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Jozefczuk E, Guzik TJ, Siedlinski M. Significance of sphingosine-1-phosphate in cardiovascular physiology and pathology. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104793. [PMID: 32278039 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling lipid, synthetized by sphingosine kinases (SPHK1 and SPHK2), that affects cardiovascular function in various ways. S1P signaling is complex, particularly since its molecular action is reliant on the differential expression of its receptors (S1PR1, S1PR2, S1PR3, S1PR4, S1PR5) within various tissues. Significance of this sphingolipid is manifested early in vertebrate development as certain defects in S1P signaling result in embryonic lethality due to defective vasculo- or cardiogenesis. Similar in the mature organism, S1P orchestrates both physiological and pathological processes occurring in the heart and vasculature of higher eukaryotes. S1P regulates cell fate, vascular tone, endothelial function and integrity as well as lymphocyte trafficking, thus disbalance in its production and signaling has been linked with development of such pathologies as arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction and aberrant angiogenesis. Number of signaling mechanisms are critical - from endothelial nitric oxide synthase through STAT3, MAPK and Akt pathways to HDL particles involved in redox and inflammatory balance. Moreover, S1P controls both acute cardiac responses (cardiac inotropy and chronotropy), as well as chronic processes (such as apoptosis and hypertrophy), hence numerous studies demonstrate significance of S1P in the pathogenesis of hypertrophic/fibrotic heart disease, myocardial infarction and heart failure. This review presents current knowledge concerning the role of S1P in the cardiovascular system, as well as potential therapeutic approaches to target S1P signaling in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jozefczuk
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - T J Guzik
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Siedlinski
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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2
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Lemos JP, Smaniotto S, Messias CV, Moreira OC, Cotta-de-Almeida V, Dardenne M, Savino W, Mendes-da-Cruz DA. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Is Involved in Non-Obese Diabetic Mouse Thymocyte Migration Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051446. [PMID: 29757216 PMCID: PMC5983610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NOD (non-obese diabetic) mice spontaneously develop type 1 diabetes following T cell-dependent destruction of pancreatic β cells. Several alterations are observed in the NOD thymus, including the presence of giant perivascular spaces (PVS) filled with single-positive (SP) CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells that accumulate in the organ. These cells have a decreased expression of membrane CD49e (the α5 integrin chain of the fibronectin receptor VLA-5 (very late antigen-5). Herein, we observed lower sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) expression in NOD mouse thymocytes when compared with controls, mainly in the mature SP CD4⁺CD62Lhi and CD8⁺CD62Lhi subpopulations bearing the CD49e− phenotype. In contrast, differences in S1P1 expression were not observed in mature CD49e⁺ thymocytes. Functionally, NOD CD49e− thymocytes had reduced S1P-driven migratory response, whereas CD49e⁺ cells were more responsive to S1P. We further noticed a decreased expression of the sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SGPL1) in NOD SP thymocytes, which can lead to a higher sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) expression around PVS and S1P1 internalization. In summary, our results indicate that the modulation of S1P1 expression and S1P/S1P1 interactions in NOD mouse thymocytes are part of the T-cell migratory disorder observed during the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia P Lemos
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Salete Smaniotto
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas 57000-001, Brazil.
