilitate a commensal-like phenotype. Opportunistic fungal pathogens commonly acquire extra copies of chromosomes that can provide a fitness benefit under acute stress such as exposure to antifungal agents but how these extra copies affect fungal life-style and interactions with their hosts is poorly understood. Here we show that in C. albicans the acquisition of specific whole chromosome trisomies during oropharyngeal infection in mice results in a commensal-like phenotype. Our data indicate that trisomies of chromosomes 5 and 6 alter several related virulence-associated traits that affect how the host recognizes and responds to C. albicans during oropharyngeal infection, thereby inducing this commensal-like phenotype. Whole genome sequencing revealed that trisomies were mostly maintained in subsequent oral infections and that de novo mutations that arose were not shared among strains. We hypothesize that both in vivo and in vitro phenotypes are likely the result of allelic imbalance of specific genes on the trisomic chromosomes, rather than due to whole chromosome trisomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Forche
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AF); (SGF)
| | - Norma V. Solis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Marc Swidergall
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Thomas
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Alison Guyer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Annette Beach
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Gareth A. Cromie
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Giang T. Le
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emily Lowell
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, United States of America
| | - Norman Pavelka
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Judith Berman
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aimeé M. Dudley
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anna Selmecki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Scott G. Filler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AF); (SGF)
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Jimenez-Vargas NN, Pattison LA, Zhao P, Lieu T, Latorre R, Jensen DD, Castro J, Aurelio L, Le GT, Flynn B, Herenbrink CK, Yeatman HR, Edgington-Mitchell L, Porter CJH, Halls ML, Canals M, Veldhuis NA, Poole DP, McLean P, Hicks GA, Scheff N, Chen E, Bhattacharya A, Schmidt BL, Brierley SM, Vanner SJ, Bunnett NW. Protease-activated receptor-2 in endosomes signals persistent pain of irritable bowel syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7438-E7447. [PMID: 30012612 PMCID: PMC6077730 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721891115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Once activated at the surface of cells, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) redistribute to endosomes, where they can continue to signal. Whether GPCRs in endosomes generate signals that contribute to human disease is unknown. We evaluated endosomal signaling of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), which has been proposed to mediate pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Trypsin, elastase, and cathepsin S, which are activated in the colonic mucosa of patients with IBS and in experimental animals with colitis, caused persistent PAR2-dependent hyperexcitability of nociceptors, sensitization of colonic afferent neurons to mechanical stimuli, and somatic mechanical allodynia. Inhibitors of clathrin- and dynamin-dependent endocytosis and of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 prevented trypsin-induced hyperexcitability, sensitization, and allodynia. However, they did not affect elastase- or cathepsin S-induced hyperexcitability, sensitization, or allodynia. Trypsin stimulated endocytosis of PAR2, which signaled from endosomes to activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Elastase and cathepsin S did not stimulate endocytosis of PAR2, which signaled from the plasma membrane to activate adenylyl cyclase. Biopsies of colonic mucosa from IBS patients released proteases that induced persistent PAR2-dependent hyperexcitability of nociceptors, and PAR2 association with β-arrestins, which mediate endocytosis. Conjugation to cholestanol promoted delivery and retention of antagonists in endosomes containing PAR2 A cholestanol-conjugated PAR2 antagonist prevented persistent trypsin- and IBS protease-induced hyperexcitability of nociceptors. The results reveal that PAR2 signaling from endosomes underlies the persistent hyperexcitability of nociceptors that mediates chronic pain of IBS. Endosomally targeted PAR2 antagonists are potential therapies for IBS pain. GPCRs in endosomes transmit signals that contribute to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor N Jimenez-Vargas
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Luke A Pattison
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peishen Zhao
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - TinaMarie Lieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Rocco Latorre
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Dane D Jensen
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Joel Castro
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Luigi Aurelio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Giang T Le
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Bernard Flynn
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Carmen Klein Herenbrink
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Holly R Yeatman
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Laura Edgington-Mitchell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Veldhuis
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Peter McLean
- Gastrointestinal Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Gareth A Hicks
- Gastrointestinal Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Nicole Scheff
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010
