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Choi H. Power Amplifier Design for Ultrasound Applications. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1342. [PMID: 37512653 PMCID: PMC10383379 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
A design analysis of the power amplifiers developed for ultrasound applications was conducted because ultrasound applications require different types of power amplifiers, which are one of the most critical electronic components in ultrasound systems. To generate acoustic signals using transducers, which are among the most important mechanical devices in ultrasound systems, an appropriate output voltage, current, or power signal must be produced by a power amplifier. Therefore, an appropriate design analysis of the power amplifier must be conducted to obtain the optimal performance from a transducer. In addition, because of new ultrasound research trends, such as ultrasound systems with other imaging modalities and wireless ultrasound systems, the selection of an appropriate power amplifier could improve the performance of an ultrasound system with other imaging and therapy modalities. This paper describes the design parameters of a power amplifier, including the gain, bandwidth, harmonic distortion, and efficiency. Each power amplifier has specific applications and limitations. Therefore, this review will assist design engineers and ultrasound researchers who need to develop or use power amplifiers in ultrasound applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojong Choi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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2
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Hu H, Huang H, Li M, Gao X, Yin L, Qi R, Wu RS, Chen X, Ma Y, Shi K, Li C, Maus TM, Huang B, Lu C, Lin M, Zhou S, Lou Z, Gu Y, Chen Y, Lei Y, Wang X, Wang R, Yue W, Yang X, Bian Y, Mu J, Park G, Xiang S, Cai S, Corey PW, Wang J, Xu S. A wearable cardiac ultrasound imager. Nature 2023; 613:667-675. [PMID: 36697864 PMCID: PMC9876798 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Continuous imaging of cardiac functions is highly desirable for the assessment of long-term cardiovascular health, detection of acute cardiac dysfunction and clinical management of critically ill or surgical patients1-4. However, conventional non-invasive approaches to image the cardiac function cannot provide continuous measurements owing to device bulkiness5-11, and existing wearable cardiac devices can only capture signals on the skin12-16. Here we report a wearable ultrasonic device for continuous, real-time and direct cardiac function assessment. We introduce innovations in device design and material fabrication that improve the mechanical coupling between the device and human skin, allowing the left ventricle to be examined from different views during motion. We also develop a deep learning model that automatically extracts the left ventricular volume from the continuous image recording, yielding waveforms of key cardiac performance indices such as stroke volume, cardiac output and ejection fraction. This technology enables dynamic wearable monitoring of cardiac performance with substantially improved accuracy in various environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Hu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mohan Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoxiang Gao
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lu Yin
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ruixiang Qi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ray S Wu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yuxiang Ma
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Keren Shi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Chenghai Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timothy M Maus
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego Health Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brady Huang
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chengchangfeng Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Muyang Lin
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sai Zhou
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Lou
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yue Gu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yimu Chen
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yusheng Lei
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ruotao Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wentong Yue
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xinyi Yang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yizhou Bian
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jing Mu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Geonho Park
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shu Xiang
- Softsonics, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shengqiang Cai
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul W Corey
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sheng Xu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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PIN-PMN-PT Single Crystal 1-3 Composite-based 20 MHz Ultrasound Phased Array. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11050524. [PMID: 32455674 PMCID: PMC7281135 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on a modified dice-and-fill technique, a PIN-PMN-PT single crystal 1-3 composite with the kerf of 12 μm and pitch of 50 μm was prepared. The as-made piezoelectric composite material behaved with high piezoelectric constant (d33 = 1500 pC/N), high electromechanical coefficient (kt = 0.81), and low acoustic impedance (16.2 Mrayls). Using lithography and flexible circuit method, a 48-element phased array was successfully fabricated from such a piezoelectric composite. The array element was measured to have a central frequency of 20 MHz and a fractional bandwidth of approximately 77% at -6 dB. Of particular significance was that this PIN-PMN-PT single crystal 1-3 composite-based phased array exhibits a superior insertion loss compared with PMN-PT single crystal and PZT-5H-based 20 MHz phased arrays. The focusing and steering capabilities of the obtained phased array were demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. These promising results indicate that the PIN-PMN-PT single crystal 1-3 composite-based high frequency phased array is a good candidate for ultrasound imaging applications.