| | - Carolina V Messias
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Otacilio C Moreira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Vinicius Cotta-de-Almeida
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Mireille Dardenne
- French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Mixed Research Unit (UMR) 8147, Paris Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Daniella A Mendes-da-Cruz
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
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Korbecki J, Gutowska I, Kojder I, Jeżewski D, Goschorska M, Łukomska A, Lubkowska A, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. New extracellular factors in glioblastoma multiforme development: neurotensin, growth differentiation factor-15, sphingosine-1-phosphate and cytomegalovirus infection. Oncotarget 2018; 9:7219-7270. [PMID: 29467963 PMCID: PMC5805549 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen considerable progress in understanding the biochemistry of cancer. For example, more significance is now assigned to the tumor microenvironment, especially with regard to intercellular signaling in the tumor niche which depends on many factors secreted by tumor cells. In addition, great progress has been made in understanding the influence of factors such as neurotensin, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) on the 'hallmarks of cancer' in glioblastoma multiforme. Therefore, in the present work we describe the influence of these factors on the proliferation and apoptosis of neoplastic cells, cancer stem cells, angiogenesis, migration and invasion, and cancer immune evasion in a glioblastoma multiforme tumor. In particular, we discuss the effect of neurotensin, GDF-15, S1P (including the drug FTY720), and infection with CMV on tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), microglial cells, neutrophil and regulatory T cells (Treg), on the tumor microenvironment. In order to better understand the role of the aforementioned factors in tumoral processes, we outline the latest models of intratumoral heterogeneity in glioblastoma multiforme. Based on the most recent reports, we discuss the problems of multi-drug therapy in treating glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biała, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Kojder
- Department of Applied Neurocognitivistics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Jeżewski
- Department of Applied Neurocognitivistics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Goschorska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łukomska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Lubkowska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Wu SE, Miller WE. The HCMV US28 vGPCR induces potent Gαq/PLC-β signaling in monocytes leading to increased adhesion to endothelial cells. Virology 2016; 497:233-243. [PMID: 27497185 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
US28 transcripts have been detected in primary monocytes and in THP-1 monocytes infected with HCMV but US28 protein expression has not yet been demonstrated in these cell types. Moreover, the mechanism(s) by which US28 signals and contributes to viral pathogenesis in monocytes remains unclear. Here, we show that US28 protein is robustly expressed in HCMV infected THP-1 monocytes and that US28 can trigger Gαq dependent signaling in THP-1 cells infected with HCMV and in THP-1 cells stably expressing US28. US28 signaling in these cells is dependent on G-protein coupling, but independent of chemokine binding. Importantly, we demonstrate that this US28 signaling is functionally important as it stimulates the adhesion of monocytes to an endothelial monolayer. Our studies, which demonstrate that US28-driven Gαq signaling has profound effects on monocyte biology, suggest that US28 driven phenotypic changes in HCMV infected monocytes may play important roles in HCMV dissemination and/or pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-En Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0524, USA
| | - William E Miller
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0524, USA.
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Ono Y, Kurano M, Ohkawa R, Yokota H, Igarashi K, Aoki J, Tozuka M, Yatomi Y. Sphingosine 1-phosphate release from platelets during clot formation: close correlation between platelet count and serum sphingosine 1-phosphate concentration. