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Juchem CM, Bendau A, Bandurski LC, Reich NJ, Baumgardt S, Asselmann E. Personality changes related to presence and treatment of substance use (disorders): a systematic review. Psychol Med 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38644674 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172400093x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Heavy substance use (SU) and substance use disorders (SUD) have complex etiologies and often severe consequences. Certain personality traits have been associated with an increased risk for SU(D), but far less is known about personality changes related to SU(D). This review aims to synthesize the existing literature on this research question. A systematic literature search was conducted from November 2022 to February 2023 in PubMed, EbscoHost, and Web of Science. Peer-reviewed original papers on SU(D)-related personality changes were included. Of 55 included studies, 38 were observational population-based studies and 17 were intervention studies. Overall, personality and SU measures, samples, study designs, and statistical approaches were highly heterogenous. In observational studies, higher SU was most consistently related to increases in impulsivity-related traits and (less so) neuroticism, while interventions in the context of SU(D) were mostly associated with increases in conscientiousness and self-efficacy and lasting decreases in neuroticism. Findings for traits related to extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness were mixed and depended on SU measure and age. Studies on bidirectional associations suggest that personality and SU(D) both influence each other over time. Due to their strong association with SU(D), impulsivity-related traits may be important target points for interventions. Future work may investigate the mechanisms underlying personality changes related to SU(D), distinguishing substance-specific effects from general SU(D)-related processes like withdrawal, craving, and loss of control. Furthermore, more research is needed to examine whether SU(D)-related personality changes vary by developmental stage and clinical features (e.g. initial use, onset, remission, and relapse).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Juchem
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Antonia Bendau
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie C Bandurski
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nico J Reich
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Saskia Baumgardt
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Eva Asselmann
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
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2
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Freichel R, Pfirrmann J, Cousjin J, de Jong P, Franken I, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Heinz A, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Artiges E, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Vaidya N, Whelan R, Schumann G, Walter H, Veer IM, Wiers RW. Drinking motives, personality traits and life stressors-identifying pathways to harmful alcohol use in adolescence using a panel network approach. Addiction 2023; 118:1908-1919. [PMID: 37157052 DOI: 10.1111/add.16231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Models of alcohol use risk suggest that drinking motives represent the most proximal risk factors on which more distal factors converge. However, little is known about how distinct risk factors influence each other and alcohol use on different temporal scales (within a given moment versus over time). We aimed to estimate the dynamic associations of distal (personality and life stressors) and proximal (drinking motives) risk factors, and their relationship to alcohol use in adolescence and early adulthood using a novel graphical vector autoregressive (GVAR) panel network approach. DESIGN, SETTING AND CASES We estimated panel networks on data from the IMAGEN study, a longitudinal European cohort study following adolescents across three waves (aged 16, 19 and 22 years). Our sample consisted of 1829 adolescents (51% females) who reported alcohol use on at least one assessment wave. MEASUREMENTS Risk factors included personality traits (NEO-FFI: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness; SURPS: impulsivity and sensation-seeking), stressful life events (LEQ: sum scores of stressful life events), and drinking motives [drinking motives questionnaire (DMQ): social, enhancement, conformity, coping anxiety and coping depression]. We assessed alcohol use [alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): quantity and frequency] and alcohol-related problems (AUDIT: related problems). FINDINGS Within a given moment, social [partial correlation (pcor) = 0.17] and enhancement motives (pcor = 0.15) co-occurred most strongly with drinking quantity and frequency, while coping depression motives (pcor = 0.13), openness (pcor = 0.05) and impulsivity (pcor = 0.09) were related to alcohol-related problems. The temporal network showed no predictive associations between distal risk factors and drinking motives. Social motives (beta = 0.21), previous alcohol use (beta = 0.11) and openness (beta = 0.10) predicted alcohol-related problems over time (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Heavy and frequent alcohol use, along with social drinking motives, appear to be key targets for preventing the development of alcohol-related problems throughout late adolescence. We found no evidence for personality traits and life stressors predisposing towards distinct drinking motives over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Freichel
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT)-lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Pfirrmann
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT)-lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janna Cousjin
- Center for Substance Use and Addiction Research. (CESAR), Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingmar Franken
- Center for Substance Use and Addiction Research. (CESAR), Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 'Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie', Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 'Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie', Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 'Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie', Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Psychiatry Department, EPS Barthélémy Durand, Etampes, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nilakshi Vaidya
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilya M Veer
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT)-lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT)-lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Shen T, Chen C, Tang S, Gao Y, Wang C, Tao S, Wang D. Sensation Seeking and Substance use in Chinese Adolescents: Longitudinal Trajectories and Prospective Within-person Associations. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:1481-1499. [PMID: 36840852 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Sensation seeking has been extensively demonstrated as a risk factor for substance use. Potential bidirectional associations between sensation seeking and substance use at the within-person level are incompletely understood. The present study examined longitudinal trajectories of sensation seeking and substance use and bidirectional longitudinal associations between sensation seeking and substance use in Chinese adolescents during a 3-year period over three time points. A total of 10,138 adolescents (59.8%) male; Mage = 16.77, SD = 0.83 at time (1) were surveyed. Sensation seeking and substance use frequency increased concomitantly over time. At the within-person level, sensation seeking and substance use were reciprocally predictable, and there were no evidence of sex difference in longitudinal associations. This study provides unique data concerning the relationship between sensation seeking and substance use in a sample of Chinese adolescents, and highlights the importance of identifying sensation seeking behaviors to prevent substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenghui Shen
- Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.,College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Chuqi Chen
- College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Sai Tang
- College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yang Gao
- College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.,Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Sha Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Daoyang Wang
- Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China. .,College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
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4
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Defoe IN, Khurana A, Betancourt LM, Hurt H, Romer D. Cascades From Early Adolescent Impulsivity to Late Adolescent Antisocial Personality Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder. J Adolesc Health 2022; 71:579-586. [PMID: 35934585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The behavioral disinhibition model (BDM) posits that a liability toward impulsivity evident by early adolescence underlies the coemergence of antisocial behavior and alcohol use (i.e., problem behaviors) in early-adolescence to mid-adolescence, but that the subsequent development of these problem behaviors (rather than impulsivity itself) predicts the emergence of antisocial personality disorder (APD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) in late adolescence. The present study was designed to test these predictions of the BDM from early to late adolescence. METHODS We used five-year longitudinal self-report data from the Philadelphia Trajectory Study that was collected from 2006-2012. Mediational analyses were performed using the Random Intercept Cross-lagged Panel Model, which enables the detection of within-person predictions of changes in problem behaviors during adolescence. The sample was ethnically and socioeconomically diverse, including 364 urban US community youth (at baseline: Mage = 13.51(.95); 49.1% female). RESULTS Consistent with the BDM, mediational analyses revealed that changes in early adolescent impulsivity predicted late adolescent APD and AUD criteria, mediated by changes in mid-adolescent alcohol use and conduct problems. DISCUSSION Interventions targeting impulsivity in early adolescence could potentially halt the cascading chain of events leading to both late adolescent APD and AUD by decelerating growth in antisocial behavior and alcohol use during early-adolescence to mid-adolescence. From mid-adolescence to late-adolescence, the consequences of early impulsivity, especially involvement in antisocial behaviors, become a more relevant predictor of both APD and AUD rather than impulsivity itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy N Defoe
- Forensic Child and Youth Care Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Atika Khurana
- Counseling Psychology and Human Services Department, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Laura M Betancourt
- Division of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hallam Hurt
- Division of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel Romer
- Annenberg Public Policy Center, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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5
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Gmel G, Marmet S, Bertholet N, Wicki M, Studer J. Longitudinal Associations between Sensation Seeking and Its Components and Alcohol Use in Young SWISS Men-Are There Bidirectional Associations? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12475. [PMID: 36231775 PMCID: PMC9566284 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The association between alcohol use and sensation seeking is well known. Less is known about whether longitudinal changes in alcohol use are associated with changes in sensation seeking and in which direction influence might flow. 5125 men aged 20.0 years old at baseline and 25.4 years old at follow-up responded to the Brief Sensation Seeking Questionnaire, which measures four subscales of experience seeking, boredom susceptibility, thrill- and adventure-seeking, and disinhibition. Alcohol use was measured using volume (drinks per week) and binge drinking (about 60 g or more per occasion). Associations were calculated using cross-lagged panel models and two-wave latent change score models. Correlations between the latent change scores for alcohol use and the sensation-seeking subscales were all positive, being largest for disinhibition (r > 0.3) and much smaller (r ~ 0.1) for the others. Disinhibition was the dominant effect over the entire sensation-seeking scale. Cross-lagged paths were (except for thrill- and adventure-seeking) bidirectional and mostly higher from alcohol use to sensation seeking (e.g., pathvolume-disinhibition = 0.136, and pathdisinhibition-volume = 0.072). Again, effects were highest for disinhibition. Given the bidirectional links between sensation seeking and alcohol use, preventive efforts aiming to achieve stable positive changes in alcohol use and personality should target both simultaneously and focus on disinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Gmel
