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Bagsby K, Stern AW, Hans KR. Feline Forensics: Revealing the Unique Decomposition of Cats. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:996. [PMID: 38612235 PMCID: PMC11011198 DOI: 10.3390/ani14070996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Limited data about the differences between the decomposition of animals with fur exist within the forensic veterinary medicine discipline. Due to the sheer number of animals used as animal models and the number of animals that exist, determining stages of decomposition that are applicable for all species is difficult. Typically, assessing what stage of decomposition a decedent is in is subjective due to the visual assessment of decomposition changes. A method developed to rectify this issue was the total body score (TBS) method, which assigns a numerical value based on the degree of decomposition to the head, torso, and limbs. The purpose of this study was to examine the decomposition of cats, identify any unique decomposition characteristics, and determine the rate of decomposition using total body score and accumulated degree days (ADDs). Twelve domestic short-haired cats were placed in a grassy field in West Lafayette, IN. An assessment of TBS was documented for each cat and each experimental group. An exponential relationship between TBS and ADD was documented. Overall, there was not a significant difference in the rate of decomposition or total body scores between the groups (Z = -91.00, p = 0.0672).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Bagsby
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 W State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Adam W. Stern
- College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Krystal R. Hans
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 W State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
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2
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Caballero-Moreno L, Luna A, Legaz I. Lipidomes in Cadaveric Decomposition and Determination of the Postmortem Interval: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:984. [PMID: 38256058 PMCID: PMC10816357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a large group of natural compounds, together with proteins and carbohydrates, and are essential for various processes in the body. After death, the organism's tissues undergo a series of reactions that generate changes in some molecules, including lipids. This means that determining the lipid change profile can be beneficial in estimating the postmortem interval (PMI). These changes can also help determine burial sites and advance the localization of graves. The aim was to explore and analyze the decomposition process of corpses, focusing on the transformation of lipids, especially triglycerides (TGs) and fatty acids (FAs), and the possible application of these compounds as markers to estimate PMI and detect burial sites. A systematic review of 24 scientific articles from the last 23 years (2000-2023) was conducted. The results show that membrane glycerophospholipids (such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol, among others) are the most studied, and the most promising results are obtained, with decreasing patterns as PMI varies. Fatty acids (FAs) are also identified as potential biomarkers owing to the variations in their postmortem concentration. An increase in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), such as stearic acid and palmitic acid, and a decrease in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), such as oleic acid and linoleic acid, were observed. The importance of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in decomposition is also observed. Finally, as for the burial sites, the presence of fatty acids and some sterols in burial areas of animal and human remains can be verified. In conclusion, glycerophospholipids and fatty acids are good markers for estimating PMI. It has been observed that there are still no equations for estimating the PMI that can be applied to forensic practice, as intrinsic and extrinsic factors are seen to play a vital role in the decomposition process. As for determining burial sites, the importance of soil and textile samples has been demonstrated, showing a direct relationship between saturated fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids, and some sterols with decomposing remains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabel Legaz
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia (UMU), El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (L.C.-M.); (A.L.)
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3
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McLellan MJ, Stamper TI, Kimsey RB. Direct relationship between evapotranspiration rate (ET O) and vertebrate decomposition rate. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 350:111789. [PMID: 37499375 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
When vertebrate scavenging is excluded, the Evapotranspiration Rate (ETo) of a given geographic region directly regulates the decomposition rate of unclothed vertebrate carrion, with any deviation attributed to insect activity. We conducted four decomposition experiments using pig carrion (Sus scrofa domesticus) over the span of two years (2018-2020) at a location in Davis, California. We used ETo, a variable that accounts for five climatic parameters (wind, temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and altitude) as the rate-determining variable of the decomposition process. We found ETo to have a strong (R2 = 0.98) predictive relationship with the decomposition rate. To account for maggot activity decomposing the carrion, we measured maggot weight in 2019 and 2020 using a novel method, and in 2020 we used FLIR imagery to measure maggot mass temperatures as a surrogate measurement of total maggot activity. Maggot activity was a significant predictor (p < 0.0001) of the decomposition rate, while maggot weight was not (p > 0.1). We hope to show the forensic entomology community the potential of using ETo. Future projects can incorporate ETo as a baseline to decomposition studies to determine if ETo remains the most accurate descriptor of decomposition and ultimately increase certainty in the Postmortem Interval (PMI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McLellan
- University of California, Davis, Forensic Science Graduate Program, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Trevor I Stamper
- formerly at Purdue University, Department of Entomology, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Robert B Kimsey