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:20. [PMID: 23418753 PMCID: PMC3598467 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sphingosine 1-phosphate (Sph-1-P), abundantly stored in platelets and released extracellularly upon activation, plays important roles as an extracellular mediator by interacting with specific cell surface receptors, especially in the area of vascular biology and immunology/hematology. Although the plasma Sph-1-P level is reportedly determined by red blood cells (RBCs), but not platelets, this may not be true in cases where the platelets have been substantially activated. Methods and results We measured the Sph-1-P and dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate (DHSph-1-P) levels in serum samples (in which the platelets had been fully activated) from subjects with (n = 21) and without (n = 33) hematological disorders. We found that patients with essential thrombocythemia exhibited higher serum Sph-1-P and DHSph-1-P concentrations. The serum Sph-1-P concentration was closely correlated with the platelet count but was very weakly correlated with the RBC count. Similar results were obtained for DHSph-1-P. The serum Sph-1-P and DHSph-1-P levels were inversely correlated with the level of autotaxin (ATX), a lysophosphatidic acid-producing enzyme. A multiple regression analysis also revealed that the platelet count had the greatest explanatory impact on the serum Sph-1-P level. Conclusions Our present results showed close correlations between both the serum Sph-1-P and DHSph-1-P levels and the platelet count (but not the RBC count); these results suggest that high concentrations of these sphingoid base phosphates may be released from platelets and may mediate cross talk between platelet activation and the formation of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Ono
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Sphingosine-1-Phosphate-Specific G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Novel Therapeutic Targets for Atherosclerosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2011. [PMCID: PMC4052545 DOI: 10.3390/ph4010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process involving complex interactions of modified lipoproteins, monocyte-derived macrophages or foam cells, lymphocytes, endothelial cells (ECs), and vascular smooth muscle cells. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a biologically active blood-borne lipid mediator, exerts pleiotropic effects such as cell proliferation, migration and cell-cell adhesion in a variety of cell types via five members of S1P-specific high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors (S1P1-S1P5). Among them, S1P1, S1P2 and S1P3 are major receptor subtypes which are widely expressed in various tissues. Available evidence suggest that S1P and HDL-bound S1P exert atheroprotective effects including inhibition of leukocyte adhesion and stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in endothelial cells (ECs) through the activation of Gi signaling pathway via S1P3 and probably S1P1, although there is still controversy. FTY720, the phosphorylation product of which is a high-affinity agonist for all S1P receptors except S1P2 and act as an immunosuppressant by downregulating S1P1 on lymphocytes, inhibits atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-null mice and apoE-null mice through the inhibition of lymphocyte and macrophage functions and probably stimulation of EC functions, without influencing plasma lipid concentrations. In contrast to S1P1 and S1P3, S1P2 facilitates atherosclerosis by activating G12/13-Rho-Rho kinase (ROCK) in apoE-null mice. S1P2 mediates transmigration of monocytes into the arterial intima, oxidized LDL accumulation and cytokine secretion in monocyte-derived macrophages, and eNOS inhibition and cytokine secretion in ECs through Rac inhibition, NF-κB activation and 3′-specific phosphoinositide phosphatase (PTEN) stimulation downstream of G12/13-Rho-ROCK. Systemic long-term administration of a selective S1P2-blocker remarkably inhibits atherosclerosis without overt toxicity. Thus, multiple S1P receptors positively and negatively regulate atherosclerosis through multitudes of mechanisms. Considering the essential and multi-faceted role of S1P2 in atherogenesis and the impact of S1P2 inactivation on atherosclerosis, S1P2 is a particularly promising therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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7
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Xia P, Wadham C. Sphingosine 1-phosphate, a key mediator of the cytokine network: juxtacrine signaling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2010; 22:45-53. [PMID: 21051273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a sphingolipid metabolite, which has emerged as an important signaling mediator participating in the regulation of multiple cellular processes. The discovery of a family of S1P receptors, together with the more recently identified intracellular targets, has provided fundamental understanding of the multi-faceted actions of S1P. Evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies has implicated the S1P signaling system in the control of immunity, inflammation and many associated diseases. Enigmatically, S1P appears to have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects depending on the cell context. Here, we review this emerging area and argue for a pivotal role for S1P, as a key mediator of the cytokine network, acting through juxtacrine signaling in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Xia
- Signal Transduction Program, Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School University of Sydney, Australia.