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 23A, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Research Department, Addiction Switzerland, Avenue Louis-Ruchonnet 14, 1003 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Alcohol and Research Unit, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Simon Marmet
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 23A, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Social Work, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4600 Olten, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bertholet
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 23A, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wicki
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 23A, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Research, Development and Evaluation, Bern University of Teacher Education, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Studer
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 23A, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Adult Psychiatry North-West, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin des Chaux, 1196 Prangins, Switzerland
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6
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Wooden JI, Thompson KR, Guerin SP, Nawarawong NN, Nixon K. Consequences of adolescent alcohol use on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampal integrity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 160:281-304. [PMID: 34696876 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is the most commonly used drug among adolescents. Their decreased sensitivity to self-regulating cues to stop drinking coincides with an enhanced vulnerability to negative outcomes of excessive drinking. In adolescents, the hippocampus is one brain region that is particularly susceptible to alcohol-induced neurodegeneration. While cell death is causal, alcohol effects on adult neurogenesis also impact hippocampal structure and function. This review describes what little is known about adolescent-specific effects of alcohol on adult neurogenesis and its relationship to hippocampal integrity. For example, alcohol intoxication inhibits neurogenesis persistently in adolescents but produces aberrant neurogenesis after alcohol dependence. Little is known, however, about the role of adolescent-born neurons in hippocampal integrity or the mechanisms of these effects. Understanding the role of neurogenesis in adolescent alcohol use and misuse is critical to our understanding of adolescent susceptibility to alcohol pathology and increased likelihood of developing alcohol problems in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Wooden
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - K R Thompson
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - S P Guerin
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - N N Nawarawong
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - K Nixon
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
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7
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Melbourne JK, Chandler CM, Van Doorn CE, Bardo MT, Pauly JR, Peng H, Nixon K. Primed for addiction: A critical review of the role of microglia in the neurodevelopmental consequences of adolescent alcohol drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:1908-1926. [PMID: 34486128 PMCID: PMC8793635 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is one of the most widely used recreational substances worldwide, with drinking frequently initiated during adolescence. The developmental state of the adolescent brain makes it vulnerable to initiating alcohol use, often in high doses, and particularly susceptible to alcohol-induced brain changes. Microglia, the brain parenchymal macrophages, have been implicated in mediating some of these effects, though the role that these cells play in the progression from alcohol drinking to dependence remains unclear. Microglia are uniquely positioned to sense and respond to central nervous system insult, and are now understood to exhibit innate immune memory, or "priming," altering their future functional responses based on prior exposures. In alcohol use disorders (AUDs), the role of microglia is debated. Whereas microglial activation can be pathogenic, contributing to neuroinflammation, tissue damage, and behavioral changes, or protective, it can also engage protective functions, providing support and mediating the resolution of damage. Understanding the role of microglia in adolescent AUDs is complicated by the fact that microglia are thought to be involved in developmental processes such as synaptic refinement and myelination, which underlie the functional maturation of multiple brain systems in adolescence. Thus, the role microglia play in the impact of alcohol use in adolescence is likely multifaceted. Long-term sequelae may be due to a failure to recover from EtOH-induced tissue damage, altered neurodevelopmental trajectories, and/or persistent changes to microglial responsivity and function. Here, we review critically the literature surrounding the effects of alcohol on microglia in models of adolescent alcohol misuse. We attempt to disentangle what is known about microglia from other neuroimmune effectors, to which we apply recent discoveries on the role of microglia in development and plasticity. Considered altogether, these studies challenge assumptions that proinflammatory microglia drive addiction. Alcohol priming microglia and thereby perturbing their homeostatic roles in neurodevelopment, especially during critical periods of plasticity such as adolescence, may have more serious implications for the neuropathogenesis of AUDs in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K. Melbourne
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Cassie M. Chandler
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Michael T. Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - James R. Pauly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kimberly Nixon
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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8
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Farré‐Colomés À, Gerhardt S, Luderer M, Sobanski E, Kiefer F, Vollstädt‐Klein S. Common and distinct neural connectivity in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and alcohol use disorder studied using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:948-960. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Àlvar Farré‐Colomés
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
| | - Sarah Gerhardt
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
| | - Mathias Luderer
- Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Esther Sobanski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Medical Center Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN) Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
- Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sabine Vollstädt‐Klein
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN) Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
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9
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Gmel G, Marmet S, Studer J, Wicki M. Are Changes in Personality Traits and Alcohol Use Associated? A Cohort Study Among Young Swiss Men. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:591003. [PMID: 33424662 PMCID: PMC7785805 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.591003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: It is well known that certain personality traits are associated with alcohol use. Because less is known about it, we wished to investigate whether changes in alcohol use were longitudinally associated with changes in personality and in which direction the influence or causation might flow. Methods: Data came from the self-reported questionnaire answers of 5,125 young men at two time points during the Cohort study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF). Their average ages were 20.0 and 25.4 years old at the first and second wave assessments, respectively. Four personality traits were measured: (a) aggression-hostility; (b) sociability; (c) neuroticism-anxiety; and (d) sensation seeking. Alcohol use was measured by volume (drinks per week) and binge drinking (about 60+ grams per occasion). Cross-lagged panel models and two-wave latent change score models were used. Results: Aggression-hostility, sensation seeking, and sociability were significantly and positively cross-sectionally associated with both alcohol use variables. Drinking volume and these three personality traits bidirectionally predicted each other. Binge drinking was bidirectionally associated with sensation-seeking only, whereas aggression-hostility and sociability only predicted binge drinking, but not vice versa. Changes in alcohol use were significantly positively associated with changes in aggression-hostility, sensation seeking, and sociability. Associations reached small Cohen's effect sizes for sociability and sensation seeking, but not for aggression-hostility. Associations with neuroticism-anxiety were mostly not significant. Conclusion: The direction of effects confirmed findings from other studies, and the association between changes in personality and alcohol use support the idea that prevention programs should simultaneously target both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Gmel
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Alcohol and Research Unit, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Marmet
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Studer
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wicki
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Gamma oryzanol impairs alcohol-induced anxiety-like behavior in mice via upregulation of central monoamines associated with Bdnf and Il-1β signaling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10677. [PMID: 32606350 PMCID: PMC7326911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67689-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent alcohol exposure may increase anxiety-like behaviors by altering central monoaminergic functions and other important neuronal pathways. The present study was designed to investigate the anxiolytic effect of 0.5% γ-oryzanol (GORZ) and its neurochemical and molecular mechanisms under chronic 10% ethanol consumption. Five-week-old ICR male mice received either control (14% casein, AIN 93 M) or GORZ (14% casein, AIN 93 M + 0.5% GORZ) diets in this study. We showed that GORZ could potentially attenuate alcohol-induced anxiety-like behaviors by significantly improving the main behavioral parameters measured by the elevated plus maze test. Moreover, GORZ treatment significantly restored the alcohol-induced downregulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid in the hippocampus and improved homovanillic acid levels in the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, a recovery increase in the level of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol both in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex supported the anxiolytic effect of GORZ. The significant elevation and reduction in the hippocampus of relative mRNA levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and interleukin 1β, respectively, also showed the neuroprotective role of GORZ in ethanol-induced anxiety. Altogether, these results suggest that 0.5% GORZ is a promising neuroprotective drug candidate with potential anxiolytic, neurogenic, and anti-neuroinflammatory properties for treating adolescent alcohol exposure.