- University of California, Davis, Forensic Science Graduate Program, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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4
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Collins S, Maestrini L, Hui FK, Stuart B, Ueland M. The use of generalized linear mixed models to investigate postmortem lipids in textiles. iScience 2023; 26:107371. [PMID: 37575194 PMCID: PMC10415720 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human remains are oftentimes located with textile materials, making them a ubiquitous source of physical evidence. Human remains are also frequently discovered in outdoor environments, increasing the exposure to scavenging activity and soft-tissue decomposition. In such cases, postmortem interval (PMI) estimations can be challenging for investigators when attempting to use traditional methods for reconstructive purposes. Lipid analysis is an emerging area of research in forensic taphonomy, with recent works demonstrating success with the detection and monitoring of lipids over time. In this work, generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were utilized to perform rigorous statistical analyses on 30 lipid outcomes in combination with accumulated-degree-days (ADD). The results of this study were consistent with recent works, indicating oleic and palmitic acids to be the most suitable lipids in textiles to target for future use as soft-tissue biomarkers of human decomposition. Interspecies differences between humans and pigs were also addressed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharni Collins
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Luca Maestrini
- Research School of Finance, Actuarial Studies and Statistics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Francis K.C. Hui
- Research School of Finance, Actuarial Studies and Statistics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Barbara Stuart
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Maiken Ueland
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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5
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Taylor LS, Gonzalez A, Essington ME, Lenaghan SC, Stewart CN, Mundorff AZ, Steadman DW, DeBruyn JM. Soil elemental changes during human decomposition. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287094. [PMID: 37310961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian decomposition provides pulses of organic matter to the local ecosystem creating ephemeral hotspots of nutrient cycling. While changes to soil biogeochemistry in these hotspots have been described for C and N, patterns associated with deposition and cycling of other elements have not received the same attention. The goal of our study was to evaluate temporal changes to a broad suite of dissolved elements in soils impacted by human decomposition on the soil surface including: 1) abundant mineral elements in the human body (K, Na, S, P, Ca, and Mg), 2) trace elements in the human body (Fe, Mn, Se, Zn, Cu, Co, and B), and 3) Al which is transient in the human body but common in soils. We performed a four-month human decomposition trial at the University of Tennessee Anthropology Research Facility and quantified elemental concentrations dissolved in the soil solution, targeting the mobile and bioavailable fraction. We identified three groups of elements based on their temporal patterns. Group 1 elements appeared to be cadaver-derived (Na, K, P, S) and their persistence in soil varied based upon soluble organic forms (P), the dynamics of the soil exchange complex (Na, K), and gradual releases attributable to microbial degradation (S). Group 2 elements (Ca, Mg, Mn, Se, B) included three elements that have greater concentrations in soil than would be expected based on cadaver inputs alone, suggesting that these elements partially originate from the soil exchange (Ca, Mg), or are solubilized as a result of soil acidification (Mn). Group 3 elements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Al) increased late in the decomposition process, suggesting a gradual solubilization from soil minerals under acidic pH conditions. This work presents a detailed longitudinal characterization of changes in dissolved soil elements during human decomposition furthering our understanding of elemental deposition and cycling in these environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois S Taylor
- Department of Biosystems Engineering & Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Adrian Gonzalez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Michael E Essington
- Department of Biosystems Engineering & Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Scott C Lenaghan
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Amy Z Mundorff
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Dawnie W Steadman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M DeBruyn
- Department of Biosystems Engineering & Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
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Sousa Queirós S, von der Lühe B, Silva-Bessa A, Machado Brito-da-Costa A, Morais Caldas I, Dawson L, Madureira-Carvalho Á. Lipidic compounds found in soils surrounding human decomposing bodies and its use in forensic investigations – a narrative review. Sci Justice 2023; 63:303-312. [PMID: 37169455 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Following decomposition of a human body, a variety of decomposition products, such as lipids, are released into the surrounding environment, e.g. soils. The long-lasting preservation in soils and their high diagnostic potential have been neglected in forensic research. Furthermore, little is known about the preservation, chemical transformation, or degradation of those human derived lipids in soils. To date, several studies identified various lipids such as long-chain free fatty acids and steroids in soils that contained decomposition fluids. Those lipids are preserved in soils over time and could serve as markers of human decomposition in forensic investigations, e.g. for estimating the post-mortem interval or identifying the burial location of a human body. Therefore, this review focuses on the current literature regarding fatty acid and steroid that have been detected in soils and associated with human body decomposition. After a short introduction about human decomposition processes, this review summarises fatty acid and steroid analysis applied in current case studies and studies related to taphonomic research. This review provides an overview of the available studies that have used fatty acids and steroids as identifiers of human decomposition fluid in soils in a forensic context and discusses the potential for developing this innovative field of research with direct application in a forensic context.