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8
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Sun WY, Pitson SM, Bonder CS. Tumor necrosis factor-induced neutrophil adhesion occurs via sphingosine kinase-1-dependent activation of endothelial {alpha}5{beta}1 integrin. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:436-46. [PMID: 20522645 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment plays a major role in the immune response to infectious pathogens, as well as during inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. The process of leukocyte extravasation from the blood requires a complex cascade of adhesive events between the leukocytes and the endothelium, including initial leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and finally transendothelial migration. Current research in this area aims to identify the key leukocyte subsets that initiate a given disease and to identify the trafficking molecule(s) that will most specifically inhibit those cells. Herein we demonstrate that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha activates the integrin alpha(5)beta(1) without altering total expression levels of beta(1) integrin on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Moreover, our studies suggest that TNFalpha-induced beta(1) activation is dependent on sphingosine kinase-1, but independent of the sphingosine-1-phosphate family of G protein-coupled receptors. We also show, using a parallel plate flow chamber assay, that neutrophil adhesion to TNFalpha-activated endothelium can be attenuated by blocking alpha(5)beta(1) or its ligand angiopoietin-2. These observations add new complexities that broaden the accepted concept of cellular trafficking with neutrophil adhesion to TNFalpha activated endothelial cells being sphingosine kinase-1, alpha(5)beta(1), and angiopoietin-2 dependent. Moreover, this work supports the notion that sphingosine kinase-1 may be the single target required for an effective broad spectrum approach to combat inflammation and immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Y Sun
- Human Immunology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Weigert A, Weis N, Brüne B. Regulation of macrophage function by sphingosine-1-phosphate. Immunobiology 2009; 214:748-60. [PMID: 19625101 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) fulfils manifold tasks in the immune system acting in auto- and/or paracrine fashion. This includes regulation of apoptosis, migration and proliferation. Upon its generation by sphingosine kinases from plasma membrane sphingolipids, S1P can either act as a second messenger within cells or can be released from cells to occupy a family of specific G-protein-coupled receptors (S1P1-5). This diversity is reflected by the impact of S1P on macrophage biology and function. Over the last years it became apparent that the sphingosine kinase/S1P/S1P-receptor signalling axis in macrophages might play a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the function of S1P in macrophage biology and discuss potential implications for pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I/ZAFES, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Marsolais D, Rosen H. Chemical modulators of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors as barrier-oriented therapeutic molecules. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009; 8:297-307. [PMID: 19300460 PMCID: PMC4455967 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biological barriers regulate the passage of cells, pathogens, fluids, nutrients, ions and signalling molecules between anatomical compartments during homeostasis and disease. Yet strategies that allow for reversible therapeutic modulation of these barriers are still in their infancy. The enhancement or protection of natural barriers is desirable in conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome or ischaemia-reperfusion injuries, whereas a temporary disruption could facilitate the penetration of drugs across such barriers. This Review discusses the role of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors in the regulation and protection of biological barriers, and the potential of therapeutic strategies that target this receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marsolais
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Limaye V. The role of sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate in the regulation of endothelial cell biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:101-12. [PMID: 18568950 DOI: 10.1080/10623320802125342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, in particular sphingosine kinase (SphK) and its product sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), are now recognized to play an important role in regulating many critical processes in endothelial cells. Activation of SphK1 is essential in mediating the endothelial proinflammatory effects of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In addition, S1P regulates the survival and proliferation of endothelial cells, as well as their ability to undergo cell migration, all essential components of angiogenesis. Thus the inflammatory and angiogenic potential of the endothelium is in part regulated by intracellular components including the activity of SphK1 and levels of S1P. Herein a review of the sphingomyelin pathway with a particular focus on its relevance to endothelial cell biology is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Limaye
- Rheumatology Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
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12
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Alewijnse AE, Peters SLM. Sphingolipid signalling in the cardiovascular system: good, bad or both? Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:292-302. [PMID: 18420192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are biologically active lipids that play important roles in various cellular processes and the sphingomyelin metabolites ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate can act as signalling molecules in most cell types. With the recent development of the immunosuppressant drug FTY720 (Fingolimod) which after phosphorylation in vivo acts as a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist, research on the role of sphingolipids in the immune and other organ systems was triggered enormously. Since it was reported that FTY720 induced a modest, but significant transient decrease in heart rate in animals and humans, the question was raised which pharmacological properties of drugs targeting sphingolipid signalling will affect cardiovascular function in vivo. The answer to this question will most likely also indicate what type of drug could be used to treat cardiovascular disease. The latter is becoming increasingly important because of the increasing population carrying characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. This syndrome is, amongst others, characterized by obesity, hypertension, atherosclerosis and diabetes. As such, individuals with this syndrome are at increased risk of heart disease. Now numerous studies have investigated sphingolipid effects in the cardiovascular system, can we speculate whether certain sphingolipids under specific conditions are good, bad or maybe both? In this review we will give a brief overview of the pathophysiological role of sphingolipids in cardiovascular disease. In addition, we will try to answer how drugs that target sphingolipid signalling will potentially influence cardiovascular function and whether these drugs would be useful to treat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid E Alewijnse
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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