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11
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Helle AC, Trull TJ, Watts AL, McDowell Y, Sher KJ. Psychiatric Comorbidity as a Function of Severity: DSM-5 Alcohol Use Disorder and HiTOP Classification of Mental Disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:632-644. [PMID: 32125715 PMCID: PMC7117865 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the comorbidity of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and other psychiatric diagnoses has been a long-standing interest of researchers and mental health professionals. Comorbidity is often examined via the diagnostic co-occurrence of discrete, categorical diagnoses, which is incongruent with increasingly supported dimensional approaches of psychiatric classification and diagnosis, and for AUD more specifically. The present study examined associations between DSM-5 AUD and psychiatric symptoms of other DSM-IV and DSM-5 disorders categorically, and dimensionally organized according to the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) spectra (e.g., Internalizing, Disinhibited Externalizing). METHODS The comorbidity of AUD with other psychological disorders was examined in 2 independent nationally representative samples of past-year drinkers via an initial examination in the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) Wave 2 and replicated in NESARC-III. RESULTS Analyses focusing on psychopathology symptom counts organized by spectra demonstrated that greater AUD severity was associated with a higher number of symptoms across HiTOP spectra. Traditional categorical analyses also demonstrated increasing prevalence as a monotonic function of DSM-5 AUD severity gradients. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that AUD and other psychiatric disorder comorbidity implies increased presence of multiple forms of psychopathology with a corresponding increased number of symptoms across hierarchical spectra. Greater AUD severity increases the likelihood of other psychopathology and, when present, "more severe" presentations. That is, on average, a given disorder (e.g., depression) is more severe when copresenting with an AUD, and increases in severity along with the AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Helle
- From the, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Timothy J Trull
- From the, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ashley L Watts
- From the, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Yoanna McDowell
- From the, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kenneth J Sher
- From the, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
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12
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Salmanzadeh H, Ahmadi-Soleimani SM, Pachenari N, Azadi M, Halliwell RF, Rubino T, Azizi H. Adolescent drug exposure: A review of evidence for the development of persistent changes in brain function. Brain Res Bull 2020; 156:105-117. [PMID: 31926303 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, many studies have indicated that adolescence is a critical period of brain development and maturation. The refinement and maturation of the central nervous system over this prolonged period, however, makes the adolescent brain highly susceptible to perturbations from acute and chronic drug exposure. Here we review the preclinical literature addressing the long-term consequences of adolescent exposure to common recreational drugs and drugs-of-abuse. These studies on adolescent exposure to alcohol, nicotine, opioids, cannabinoids and psychostimulant drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamine, reveal a variety of long-lasting behavioral and neurobiological consequences. These agents can affect development of the prefrontal cortex and mesolimbic dopamine pathways and modify the reward systems, socio-emotional processing and cognition. Other consequences include disruption in working memory, anxiety disorders and an increased risk of subsequent drug abuse in adult life. Although preventive and control policies are a valuable approach to reduce the detrimental effects of drugs-of-abuse on the adolescent brain, a more profound understanding of their neurobiological impact can lead to improved strategies for the treatment and attenuation of the detrimental neuropsychiatric sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Salmanzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; TJ Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA
| | | | - Narges Pachenari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Azadi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robert F Halliwell
- TJ Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA
| | - Tiziana Rubino
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, VA, Italy
| | - Hossein Azizi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Helle AC, Watts AL, Trull TJ, Sher KJ. Alcohol Use Disorder and Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorders. Alcohol Res 2019; 40:arcr.v40.1.05. [PMID: 31886107 PMCID: PMC6927749 DOI: 10.35946/arcr.v40.1.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric disorders, including personality disorders, which are pervasive, persistent, and impairing. Personality disorders are associated with myriad serious outcomes, have a high degree of co-occurrence with substance use disorders, including AUD, and incur significant health care costs. This literature review focuses on co-occurring AUD and personality disorders characterized by impulsivity and affective dysregulation, specifically antisocial personality disorders and borderline personality disorders. Prevalence rates, potential explanations and causal models of co-occurrence, prognoses, and the status of existing treatment research are summarized. Several important future research considerations are relevant to these complex, co-occurring conditions. Research assessing mechanisms responsible for co-occurring AUD and antisocial personality disorder or borderline personality disorder will further delineate the underlying developmental processes and improve understanding of onset and courses. In addition, increased focus on the efficacy and effectiveness of treatments targeting underlying traits or common factors in these disorders will inform future prevention and treatment efforts, as interventions targeting these co-occurring conditions have relatively little empirical support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Helle
- Ashley C. Helle, Ph.D., is a Postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ashley L Watts
- Ashley L. Watts, Ph.D., is a Postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Timothy J Trull
- Timothy J. Trull, Ph.D., is a Curators' Distinguished Professor and a Byler Distinguished Professor in the Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kenneth J Sher
- Kenneth J. Sher, Ph.D., is a Curators' Distinguished Professor in the Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
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14
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Effects of age, sex, and puberty on neural efficiency of cognitive and motor control in adolescents. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:1089-1107. [PMID: 30903550 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Critical changes in adolescence involve brain cognitive maturation of inhibitory control processes that are essential for a myriad of adult functions. Cognitive control advances into adulthood as there is more flexible integration of component processes, including inhibitory control of conflicting information, overwriting inappropriate response tendencies, and amplifying relevant responses for accurate execution. Using a modified Stroop task with fMRI, we investigated the effects of age, sex, and puberty on brain functional correlates of cognitive and motor control in 87 boys and 91 girls across the adolescent age range. Results revealed dissociable brain systems for cognitive and motor control processes, whereby adolescents flexibly adapted neural responses to control demands. Specifically, when response repetitions facilitated planning-based action selection, frontoparietal-insular regions associated with cognitive control operations were less activated, whereas cortical-pallidal-cerebellar motor regions associated with motor skill acquisition, were more activated. Attenuated middle cingulate cortex activation occurred with older adolescent age for both motor control and cognitive control with automaticity from repetition learning. Sexual dimorphism for control operations occurred in extrastriate cortices involved in visuo-attentional selection: While boys enhanced extrastriate selection processes for motor control, girls activated these regions more for cognitive control. These sex differences were attenuated with more advanced pubertal stage. Together, our findings show that brain cognitive and motor control processes are segregated, demand-specific, more efficient in older adolescents, and differ between sexes relative to pubertal development. Our findings advance our understanding of how distributed brain activity and the neurodevelopment of automaticity enhances cognitive and motor control ability in adolescence.
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15
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Claus ED, Feldstein Ewing SW, Magnan RE, Montanaro E, Hutchison KE, Bryan AD. Neural mechanisms of risky decision making in adolescents reporting frequent alcohol and/or marijuana use. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 12:564-576. [PMID: 28429160 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Because adolescence is a period of heightened exploration of new behaviors, there is a natural increase in risk taking including initial use of alcohol and marijuana. In order to better understand potential differences in neurocognitive functioning among adolescents who use drugs, the current study aimed to identify the neural substrates of risky decision making that differ among adolescents who are primary users of alcohol or marijuana, primary users of both alcohol and marijuana, and controls who report primary use of neither drug. Participants completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Comparison of brain activation during risky decisions versus non-risky decisions across all subjects revealed greater response to risky decisions in dorsal anterior cinguate cortex (dACC), anterior insula, ventral striatum, and lateral prefrontal cortex. Group comparisons across non-using controls, primary marijuana, primary alcohol, and alcohol and marijuana users revealed several notable differences in the recruitment of brain regions. Adolescents who use both alcohol and marijauna show decreased response during risky decision making compared to controls in insula, striatum, and thalamus, and reduced differentiation of increasing risk in dACC, insula, striatum, and superior parietal lobe compared to controls. These results provide evidence of differential engagement of risky decision making circuits among adolescents with varying levels of alcohol and marijuana use, and may provide useful targets for longitudinal studies that explicitly address causality of these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Claus
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, 1101 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA.
| | - Sarah W Feldstein Ewing
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Mail Code: DC7P, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Renee E Magnan
- Psychology Department, Washington State University Vancouver, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave, VCLS 208, Vancouver, WA, 98686-9600, USA
| | - Erika Montanaro
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, 135 College Street, Suite 200, New Haven, CT, 06510-2483, USA
| | - Kent E Hutchison
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, 1101 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Muenzinger D244, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA
| | - Angela D Bryan
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, 1101 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Muenzinger D244, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA
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16
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Berenz EC, McNett S, Rappaport LM, Vujanovic AA, Viana AG, Dick D, Amstadter AB. Age of alcohol use initiation and psychiatric symptoms among young adult trauma survivors. Addict Behav 2019; 88:150-156. [PMID: 30195854 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) evidences high rates of comorbidity with a range of psychiatric disorders, particularly within high-risk populations, such as individuals exposed to physical or sexual violence. Increasing efforts are focused on understanding the role of early alcohol use (e.g., during adolescence) on emotional and psychiatric functioning over time, as well as sex differences in these associations. The aim of the current study was to evaluate patterns of association between age of initiation of regular alcohol use and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depressive symptoms as a function of sex. Participants were 269 college students with a history of interpersonal trauma and alcohol use who completed a battery of questionnaires regarding alcohol use and emotional health. Neither bivariate correlations nor results from structural equation models covarying for key factors showed a relationship between age of alcohol use initiation and current psychiatric symptoms among men (n = 63). Results of a structural equation model supported an association between earlier age of alcohol use initiation and greater levels of current PTSD (β = -0.14), anxiety (β = -0.15), and depression symptoms (β = -0.16) in the female sub-sample (n = 202), after controlling for covariates, as well as intercorrelations among criterion variables. Statistical support for sex as a moderator of these associations was not detected. The current study provides preliminary evidence for potential sex differences in the role of early alcohol use in the development of psychiatric symptoms and highlights the need for systematic longitudinal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Berenz
