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Michielini JP, Yi X, Brown LM, Gao SM, Orians C, Crone EE. Novel host plant use by a specialist insect depends on geographic variation in both the host and herbivore species. Oecologia 2024; 204:95-105. [PMID: 38123786 PMCID: PMC10830605 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the circumstances under which insect herbivores will adopt a novel host plant is a longstanding question in basic and applied ecology. While geographic variation in host use can arise through differences in both herbivore preference and plant characteristics, there is a tendency to attribute geographic variation in host use to regional differences in herbivore preference alone. This is especially true for herbivores specialized to one or a few plant species. We compared how geographic variation in herbivore preference and host plant origin shape regional differences in host plant use by the specialized herbivore, Euphydryas phaeton. In parts of its range, E. phaeton uses only a native host, Chelone glabra, while in others, it also uses an introduced host, Plantago lanceolata. We offered female butterflies from each region the non-native host plant sourced from both regions and compared their oviposition behavior. The non-native host was almost universally rejected by butterflies in the region where only the native plant is used. In the region where butterflies use both hosts, females accepted non-native plants from their natal region twice as often as non-native plants from the other region where they are not used. Acceptance differed substantially among individual butterflies within regions but not among plants within regions. Thus, both individual preference and regional differences in both the insect and non-native host contributed to the geographic variation in different ways. These results highlight that, in addition to herbivore preference, regional differences in perceived plant suitability may be an important driver of diet breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Michielini
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Xianfeng Yi
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Leone M Brown
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Biology Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Shan Ming Gao
- Biology Department, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Colin Orians
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Crone
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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2
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Yang J, Zheng L, Liao Y, Fu Y, Zeng D, Chen W, Wu W. HCN-induced embryo arrest: passion fruit as an ecological trap for fruit flies. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2172-2181. [PMID: 36730167 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit flies are important economic pests of fruits, vegetables, and nuts all over the world. In this study, a permanent ecological trap, which was created by the ovicidal effect of phytogenic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) liberated from passion fruits due to oviposition by fruit flies and can be used in the pest management, were determined. RESULTS Observation of fruit fly eggs in Passiflora within the passion fruit cultivation region in southern China, from Aug 2019 to Oct 2020 showed that the exotic Passiflora attracted the native fruit flies to oviposit, but the eggs could not hatch. Using classical staging to categorize embryonic development and fumigation assays, we show that oviposition by fruit fly on passion fruits, release HCN from the cyanogenic mesocarp. Exposure of the eggs to HCN causes arrest of embryonic development and finally the death of eggs. CONCLUSION Our results reveal that the life cycle of fruit fly in Passiflora is interrupted at the egg stage. Consequently, we predict that this ecological trap may be permanent. Extensive cultivation of the Passiflora vine as a dead-end trap crop may be an effective avenue to reduce populations of fruit fly pests. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Zheng
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yonglin Liao
- Plant Protection Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueguan Fu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou, China
| | - Dongqiang Zeng
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Weijian Wu
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Muchoney ND, Bowers MD, Carper AL, Teglas MB, Smilanich AM. Use of an exotic host plant reduces viral burden in a native insect herbivore. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:425-436. [PMID: 36688250 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of exotic plants into the diets of native herbivores is a common phenomenon, influencing interactions with natural enemies and providing insight into the tritrophic costs and benefits of dietary expansion. We evaluated how use of an exotic plant, Plantago lanceolata, impacted immune performance, development and susceptibility to pathogen infection in the neotropical herbivore Anartia jatrophae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Caterpillars were reared on P. lanceolata or a native plant, Bacopa monnieri, and experimentally infected with a pathogenic virus, Junonia coenia densovirus. We found that virus-challenged herbivores exhibited higher survival rates and lower viral burdens when reared on P. lanceolata compared to B. monnieri, though immune performance and development time were largely similar on the two plants. These findings reveal that use of an exotic plant can impact the vulnerability of a native herbivore to pathogen infection, suggesting diet-mediated protection against disease as a potential mechanism facilitating the incorporation of novel resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya D Muchoney
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - M Deane Bowers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Adrian L Carper