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Shin SH, Yoo WS, Choi H. Development of modified RSA algorithm using fixed mersenne prime numbers for medical ultrasound imaging instrumentation. Comput Assist Surg (Abingdon) 2019; 24:73-78. [PMID: 31411496 DOI: 10.1080/24699322.2019.1649070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Encryption of patient information has become an important issue in medical ultrasound instrumentation to secure information when images are accessed off-site. The proposed algorithm is used to encrypt private medical images and transfer the encrypted images to improve the encryption capability and elapsed time. Materials and methods: We generate a public key using three prime numbers, including a fixed Mersenne prime number, in the modified Rivest-Shamir-Adelman (RSA) algorithm to compare the encryption capability. We calculated and compared the elapsed time using the modified RSA algorithm with a breast phantom in the medical ultrasound imaging instrumentation. Results: The encryption capability is improved because the elapsed time when using three prime numbers is longer (1.2337 s) than that when using two prime numbers (1.0712 s). However, the elapsed time using fixed Mersenne prime numbers (0.8360 s) is a similar to that using two prime numbers (0.8389 s). Conclusions: Our proposed cryptographic algorithm provides improved encryption in medical ultrasound imaging compared to algorithms that use two prime numbers that are not Mersenne prime numbers, while transmitting images with adequate elapsed times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyeok Shin
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Kumoh National Institute of Technology , Gumi , Korea
| | - Won Sok Yoo
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Kumoh National Institute of Technology , Gumi , Korea
| | - Hojong Choi
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology , Gumi , Korea
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Suppression Technique of HeLa Cell Proliferation Using Ultrasonic Power Amplifiers Integrated with a Series-Diode Linearizer. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18124248. [PMID: 30513959 PMCID: PMC6308487 DOI: 10.3390/s18124248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series-diode linearizer scheme is developed, which can possibly generate higher voltage signals. To verify our proposed concept, ultrasonic power amplifiers with and without the linearizer were tested for HeLa cells proliferation in vitro. In general, ultrasonic stimulus initiates the process of cavitation which can cause cell lysis and disruption of cell attachment. The cavitation can also induce formation of free radicals so that a rigid membrane of malignant cancer cells have increased sensitivity to ultrasonic stimulus. The cell density of the control group increased up to almost 100% on Day 3. However, cell densities of the experimental group when using an isolated ultrasonic power amplifier, and ultrasonic power amplifiers integrated with the linearizer at 1 V and 5 V DC (direct current) bias could be suppressed more than that when using an ultrasonic power amplifier (90.7 ± 1.2%, 75.8 ± 3.5%, and 68.1 ± 1.1%, respectively). Additionally, the proliferation suppressing ratios of each experimental group confirmed that the cell density decrements of the experimental groups exhibited statistical significance compared to the control group (ultrasonic power amplifier = 8.87%, ultrasonic power amplifier with 1 V biased linearizer = 23.87%, and ultrasonic power amplifier with 5 V biased linearizer = 31.56%).
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6
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Development of a Multiwavelength Visible-Range-Supported Opto⁻Ultrasound Instrument Using a Light-Emitting Diode and Ultrasound Transducer. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18103324. [PMID: 30282961 PMCID: PMC6210455 DOI: 10.3390/s18103324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new multiwavelength visible-range-supported opto–ultrasound instrument using a light-emitting diode and ultrasound transducer was developed in order to produce multiwavelength visible light with minimized color aberration errors, and detect ultrasound signals emitted from the target. In the instrument, the developed optical systems can provide multiwavelength optical transmission with low optical aberration within 10-cm ranges that are reasonably flat in the modulation transfer function at spatial frequencies of 20 and 40 lp/mm, except at the end of the diagonal edge of the samples. To assess the instrument capability, we performed pulse–echo responses with Thunnus obesus eye samples. Focused red, green, blue and white light rays from an integrated red, green and blue LED source were produced, and echo signal amplitudes of 33.53, 34.92, 38.74 and 82.54 mV, respectively, were detected from the Thunnus obesus eye samples by a 10-MHz focused ultrasound transducer. The center frequencies of the echo signal when producing red, green, blue and white LED light in the instrument were 9.02, 9.05, 9.21 and 8.81 MHz, respectively. From these tests, we verify that this instrument can combine red, green and blue LED light to cover different wavelengths in the visible-light range and detect reasonable echo amplitudes from the samples.