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7
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Collins S, Stuart B, Ueland M. The use of lipids from textiles as soft-tissue biomarkers of human decomposition. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 343:111547. [PMID: 36608407 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to determine the post-mortem interval (PMI) in complex death investigations involving human remains, is a vital task faced by law enforcement. Establishing the PMI in a case can significantly aid in the reconstruction of forensically relevant events surrounding that death. However, due to the complexities surrounding the decomposition of human remains, the determination of the PMI still remains a challenge in some cases. Thus, the identification of biomarkers of human decomposition are an emerging, and essential, area of research. Previous studies have also demonstrated great success in the use of textiles as a host to indirectly capture decomposition by-products. This study reports the successful adaptation and optimisation of an analytical chemical workflow for the targeted analysis of lipids from textiles associated with decomposing human remains using gas-chromatography (GC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). This study discusses novel information regarding the complex challenges of matrix effects observed with decomposition samples. In addition, the first lipid profiles obtained from textiles associated with two decomposing human donors from the Australian Facility for Taphonomic Experimental Research (AFTER) using GC-MS/MS are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharni Collins
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Barbara Stuart
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Maiken Ueland
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
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8
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Lerchi A, Krap T, Eppenberger P, Pedergnana A. Implementation of adipocere fingerprinting in archaeology by applying a forensic approach. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Collins S, Maestrini L, Ueland M, Stuart B. A preliminary investigation to determine the suitability of pigs as human analogues for post-mortem lipid analysis. TALANTA OPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2022.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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10
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Ruiz-Hernández IM, Nouri MZ, Kozuch M, Denslow ND, Díaz-Gamboa RE, Rodríguez-Canul R, Collí-Dulá RC. Trace element and lipidomic analysis of bottlenose dolphin blubber from the Yucatan coast: Lipid composition relationships. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134353. [PMID: 35314180 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are found in coastal and estuarine ecosystems where they are in continuous contact with multiple abiotic and biotic stressors in the environment. Due to their role as predators, they can bioaccumulate contaminants and are considered sentinel organisms for monitoring the health of coastal marine ecosystems. The northern zonal coast of the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico has a high incidence of anthropogenic activities. The principal objectives of this study were two-fold: 1) to determine the presence of trace metals and their correlation with lipids in bottlenose dolphin blubber, and 2) to use a lipidomics approach to characterize their biological responses. Levels of trace elements (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Pb) were analyzed using ICP-MS and lipids were measured using a targeted lipidomics approach with LC-MS/MS. Spearman correlation analysis was used to identify associations between lipids and trace elements. The influences of gender, stranding codes, presence of stomach content, growth stages and body length were also analyzed. Blubber lipid composition was dominated by triacylglycerols (TAG). Our results demonstrated the presence of heavy-metal elements such as Cd and As, which were correlated with different lipid species, mainly the ceramides and glycerophospholipids, respectively. Organisms with Cd showed lower concentrations of ceramides (CER, HCER and DCER), TAG and cholesteryl esters (CE). Trace elements Cr, Co, As and Cd increased proportionately with body length. This study provides a novel insight of lipidomic characterization and correlations with trace elements in the bottlenose dolphin which might contribute to having a better understanding of the physiological functions and the risks that anthropogenic activities can bring to sentinel organisms from coastal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ixchel M Ruiz-Hernández
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida. Antigua Carretera a Progreso km 6. Cordemex, Mérida, Yucatán, 97310, Mexico.
| | - Mohammad-Zaman Nouri
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology. University of Florida. PO Box 110885. 2187 Mowry Road. Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Marianne Kozuch
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology. University of Florida. PO Box 110885. 2187 Mowry Road. Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology. University of Florida. PO Box 110885. 2187 Mowry Road. Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Raúl E Díaz-Gamboa
- Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Departamento de Biología Marina, Mérida, Yucatán, 97000, Mexico.
| | - Rossanna Rodríguez-Canul
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida. Antigua Carretera a Progreso km 6. Cordemex, Mérida, Yucatán, 97310, Mexico.
| | - Reyna C Collí-Dulá
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida. Antigua Carretera a Progreso km 6. Cordemex, Mérida, Yucatán, 97310, Mexico; CONACYT, CONACYT, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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11
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Hilal MG, Yu Q, Zhou R, Wang Y, Feng T, Li X, Li H. Exploring microbial communities, assessment methodologies and applications of animal's carcass decomposition: a review. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6311132. [PMID: 34185048 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals are an essential part of the ecosystem, and their carcasses are the nutrient patches or hotspots where nutrients accumulate for a long time. After death, the physical and chemical properties undergo alterations inside the carcass. The animal carcass is decomposed by many decomposers such as bacteria, fungi, microeukaryotes and insects. The role of microbial symbionts in living organisms is well explored and studied, but there is a scarcity of knowledge and research related to their role in decomposing animal carcasses. Microbes play an important role in carcass decomposition. The origins of microbial communities associated with a carcass, including the internal and external microbiome, are discussed in this review. The succession and methods used for the detection and exploration of decomposition-associated microbial communities have been briefly described. Also, the applications of carcass-associated microbial taxa have been outlined. This review is intended to understand the dynamics of microbial communities associated with the carcass and pave the way to estimate postmortem interval and its role in recycling nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Gul Hilal