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Mike B Teglas
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA.,Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Angela M Smilanich
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
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4
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Mo C, Smilanich AM. Feeding on an exotic host plant enhances plasma levels of phenoloxidase by modulating feeding efficiency in a specialist insect herbivore. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1127670. [PMID: 36909228 PMCID: PMC9998540 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1127670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Exotic plant species represent a novel resource for invertebrates and many herbivorous insects have incorporated exotic plants into their diet. Using a new host plant can have physiological repercussions for these herbivores that may be beneficial or detrimental. In this study, we compared how using an exotic versus native host plant affected the immune system response and feeding efficiency of a specialist lepidopteran, the common buckeye (Junonia coenia: Nymphalidae, Hübner 1822). Materials and Methods: In a lab experiment, larvae were reared on either the exotic host plant, Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae), or the native host plant, Mimulus guttatus (Phrymaceae). Beginning at second instar feeding efficiency data were collected every 2 days until fifth instar when immune assays were performed. Immune assays consisted of standing phenoloxidase activity, total phenoloxidase activity, and melanization. Results: Interestingly, we found that all three immune system parameters were higher on the exotic host plant compared to the native host plant. The exotic host plant also supported higher pupal weights, faster development time, greater consumption, and more efficient approximate digestibility. In contrast, the native host plant supported higher efficiency of conversion of ingested and digested food. The relationship between immunity and feeding efficiency was more complex but showed a large positive effect of greater host plant consumption on all immune parameters, particularly for the exotic host plant. While not as strong, the efficiency of conversion of digested food tended to show a negative effect on the three immune parameters. Conclusion: Overall, the exotic host plant proved to be beneficial for this specialist insect with regard to immunity and many of the feeding efficiency parameters and continued use of this host plant is predicted for populations already using it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mo
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Angela M Smilanich
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States.,Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology Graduate Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
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Parmesan C, Singer MC. Mosaics of climatic stress across species' ranges: tradeoffs cause adaptive evolution to limits of climatic tolerance. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210003. [PMID: 35184595 PMCID: PMC8859515 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in birds and trees show climatic stresses distributed across species' ranges, not only at range limits. Here, new analyses from the butterfly Euphydryas editha reveal mechanisms generating these stresses: geographic mosaics of natural selection, acting on tradeoffs between climate adaptation and fitness traits, cause some range-central populations to evolve to limits of climatic tolerance, while others remain resilient. In one ecotype, selection for predator avoidance drives evolution to limits of thermal tolerance. In a second ecotype, the endangered Bay Checkerspot, selection on fecundity drives evolution to the climate-sensitive limit of ability to complete development within the lifespans of ephemeral hosts, causing routinely high mortality from insect–host phenological asynchrony. The tradeoff between maternal fecundity and offspring mortality generated similar values of fitness on different dates, partly explaining why fecundity varied by more than an order of magnitude. Evolutionary response to the tradeoff rendered climatic variability the main driver of Bay Checkerspot dynamics, and increases in this variability, associated with climate change, were a key factor behind permanent extinction of a protected metapopulation. Finally, we discuss implications for conservation planning of our finding that adaptive evolution can reduce population-level resilience to climate change and generate geographic mosaics of climatic stress. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Species’ ranges in the face of changing environments (Part II)’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Parmesan
- Station d'Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France.,Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Michael C Singer
- Station d'Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France.,Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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6