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Zhang T, Ou-Yang J, Yang X, Zhu B. Transferred PMN-PT Thick Film on Conductive Silver Epoxy. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11091621. [PMID: 30189636 PMCID: PMC6165122 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 25 μm Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) thick film was synthesized based on a sol-gel/composite route. The obtained PMN-PT thick film was successfully transferred from the Silicon substrate to the conductive silver epoxy using a novel wet chemical method. The mechanism of this damage free transfer was explored and analyzed. Compared with the film on Silicon substrate, the transferred one exhibited superior dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties. These promising results indicate that transferred PMN-PT thick film possesses the capability for piezoelectric device application, especially for ultrasound transducer fabrication. Most importantly, this chemical route opens a new path for transfer of thick film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jun Ou-Yang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Benpeng Zhu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
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Bias-Voltage Stabilizer for HVHF Amplifiers in VHF Pulse-Echo Measurement Systems. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17102425. [PMID: 29065526 PMCID: PMC5676603 DOI: 10.3390/s17102425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The impact of high-voltage–high-frequency (HVHF) amplifiers on echo-signal quality is greater with very-high-frequency (VHF, ≥100 MHz) ultrasound transducers than with low-frequency (LF, ≤15 MHz) ultrasound transducers. Hence, the bias voltage of an HVHF amplifier must be stabilized to ensure stable echo-signal amplitudes. We propose a bias-voltage stabilizer circuit to maintain stable DC voltages over a wide input range, thus reducing the harmonic-distortion components of the echo signals in VHF pulse-echo measurement systems. To confirm the feasibility of the bias-voltage stabilizer, we measured and compared the deviations in the gain of the HVHF amplifier with and without a bias-voltage stabilizer. Between −13 and 26 dBm, the measured gain deviations of a HVHF amplifier with a bias-voltage stabilizer are less than that of an amplifier without a bias-voltage stabilizer. In order to confirm the feasibility of the bias-voltage stabilizer, we compared the pulse-echo responses of the amplifiers, which are typically used for the evaluation of transducers or electronic components used in pulse-echo measurement systems. From the responses, we observed that the amplitudes of the echo signals of a VHF transducer triggered by the HVHF amplifier with a bias-voltage stabilizer were higher than those of the transducer triggered by the HVHF amplifier alone. The second, third, and fourth harmonic-distortion components of the HVHF amplifier with the bias-voltage stabilizer were also lower than those of the HVHF amplifier alone. Hence, the proposed scheme is a promising method for stabilizing the bias voltage of an HVHF amplifier, and improving the echo-signal quality of VHF transducers.
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9
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A Wideband High-Voltage Power Amplifier Post-Linearizer for Medical Ultrasound Transducers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Choi H, Shung KK. Protection circuits for very high frequency ultrasound systems. J Med Syst 2014; 38:34. [PMID: 24682684 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-014-0034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of protection circuits in ultrasound applications is to block noise signals from the transmitter from reaching the transducer and also to prevent unwanted high voltage signals from reaching the receiver. The protection circuit using a resistor and diode pair is widely used due to its simple architecture, however, it may not be suitable for very high frequency (VHF) ultrasound transducer applications (>100 MHz) because of its limited bandwidth. Therefore, a protection circuit using MOSFET devices with unique structure is proposed in this paper. The performance of the designed protection circuit was compared with that of other traditional protection schemes. The performance characteristics measured were the insertion loss (IL), total harmonic distortion (THD) and transient response time (TRT). The new protection scheme offers the lowest IL (-1.0 dB), THD (-69.8 dB) and TRT (78 ns) at 120 MHz. The pulse-echo response using a 120 MHz LiNbO3 transducer with each protection circuit was measured to validate the feasibility of the protection circuits in VHF ultrasound applications. The sensitivity and bandwidth of the transducer using the new protection circuit improved by 252.1 and 50.9 %, respectively with respect to the protection circuit using a resistor and diode pair. These results demonstrated that the new protection circuit design minimizes the IL, THD and TRT for VHF ultrasound transducer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojong Choi
- NIH Transducer Resource Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,
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11
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Lam KH, Ji HF, Zheng F, Ren W, Zhou Q, Shung KK. Development of lead-free single-element ultrahigh frequency (170-320MHz) ultrasonic transducers. ULTRASONICS 2013; 53:1033-8. [PMID: 23485349 PMCID: PMC3624055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the design, fabrication and characterization of single-element ultrahigh frequency (UHF) ultrasonic transducers in which the center frequency ranged from 170 to 320MHz. The center frequency of >300MHz is the highest value of lead-free ceramic ultrasonic transducers ever reported. With concern in the environmental pollution of lead-based materials, the transducer elements presented in this work were lead-free K0.5Na0.5NbO3/Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (KNN/BNT) composite thick films. All transducers were evaluated in a pulse-echo arrangement. The measured -6dB bandwidth of the transducers ranged from 35% to 64%. With the optimized piezoelectric properties of the composite film, the insertion loss of the UHF transducers was measured and determined to range from -50 to -60dB. In addition to the pulse-echo measurement, a 6μm tungsten wire phantom was also imaged with a 205MHz transducer to demonstrate the imaging capability. The measured -6dB axial and lateral resolutions were found to be 12μm and 50μm, respectively. The transducer performance presented in this work is shown to be better or comparable to previously reported results even though the frequency is much higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Ho Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and NIH Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, USA.