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Qiaoling Yu
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tianshu Feng
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiangkai Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Huan Li
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Center for Grassland Microbiome, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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12
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Ueland M, Collins S, Maestrini L, Forbes SL, Luong S. Fresh vs. frozen human decomposition – A preliminary investigation of lipid degradation products as biomarkers of post-mortem interval. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Yu K, Zhang H, Liu Y, Wu H, Cai W, Wei X, Liu R, Wang G, Sun Q, Wang Z. Adipose tissue estimates the postmortem interval based on ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.105977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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DeBruyn JM, Hoeland KM, Taylor LS, Stevens JD, Moats MA, Bandopadhyay S, Dearth SP, Castro HF, Hewitt KK, Campagna SR, Dautartas AM, Vidoli GM, Mundorff AZ, Steadman DW. Comparative Decomposition of Humans and Pigs: Soil Biogeochemistry, Microbial Activity and Metabolomic Profiles. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:608856. [PMID: 33519758 PMCID: PMC7838218 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.608856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate decomposition processes have important ecological implications and, in the case of human decomposition, forensic applications. Animals, especially domestic pigs (Sus scrofa), are frequently used as human analogs in forensic decomposition studies. However, recent research shows that humans and pigs do not necessarily decompose in the same manner, with differences in decomposition rates, patterns, and scavenging. The objective of our study was to extend these observations and determine if human and pig decomposition in terrestrial settings have different local impacts on soil biogeochemistry and microbial activity. In two seasonal trials (summer and winter), we simultaneously placed replicate human donors and pig carcasses on the soil surface and allowed them to decompose. In both human and pig decomposition-impacted soils, we observed elevated microbial respiration, protease activity, and ammonium, indicative of enhanced microbial ammonification and limited nitrification in soil during soft tissue decomposition. Soil respiration was comparable between summer and winter, indicating similar microbial activity; however, the magnitude of the pulse of decomposition products was greater in the summer. Using untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics approaches, we identified 38 metabolites and 54 lipids that were elevated in both human and pig decomposition-impacted soils. The most frequently detected metabolites were anthranilate, creatine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, taurine, xanthine, N-acetylglutamine, acetyllysine, and sedoheptulose 1/7-phosphate; the most frequently detected lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. Decomposition soils were also significantly enriched in metabolites belonging to amino acid metabolic pathways and the TCA cycle. Comparing humans and pigs, we noted several differences in soil biogeochemical responses. Soils under humans decreased in pH as decomposition progressed, while under pigs, soil pH increased. Additionally, under pigs we observed significantly higher ammonium and protease activities compared to humans. We identified several metabolites that were elevated in human decomposition soil compared to pig decomposition soil, including 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoate, sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, and tryptophan, suggesting different decomposition chemistries and timing between the two species. Together, our work shows that human and pig decomposition differ in terms of their impacts on soil biogeochemistry and microbial decomposer activities, adding to our understanding of decomposition ecology and informing the use of non-human models in forensic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M DeBruyn
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Katharina M Hoeland
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Lois S Taylor
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jessica D Stevens
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Michelle A Moats
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Sreejata Bandopadhyay
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Stephen P Dearth
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Hector F Castro
- Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Kaitlin K Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Shawn R Campagna
- Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Angela M Dautartas
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Giovanna M Vidoli
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Amy Z Mundorff
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Dawnie W Steadman
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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15
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A practical review of adipocere: Key findings, case studies and operational considerations from crime scene to autopsy. J Forensic Leg Med 2020; 78:102109. [PMID: 33596512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2020.102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
After death, the body begins decomposition, a process that starts with the breakdown of organic matter and typically leads to the complete degradation of a body. Such a process is highly affected by (micro and macro) environmental factors of intrinsic and extrinsic nature. Adipocere is a substance formed from the decomposition of adipose tissue and represents a disruption to the typical decomposition process. Such disruption causes decomposition to slow or arrest completely, placing a body into a state of preservation, and determines complications in the estimation of the time since death (Post-Mortem Interval, PMI). While several studies have been performed on the nature, the formation and the degradation of adipocere, there is still no reliable model to assess the PMI of a body exhibiting it. Case studies are an important source to aid pathologists and investigators during a case. This review presents a summary and an update on the knowledge surrounding the chemistry and the factors affecting adipocere formation and degradation, the timing and the distribution of adipocere throughout a body, and the techniques used to investigate it. Furthermore, a table of the most important case studies involving adipocere since 1950, several images and descriptions of recent cases and operational considerations for the best practice at the crime scene and autopsy are presented to be used as a reference to facilitate forensic professionals in adipocere cases.