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Singer MC, Parmesan C. Colonizations cause diversification of host preferences: A mechanism explaining increased generalization at range boundaries expanding under climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3505-3518. [PMID: 33896082 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As species' poleward range limits expand under climate change, generalists are expected to be better colonists than specialists, extending their ranges faster. This effect of specialization on range shifts has been shown, but so has the reverse cause-effect: in a global meta-analysis of butterfly diets, it was range expansions themselves that caused increases in population-level diet breadth. What could drive this unexpected process? We provide a novel behavioral mechanism by showing that, in a butterfly with extensive ecotypic variation, Edith's checkerspot, diet breadths increased after colonization events as diversification of individual host preferences pulled novel hosts into population diets. Subsequently, populations that persisted reverted toward monophagy. We draw together three lines of evidence from long-term studies of 15 independently evolving populations. First, direct observations showed a significant increase in specialization across decades: in recent censuses, eight populations used fewer host genera than in the 1980s while none used more. Second, behavioral preference-testing experiments showed that extinctions and recolonizations at two sites were followed, at first by diversification of heritable preference ranks and increases in diet breadth, and subsequently by homogenization of preferences and contractions of diet breadth. Third, we found a significant negative association in the 1980s between population-level diet breadth and genetic diversity. Populations with fewer mtDNA haplotypes had broader diets, extending to 3-4 host genera, while those with higher haplotype diversity were more specialized. We infer that diet breadth had increased in younger, recently colonized populations. Preference diversification after colonization events, whether caused by (cryptic) host shifts or by release of cryptic genetic variation after population bottlenecks, provides a mechanism for known effects of range shifts on diet specialization. Our results explain how colonizations at expanding range margins have increased population-level diet breadths, and predict that increasing specialization should accompany population persistence as current range edges become range interiors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Singer
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, Moulis, France
- Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Camille Parmesan
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, Moulis, France
- Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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7
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Preference, performance, and chemical defense in an endangered butterfly using novel and ancestral host plants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:992. [PMID: 33446768 PMCID: PMC7809109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoption of novel host plants by herbivorous insects can require new adaptations and may entail loss of adaptation to ancestral hosts. We examined relationships between an endangered subspecies of the butterfly Euphydryas editha (Taylor’s checkerspot) and three host plant species. Two of the hosts (Castilleja hispida, Castilleja levisecta) were used ancestrally while the other, Plantago lanceolata, is exotic and was adopted more recently. We measured oviposition preference, neonate preference, larval growth, and secondary chemical uptake on all three hosts. Adult females readily laid eggs on all hosts but favored Plantago and tended to avoid C. levisecta. Oviposition preference changed over time. Neonates had no preference among host species, but consistently chose bracts over leaves within both Castilleja species. Larvae developed successfully on all species and grew to similar size on all of them unless they ate only Castilleja leaves (rather than bracts) which limited their growth. Diet strongly influenced secondary chemical uptake by larvae. Larvae that ate Plantago or C. hispida leaves contained the highest concentrations of iridoid glycosides, and iridoid glycoside composition varied with host species and tissue type. Despite having largely switched to a novel exotic host and generally performing better on it, this population has retained breadth in preference and ability to use other hosts.
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Abstract
This review was solicited as an autobiography. The "problems" in my title have two meanings. First, they were professional difficulties caused by my decision to study oviposition preferences of butterflies that were not susceptible to traditional preference-testing designs. Until I provided video, my claim that the butterflies duplicate natural post-alighting host-assessment behavior when placed on hosts by hand was not credible, and the preference-testing technique that I had developed elicited skepticism, anger, and derision. The second meaning of "problems" is scientific. Insect preference comes with complex dimensionality that interacts with host acceptability. Part Two of this review describes how my group's work in this area has revealed unexpected axes of variation in plant-insect interactions-axes capable of frustrating attempts to derive unequivocal conclusions from apparently sensible experimental designs. The possibility that these complexities are lurking should be kept in mind as preference and performance experiments are devised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Singer
- Station d'Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS et Université Paul Sabatier, 09200 Moulis, France;
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9