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Sage McNett
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lance M Rappaport
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Anka A Vujanovic
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andres G Viana
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Danielle Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ananda B Amstadter
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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17
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Martinez-Loredo V, Fernandez-Hermida JR, De La Torre-Luque A, Fernandez-Artamendi S. Trajectories of impulsivity by sex predict substance use and heavy drinking. Addict Behav 2018; 85:164-172. [PMID: 29910036 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although impulsivity and sensation seeking have been consistently associated with substance use, few studies have analyzed the relationship between changes in these variables and substance use in early adolescents. The aim of this study was to identify trajectories of impulsivity and sensation seeking and explore their relationship with substance use and heavy drinking. A total of 1342 non-user adolescents (53.6% males; mean age = 12.98, SD = 0.50) annually completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, the Zuckerman's Impulsive Sensation Seeking scale and a delay discounting task, over a total period of three years. Past alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use, drunkenness episodes (DE) and problem drinking were also assessed. Impulsivity trajectories were explored using latent class mixed modelling. To study their predictive power binary logistic regressions were used. Two trajectories of impulsivity were found in males and five were found in females. Males with an increasing impulsivity trajectory were more likely to report tobacco [odds ratio (OR) = 1.84] and cannabis (OR = 3.01) use, DE (OR = 2.44) and problem drinking (OR = 3.12). The early increasing trajectory in females predicted tobacco use (OR = 3.71), cannabis use (OR = 5.87) and DE (OR = 3.64). Lack of premeditation and delay discounting were the most relevant facets in high-risk trajectories. Selective intervention and more intense and tailored treatment might help these adolescents to reduce early increases in impulsivity and prevent escalation of substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Martinez-Loredo
- Clinical Unit of Addictive Behaviors, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Pza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Jose Ramon Fernandez-Hermida
- Clinical Unit of Addictive Behaviors, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Pza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Alejandro De La Torre-Luque
- Department of Psychiatry, Autonomous University of Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Fernandez-Artamendi
- Universidad Loyola Andalucia, Department of Psychology, C/ Energía solar, 1, 41014 Sevilla, Andalucía, Spain
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18
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Vladimirov D, Niemelä S, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Ala-Mursula L, Auvinen J, Timonen M, Miettunen J. Cloninger's Temperament Dimensions and Longitudinal Alcohol Use in Early Midlife: A Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1924-1932. [PMID: 30063251 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temperament is theorized to be an important factor contributing to the development of alcohol use disorder, but longitudinal studies on how temperament is related to alcohol use among general population in midlife are scarce. Our aims were to investigate potentially reciprocal associations between temperament and changes in alcohol use from age 31 to 46 using prospective birth cohort data. METHOD Within the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, alcohol use and temperament were studied at ages 31 and 46. Participants (N = 5,274) were classified into moderate users, abstainers and heavy users based on their mean alcohol use (g/d). Additionally, participants were categorized as steady users, reducers, or increasers. Multinomial regression analyses were conducted with Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) scores as factors influencing alcohol use using moderate and stable users as reference groups. Reciprocity of relations was assessed with cross-lagged structural equation modeling. RESULTS Temperament and alcohol use are rather stable in midlife. Novelty seeking (NS) predicted heavy use (OR = 1.4; CI: 1.3 to 1.6 for men, OR = 1.3; CI: 1.1 to 1.5 for women) and increasing use (OR = 1.2; CI: 1.1 to 1.4 for men, OR = 1.1; CI: 1.0 to 1.3 for women), whereas low NS predicted abstaining among women (OR = 0.7; CI: 0.6 to 0.8). High harm avoidance (HA) predicted abstaining (OR = 1.3; CI: 1.1 to 1.5) for men. Low persistence (P) among men predicted both abstaining (OR = 0.9; CI: 0.7 to 0.98) and heavy use (OR = 0.9; CI: 0.8 to 0.98). Among women, low reward dependence (RD) predicted heavy use (OR = 0.8; CI: 0.7 to 0.9). Among TCI scores, only NS predicted increasing use in the cross-lagged models. CONCLUSIONS Temperament has an impact on alcohol use in midlife. Of the TCI dimensions, only NS seems to predispose to increased alcohol use and problem use throughout life. Additionally, RD among women and P among men are significant factors from a life-course perspective. Our results did not support Cloninger's theory on type I alcoholism, as HA showed no relation to problematic alcohol use in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vladimirov
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Solja Niemelä
- Research Unit of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Leena Ala-Mursula
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Auvinen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markku Timonen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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19
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Fernández-Artamendi S, Martínez-Loredo V, Grande-Gosende A, Simpson IC, Fernández-Hermida JR. What Predicts What? Self-Reported and Behavioral Impulsivity and High-Risk Patterns of Alcohol Use in Spanish Early Adolescents: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:2022-2032. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Fernández-Artamendi
- Department of Psychology; Universidad Loyola Andalucía; Sevilla Andalucía Spain
- Department of Psychology; Addictive Behaviors Research Group; Universidad de Oviedo; Oviedo Asturias Spain
| | - Víctor Martínez-Loredo
- Department of Psychology; Addictive Behaviors Research Group; Universidad de Oviedo; Oviedo Asturias Spain
| | - Aris Grande-Gosende
- Department of Psychology; Addictive Behaviors Research Group; Universidad de Oviedo; Oviedo Asturias Spain
| | - Ian C. Simpson
- Department of Psychology; Universidad Loyola Andalucía; Sevilla Andalucía Spain
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20
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Montesinos J, Pascual M, Millán-Esteban D, Guerri C. Binge-like ethanol treatment in adolescence impairs autophagy and hinders synaptic maturation: Role of TLR4. Neurosci Lett 2018; 682:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Khurana A, Romer D, Betancourt LM, Hurt H. Modeling Trajectories of Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity Dimensions from Early to Late Adolescence: Universal Trends or Distinct Sub-groups? J Youth Adolesc 2018; 47:1992-2005. [PMID: 29980957 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-018-0891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Developmental imbalance models attribute the rise in risk-taking during adolescence to a universal imbalance between rising reward sensitivity and lagging cognitive control. This study tested predictions of an alternate Lifespan Wisdom Model that distinguishes between exploratory/adaptive (e.g., sensation seeking) and maladaptive (e.g., acting-without-thinking, delay discounting) risk-taking propensities and attributes the latter to a sub-set of youth with weak cognitive control. Latent trajectory modeling of six waves of data from 387 adolescents (52% females; spanning average ages of 11-18 years) revealed distinct sub-groups with heterogeneous trajectory patterns for acting-without-thinking and delay-discounting. Only those trajectory groups with weak cognitive control, characterized as "high-increasing" acting-without thinking and "high-stable" delay discounting were predictive of a maladaptive risk-taking outcome, namely substance use disorder. Sensation seeking demonstrated a universal peak, but high levels of sensation seeking were not associated with weakness in cognitive control and were unrelated to substance use disorder, controlling for impulsivity. The findings suggest that maladaptive risk-taking characterized by weak cognitive control over reward-driven impulses is a phenomenon limited to only a sub-set of youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atika Khurana
- College of Education, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
| | - Daniel Romer
- Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Laura M Betancourt
- Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hallam Hurt
- Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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22
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Luchetti M, Terracciano A, Stephan Y, Sutin AR. Alcohol use and personality change in middle and older adulthood: Findings from the Health and Retirement Study. J Pers 2018; 86:1003-1016. [PMID: 29357105 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Personality is known to predict alcohol consumption, but how alcohol use is related to personality change is less clear, especially at older ages. The present study examined the effects of level of alcohol consumption and history of dependence on change in the Five-Factor Model personality traits in a national cohort of Americans aged over 50. METHOD Over 10,000 adults who participated in 2006-2008 waves of the Health and Retirement Study reported on personality and alcohol use and were followed over 4 years. RESULTS Latent difference score models indicated decreases in Extraversion to be attenuated for individuals categorized as light-to-moderate drinkers at baseline, whereas decreases in Conscientiousness were accentuated by having experienced alcohol dependence symptoms. Moreover, personality difference scores correlated with changes in the amount of alcohol consumed at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that patterns of alcohol consumption are associated with changes in personality across the second half of the life span.
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23
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Harries MD, Redden SA, Leppink EW, Chamberlain SR, Grant JE. Sub-clinical Alcohol Consumption and Gambling Disorder. J Gambl Stud 2017; 33:473-486. [PMID: 27826730 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-016-9649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While it is well established that gambling disorder is associated with alcohol use disorder, less is known regarding whether sub-clinical alcohol consumption increases gambling behavior. This study examined the effects of varying levels of alcohol consumption on clinical and cognitive measures. The sample consisted of 572 non-treatment seeking gamblers age 18-29 who were divided into three groups: non-current drinkers, current drinkers who did not qualify for an alcohol use disorder, and those with an alcohol use disorder (AUD). All subjects were assessed on gambling pathology, severity and impulsivity using the Structured Clinical Interview for Gambling Disorder, Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for Pathologic Gambling and the Barratt Impulsive Scale-11 and select cognitive tests. In all of the clinical measures, controlling for age, gender and education, the AUD group was significantly more likely than the non-current and current drinkers to be a pathologic gambler and to be impulsive, compulsive and depressed. On cognitive tasks, controlling for age, gender and education, the AUD group had significantly worse strategy use on a spatial working memory task than both other groups. This study suggests that the relationship between alcohol and gambling may only exist when pathology in both alcohol consumption and gambling behavior is present. Examining this relationship with alcohol consumption as a continuous variable would provide additional insight into the potential effects alcohol consumption has on gambling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Harries
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC3077, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States.