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Yu K, Wang G, Cai W, Wu D, Wei X, Zhang K, Liu R, Sun Q, Wang Z. Identification of antemortem, perimortem and postmortem fractures by FTIR spectroscopy based on a rabbit tibial fracture model. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 239:118535. [PMID: 32502812 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The identification of antemortem, perimortem and postmortem fractures is very important for forensic pathologists and anthropologists. However, traditional methods are subjective, time-consuming, and have low accuracy, which do not fundamentally solve the problem. In this study, we utilized Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics to identify antemortem, perimortem and postmortem fractures in a rabbit tibial fracture model. Based on the results of the principal component analysis (PCA), changes in the ante-perimortem fracture repair process are mainly associated with protein variations, while postmortem fractures are more likely to result in lipid changes during degradation. Then, a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was performed to assess the classification ability of the training and predictive datasets, with classification accuracies of 88.9% and 86.7%, respectively. According to the latent variable 1 (LV1) loading plot, amide I and amide II (proteins) are mostly classified as ante-perimortem and postmortem fractures. In conclusion, FTIR spectroscopy is a reliable tool to identify antemortem, perimortem and postmortem fractures. FTIR has the advantages of rapid, objective and strong discrimination. and shows great potential for analyzing forensic cases under actual natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gongji Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wumin Cai
- Department of Forensic Pathology, College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Forensic Pathology, College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruina Liu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinru Sun
- Department of Forensic Pathology, College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhenyuan Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Miles KL, Finaughty DA, Gibbon VE. A review of experimental design in forensic taphonomy: moving towards forensic realism. Forensic Sci Res 2020; 5:249-259. [PMID: 33457043 PMCID: PMC7782990 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2020.1792631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forensic taphonomy as a discipline requires standardization to satisfy Daubert criteria for scientific data to be admissible in court. In response, there has been a shift towards quantification of methodology and estimating the postmortem interval. Despite these advances, there are still biases and limitations within the discipline not explicitly addressed in the early stages of experimental design nor in final published works. In this article, unresolved debates with respect to the conductance and reporting of forensic taphonomic research are reviewed, beginning with the nature of experimental cadavers, human or animal analogues and their body size, and second, the forensic realism of experimental setups, specifically with respect to caging, clothing and number of carcases. Pigs, albeit imperfect, are a good model to gain a general idea of the trends that may be seen in humans in subsequent validation studies in facilities where human donors are available. To date, there is no consensus among taphonomists on the extent of the effect that body mass has on decomposition progression. More research is required with both human cadavers and non-human analogues that builds on our current knowledge of forensic taphonomy to answer these nagging questions. This will enable the discipline to make the reliable assumption that pigs and donor decomposition data can be applied to homicide cases. A suite of experimental design aspects is suggested to ensure systematic and standardized data collection across different biogeoclimatic circumstances to identify and quantify the effects of potential confounding variables. Such studies in multiple, varied biogeographic circumstances with standardized protocols, equipment and carrion will facilitate independent global validation of patterns. These factors are reviewed to show the need for adjustments in experimental design to ensure relevance and applicability of data within locally realistic forensic situations. The initiation of a global decomposition data network for forensic taphonomists is recommended.Key points Pigs are a valuable, albeit imperfect, proxy for human decomposition studies. There are few or conflicting data on effects of carcase size, carrion ecology, exclusion cages and scavengers. We recommend single, clothed, uncaged carcases for baseline research to reflect regionally specific forensic casework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Miles
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Devin A Finaughty
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Victoria E Gibbon
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, WC, South Africa
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Fabresse N, Larabi IA, Etting I, Mayer C, Charlier P, Lorin de la Grandmaison G, Alvarez JC. Identification of toxics in adipocere: Two case reports. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Collins S, Stuart B, Ueland M. Monitoring human decomposition products collected in clothing: an infrared spectroscopy study. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2019.1593504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharni Collins
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Barbara Stuart
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Maiken Ueland
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
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Nolan AN, Mead RJ, Maker G, Speers SJ. A review of the biochemical products produced during mammalian decomposition with the purpose of determining the post-mortem interval. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2019.1589571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley-N’Dene Nolan
- Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Robert J. Mead
- Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Garth Maker
- Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Samuel J. Speers
- Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Ueland M, Forbes SL, Stuart BH. Understanding clothed buried remains: the analysis of decomposition fluids and their influence on clothing in model burial environments. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2019; 15:3-12. [PMID: 30627974 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-018-0073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies of fabric degradation have shown promising results for post-mortem interval estimations based on differences in the degradation states of clothing in the presence of decomposing remains. It is crucial to determine if a body was present when using the degradation state as an indicator of time since death. For this study, fabric samples from buried pig remains were collected and analyzed using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chromatography- mass spectrometry. Three different fabrics were investigated; 100% cotton, 100% polyester and a polyester-cotton blend. Distinct visual changes were observed between the experimental and control graves, with the fabrics in the control grave degrading more rapidly. There was also a difference between the fabric types, whereby the natural fabrics degraded much faster than the synthetic ones. Principal component analysis was used to determine that the cotton control samples could be statistically separated based on their degradation state. The presence of lipids and proteins were useful for separating "wetter" graves from those drier in nature as well as the control graves. Clothing evidence was demonstrated to provide quantitative time since death information, as well as indicating the decomposition site in the event of intentional or unintentional movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiken Ueland