| | - Elyssa Chen
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010
| | - Aditi Bhattacharya
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010
| | - Brian L Schmidt
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010
| | - Stuart M Brierley
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Stephen J Vanner
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Suen JY, Barry GD, Lohman RJ, Halili MA, Cotterell AJ, Le GT, Fairlie DP. Modulating human proteinase activated receptor 2 with a novel antagonist (GB88) and agonist (GB110). Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1413-23. [PMID: 21806599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Many cells express proteinase activated receptor 2 (PAR2) on their plasma membrane. PAR2 is activated by proteolytic enzymes, such as trypsin and tryptase that cleave the receptor N-terminus, inititating signalling to intracellular G proteins. Studies on PAR2 have relied heavily upon activating effects of proteases and peptide agonists that lack stability and bioavailability in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A novel small molecule agonist GB110 and an antagonist GB88 were characterized in vitro against trypsin, peptide agonists, PAR2 antibody, PAR1 agonists and flow cytometry,in seven cell lines using intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and examined in vivo against PAR2- and PAR1-induced rat paw oedema. KEY RESULTS GB110 is a potent non-peptidic agonist activating PAR2-mediated Ca(2+) release in HT29 cells (EC(50) ∼200 nM) and six other human cell lines, inducing PAR2 internalization. GB88 is a unique PAR2 antagonist, inhibiting PAR2 activated Ca(2+) release (IC(50) ∼2 µM) induced by native (trypsin) or synthetic peptide and non-peptide agonists. GB88 was a competitive and surmountable antagonist of agonist 2f-LIGRLO-NH(2), a competitive but insurmountable antagonist of agonist GB110, and a non-competitive insurmountable antagonist of trypsin. GB88 was orally active and anti-inflammatory in vivo, inhibiting acute rat paw oedema elicited by agonist GB110 and proteolytic or peptide agonists of PAR2 but not by corresponding agonists of PAR1 or PAR4. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The novel PAR2 agonist and antagonist modulate intracellular Ca(2+) and rat paw oedema, providing novel molecular tools for examining PAR2-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Suen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Hoang HN, Driver RW, Beyer RL, Malde AK, Le GT, Abbenante G, Mark AE, Fairlie DP. Protein α-Turns Recreated in Structurally Stable Small Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201105119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hoang HN, Driver RW, Beyer RL, Malde AK, Le GT, Abbenante G, Mark AE, Fairlie DP. Protein α-Turns Recreated in Structurally Stable Small Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11107-11. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201105119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Bone loss caused by enhanced osteoclast activity is a significant feature of periodontitis. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) can suppress osteoclast-mediated bone loss in vitro and in vivo. This study investigated whether HDACi can suppress bone loss in experimental periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Experimental periodontitis was induced in mice by oral inoculation with Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. Mice were treated orally with olive oil alone, with olive oil and a novel compound - 1179.4b - which targets both Class I and Class II histone deacetylases (HDACs) or with olive oil and MS-275, which targets Class I HDACs. Micro-computed tomography scans of live mice, stereo imaging and histological analyses were used to detect changes in bone. RESULTS In the absence of treatment there was a 13.2% increase in bone volume in controls compared with a 7.4% decrease in P. gingivalis-inoculated mice. 1179.4b significantly reduced bone loss, with a 3.4% increase in bone volume (p < 0.01). MS-275 did not have a significant effect on P. gingivalis-induced bone loss. Histological analysis revealed that 1179.4b reduced bone loss despite having no effect on inflammation. CONCLUSION HDACi were found to effectively suppress bone loss in the mouse model of periodontitis. 1179.4b - the inhibitor of Class I and Class II HDACs - was more effective at suppressing bone loss than MS-275, which targets Class I HDACs only. These compounds may therefore have the potential to be used for the management of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Cantley
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Wielens J, Headey SJ, Deadman JJ, Rhodes DI, Le GT, Parker MW, Chalmers DK, Scanlon MJ. Fragment-based design of ligands targeting a novel site on the integrase enzyme of human immunodeficiency virus 1. ChemMedChem 2010; 6:258-61. [PMID: 21275048 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Wielens
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Australia
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Barry GD, Suen JY, Le GT, Cotterell A, Reid RC, Fairlie DP. Novel Agonists and Antagonists for Human Protease Activated Receptor 2. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7428-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100984y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant D. Barry
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Jacky Y. Suen
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Giang T. Le
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Adam Cotterell
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Robert C. Reid
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