| | - Sarah A Redden
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC3077, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Eric W Leppink
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC3077, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | | | - Jon E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC3077, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
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Weckler H, Kong G, Larsen H, Cousijn J, Wiers RW, Krishnan-Sarin S. Impulsivity and approach tendencies towards cigarette stimuli: Implications for cigarette smoking and cessation behaviors among youth. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2017; 25:363-372. [PMID: 29048185 PMCID: PMC6849389 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Impulsivity is associated with smoking, difficulties quitting smoking, and approach tendencies toward cigarette stimuli among adolescents. We examined the effects of impulsivity on (a) the association between approach tendencies and adolescents' smoking status and (b) the effectiveness of Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM), a smoking cessation intervention focused on changing approach tendencies, among adolescent smokers. We conducted a secondary analysis of evidence from 2 previous published studies: Study 1: a cross-sectional study comparing impulsivity and approach tendencies between adolescent smokers (n = 67) and nonsmokers (n = 58); Study 2: a treatment study that randomized 60 adolescent smokers to receive either CBM or sham training. Impulsivity was measured using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) and the Experiential Discounting Task (EDT). We found higher impulsivity, as determined by the BIS but not the EDT, increased adolescents' odds of being smokers. We observed that the interaction between EDT and approach tendencies also significantly predicted smoking status, however post hoc comparisons were not significant. Adolescents with higher BIS scores receiving CBM had increased odds of being abstinent at the end of treatment, but we found no association between EDT and treatment outcome. Our findings suggest that approach-bias modification (a form of CBM) may be more effective in impulsive adolescent smokers. Differences in findings for BIS and EDT highlight the complexity of the construct of impulsivity. Future studies with larger samples are needed to further disentangle the effects of different aspects of impulsivity on smoking behaviors and cessation outcomes among youth. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Helle Larsen
- Department of Developmental Psychology, ADAPT Lab, Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam
| | - Janna Cousijn
- Department of Developmental Psychology, ADAPT Lab, Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Department of Developmental Psychology, ADAPT Lab, Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam
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Vetreno RP, Yaxley R, Paniagua B, Johnson GA, Crews FT. Adult rat cortical thickness changes across age and following adolescent intermittent ethanol treatment. Addict Biol 2017; 22:712-723. [PMID: 26833865 PMCID: PMC4969224 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human studies have established that adolescence is a period of brain maturation that parallels the development of adult behaviors. However, little is known regarding cortical development in the adult rat brain. We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histology to assess the impact of age on adult Wistar rat cortical thickness on postnatal day (P)80 and P220 as well as the effect of adolescent binge ethanol exposure on adult (P80) cortical thickness. MRI revealed changes in cortical thickness between P80 and P220 that differ across cortical region. The adult P220 rat prefrontal cortex increased in thickness whereas cortical thinning occurred in both the cingulate and parietal cortices relative to young adult P80 rats. Histological analysis confirmed the age-related cortical thinning. In the second series of experiments, an animal model of adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE; 5.0 g/kg, intragastrically, 20 percent ethanol w/v, 2 days on/2 days off from P25 to P55) was used to assess the effects of alcohol on cortical thickness in young adult (P80) rats. MRI revealed that AIE resulted in region-specific cortical changes. A small region within the prefrontal cortex was significantly thinner whereas medial cortical regions were significantly thicker in young adult (P80) AIE-treated rats. The observed increase in cortical thickness was confirmed by histology. Thus, the rat cerebral cortex continues to undergo cortical thickness changes into adulthood, and adolescent alcohol exposure alters the young adult cortex that could contribute to brain dysfunction in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies; Department of Psychiatry; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Richard Yaxley
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies; Department of Psychiatry; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Beatriz Paniagua
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies; Department of Psychiatry; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - G. Allan Johnson
- Duke Center for In Vivo Microscopy; Duke University Medical Center; Durham NC USA
| | - Fulton T. Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies; Department of Psychiatry; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC USA
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Crews FT, Walter TJ, Coleman LG, Vetreno RP. Toll-like receptor signaling and stages of addiction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1483-1498. [PMID: 28210782 PMCID: PMC5420377 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athina Markou and her colleagues discovered persistent changes in adult behavior following adolescent exposure to ethanol or nicotine consistent with increased risk for developing addiction. Building on Dr. Markou's important work and that of others in the field, researchers at the Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies have found that persistent changes in behavior following adolescent stress or alcohol exposure may be linked to induction of immune signaling in brain. AIM This study aims to illuminate the critical interrelationship of the innate immune system (e.g., toll-like receptors [TLRs], high-mobility group box 1 [HMGB1]) in the neurobiology of addiction. METHOD This study reviews the relevant research regarding the relationship between the innate immune system and addiction. CONCLUSION Emerging evidence indicates that TLRs in brain, particularly those on microglia, respond to endogenous innate immune agonists such as HMGB1 and microRNAs (miRNAs). Multiple TLRs, HMGB1, and miRNAs are induced in the brain by stress, alcohol, and other drugs of abuse and are increased in the postmortem human alcoholic brain. Enhanced TLR-innate immune signaling in brain leads to epigenetic modifications, alterations in synaptic plasticity, and loss of neuronal cell populations, which contribute to cognitive and emotive dysfunctions. Addiction involves progressive stages of drug binges and intoxication, withdrawal-negative affect, and ultimately compulsive drug use and abuse. Toll-like receptor signaling within cortical-limbic circuits is modified by alcohol and stress in a manner consistent with promoting progression through the stages of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - T Jordan Walter
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Leon G Coleman
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Ryan P Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Lee BH, Lee HK. Longitudinal study shows that addictive Internet use during adolescence was associated with heavy drinking and smoking cigarettes in early adulthood. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106:497-502. [PMID: 27977879 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Existing studies showing an association between substance use disorders and Internet addiction have been limited due their cross-sectional design. This longitudinal study investigated the association between addictive Internet use during adolescence and heavy drinking and cigarette smoking in early adulthood. METHODS We focused on middle school students from the Korea Youth Panel Study who were 15 in 2003:1804 who did not drink alcohol and 2277 who did not smoke. Multivariate logistic analysis investigated the relationships between Internet use at the age of 15, with regard to location, time spent and reason for use, and drinking and smoking at the age of 20. RESULTS Using the Internet for chatting, games and adult websites at the age of 15 had a significant association with heavy drinking at the age of 20. The Internet café as the location for Internet use at the age of 15 was associated with smoking behaviour at the age of 20. CONCLUSION This study confirmed significant associations between addictive use of the Internet at the age of 15 and heavy drinking and cigarette smoking at the age of 20. The findings demonstrated the negative effects of addictive Internet use, one of the biggest problems with adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hye Lee
- Department of Public Health Science; Korea University Graduate School; Seoul South Korea
| | - Hae Kook Lee
- Department of Psychiatry; The Catholic University of Korea, Uijongbu St. Mary's Hospital; Uijongbu South Korea
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Peeters M, Oldehinkel T, Vollebergh W. Behavioral Control and Reward Sensitivity in Adolescents' Risk Taking Behavior: A Longitudinal TRAILS Study. Front Psychol 2017; 8:231. [PMID: 28261148 PMCID: PMC5313488 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental theories of risk behavior hypothesize that low behavioral control in combination with high reward sensitivity explains adolescents’ risk behavior. However, empirical studies examining this hypothesis while including actual risk taking behavior in adolescence are lacking. In this study we tested whether the imbalance between behavioral control and reward sensitivity underlies risk taking behavior in adolescence, using a nationally representative longitudinal sample of 715 adolescents, of which 66% revealed an increased risk for mental health problems. To assess behavioral control at age 11 we used both self-report (effortful control) as well as behavioral measures of cognitive control (i.e., working memory and response inhibition). Reward sensitivity was assessed with the Bangor Gambling Task. The main finding of this study was that effortful control at age 11 was the best predictor of risk taking behavior (alcohol and cannabis use) at age 16, particularly among adolescents who were more reward sensitive. Risk taking behavior in adolescents might be explained by relatively weak behavioral control functioning combined with high sensitivity for reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Peeters
- Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tineke Oldehinkel
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wilma Vollebergh
- Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
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Fenton T, Wiers RW. Free Will, Black Swans and Addiction. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2016; 10:157-165. [PMID: 28725285 PMCID: PMC5486524 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-016-9290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The current dominant perspective on addiction as a brain disease has been challenged recently by Marc Lewis, who argued that the brain-changes related to addiction are similar to everyday changes of the brain. From this alternative perspective, addictions are bad habits that can be broken, provided that people are motivated to change. In that case, autonomous choice or "free will" can overcome bad influences from genes and or environments and brain-changes related to addiction. Even though we concur with Lewis that there are issues with the brain disease perspective, we also argue that pointing to black swans can be important, that is: there can be severe cases where addiction indeed tips over into the category of brain disease, but obviously that does not prove that every case of addiction falls into the disease category, that all swans are black. We argue that, for example, people suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, can be described as having a brain disease, often caused by alcohol addiction. Moreover, the brain changes occurring with addiction are related to choice-behaviour (and the related notions of willed action), habit formation and insight, hence essential mental abilities to break the addiction. We argue for a more graded perspective, where both black swans (severe brain disease which makes recovery virtually impossible) and white swans (unaffected brain) are rare, and most cases of addiction come as geese in different shades of gray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Fenton
- King’s College London, Strand, London, UK