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Orians CM, Schweiger R, Dukes JS, Scott ER, Müller C. Combined impacts of prolonged drought and warming on plant size and foliar chemistry. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:41-52. [PMID: 30698658 PMCID: PMC6676383 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Future shifts in precipitation regimes and temperature are expected to affect plant traits dramatically. To date, many studies have explored the effects of acute stresses, but few have investigated the consequences of prolonged shifts in climatic conditions on plant growth and chemistry. METHODS Plant size and metabolite profiles were assessed on naturally occurring Plantago lanceolata plants growing under different precipitation (ambient, 50 % less than ambient = drought) and temperature (ambient, +0.8, +2.4 and +4.0 °C above ambient) treatments at the Boston Area Climate Experiment (constructed in 2007). KEY RESULTS The analysis of primary and secondary metabolites revealed pronounced effects of drought, and a precipitation × temperature interaction. Strikingly, the effects of precipitation were minimal at the two lower temperatures but marked at the two higher temperatures. Compared with the ambient condition, plants in the drought plots had lower concentrations of foliar nitrogen, amino acids and most sugars, and higher concentrations of sorbitol, citrate and malate, common stress-induced metabolites. This pattern was especially evident at high temperatures. Moreover, drought-exposed plants showed lower concentrations of catalpol, an iridoid glycoside. CONCLUSIONS While the effect of warming on the metabolite profiles was less pronounced, differences were marked when combined with drought. Given the interactive effect of environmental variables on leaf chemistry, and the fact that woody and herbaceous plants seem to differ in their responses to temperature and precipitation, future studies should account for the direct and indirect effects of the community response to multifactorial field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Orians
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Rabea Schweiger
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jeffrey S Dukes
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric R Scott
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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10
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Singer MC, Parmesan C. Butterflies embrace maladaptation and raise fitness in colonizing novel host. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1417-1433. [PMID: 31417624 PMCID: PMC6691209 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We illustrate an evolutionary host shift driven by increased fitness on a novel host, despite maladaptation to it in six separate host-adaptive traits. Here, local adaptation is defined as possession of traits that provide advantage in specific environmental contexts; thus individuals can have higher fitness in benign environments to which they are maladapted than in demanding environments to which they are well adapted. A population of the butterfly Euphydryas editha adapted to a long-lived, chemically well-defended host, Pedicularis, had traditionally been under natural selection to avoid the ephemeral, less-defended Collinsia. The lifespan of Collinsia was so short that it senesced before larvae entered diapause. After logging killed Pedicularis in clear-cut patches and controlled burning simultaneously extended Collinsia lifespan, insect fitness on Collinsia in clearings suddenly became higher than on Pedicularis in adjacent unlogged patches. Collinsia was rapidly colonized and preference for it evolved, but insects feeding on it retained adaptations to Pedicularis in alighting bias, two aspects of postalighting oviposition preference, dispersal bias, geotaxis, and clutch size, all acting as maladaptations to Collinsia. Nonetheless, populations boomed on Collinsia in clearings, creating sources that fed pseudosinks in unlogged patches where Pedicularis was still used. After c. 20 years, butterfly populations in clearings disappeared and the metapopulation reverted to Pedicularis-feeding. Here we show, via experimental manipulation of oviposition by local Pedicularis-adapted and imported Collinsia-adapted butterflies, that the highest survival at that time would have been from eggs laid in clearings by butterflies adapted to Collinsia. Second highest were locals on Pedicularis. In third place would have been locals on Collinsia in clearings, because local females maladaptively preferred senescent plants. Collinsia had been colonized despite maladaptation and, after successional changes, abandoned because of it. However, the abandoned Collinsia could still have provided the highest fitness, given appropriate adaptation. The butterflies had tumbled down an adaptive peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Singer
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology StationUMR 5321CNRS and Paul Sabatier UniversityMoulisFrance
- Biological and Marine Sciences, Portland Square BuildingUniversity of PlymouthPlymouthUK
| | - Camille Parmesan
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology StationUMR 5321CNRS and Paul Sabatier UniversityMoulisFrance
- Biological and Marine Sciences, Portland Square BuildingUniversity of PlymouthPlymouthUK
- Geological SciencesUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTexas
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11
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Lethal trap created by adaptive evolutionary response to an exotic resource. Nature 2018; 557:238-241. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Thompson JN. EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE IN SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES. Evolution 2017; 42:1223-1234. [PMID: 28581079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb04182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/1987] [Accepted: 04/25/1988] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Models of the evolution of host shifts and speciation in phytophagous insects are often built upon the assumption that host selection is under simple genetic control, perhaps even a single locus. The genetic basis for differences in host-plant preference by ovipositing insects was investigated using two closely related species of swallowtail butterfly, Papilio oregonius and P. zelicaon, which differ in the plant families on which females oviposit. Both species had been shown previously to vary within populations in host selection. A combination of analyses using reciprocal interspecific crosses and isofemale strains within populations indicated that oviposition preference in these species is determined significantly by