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Lei H, Zhang H, Wang Y, Li J, Wang X, Lou C, Cai X. One novel single nucleotide polymorphism c.424A>G on A1.02 allele in ABO glycosyltransferases leads to A weak phenotype. J Formos Med Assoc 2024:S0929-6646(24)00088-3. [PMID: 38331639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dysfunction of the ABO glycosyltransferase (GT) enzyme, which is caused by mutations in the ABO gene, can lead to weak ABO phenotypes. In this study, we have discovered a novel weak ABO subgroup allele and investigated the underlying mechanism to causing its Aweak phenotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ABO phenotyping and genotyping were performed by serological studies and direct DNA sequencing of ABO gene. The role of the novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was evaluated by 3D model, predicting protein structure changes, and in vitro expression assay. The total glycosyltransferase transfer capacity in supernatant of transfected cells was examined. RESULTS The results of serological showed the subject was Aweak phenotype. A novel SNP c.424A > G (p. M142V) based on ABO*A1.02 was identified, and the genotype of the subject was AW-var/O.01 according to the gene analysis. In silico analysis showed that the SNP c.424A > G on the A allele may change the local conformation by damaging the hydrogen bonds and reduce the stability of GT. In vitro expression study showed that SNP p.M142V impaired H to A antigen conversion, although it did not affect the generation of A glycosyltransferase (GTA). CONCLUSIONS One novel AW allele was identified and the SNP c.424A > G (p.M142V) can cause the Aweak phenotype through damaging the hydrogen bonds and reducing stability of the GTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Blood Transfusion Department, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Blood Transfusion Department, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Blood Transfusion Department, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Blood Transfusion Department, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Can Lou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Blood Transfusion Department, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaohong Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Blood Transfusion Department, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Mironov AA, Savin MA, Zaitseva AV, Dimov ID, Sesorova IS. Mechanisms of Formation of Antibodies against Blood Group Antigens That Do Not Exist in the Body. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15044. [PMID: 37894724 PMCID: PMC10606600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The system of the four different human blood groups is based on the oligosaccharide antigens A or B, which are located on the surface of blood cells and other cells including endothelial cells, attached to the membrane proteins or lipids. After transfusion, the presence of these antigens on the apical surface of endothelial cells could induce an immunological reaction against the host. The final oligosaccharide sequence of AgA consists of Gal-GlcNAc-Gal (GalNAc)-Fuc. AgB contains Gal-GlcNAc-Gal (Gal)-Fuc. These antigens are synthesised in the Golgi complex (GC) using unique Golgi glycosylation enzymes (GGEs). People with AgA also synthesise antibodies against AgB (group A [II]). People with AgB synthesise antibodies against AgA (group B [III]). People expressing AgA together with AgB (group AB [IV]) do not have these antibodies, while people who do not express these antigens (group O [0; I]) synthesise antibodies against both antigens. Consequently, the antibodies are synthesised against antigens that apparently do not exist in the body. Here, we compared the prediction power of the main hypotheses explaining the formation of these antibodies, namely, the concept of natural antibodies, the gut bacteria-derived antibody hypothesis, and the antibodies formed as a result of glycosylation mistakes or de-sialylation of polysaccharide chains. We assume that when the GC is overloaded with lipids, other less specialised GGEs could make mistakes and synthesise the antigens of these blood groups. Alternatively, under these conditions, the chylomicrons formed in the enterocytes may, under this overload, linger in the post-Golgi compartment, which is temporarily connected to the endosomes. These compartments contain neuraminidases that can cleave off sialic acid, unmasking these blood antigens located below the acid and inducing the production of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Mironov
- Department of Cell Biology, IFOM ETS—The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Maksim A. Savin
- The Department for Welding Production and Technology of Constructional Materials, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Prospekt, 29, 614990 Perm, Russia;
| | - Anna V. Zaitseva
- Department of Anatomy, Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ivan D. Dimov
- Department of Cell Biology, IFOM ETS—The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Irina S. Sesorova
- Department of Anatomy, Ivanovo State Medical Academy, 153012 Ivanovo, Russia