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Shari L Forbes
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Barbara H Stuart
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Dubois LM, Stefanuto PH, Heudt L, Focant JF, Perrault KA. Characterizing decomposition odor from soil and adipocere samples at a death scene using HS-SPME-GC×GC-HRTOFMS. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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24
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Steadman DW, Dautartas A, Kenyhercz MW, Jantz LM, Mundorff A, Vidoli GM. Differential Scavenging Among Pig, Rabbit, and Human Subjects. J Forensic Sci 2018; 63:1684-1691. [PMID: 29649349 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Different animal species have been used as proxies for human remains in decomposition studies for decades, although few studies have sought to validate their use in research aimed at estimating the postmortem interval. This study examines 45 pig, rabbit, and human subjects placed in three seasonal trials at the Anthropology Research Facility. In an earlier paper, we found that overall decomposition trends did vary between species that could be due to differential insect and scavenger behavior. This study specifically examines if scavenger behavior differs by carrion species. Daily photographs, game camera photographs, written observations, and Total Body Score (TBS) documented scavenging and decomposition changes. Results show that raccoons were the most commonly observed vertebrate scavenger, that scavenging was most extensive in winter, and that certain human subjects were preferred over other humans and all non-human subjects. Finally, scavenging activity greatly reduces the accuracy of postmortem interval estimates based on TBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawnie Wolfe Steadman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - Angela Dautartas
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - Michael W Kenyhercz
- Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, Central Identification Laboratory, 570 Moffet Street, JBPHH, HI, 96853.,Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, 0007, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Lee M Jantz
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - Amy Mundorff
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - Giovanna M Vidoli
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN, 37996
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Luong S, Forbes SL, Wallman JF, Roberts RG. Monitoring the extent of vertical and lateral movement of human decomposition products through sediment using cholesterol as a biomarker. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 285:93-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dautartas A, Kenyhercz MW, Vidoli GM, Meadows Jantz L, Mundorff A, Steadman DW. Differential Decomposition Among Pig, Rabbit, and Human Remains. J Forensic Sci 2018; 63:1673-1683. [PMID: 29603225 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While nonhuman animal remains are often utilized in forensic research to develop methods to estimate the postmortem interval, systematic studies that directly validate animals as proxies for human decomposition are lacking. The current project compared decomposition rates among pigs, rabbits, and humans at the University of Tennessee's Anthropology Research Facility across three seasonal trials that spanned nearly 2 years. The Total Body Score (TBS) method was applied to quantify decomposition changes and calculate the postmortem interval (PMI) in accumulated degree days (ADD). Decomposition trajectories were analyzed by comparing the estimated and actual ADD for each seasonal trial and by fuzzy cluster analysis. The cluster analysis demonstrated that the rabbits formed one group while pigs and humans, although more similar to each other than either to rabbits, still showed important differences in decomposition patterns. The decomposition trends show that neither nonhuman model captured the pattern, rate, and variability of human decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Dautartas
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 502 Strong Hall, 1621 Cumberland Ave., Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - Michael W Kenyhercz
- Central Identification Laboratory, Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, 570 Moffet Street, JBPHH, HI, 96853.,Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
| | - Giovanna M Vidoli
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 502 Strong Hall, 1621 Cumberland Ave., Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - Lee Meadows Jantz
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 502 Strong Hall, 1621 Cumberland Ave., Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - Amy Mundorff
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 502 Strong Hall, 1621 Cumberland Ave., Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - Dawnie Wolfe Steadman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 502 Strong Hall, 1621 Cumberland Ave., Knoxville, TN, 37996
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Analysis of Decomposition Fluid Collected from Carcasses Decomposing in the Presence and Absence of Insects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33115-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Martin DC, Dabbs GR, Roberts LG, Cleary MK. The Stone Cold Truth: The Effect of Concrete Encasement on the Rate and Pattern of Soft Tissue Decomposition. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:302-308. [PMID: 27404603 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study provides a descriptive analysis of taphonomic changes observed in the soft tissue of ten pigs (Sus scrofa) after being encased in Quickrete (®) concrete and excavated at monthly or bimonthly intervals over the course of 2 years. The best method of subject excavation was investigated. Rate and pattern of decomposition were compared to a nonencased control subject. Results demonstrate subjects interred in concrete decomposed significantly slower than the control subject (p < 0.01), the difference being observable after 1 month. After 1 year, the encased subject was in the early stage of decomposition with purging fluids and intact organs present, versus complete skeletonization of the control subject. Concrete subjects also display a unique decomposition pattern, exhibiting a chemically burned outer layer of skin and a common separation of the dermal and epidermal layers. Results suggest using traditional methods to estimate postmortem interval on concrete subjects may result in underestimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Martin
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, 1000 Faner Drive, Mail Code 4502, Carbondale, IL, 62901
| | - Gretchen R Dabbs
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, 1000 Faner Drive, Mail Code 4502, Carbondale, IL, 62901
| | - Lindsey G Roberts
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, 1000 Faner Drive, Mail Code 4502, Carbondale, IL, 62901
| | - Megan K Cleary
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, 1000 Faner Drive, Mail Code 4502, Carbondale, IL, 62901