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12
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Liu Y, Lam KH, Kirk Shung K, Li J, Zhou Q. Enhanced piezoelectric performance of composite sol-gel thick films evaluated using piezoresponse force microscopy. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 2013; 113:187205. [PMID: 23798771 PMCID: PMC3663855 DOI: 10.1063/1.4801975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Conventional composite sol-gel method has been modified to enhance the piezoelectric performance of ceramic thick films. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) thick films were fabricated using the modified sol-gel method for ultrasonic transducer applications. In this work, piezoresponse force microscopy was employed to evaluate the piezoelectric characteristics of PZT and PMN-PT composite sol-gel thick films. The images of the piezoelectric response and the strain-electric field hysteresis loop behavior were measured. The effective piezoelectric coefficient (d33,eff) of the films was determined from the measured loop data. It was found that the effective local piezoelectric coefficient of both PZT and PMN-PT composite films is comparable to that of their bulk ceramics. The promising results suggest that the modified composite sol-gel method is a promising way to prepare the high-quality, crack-free ceramic thick films.
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Hsu HS, Benjauthrit V, Wei Q, Huang Y, Zhou Q, Shung KK. Silver Doped 0.9PMN-PT-0.1PZT Composite Films for very High Frequency Ultrasonic Transducer Applications. APPLIED PHYSICS. A, MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING 2013; 111:459-463. [PMID: 23814408 PMCID: PMC3692561 DOI: 10.1007/s00339-013-7558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of silver doping concentration into the 0.9PMN-PT-0.1PZT (PMN-PT-PZT) films via the composite sol-gel technique were prepared. The crystallographic properties and microstructures of PMN-PT-PZT films with the silver dopant were investigated. Additionally, the effect of silver doping on dielectric and ferroelectric properties was examined. The results show that in general, the dielectric permittivity and remnant polarization increase as the silver doping concentration is increased. The PMN-PT-PZT+ 2.5 mol% Ag film exhibits a dielectric constant of 3,610 at 1 kHz and a remnant polarization of 57.6 µC/cm2 at room temperature. From this silver doped film, very high frequency ultrasonic needle transducers were fabricated and evaluated. The representative transducer had the center frequency of 225 MHz with a -6 dB bandwidth of 29% (65 MHz) and 62 dB insertion loss. The performance of this transducer is comparable to other composite sol-gel films transducer. The results suggest that this silver-doped PMN-PT-PZT film is a promising candidate as an alternative piezoelectric film for very high frequency transducer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Sheng Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and NIH Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Vatcharee Benjauthrit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and NIH Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Qiang Wei
- Chemat Technology Inc., Northridge, California 91324
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Chemat Technology Inc., Northridge, California 91324
| | - Qifa Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and NIH Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - K. Kirk Shung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and NIH Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
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14
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Zhu B, Chan NY, Dai J, Shung KK, Takeuchi S, Zhou Q. New fabrication of high-frequency (100-MHz) ultrasound PZT film kerfless linear array. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2013; 60:854-7. [PMID: 23549547 PMCID: PMC3751002 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2013.2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The paper describes the design, fabrication, and measurements of a high-frequency ultrasound kerfless linear array prepared from hydrothermal lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thick film. The 15-μm hydrothermal PZT thick film with an area of 1 × 1 cm, obtained through a self-separation process from Ti substrate, was used to fabricate a 32-element 100-MHz kerfless linear array with photolithography. The bandwidth at -6 dB without matching layer, insertion loss around center frequency, and crosstalk between adjacent elements were measured to be 39%, -30 dB, and -15 dB, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benpeng Zhu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, and Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures, Ministry of Education
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ngai Yui Chan
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiyan Dai
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - K. Kirk Shung
- National Institutes of Health Transducer Resource Center and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shinichi Takeuchi
- Medical Engineering Course, Graduate School of Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Qifa Zhou
- National Institutes of Health Transducer Resource Center and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Hsu HS, Benjauthrit V, Zheng F, Chen R, Huang Y, Zhou Q, Shung KK. PMN-PT-PZT composite films for high frequency ultrasonic transducer applications. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. A, PHYSICAL 2012; 179:121-124. [PMID: 23750072 PMCID: PMC3674584 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2012.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have successfully fabricated x(0.65PMN-0.35PT)-(1 - x)PZT (xPMN-PT-(1 - x)PZT), where x is 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9, thick films with a thickness of approximately 9 µm on platinized silicon substrate by employing a composite sol-gel technique. X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy revealed that these films are dense and creak-free with well-crystallized perovskite phase in the whole composition range. The dielectric constant can be controllably adjusted by using different compositions. Higher PZT content of xPMN-PT-(1 - x)PZT films show better ferroelectric properties. A representative 0.9PMN-PT-0.1PZT thick film transducer is built. It has 200 MHz center frequency with a -6 dB bandwidth of 38% (76 MHz). The measured two-way insertion loss is 65 dB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Sheng Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and NIH Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Vatcharee Benjauthrit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and NIH Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Fan Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and NIH Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Rumin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and NIH Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Chemat Technology Inc., Northridge, CA 91324, USA
| | - Qifa Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and NIH Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - K. Kirk Shung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and NIH Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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