one or more loci on the X chromosome, which female Lepidoptera inherit only paternally. Hence, preferences in hybrid females tended toward the paternal species. This is the first insect group for which partial control of oviposition preference has been localized onto a particular chromosome. In addition, one or more loci on another chromosome(s) appear to contribute to preference, as indicated by the partially intermediate preferences of some hybrid crosses. The overall differences in preference in the reciprocal interspecific hybrids were restricted to differences in the distribution of eggs laid among the local host plants of these two Papilio species; the reciprocal crosses did not differ in the small percentage of eggs laid on a novel potential host species. The variation in host selection found among the isofemale strains reinforces earlier results for these strains, indicating that there is genetic variation in host selection within these populations. Overall, the results indicate that the evolution of oviposition preference in these species involves genetic changes at two or more chromosomes with the X chromosome playing an important role in determining preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Thompson
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164
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13
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Singer MC, Ng D, Thomas CD. HERITABILITY OF OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OFFSPRING PERFORMANCE WITHIN A SINGLE INSECT POPULATION. Evolution 2017; 42:977-985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb02516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/1987] [Accepted: 04/27/1988] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Singer
- Department of Zoology University of Texas Austin TX 78712
| | - D. Ng
- Department of Zoology University of Texas Austin TX 78712
| | - C. D. Thomas
- Department of Zoology University of Texas Austin TX 78712
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14
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Carroll SP, Dingle H, Klassen SP. GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION OF FITNESS‐ASSOCIATED TRAITS AMONG RAPIDLY EVOLVING POPULATIONS OF THE SOAPBERRY BUG. Evolution 2017; 51:1182-1188. [PMID: 28565495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/1995] [Accepted: 02/26/1997] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P. Carroll
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131
| | - Hugh Dingle
- Department of Entomology and Center for Population Biology University of California‐Davis Davis California 95616
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15
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Hagen RH. POPULATION STRUCTURE AND HOST USE IN HYBRIDIZING SUBSPECIES OF PAPILIO GLAUCUS (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE). Evolution 2017; 44:1914-1930. [PMID: 28564427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1990.tb04299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/1989] [Accepted: 02/19/1990] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two parapatric subspecies of the eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly, Papilio glaucus glaucus and P. g. canadensis, differ greatly in larval survival and growth on host plants in the Magnoliaceae, Salicaceae, and Betulaceae. In the first part of this study, butterflies were collected from 17 sites along a transect from Georgia to Quebec and used for allozyme electrophoresis. Two X- (or Z-)linked enzyme loci (Ldh and Pgd) showed allele frequency differences that delineated a hybrid zone between the subspecies in northern Pennsylvania and south-central New York. No significant linkage disequilibrium could be detected among allozyme loci within the hybrid zone samples. Genetic differentiation at Ldh and Pgd coincides with subspecies differences in diapause control and female mimicry, which are also sex-linked. Larval offspring of butterflies from 13 of the sites were then tested in the laboratory for survival and growth on Liriodendron tulipifera (Magnoliaceae), Populus deltoïdes (Salicaceae) and Betula lutea (Betulaceae). Steep clines in survival rates matched the position of the hybrid zone. Hybrid zone larvae showed intermediate survival rates and significant heterogeneity among families on all three plants, indicating presence of substantial genetic variation. The results suggest that differential host use by P. g. glaucus and P. g. canadensis is maintained primarily by independent clines in selection intensity for ability to use allopatric sets of host plants, coupled with restricted gene flow across the hybrid zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Hagen
- Section of Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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16
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Thompson JN. PREFERENCE HIERARCHIES AND THE ORIGIN OF GEOGRAPHIC SPECIALIZATION IN HOST USE IN SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES. Evolution 2017; 47:1585-1594. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/1992] [Accepted: 12/14/1992] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John N. Thompson
- Departments of Botany and Zoology Washington State University Pullman Washington 99164