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Chaudhary R, Das SS. Application of flow cytometry in transfusion medicine: The Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, India experience. Asian J Transfus Sci 2022; 16:159-166. [PMID: 36687536 PMCID: PMC9855202 DOI: 10.4103/ajts.ajts_61_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of flow cytometry (FC) is diverse and this powerful tool in used in multiple disciplines such as molecular biology, immunology, cancer biology, virology, and infectious disease screening. FC analyzes a single cell or a particle very rapidly as they flow past single or multiple lasers while suspended in buffered solution. FC has a great impact in the field of transfusion medicine (TM) due to its ability to analyze individual cell population and cell epitopes by sensitive, reproducible, and objective methodologies. The main uses of FC in TM are detection of fetomaternal hemorrhage, diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, quantification of D antigen, detection of platelet antibody, quality control of blood components, for example, residual leukocyte counts and evaluation of CD34-positive hematopoietic progenitor cells in stem cell grafts. In recent years, FC has been implemented as an alternative method for the detection and characterization of red cell autoantibodies in autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Many workers considered FC as a very good complement when aberrant expression of various erythrocyte antigens needs to be elucidated. It has been extensively used in the resolution of ABO discrepancies and chimerism study. FC has also been used successfully in various platelet immunological studies. In the recent past, FC has been used in several studies to assess the platelet storage lesions and elucidate granulocyte/monocyte integrity and immunology. FC analysis of CD34+ stem cells is now the method of choice to determine the dosage of the collected progenitor cells. The technique is vastly used to evaluate residual leukocytes in leukodepleted blood components. We conclude that flow cytometers are becoming smaller, cheaper, and more user-friendly and are available in many routine laboratories. FC represents a highly innovative technique for many common diagnostic and scientific fields in TM. Finally, it is the tool of choice to develop and optimize new cellular and immunotherapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Chaudhary
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudipta Sekhar Das
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Apollo Multispeciality Hospitals, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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孙 文, 何 婷, 韩 军, 任 晓, 李 萌. [Genetic analysis of weakened expression of ABO blood group antigen in 20 cases]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:1431-1435. [PMID: 34658361 PMCID: PMC8526322 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.09.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the molecular mechanism for weakened expression of ABO blood group antigens in 20 cases. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 20 cases with weakened expression of ABO blood group antigens, including 12 children undergoing elective surgery and 8 of their parents or grandparents. Serological identification of the ABO blood group was performed using microcolumn agglutination method and saline test tube method. The PCR products of exons 1-7 and their upstream promoter region of the ABO gene were directly sequenced for genotyping. RESULTS In 11 of the cases, the ABO genotype could be determined by pedigree analysis (including 1 case of ABO*A2.01/ABO*B.01, 1 case of ABO*A2.01/ ABO*O01.01, 1 case of A1.02/B3.04, 2 cases of B3.04/O.01.01, 2 cases of B3.02/O.01.02, and 4 cases of Bw.12/O.01.01). Pedigree analysis revealed deletion mutation at -35_-18 nt in the ABO promoter region in 3 cases, indicating that the mutation occurred in the B allele; a C > T mutation occurred at -119 nt in the ABO promoter region in 1 case; a C deletion at 1054 nt in exon 7 was identified in 1 case; no mutation was found in exons 1-7 and their regulatory region of ABO gene in 4 cases. CONCLUSION The C > T mutation at-119 nt in the promoter region and the deletion mutation at 1054 nt in exon 7 of ABO gene are probably new mutations leading to abnormal expression of ABO blood group antigens. Some ABO subtypes may be associated with abnormal introns or mRNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- 文杰 孙
- />南京医科大学附属儿童医院输血科,江苏 南京 210008Department of Blood Transfusion, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - 婷 何
- />南京医科大学附属儿童医院输血科,江苏 南京 210008Department of Blood Transfusion, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - 军 韩
- />南京医科大学附属儿童医院输血科,江苏 南京 210008Department of Blood Transfusion, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - 晓艳 任
- />南京医科大学附属儿童医院输血科,江苏 南京 210008Department of Blood Transfusion, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - 萌 李
- />南京医科大学附属儿童医院输血科,江苏 南京 210008Department of Blood Transfusion, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