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Addiction, Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT)-lab, Department of Psychology, Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Hashemi P, Roshan-Milani S, Saboory E, Ebrahimi L, Soltanineghad M. Interactive effects of prenatal exposure to restraint stress and alcohol on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure behaviors in rat offspring. Alcohol 2016; 56:51-57. [PMID: 27542557 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to stress or alcohol increases vulnerability of brain regions involved in neurobehavioral development and programs susceptibility to seizure. To examine how prenatal alcohol interferes with stress-sensitive seizures, corticosterone (COS) blood levels and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure behaviors were investigated in rat pups, prenatally exposed to stress, alcohol, or both. Pregnant rats were exposed to stress and saline/alcohol on 17, 18, and 19 days of pregnancy and divided into four groups of control-saline (CS), control-alcohol (CA), restraint stress-saline (RS), and restraint stress-alcohol (RA). In CS/CA groups, rats received saline/alcohol (20%, 2 g/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]). In RS/RA groups, rats were exposed to restraint stress by being held immobile in a Plexiglas® tube (twice/day, 1 h/session), and received saline/alcohol, simultaneously. After parturition, on postnatal days 6 and 15 (P6 & P15), blood samples were collected from the pups to determine COS level. On P15 and P25, PTZ (45 mg/kg) was injected into the rest of the pups and seizure behaviors were then recorded. COS levels increased in pups of the RS group but not in pups of the RA group. Both focal and tonic-clonic seizures were prevalent and severe in pups of the RS group, whereas only focal seizures were prominent in pups of the CA group. However, pups prenatally exposed to co-administration of alcohol and stress, unexpectedly, did not show additive epileptic effects. The failure of pups prenatally exposed to alcohol to show progressive or facilitatory epileptic responses to stressors, indicates decreased plasticity and adaptability, which may negatively affect HPA-axis performance or hippocampal structure/function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paria Hashemi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Roshan-Milani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Saboory
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Loghman Ebrahimi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Maryam Soltanineghad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Crews FT, Vetreno RP, Broadwater MA, Robinson DL. Adolescent Alcohol Exposure Persistently Impacts Adult Neurobiology and Behavior. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:1074-1109. [PMID: 27677720 PMCID: PMC5050442 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.012138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period when physical and cognitive abilities are optimized, when social skills are consolidated, and when sexuality, adolescent behaviors, and frontal cortical functions mature to adult levels. Adolescents also have unique responses to alcohol compared with adults, being less sensitive to ethanol sedative-motor responses that most likely contribute to binge drinking and blackouts. Population studies find that an early age of drinking onset correlates with increased lifetime risks for the development of alcohol dependence, violence, and injuries. Brain synapses, myelination, and neural circuits mature in adolescence to adult levels in parallel with increased reflection on the consequence of actions and reduced impulsivity and thrill seeking. Alcohol binge drinking could alter human development, but variations in genetics, peer groups, family structure, early life experiences, and the emergence of psychopathology in humans confound studies. As adolescence is common to mammalian species, preclinical models of binge drinking provide insight into the direct impact of alcohol on adolescent development. This review relates human findings to basic science studies, particularly the preclinical studies of the Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood (NADIA) Consortium. These studies focus on persistent adult changes in neurobiology and behavior following adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE), a model of underage drinking. NADIA studies and others find that AIE results in the following: increases in adult alcohol drinking, disinhibition, and social anxiety; altered adult synapses, cognition, and sleep; reduced adult neurogenesis, cholinergic, and serotonergic neurons; and increased neuroimmune gene expression and epigenetic modifiers of gene expression. Many of these effects are specific to adolescents and not found in parallel adult studies. AIE can cause a persistence of adolescent-like synaptic physiology, behavior, and sensitivity to alcohol into adulthood. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that adolescent binge drinking leads to long-lasting changes in the adult brain that increase risks of adult psychopathology, particularly for alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies (F.T.C., R.P.V., M.A.B., D.L.R.), Department of Psychiatry (F.T.C., D.L.R.), and Department of Pharmacology (F.T.C.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ryan P Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies (F.T.C., R.P.V., M.A.B., D.L.R.), Department of Psychiatry (F.T.C., D.L.R.), and Department of Pharmacology (F.T.C.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Margaret A Broadwater
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies (F.T.C., R.P.V., M.A.B., D.L.R.), Department of Psychiatry (F.T.C., D.L.R.), and Department of Pharmacology (F.T.C.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Donita L Robinson
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies (F.T.C., R.P.V., M.A.B., D.L.R.), Department of Psychiatry (F.T.C., D.L.R.), and Department of Pharmacology (F.T.C.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Personality profile of binge drinking in university students is modulated by sex. A study using the Alternative Five Factor Model. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 165:120-5. [PMID: 27262897 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of binge drinking (BD), found especially among young people, is increasing worldwide and has become an important social and health concern. We studied, for the first time, the personality profile, using the Alternative Five Factor Model, among university students with BD and healthy controls, taking into account the possible influence of sex. METHODS 70 participants with BD (30 men) and 70 healthy controls (30 men) were included, selected to control for characteristics that are known to be related to BD (physical and mental disorders, consumption of other drugs, circadian rhythms), completed the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ). RESULTS The scores on Neuroticism-Anxiety and Impulsive Sensation-Seeking were higher in the BD group compared to the controls (p<0.001 in both cases). The higher scores in the BD group in Neuroticism-Anxiety are due to higher scores in the women's group (p=0.014), while those in Impulsive Sensation-Seeking are due to higher scores in the men's group (p=0.009), both in the Impulsivity and in the Sensation-Seeking subscales (p<0.045). CONCLUSIONS Sex could be a factor that modulates the endophenotype of drug dependence (impulsive and anxious personality) and the prevention and/or treatment programs for BD should include not only the management of the personality risk factors but also different tailored approaches according to sex.
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Vetreno RP, Yaxley R, Paniagua B, Crews FT. Diffusion tensor imaging reveals adolescent binge ethanol-induced brain structural integrity alterations in adult rats that correlate with behavioral dysfunction. Addict Biol 2016; 21:939-53. [PMID: 25678360 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is characterized by considerable brain maturation that coincides with the development of adult behavior. Binge drinking is common during adolescence and can have deleterious effects on brain maturation because of the heightened neuroplasticity of the adolescent brain. Using an animal model of adolescent intermittent ethanol [AIE; 5.0 g/kg, intragastric, 20 percent EtOH w/v; 2 days on/2 days off from postnatal day (P)25 to P55], we assessed the adult brain structural volumes and integrity on P80 and P220 using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). While we did not observe a long-term effect of AIE on structural volumes, AIE did reduce axial diffusivity (AD) in the cerebellum, hippocampus and neocortex. Radial diffusivity (RD) was reduced in the hippocampus and neocortex of AIE-treated animals. Prior AIE treatment did not affect fractional anisotropy (FA), but did lead to long-term reductions of mean diffusivity (MD) in both the cerebellum and corpus callosum. AIE resulted in increased anxiety-like behavior and diminished object recognition memory, the latter of which was positively correlated with DTI measures. Across aging, whole brain volumes increased, as did volumes of the corpus callosum and neocortex. This was accompanied by age-associated AD reductions in the cerebellum and neocortex as well as RD and MD reductions in the cerebellum. Further, we found that FA increased in both the cerebellum and corpus callosum as rats aged from P80 to P220. Thus, both age and AIE treatment caused long-term changes to brain structural integrity that could contribute to cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Vetreno
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies; Department of Psychiatry; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Richard Yaxley
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies; Department of Psychiatry; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Beatriz Paniagua
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies; Department of Psychiatry; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Fulton T. Crews
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies; Department of Psychiatry; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC USA
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Pourhassanali N, Roshan-Milani S, Kheradmand F, Motazakker M, Bagheri M, Saboory E. Zinc attenuates ethanol-induced Sertoli cell toxicity and apoptosis through caspase-3 mediated pathways. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 61:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Montesinos J, Pascual M, Rodríguez-Arias M, Miñarro J, Guerri C. Involvement of TLR4 in the long-term epigenetic changes, rewarding and anxiety effects induced by intermittent ethanol treatment in adolescence. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 53:159-171. [PMID: 26686767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in humans and experimental animals have demonstrated the vulnerability of the adolescent brain to actions of ethanol and the long-term consequences of binge drinking, including the behavioral and cognitive deficits that result from alcohol neurotoxicity, and increased risk to alcohol abuse and dependence. Although the mechanisms that participate in these effects are largely unknown, we have shown that ethanol by activating innate immune receptors, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), induces neuroinflammation, impairs myelin proteins and causes cognitive dysfunctions in adolescent mice. Since neuroimmune signaling is also involved in alcohol abuse, the aim of this study was to assess whether ethanol treatment in adolescence promotes the long-term synaptic and molecular events associated with alcohol abuse and addiction. Using wild-type (WT) and TLR4-deficient (TLR4-KO) adolescent mice treated intermittently with ethanol (3g/kg) for 2 weeks, we showed that binge-like ethanol treatment in adolescent mice promotes short- and long-term alterations in synaptic plasticity and epigenetic changes in the promoter region of bdnf and fosb, which increased their expression in the mPFC of young adult animals. These molecular events were associated with long-term rewarding and anxiogenic-related behavioral effects, along with increased alcohol preference. Our results further showed the participation of neuroimmune system activation and the TLR4 signaling response since deficient mice in TLR4 (TLR4-KO) are protected against molecular and behavioral alterations of ethanol in the adolescent brain. Our results highlight a new role of the neuroimmune function and open up new avenues to develop pharmacological treatments that can normalize the immune signaling responsible for long-term effects in adolescence, including alcohol abuse and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Montesinos
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Pascual
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Miñarro
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