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29
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Hayman J, Oxenham M. Estimation of the time since death in decomposed bodies found in Australian conditions. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2015.1128972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Klose J, Aistleitner K, Horn M, Krenn L, Dirsch V, Zehl M, Bright M. Trophosome of the Deep-Sea Tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Inhibits Bacterial Growth. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146446. [PMID: 26730960 PMCID: PMC4701499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The giant tubeworm Riftia pachyptila lives in symbiosis with the chemoautotrophic gammaproteobacterium Cand. Endoriftia persephone. Symbionts are released back into the environment upon host death in high-pressure experiments, while microbial fouling is not involved in trophosome degradation. Therefore, we examined the antimicrobial effect of the tubeworm's trophosome and skin. The growth of all four tested Gram-positive, but only of one of the tested Gram-negative bacterial strains was inhibited by freshly fixed and degrading trophosome (incubated up to ten days at either warm or cold temperature), while no effect on Saccharomyces cerevisiae was observed. The skin did not show antimicrobial effects. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of the ethanol supernatant of fixed trophosomes lead to the tentative identification of the phospholipids 1-palmitoleyl-2-lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, 2-palmitoleyl-1-lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine and the free fatty acids palmitoleic, palmitic and oleic acid, which are known to have an antimicrobial effect. As a result of tissue autolysis, the abundance of the free fatty acids increased with longer incubation time of trophosome samples. This correlated with an increasing growth inhibition of Bacillus subtilis and Listeria welshimeri, but not of the other bacterial strains. Therefore, the free fatty acids produced upon host degradation could be the cause of inhibition of at least these two bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klose
- Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Aistleitner
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Horn
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Liselotte Krenn
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Zehl
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Bright
- Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Fiedler S, Berns A, Schwark L, Woelk A, Graw M. The chemistry of death – Adipocere degradation in modern graveyards. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 257:320-328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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The formation of adipocere in model aquatic environments. Int J Legal Med 2015; 130:281-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Celata EN. Postmortem Intervals in Mice Submerged in Aqueous Environments at 20°C. J Forensic Sci 2015; 60:1495-9. [PMID: 26264218 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous submersion can impede decay and produce decomposition stages not seen in terrestrial burials. To further understand the variances, fifty-four mice were submerged in freshwater, marine water, and a control environment at 20°C. The mice displayed sequential stages at differing rates over 6 weeks. Regression plots and comparative t-tests demonstrated that internal putrefaction, weight difference, and abdominal circumference of the aqueous environments varied significantly from the control group. The aqueous subjects did not vary significantly from each other quantitatively. The postmortem intervals were not consistent regardless of temperature or environment although a clear variance was noted between the control and the submerged groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Celata
- Monroe County Office of the Medical Examiner, 740 East Henrietta Rd, Rochester, NY, 14623
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Roberts LG, Dabbs GR. A Taphonomic Study Exploring the Differences in Decomposition Rate and Manner between Frozen and Never Frozen Domestic Pigs (Sus scrofa). J Forensic Sci 2015; 60:588-94. [PMID: 25693630 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This research examined differences in decomposition rate and manner of domestic pig subjects (Sus scrofa) in never frozen (control) and previously frozen (experimental) research conditions. Eight control and experimental subjects were placed in an identical outdoor research environment. Daily quantitative and qualitative measurements were collected: abdominal circumference, total body score (TBS), temperature, photographs, descriptive decomposition stages, and visual observations. Field necropsies were performed at accumulated degree days (ADD) between 50 and 300 (Celsius). Paired samples t-tests of ADD to TBS >3.0, TBS >9.5, and TBS >16.0 indicate the rate of decomposition of experimental subjects was significantly slower than controls at both TBS >3 and >9.5 (p = 0.003 and p = 0.002, respectively). A suite of qualitative indicators of predecomposition freezing is also reported. The differences between experimental and control subjects suggest previously frozen subjects should not be used in taphonomic research, as results do not accurately reflect the "normal" taphonomic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey G Roberts
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, 1000 Faner Drive, Mail Code 4502, Carbondale, IL, 62901
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Human brains found in a fire-affected 4000-years old Bronze Age tumulus layer rich in soil alkalines and boron in Kutahya, Western Anatolia. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2013; 65:33-50. [PMID: 24060546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Undecomposed human bodies and organs always attracted interest in terms of understanding biological tissue stability and immortality. Amongst these, cases of natural mummification found in glaciers, bog sediments and deserts caused even more attention. In 2010, an archeological excavation of a Bronze Age layer in a tumulus near the Western Anatolia city Kütahya revealed fire affected regions with burnt human skeletons and charred wooden objects. Inside of the cracked skulls, undecomposed brains were discernible. To analyze the burial taphonomy of the rare phenomenon of brain preservation, we analyzed brains, bone, teeth and surrounding soils elements using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Adipocere formation or saponification of postmortem tissue fat requires high levels of alkalinity and especially potassium. Indeed, ICP-MS analysis of the brain, teeth and bone and also of the surrounding soil revealed high levels of potassium, magnesium, aluminum and boron, which are compatible with the famous role of Kütahya in tile production with its soil containing high level of alkalines and tile-glazing boron. Fatty acid chromatography revealed simultaneous saturation of fats and protection of fragile unsaturated fatty acids consistent with soil-presence of both pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant trace metals. Computerized tomography revealed protection of diencephalic, metencephalic and occipital tissue in one of the best-preserved specimens. Boron was previously found as an intentional preservative of Tutankhamen and Deir el Bahari mummies. Here, in natural soil with its insect-repellant, anti-bacterial and fire-resistance qualities it may be a factor to preserve heat-affected brains as almost bioporcellain specimens.