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Two novel mutations p. L319V and p. L91P in ABO glycosyltransferases lead to A el and B el phenotypes. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2020; 18:471-477. [PMID: 32281923 DOI: 10.2450/2020.008-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations of the ABO gene may cause the dysfunction of ABO glycosyltransferase (GT) that can result in weak ABO phenotypes. Here, we identified two novel weak ABO subgroup alleles and explored their mechanisms that caused Ael and Bel phenotypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ABO phenotyping and genotyping were performed by serological studies and direct DNA sequencing of the ABO gene. The role of the novel mutations were evaluated by a three-dimensional model, predicting protein structure changes, and in vitro expression assay. The total glycosyltransferase transfer capacity in supernatant of transfected cells was examined. RESULTS We identified a mutation c. 955C>G (p. L319V) of A allele in an Ael subject and a mutation c. 272T>C (p. L91P) of B allele in a Bel subject. In silico analysis showed that the mutation p. L319V of the A allele and p. L91P of the B allele may change the local conformation of GT and impair the catalysis of H to A or B antigen conversion. In vitro expression study showed that mutation p. L319V impaired H to A antigen conversion, although it did not affect the expression of glycosyltransferase A. CONCLUSIONS Two novel "el"-type ABO subgroup alleles were identified. Both of the two novel mutations can change the local conformation of GTs and reduce protein stability. GTA mutation p. L319V can impair the conversion from H to A antigen and causes the Ael phenotype.
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Cai X, Li F, Lei H, Qu S, Qian C, Xiang D, Wei DQ, Wu W, Xu Q, Wang X. p.R180C mutation of glycosyltransferase B leads to B subgroup, an in vitro and in silico study. Vox Sang 2018; 113:476-484. [PMID: 29726014 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Dysfunctional glycosyltransferase A or B may lead to incomplete glycosylation of H antigen and atypical ABO blood group with weak A or B phenotypes, posing challenges for blood typing for transfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serological studies and ABO gene analysis were performed. Flow cytometry was performed on HeLa cells transfected glycosyltransferase B expressing plasmids. Agglutination of transfected cells and total glycosyltransferase B transfer capacity were examined. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to explore possible dynamic conformational changes around the binding pocket. RESULTS We identified a mutation c.538C>T (p. R180C) of B allele in a Chinese donor and his father with ABw phenotype. In vitro expression study showed that mutation p.R180C, although not affecting expression of glycosyltransferase B, impaired H to B antigen conversion. The in silico analyses found that the residue Arg180 on the internal loop next to the entry of the binding pocket may have its long side chain salt-bridged with the highly flexible C-terminal carboxyl and contribute to the catalysis of H to B antigen conversion. CONCLUSION The p.R180C mutation impairs the conversion from H to B antigen and leads to weak B phenotype. Dynamic interaction between Arg180 and C-terminal of glycosyltransferase B may stabilize its binding with UDP-galactose and facilitate H/B antigen conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Cai
- Ruijin Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - F Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - H Lei
- Ruijin Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - S Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - C Qian
- Blood Group Reference Laboratory, Shanghai Blood Center, Shanghai, China
| | - D Xiang
- Blood Group Reference Laboratory, Shanghai Blood Center, Shanghai, China
| | - D-Q Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - W Wu
- Ruijin Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Wang
- Ruijin Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Hult
- Division of Laboratory Medicine; Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Office of Medical Services; Lund Sweden
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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Cai X, Qian C, Wu W, Lei H, Ding Q, Zou W, Xiang D, Wang X. An exonic missense mutation c.28G>A is associated with weak B blood group by affecting RNA splicing of the ABO gene. Transfusion 2017; 57:2140-2149. [PMID: 28653406 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amino acid substitutions caused by ABO gene mutations are usually predicted to impact glycosyltransferase's function or its biosynthesis. Here we report an ABO exonic missense mutation that affects B-antigen expression by decreasing the mRNA level of the ABO gene rather than the amino acid change. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Serologic studies including plasma total GTB transfer capacity were performed. The exon sequences of the ABO gene were analyzed by Sanger sequencing. B310 cDNA with c.28G>A (p.G10R) mutation was expressed in HeLa cells and total GTB transfer capacity in cell supernatant was measured. Flow cytometry was performed on these HeLa cells after transfection, and agglutination of Hela-Bweak cells was also examined. The mRNA of the ABO gene was analyzed by direct sequencing and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. A minigene construct was prepared to evaluate the potential of splicing. RESULTS While plasma total GTB transfer capacity was undetectable in this B3 -like individual, the relative percentage of antigen-expressing cells and mean fluorescence index of the Bweak red blood cells (RBCs) were 19 and 14% of normal B RBCs, respectively. There was no significant difference of total GTB transfer capacity in cell supernatant and B-antigen expression on cell surfaces between HeLa cells transfected with B310 cDNA and B cDNA. The mRNA expression level of B310 in peripheral whole blood was significantly reduced. The amount of splicing is significantly lower in c.28G>A construct compared to that in wild-type construct after transfection in K562 cells. CONCLUSION ABO c.28G>A mutation may cause B3 -like subgroup by affecting RNA splicing of the ABO gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Cai