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Marshall AM, Heffernan T, Hamilton C. The Synergistic Impact of Excessive Alcohol Drinking and Cigarette Smoking upon Prospective Memory. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:75. [PMID: 27199782 PMCID: PMC4846809 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The independent use of excessive amounts of alcohol or persistent cigarette smoking have been found to have a deleterious impact upon Prospective Memory (PM: remembering future intentions and activities), although to date, the effect of their concurrent use upon PM is yet to be explored. The present study investigated the impact of the concurrent use of drinking excessive amounts of alcohol and smoking cigarettes (a "Polydrug" group) in comparison to the combined effect of the single use of these substances upon PM. The study adopted a single factorial independent groups design. The Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT) is a test of both time-based and event-based PM and was used here to measure PM. The CAMPROMPT was administered to 125 adults; an excessive alcohol user group (n = 40), a group of smokers who drink very little alcohol (n = 20), a combined user group (the "Polydrug" group) who drink excessively and smoke cigarettes (n = 40) and a non-drinker/low alcohol consumption control group (n = 25). The main findings revealed that the Polydrug users recalled significantly fewer time-based PM tasks than both excessive alcohol users p < 0.001 and smokers p = 0.013. Polydrug users (mean = 11.47) also remembered significantly fewer event-based PM tasks than excessive alcohol users p < 0.001 and smokers p = 0.013. With regards to the main aim of the study, the polydrug users exhibited significantly greater impaired time-based PM than the combined effect of single excessive alcohol users and cigarette smokers p = 0.033. However, no difference was observed between polydrug users and the combined effect of single excessive alcohol users and cigarette smokers in event-based PM p = 0.757. These results provide evidence that concurrent (polydrug) use of these two substances has a synergistic effect in terms of deficits upon time-based PM. The observation that combined excessive drinking and cigarette smoking leads to a greater impairment in time-based PM may be of paramount importance, given the key role PM plays in everyday independent living.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Heffernan
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Colin Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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Blonigen DM, Durbin CE, Hicks BM, Johnson W, McGue M, Iacono WG. Alcohol use initiation is associated with changes in personality trait trajectories from early adolescence to young adulthood. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:2163-70. [PMID: 26419887 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent work has demonstrated the codevelopment of personality traits and alcohol use characteristics from early adolescence to young adulthood. Few studies, however, have tested whether alcohol use initiation impacts trajectories of personality over this time period. We examined the effect of alcohol use initiation on personality development from early adolescence to young adulthood. METHODS Participants were male (nmen = 2,350) and female (nwomen = 2,618) twins and adoptees from 3 community-based longitudinal studies conducted at the Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research. Data on personality traits of Positive Emotionality (PEM; Well-being), Negative Emotionality (NEM; Stress Reaction, Alienation, and Aggression), and Constraint (CON; Control and Harm Avoidance)-assessed via the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ)-and age of first drink were collected for up to 4 waves spanning ages 10 to 32. RESULTS Alcohol use initiation was associated with significant decreases in levels of Well-being and CON traits, most notably Control; and significant increases in levels of all NEM traits, particularly Aggression. In general, the effects of alcohol use initiation on personality traits were moderated by gender and enhanced among those with earlier age of first drink. CONCLUSIONS From early adolescence to young adulthood, alcohol use initiation predicts deviations from normative patterns of personality maturation. Such findings offer a potential mechanism underlying the codevelopment of personality traits and alcohol use characteristics during this formative period of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Blonigen
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California
| | - C Emily Durbin
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Brian M Hicks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Wendy Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Wiers RW, Boelema SR, Nikolaou K, Gladwin TE. On the Development of Implicit and Control Processes in Relation to Substance Use in Adolescence. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2015; 2:141-155. [PMID: 25960940 PMCID: PMC4412508 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-015-0053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period in which brain structures involved in motivation and cognitive control continue to develop and also a period in which many youth begin substance use. Dual-process models propose that, among substance users, implicit or automatically activated neurocognitive processes gain in relative influence on substance use behavior, while the influence of cognitive control or reflective processes weakens. There is evidence that a variety of implicit cognitive processes, such as attentional bias, biased action tendencies (approach bias), memory bias and at a neural level, cue reactivity, are associated with adolescent substance use. The impact of these implicit processes on the further development of addictive behaviors appears to depend on moderating factors, such as (premorbid) executive control functions. Clear negative effects of adolescent substance use on executive control functions generally have not been found using behavioral tasks, although some studies have identified subtle and specific effects on cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinout W. Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarai R. Boelema
- Department of Cultural Diversity and Youth, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kiki Nikolaou
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas E. Gladwin
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Centre-Military Mental Health, Ministry of Defense, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Liu W, Crews FT. Adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure enhances ethanol activation of the nucleus accumbens while blunting the prefrontal cortex responses in adult rat. Neuroscience 2015; 293:92-108. [PMID: 25727639 PMCID: PMC4821202 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The brain continues to develop through adolescence when excessive alcohol consumption is prevalent in humans. We hypothesized that binge drinking doses of ethanol during adolescence will cause changes in brain ethanol responses that persist into adulthood. To test this hypothesis Wistar rats were treated with an adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE; 5 g/kg, i.g. 2 days on-2 days off; P25-P54) model of underage drinking followed by 25 days of abstinence during maturation to young adulthood (P80). Using markers of neuronal activation c-Fos, EGR1, and phophorylated extracellar signal regulated kinase (pERK1/2), adult responses to a moderate and binge drinking ethanol challenge, e.g., 2 or 4 g/kg, were determined. Adult rats showed dose dependent increases in neuronal activation markers in multiple brain regions during ethanol challenge. Brain regional responses correlated are consistent with anatomical connections. AIE led to marked decreases in adult ethanol PFC (prefrontal cortex) and blunted responses in the amygdala. Binge drinking doses led to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) activation that correlated with the ventral tegmental area (VTA) activation. In contrast to other brain regions, AIE enhanced the adult NAc response to binge drinking doses. These studies suggest that adolescent alcohol exposure causes long-lasting changes in brain responses to alcohol that persist into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Liu
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, United States.
| | - F T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, United States.
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Janssen T, Larsen H, Vollebergh WAM, Wiers RW. Longitudinal relations between cognitive bias and adolescent alcohol use. Addict Behav 2015; 44:51-57. [PMID: 25480559 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To prospectively predict the development of adolescent alcohol use with alcohol-related cognitive biases, and to predict the development of alcohol-related cognitive biases with aspects of impulsivity. METHODS Data were used from a two-year, four-wave online sample of 378 Dutch young adolescents (mean age 14.9 years, 64.8% female). With zero-inflated Poisson regression analysis we prospectively predicted weekly alcohol use using baseline cognitive biases. Additionally, multiple regression analyses were used to prospectively predict the emergence of alcohol-specific cognitive biases by baseline impulsivity and alcohol use. RESULTS Zero-inflated Poisson analyses demonstrated that the Visual Probe Task reliably predicted weekly alcohol use at different time points. Baseline alcohol use and baseline impulsivity measures did generally not predict alcohol-specific cognitive biases. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study indicated that while certain measures of alcohol-related attentional bias predicted later alcohol use in young adolescents, approach biases did not. Baseline measures of impulsivity and alcohol use did not predict later alcohol-related cognitive biases. We discuss implications for cognitive models on the development of cognitive biases and their role in early addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Janssen
- University of Amsterdam, Research Priority Area Yield, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Helle Larsen
- University of Amsterdam, Research Priority Area Yield, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Reinout W Wiers
- University of Amsterdam, Research Priority Area Yield, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Boutros N, Semenova S, Liu W, Crews FT, Markou A. Adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure is associated with increased risky choice and decreased dopaminergic and cholinergic neuron markers in adult rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu003. [PMID: 25612895 PMCID: PMC4368879 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge drinking is prevalent during adolescence and may have effects on the adult brain and behavior. The present study investigated whether adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure alters adult risky choice and prefrontal dopaminergic and forebrain cholinergic neuronal marker levels in male Wistar rats. METHODS Adolescent (postnatal day 28-53) rats were administered 5 g/kg of 25% (vol/vol) ethanol 3 times/d in a 2-days-on/2-days-off exposure pattern. In adulthood, risky choice was assessed in the probability discounting task with descending and ascending series of large reward probabilities and after acute ethanol challenge. Immunohistochemical analyses assessed tyrosine hydroxylase, a marker of dopamine and norepinephrine in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortices, and choline acetyltransferase, a marker of cholinergic neurons, in the basal forebrain. RESULTS All of the rats preferred the large reward when it was delivered with high probability. When the large reward became unlikely, control rats preferred the smaller, safe reward, whereas adolescent intermittent ethanol-exposed rats continued to prefer the risky alternative. Acute ethanol had no effect on risky choice in either group of rats. Tyrosine hydroxylase (prelimbic cortex only) and choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity levels were decreased in adolescent intermittent ethanol-exposed rats compared with controls. Risky choice was negatively correlated with choline acetyltransferase, implicating decreased forebrain cholinergic activity in risky choice. CONCLUSIONS The decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase and choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity suggest that adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure has enduring neural effects that may lead to altered adult behaviors, such as increased risky decision making. In humans, increased risky decision making could lead to maladaptive, potentially harmful consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Athina Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (Drs Boutros, Semenova, Markou); Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Drs Liu, Crews).