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The effect of soil texture on the degradation of textiles associated with buried bodies. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 231:331-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Martin DC, Dabbs GR, Roberts LG. Lemonade from lemons: the taphonomic effect of lawn mowers on skeletal remains. J Forensic Sci 2013; 58:1273-1278. [PMID: 23822193 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study provides a descriptive analysis of the taphonomic changes produced by passing over skeletonized remains (n = 4, Sus scrofa) with three common lawn mowers. Two skeletons were mowed over with a riding lawn mower set at multiple blade heights (10.16, 7.62, 5.08 cm) and one each with a rotary mower (9.53, 6.35 cm) and a mulching mower (6.35 cm). Results show that different types of common lawn mowers will produce different patterns of bone dispersal and fragmentation rates. Overall, skeletal elements projecting upward from the surface frequently exhibited a sheared morphology characterized by a smooth, flat, cut surface (7.0-7.6% of elements). The push mowers yielded a higher frequency of undamaged bone than the riding mower (54.8-61.2% vs. 17.7%), and the riding mower created more catastrophic damage to skeletal elements. Additionally, each mower produced a distinct dispersal pattern of skeletal fragments. The dispersal patterns have been identified as "bull's-eye" (riding), circular (mulching), and discontinuous rectangle (rotary).
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Martin
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, 1000 Faner Drive, Mail Code 4502, Carbondale, 62901, IL
| | - Gretchen R Dabbs
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, 1000 Faner Drive, Mail Code 4502, Carbondale, 62901, IL
| | - Lindsey G Roberts
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, 1000 Faner Drive, Mail Code 4502, Carbondale, 62901, IL
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Ueland M, Breton HA, Forbes SL. Bacterial populations associated with early-stage adipocere formation in lacustrine waters. Int J Legal Med 2013; 128:379-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-013-0907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dabbs GR, Martin DC. Geographic Variation in the Taphonomic Effect of Vulture Scavenging: The Case for Southern Illinois. J Forensic Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen R. Dabbs
- Department of Anthropology; Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Faner Dr. Mail Code 4502; Carbondale; IL 62901
| | - D. C. Martin
- Department of Anthropology; Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Faner Dr. Mail Code 4502; Carbondale; IL 62901
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Notter SJ, Stuart BH. The Effect of Body Coverings on the Formation of Adipocere in an Aqueous Environment. J Forensic Sci 2011; 57:120-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Thali MJ, Lux B, Lösch S, Rösing FW, Hürlimann J, Feer P, Dirnhofer R, Königsdorfer U, Zollinger U. “Brienzi” – The blue Vivianite man of Switzerland: Time since death estimation of an adipocere body. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 211:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Paczkowski S, Schütz S. Post-mortem volatiles of vertebrate tissue. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:917-35. [PMID: 21720824 PMCID: PMC3145088 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Volatile emission during vertebrate decay is a complex process that is understood incompletely. It depends on many factors. The main factor is the metabolism of the microbial species present inside and on the vertebrate. In this review, we combine the results from studies on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detected during this decay process and those on the biochemical formation of VOCs in order to improve our understanding of the decay process. Micro-organisms are the main producers of VOCs, which are by- or end-products of microbial metabolism. Many microbes are already present inside and on a vertebrate, and these can initiate microbial decay. In addition, micro-organisms from the environment colonize the cadaver. The composition of microbial communities is complex, and communities of different species interact with each other in succession. In comparison to the complexity of the decay process, the resulting volatile pattern does show some consistency. Therefore, the possibility of an existence of a time-dependent core volatile pattern, which could be used for applications in areas such as forensics or food science, is discussed. Possible microbial interactions that might alter the process of decay are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Paczkowski
- Department of Forest Zoology and Forest Conservation, Büsgeninstitut, Georg August University, Büsgenweg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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43
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He X, Iasmin M, Dean LO, Lappi SE, Ducoste JJ, de los Reyes FL. Evidence for fat, oil, and grease (FOG) deposit formation mechanisms in sewer lines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:4385-4391. [PMID: 21510691 DOI: 10.1021/es2001997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The presence of hardened and insoluble fats, oil, and grease (FOG) deposits in sewer lines is a major cause of line blockages leading to sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs). Despite the central role that FOG deposits play in SSOs, little is known about the mechanisms of FOG deposit formation in sanitary sewers. In this study, FOG deposits were formed under laboratory conditions from the reaction between free fatty acids and calcium chloride. The calcium and fatty acid profile analysis showed that the laboratory-produced FOG deposit displayed similar characteristics to FOG deposits collected from sanitary sewer lines. Results of FTIR analysis showed that the FOG deposits are metallic salts of fatty acid as revealed by comparisons with FOG deposits collected from sewer lines and pure calcium soaps. Based on the data, we propose that the formation of FOG deposits occurs from the aggregation of excess calcium compressing the double layer of free fatty acid micelles and a saponification reaction between aggregated calcium and free fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia He
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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44
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Adipocere: What is known after over two centuries of research. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 208:167-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Swann L, Forbes S, Lewis S. Analytical separations of mammalian decomposition products for forensic science: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 682:9-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Forbes SL, Wilson MEA, Stuart BH. Examination of adipocere formation in a cold water environment. Int J Legal Med 2010; 125:643-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-010-0460-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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47
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Durães N, Cortez D, Algarra M, Sánchez FG, Rodríguez-Borges JE, Bobos I, Esteves da Silva JC. Comparison of adipocere formation in four soil types of the Porto (Portugal) district. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 195:168.e1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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