- Blood Transfusion Department, Ruijin Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengrui Qian
- Blood Group Reference Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Blood Transfusion, Shanghai Blood Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenman Wu
- Blood Transfusion Department, Ruijin Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Lei
- Blood Transfusion Department, Ruijin Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiulan Ding
- Blood Transfusion Department, Ruijin Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zou
- Blood Transfusion Department, Ruijin Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Xiang
- Blood Group Reference Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Blood Transfusion, Shanghai Blood Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Blood Transfusion Department, Ruijin Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Storry JR, Condon J, Hult AK, Harrison A, Jørgensen R, Olsson ML. An age-dependent ABO discrepancy between mother and baby reveals a novelAweakallele. Transfusion 2014; 55:422-6. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill R. Storry
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Lund University; Lund Sweden
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Laboratory Medicine; Office of Medical Services; Lund Sweden
| | - Jennifer Condon
- Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Annika K. Hult
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Lund University; Lund Sweden
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Laboratory Medicine; Office of Medical Services; Lund Sweden
| | | | | | - Martin L. Olsson
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Lund University; Lund Sweden
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Laboratory Medicine; Office of Medical Services; Lund Sweden
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Lee SY, Ihm C, Shin DJ, Lee HJ, Yazer MH, Kim SY, Shin MG, Shin JH, Suh SP, Ryang DW, Cho D. The p.R168Q mutation is associated with the Bwphenotype and a predicted decrease in the stability of the resulting ABO glycosyltransferase. Transfusion 2013; 54:1298-304. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yeob Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju South Korea
| | - Chunhwa Ihm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Eulji University College of Medicine; Daejeon South Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju South Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Lee
- Department of Structural Biology; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Memphis Tennessee
| | - Mark Harris Yazer
- Department of Pathology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Seung Yeon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Eulji University Hospital; Eulji University College of Medicine; Daejeon South Korea
| | - Myung Geun Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju South Korea
| | - Jong Hee Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju South Korea
| | - Soon Pal Suh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Ryang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju South Korea
| | - Duck Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju South Korea
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Thuresson B, Hosseini-Maaf B, Hult AK, Hustinx H, Alan Chester M, Olsson ML. A novel Bweak hybrid allele lacks three enhancer repeats but generates normal ABO transcript levels. Vox Sang 2011; 102:55-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2011.01497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Seltsam A, Doescher A. Sequence-Based Typing of Human Blood Groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 36:204-212. [PMID: 21113262 DOI: 10.1159/000217322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, all but one of the genes encoding the 30 blood group systems present on red blood cells have been identified. This body of knowledge has permitted the application of molecular techniques to characterize the common blood group antigens and to elucidate the background for some of the variant phenotypes. DNA sequencing methodology was developed in the late 1970s and has become one of the most widely used techniques in molecular biology. In the field of immunohematology, this method is currently used by specialized laboratories to elucidate the molecular basis of unusual blood group phenotypes that cannot be defined by serology and genotyping. Because of the heterogeneity of the blood groups on both the antigen and the genetic level, special knowledge of the biology of blood group systems is needed to design sequencing strategies and interpret sequence data. This review summarizes the technical and immunohematologic expertise that is required when applying sequence-based typing for characterization of human blood groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Seltsam
- Institute Springe, Blood Center of the German Red Cross Chapters of NSTOB, Germany
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