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Halili MA, Andrews MR, Labzin LI, Schroder K, Matthias G, Cao C, Lovelace E, Reid RC, Le GT, Hume DA, Irvine KM, Matthias P, Fairlie DP, Sweet MJ. Differential effects of selective HDAC inhibitors on macrophage inflammatory responses to the Toll-like receptor 4 agonist LPS. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:1103-14. [PMID: 20200406 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0509363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad-spectrum inhibitors of HDACs are therapeutic in many inflammatory disease models but exacerbated disease in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. HDAC inhibitors have anti- and proinflammatory effects on macrophages in vitro. We report here that several broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitors, including TSA and SAHA, suppressed the LPS-induced mRNA expression of the proinflammatory mediators Edn-1, Ccl-7/MCP-3, and Il-12p40 but amplified the expression of the proatherogenic factors Cox-2 and Pai-1/serpine1 in primary mouse BMM. Similar effects were also apparent in LPS-stimulated TEPM and HMDM. The pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of TSA were separable over a concentration range, implying that individual HDACs have differential effects on macrophage inflammatory responses. The HDAC1-selective inhibitor, MS-275, retained proinflammatory effects (amplification of LPS-induced expression of Cox-2 and Pai-1 in BMM) but suppressed only some inflammatory responses. In contrast, 17a (a reportedly HDAC6-selective inhibitor) retained anti-inflammatory but not proinflammatory properties. Despite this, HDAC6(-/-) macrophages showed normal LPS-induced expression of HDAC-dependent inflammatory genes, arguing that the anti-inflammatory effects of 17a are not a result of inhibition of HDAC6 alone. Thus, 17a provides a tool to identify individual HDACs with proinflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Halili
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, S. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Iyer A, Fenning A, Lim J, Le GT, Reid RC, Halili MA, Fairlie DP, Brown L. Antifibrotic activity of an inhibitor of histone deacetylases in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:1408-17. [PMID: 20180942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Histone deacetylases (HDACs) silence genes by deacetylating lysine residues in histones and other proteins. HDAC inhibitors represent a new class of compounds with anti-inflammatory activity. This study investigated whether treatment with a broad spectrum HDAC inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), would prevent cardiac fibrosis, part of the cardiovascular remodelling in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Control and DOCA-salt rats were treated with SAHA (25 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) s.c.) for 32 days. Changes in cardiovascular structure and function were assessed by blood pressure in vivo and in Langendorff perfused hearts, ventricular papillary muscle and in aortic rings in vitro. Left ventricular collagen deposition was assessed by histology. KEY RESULTS Administration of SAHA to DOCA-salt rats attenuated the following parameters: the increased concentration of over 20 pro-inflammatory cytokines in plasma, increased inflammatory cell infiltration and interstitial collagen deposition, increased passive diastolic stiffness in perfused hearts, prolongation of action potential duration at 20% and 90% of repolarization in papillary muscle, development of left ventricular hypertrophy, systolic hypertension and changes in vascular dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The HDAC inhibitor, SAHA, attenuated the cardiovascular remodelling associated with DOCA-salt hypertensive rats and improved cardiovascular structure and function, especially fibrosis, in the heart and blood vessels, possibly by suppressing inflammation. Control of cardiac histone or non-histone protein acetylation is a potential therapeutic approach to preventing cardiac remodelling, especially cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Iyer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Löser R, Abbenante G, Madala PK, Halili M, Le GT, Fairlie DP. Noncovalent Tripeptidyl Benzyl- and Cyclohexyl-Amine Inhibitors of the Cysteine Protease Caspase-1. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2651-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901790w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reik Löser
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Giovanni Abbenante
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Praveen K. Madala
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Maria Halili
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Giang T. Le
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Ruiz-Gómez G, Lim J, Halili MA, Le GT, Madala PK, Abbenante G, Fairlie DP. Structure-activity relationships for substrate-based inhibitors of human complement factor B. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6042-52. [PMID: 19743866 DOI: 10.1021/jm900781m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human complement is a cascading network of plasma proteins important in immune defense, cooperatively effecting recognition, opsonization, destruction, and removal of pathogens and infected/damaged cells. Overstimulated or unregulated complement activation can result in immunoinflammatory diseases. Key serine proteases in this cascade are difficult to study due to their multiprotein composition, short lifetimes, formation on membranes, or serum circulation as inactive zymogens. Factor B is inactive at pH 7, but a catalytically active serine protease under alkaline conditions, enabling structure-activity relationship studies for 63 substrate-based peptide inhibitors with 4-7 residues and a C-terminal aldehyde. A potent factor B inhibitor was hexpeptide Ac-RLTbaLAR-H (IC(50) 250 nM, pH 9.5), which at pH 7 also blocked formation of membrane attack complex via the "alternative pathway" of complement activation and inhibited human complement mediated lysis of rabbit erythrocytes. Inhibitors of factor B may be valuable probes and drug leads for complement mediated immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Ruiz-Gómez