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The effects of violence exposure on the development of impulse control and future orientation across adolescence and early adulthood: Time-specific and generalized effects in a sample of juvenile offenders. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 27:1267-83. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414001394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractImpulse control and future orientation increase across adolescence, but little is known about how contextual factors shape the development of these capacities. The present study investigates how stress exposure, operationalized as exposure to violence, alters the developmental pattern of impulse control and future orientation across adolescence and early adulthood. In a sample of 1,354 serious juvenile offenders, higher exposure to violence was associated with lower levels of future orientation at age 15 and suppressed development of future orientation from ages 15 to 25. Increases in witnessing violence or victimization were linked to declines in impulse control 1 year later, but only during adolescence. Thus, beyond previous experiences of exposure to violence, witnessing violence and victimization during adolescence conveys unique risk for suppressed development of self-regulation.
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Schulte MH, Cousijn J, den Uyl TE, Goudriaan AE, van den Brink W, Veltman DJ, Schilt T, Wiers RW. Recovery of neurocognitive functions following sustained abstinence after substance dependence and implications for treatment. Clin Psychol Rev 2014; 34:531-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Shin SH, Chung Y, Jeon SM. Impulsivity and substance use in young adulthood. Am J Addict 2014; 22:39-45. [PMID: 23398225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although the significant role of impulsive personality on substance use has been widely documented, distinct aspects of impulsivity and their relation to substance use during young adulthood have received scant attention. We sought to fill this research gap and explored impulsivity subtraits in relation to hazardous drinking and illicit substance use in young adulthood. METHODS The present study used cross-sectional survey data collected from a community sample of 257 young adults aged 18-25 (53% female). Data were primarily analyzed by three different types of regression models. RESULTS We found impulsivity to be more strongly associated with illicit substance use than hazardous drinking during young adulthood. Among the four impulsivity subtraits examined, lack of premeditation (p < .01) and sensation seeking (p < .05) were significantly related to illicit substance use in young adulthood. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that each impulsivity subtrait might play different roles in illicit substance use during young adulthood. For young adults, assessment of differential patterns of impulsive personality in individuals with substance use problems may have important implication for treatment strategies.
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Abstract
Chronic use of alcohol results in progressive changes to brain and behavior that often lead to the development of alcohol dependence and alcoholism. Although the mechanisms underlying the development of alcoholism remain to be fully elucidated, diminished executive functioning due to hypoactive prefrontal cortex executive control and hyperactive limbic system anxiety and negative emotion might contribute mechanistically to the shift from experimental use to alcoholism and dependence. In the chapter that follows, behavioral deficits associated with cortical dysfunction and neurodegeneration will be related to the behavioral characteristics of alcoholism (e.g., diminished executive function, impulsivity, altered limbic modulation). We will provide evidence that alterations in cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB: neurotrophic) and NF-κB (neuroimmune) signaling contribute to the development and persistence of alcoholism. In addition, genetic predispositions and an earlier age of drinking onset will be discussed as contributing factors to the development of alcohol dependence and alcoholism. Overall chronic ethanol-induced neuroimmune gene induction is proposed to alter limbic and frontal neuronal networks contributing to the development and persistence of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - F T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Coleman LG, Liu W, Oguz I, Styner M, Crews FT. Adolescent binge ethanol treatment alters adult brain regional volumes, cortical extracellular matrix protein and behavioral flexibility. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 116:142-51. [PMID: 24275185 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents binge drink more than any other age group, increasing risk of disrupting the development of the frontal cortex. We hypothesized that adolescent binge drinking would lead to persistent alterations in adulthood. In this study, we modeled adolescent weekend underage binge-drinking, using adolescent mice (post-natal days [P] 28-37). The adolescent intermittent binge ethanol (AIE) treatment includes 6 binge intragastric doses of ethanol in an intermittent pattern across adolescence. Assessments were conducted in adulthood following extended abstinence to determine if there were persistent changes in adults. Reversal learning, open field and other behavioral assessments as well as brain structure using magnetic imaging and immunohistochemistry were determined. We found that AIE did not impact adult Barnes Maze learning. However, AIE did cause reversal learning deficits in adults. AIE also caused structural changes in the adult brain. AIE was associated with adulthood volume enlargements in specific brain regions without changes in total brain volume. Enlarged regions included the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC, 4%), cerebellum (4.5%), thalamus (2%), internal capsule (10%) and genu of the corpus callosum (7%). The enlarged OFC volume in adults after AIE is consistent with previous imaging studies in human adolescents. AIE treatment was associated with significant increases in the expression of several extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the adult OFC including WFA (55%), Brevican (32%), Neurocan (105%), Tenacin-C (25%), and HABP (5%). These findings are consistent with AIE causing persistent changes in brain structure that could contribute to a lack of behavioral flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Garland Coleman
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, United States.
| | - Wen Liu
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, United States.
| | - Ipek Oguz
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, United States; Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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Schütz E, Garcia D, Archer T. Affective state, stress, and Type A-personality as a function of gender and affective profiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5861/ijrsp.2013.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Peeters M, Vollebergh WAM, Wiers RW, Field M. Psychological changes and cognitive impairments in adolescent heavy drinkers. Alcohol Alcohol 2013; 49:182-6. [PMID: 24169114 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agt162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by increased risk-taking behavior, including the initiation of alcohol and other substance use. In this brief review paper we describe psychological and cognitive constructs that are associated with heavy drinking during adolescence. These associations raise the question of causality: is alcohol somehow neurotoxic, or can we identify specific psychological and cognitive variables that serve as risk factors for the escalation of heavy drinking? METHODS This narrative review summarizes results of recent prospective studies that focus on causal relationships between adolescents' alcohol use, and psychological changes and cognitive impairments. RESULTS Psychological constructs such as elevated impulsivity and poor executive function are risk factors for alcohol involvement in youth. Furthermore heavy drinking during adolescence, particularly in a binge pattern, may exert neurotoxic effects and produce corresponding changes in executive function, perhaps setting the stage for the development of alcohol use disorders later on in life. CONCLUSION Although the findings of the discussed studies shed light on the nature of the relationships between alcohol involvement and cognitive deficits, the question of cause and effect remains unanswered. The limitations of existing research and the need for well-powered prospective studies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Peeters
- Corresponding author: School of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK.
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Armstrong JM, Ruttle PL, Burk LR, Costanzo PR, Strauman TJ, Essex MJ. Early risk factors for alcohol use across high school and its covariation with deviant friends. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2013; 74:746-56. [PMID: 23948534 PMCID: PMC3749318 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2013.74.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Past research has associated childhood characteristics and experiences with alcohol use at single time points in adolescence. Other work has focused on drinking trajectories across adolescence but with risk factors typically no earlier than middle or high school. Similarly, although the connection between underage drinking and affiliation with deviant friends is well established, early risk factors for their covariation across adolescence are uncertain. The present study examines the influence of early individual and contextual factors on (a) trajectories across high school of per-occasion alcohol use and (b) the covariation of alcohol use and deviant friends over time. METHOD In a longitudinal community sample (n = 374; 51% female), temperamental disinhibition, authoritarian and authoritative parenting, and parental alcohol use were assessed during childhood, and adolescents reported on alcohol use and affiliation with deviant friends in the spring of Grades 9, 10, 11, and 12. RESULTS Early parental alcohol use predicted the intercept of adolescent drinking. Subsequent patterns of adolescent alcohol use were predicted by sex and interactions of sex and childhood disinhibition with early authoritarian parenting. Additionally, childhood disinhibition interacted with parental alcohol use to moderate the covariation of drinking and deviant friends. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight early individual and contextual risk factors for alcohol use across high school, extending previous work and underscoring the importance of developmental approaches and longitudinal techniques for understanding patterns of growth in underage drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA.
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Sanchez ZM, Santos MGR, Pereira APD, Nappo SA, Carlini EA, Carlini CM, Martins SS. Childhood alcohol use may predict adolescent binge drinking: a multivariate analysis among adolescents in Brazil. J Pediatr 2013; 163:363-8. [PMID: 23434122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that first alcohol use during childhood is associated with heavy drinking patterns during adolescence and with parental drinking patterns and parental rules about alcohol consumption. STUDY DESIGN A national cross-sectional survey of 17,371 high-school students. Students were drawn from 789 public and private schools in all the Brazilian state capitals using a multistage probabilistic sampling method and a self-report questionnaire. Weighted data were analyzed through logistic regression testing for differences on the associated factors for first use of alcohol during childhood. Survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard models were used to confirm results. RESULTS Among the 82% alcohol lifetime users, 11% had first used alcohol before age 12 years. The lack of perception of possible punishment by parents is associated with childhood alcohol use (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.67-2.95). Adolescents who first used alcohol during childhood compared with those who only used alcohol at later ages are more likely to engage in binge drinking behaviors (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.17-2.10), to have a pattern of heavy alcohol use (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.26-3.09), and to have recently used illegal drugs (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.39-2.16). According to hazard ratios, students with an earlier age of onset were more likely to have used tobacco and any illegal drug in the past year. CONCLUSIONS Childhood alcohol may be a risk factor for the most dangerous patterns of alcohol use in adolescence and is associated with parental alcohol use. Parental rules about child alcohol use must be clear because perception of punishment might delay the age of first alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zila M Sanchez
- Brazilian Center of Information of Psychotropic Drugs (CEBRID), Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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