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Halili MA, Ruiz-Gómez G, Le GT, Abbenante G, Fairlie DP. Complement component C2, inhibiting a latent serine protease in the classical pathway of complement activation. Biochemistry 2009; 48:8466-72. [PMID: 19642650 DOI: 10.1021/bi900679r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response to infection or injury involves an antigen-antibody triggered classical pathway (CP) of complement activation, in which soluble and cell surface plasma proteins cooperatively effect elimination of foreign organisms and damaged host cells. However, protracted or dysfunctional complement activation can lead to inflammatory diseases. Complement component 2 bound to C4b is cleaved by classical (C1s) or lectin (MASP2) proteases to produce C4bC2a, a very short-lived C3 convertase (t(1/2) 2 min) that in turn cleaves C3 to C3a and C3b, leading ultimately to formation of Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) and lysis of bacteria and damaged cells. C2 has the same serine protease domain as C4bC2a but in an inactive zymogen-like conformation, requiring cofactor-induced conformational change for activity. Here, we show that C2 has catalytic protease activity in its own right above pH 7, in the absence of cofactor, processing C3 and C3-derived chromogenic peptide fragments. In contrast to the instability of C3 convertase (t(1/2) 2 min, pH 7), the C2 enzyme is indefinitely stable under alkaline conditions, facilitating studies of its catalytic properties and development of small molecule inhibitors. We characterize the catalytic activity of C2 against C3 and short paranitroanilide peptide substrates, and identify potent small molecule inhibitors of C2 that also inhibit classical pathway C3 convertase, MAC formation, and hemolysis of sensitized sheep erythrocytes. These results provide a new avenue and valuable new insights to inhibiting CP complement activation relevant to inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Halili
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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Barry GD, Suen JY, Low HB, Pfeiffer B, Flanagan B, Halili M, Le GT, Fairlie DP. A refined agonist pharmacophore for protease activated receptor 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5552-7. [PMID: 17765542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)) is a G protein-coupled receptor implicated in inflammation and cancer. Only a few peptide agonists are known with greater potency than the native agonist SLIGRL-NH(2). Here we report 52 peptide agonists of PAR(2), 26 with activity at sub-micromolar concentrations, and one being iodinated for radioligand experiments. Potency was highest when the N- or C-termini of SLIGRL-NH(2) were modified, pointing to a new ligand pharmacophore model that may aid development of drug-like PAR(2) modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant D Barry
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld. 4072, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade S Blakeney
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are a category of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) implicated in the progression of a wide range of diseases, including thrombosis, inflammatory disorders, and proliferative diseases. Signal transduction via PARs proceeds via an unusual activation mechanism. Instead of being activated through direct interaction with an extracellular signal like most GPCRs, they are self-activated following cleavage of their extracellular N-terminus by serine proteases to generate a new receptor N-terminus that acts as an intramolecular ligand by folding back onto itself and triggering receptor activation. Short synthetic peptides corresponding to this newly exposed N-terminal tethered ligand can activate three of the four known PARs in the absence of proteases, and such PAR activating peptides (PAR-APs) have served as templates for agonist/antagonist development. In fact much of the evidence for involvement of PARs in diseases has relied upon use of PAR-APs, often of low potency and uncertain selectivity. This review summarizes current structures of PAR agonists and antagonists, the need for more selective and more potent PAR ligands that activate or antagonize this intriguing class of receptors, and outlines the background relevant to PAR activation, assay methods, and physiological properties anticipated for PAR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant D Barry
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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Abstract
TNF-alpha neutralising agents such as Infliximab (Remicade), Etanercept (Enbrel) and the IL-1 receptor antagonist Anakinra (Kineret), are currently used clinically for the treatment of many inflammatory diseases such as Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis. These protein preparations are expensive to manufacture and administer, need to be injected and can cause allergic reactions. An alternative approach to lowering the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in inflammatory disease, is to inhibit the enzymes that generate these cytokines using cheaper small molecules. This paper is a broad overview of the progress that has been achieved so far, with respect to small molecule inhibitor design and pharmacological studies (in animals and humans), for the metalloprotease Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha Converting Enzyme (TACE) and the cysteine protease Caspase-1 (Interleukin-1beta Converting Enzyme, ICE). Inhibitors of these two enzymes are currently considered to be good therapeutic targets that have the potential to provide relatively inexpensive and orally bioavailable anti-inflammatory agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang T Le
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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