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Duffy JE. RESOURCE-ASSOCIATED POPULATION SUBDIVISION IN A SYMBIOTIC CORAL-REEF SHRIMP. Evolution 2017; 50:360-373. [PMID: 28568855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb04499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/1994] [Accepted: 10/02/1994] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The importance of sympatric speciation remains controversial. An empirical observation frequently offered in its support is the occurrence of sister taxa living in sympatry but using different resources. To examine the possibility of sympatric differentiation in producing such cases, I measured genetic, behavioral, and demographic differentiation between populations of the tropical sponge-dwelling shrimp Synalpheus brooksi occupying two alternate host species on three reefs in Caribbean Panama. This species belongs to an apparently monophyletic group of ≥ 30 species of mostly obligate, host-specific sponge-dwellers, many of which occur in sympatry. Demographic data demonstrated the potential for disruptive selection imposed by the two host species: shrimp demes from the sponge Agelas clathrodes were consistently denser, poorer in mature females, more heavily parasitized by branchial bopyrid isopods, and less parasitized by thoracic isopods, than conspecific shrimp from the sponge Spheciospongia vesparium. Laboratory assays demonstrated divergence in host preference: shrimp on all three reefs tended to choose their native sponge species more often than did conspecific shrimp from the other host. Because S. brooksi mates within the host, this habitat selection should foster assortative mating by host species. A hierarchical survey of protein-electrophoretic variation also supported host-mediated divergence, revealing the following: (1) shrimp from the two hosts are conspecific, as evidenced by absence of fixed allelic differences at any of nine allozyme loci scored; (2) strong genetic subdivision among populations of this philopatric shrimp on reefs separated by 1-3 km; and (3) significant host-associated genetic differentiation within two of the three reefs. Finally, intersexual aggression (a proxy for mating incompatibility) between shrimp from different host species was significantly elevated on the one reef where host-associated genetic differences were strongest, demonstrating concordance between genetic and behavioral estimates of divergence. Adjacent reefs appear to be semi-independent sites of host-associated differentiation, as evidenced by differences in the degree of host-associated behavioral and genetic differentiation, and in the specific loci involved, on different reefs. In philopatric organisms with highly subdivided populations, such as S. brooksi, resource-associated differentiation can occur independently in different populations, thus providing multiple "experiments" in differentiation and resulting in a mosaic pattern of polymorphism as reflected by neutral genetic markers. Several freshwater fishes, an amphipod, and a snail similarly show independent but remarkably convergent patterns of resource-associated divergence in different conspecific populations, often in the absence of obvious spatial barriers. In each case, substantial differentiation has occurred in the face of continuing gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Emmett Duffy
- Center for Population Biology, and Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
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18
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Radtkey RR, Singer MC. REPEATED REVERSALS OF HOST‐PREFERENCE EVOLUTION IN A SPECIALIST INSECT HERBIVORE. Evolution 2017; 49:351-359. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb02247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/1993] [Accepted: 04/29/1994] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ray R. Radtkey
- Department of Zoology University of Texas Austin Texas 78712
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19
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Leebens‐Mack J, Pellmyr O, Brock M. HOST SPECIFICITY AND THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF TWO YUCCA MOTH SPECIES IN A YUCCA HYBRID ZONE. Evolution 2017; 52:1376-1382. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb02019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/1997] [Accepted: 06/02/1998] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jim Leebens‐Mack
- Department of Biology Vanderbilt University Box 1812‐B Nashville Tennessee 37235
| | - Olle Pellmyr
- Department of Biology Vanderbilt University Box 1812‐B Nashville Tennessee 37235
| | - Marcus Brock
- Department of Biology Vanderbilt University Box 1812‐B Nashville Tennessee 37235
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20
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Jaenike J, Dombeck I. GENERAL-PURPOSE GENOTYPES FOR HOST SPECIES UTILIZATION IN A NEMATODE PARASITE OF DROSOPHILA. Evolution 2017; 52:832-840. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb03707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/1997] [Accepted: 03/02/1998] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Jaenike
- Department of Biology; University of Rochester; Rochester, New York 14627
| | - Irene Dombeck
- Department of Biology; University of Rochester; Rochester, New York 14627
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21
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Camara MD. A RECENT HOST RANGE EXPANSION IN JUNONIA COENIA HÜBNER (NYMPHALIDAE): OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE, SURVIVAL, GROWTH, AND CHEMICAL DEFENSE. Evolution 2017; 51:873-884. [PMID: 28568594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/1996] [Accepted: 01/28/1997] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on an investigation of two populations of Junonia coenia, the buckeye butterfly, one that feeds on the species' typical host plant (Plantago lanceolata) and one that utilizes a novel host plant (Kickxia elatine). I examined these populations for local adaptive responses in terms of oviposition behavior, growth, and chemical defense, on both P. lanceolata and K. elatine. In addition, I examined the genetic architecture underlying these traits using a full-sib quantitative genetic analysis. I found that a significant majority of females prefer the host plant species found at their collection sites in oviposition tests, but that there is no evidence that they are locally adapted in growth performance, as measured by fifth-instar and pupal weights and development times. Neither are there correlations between oviposition preferences of females and the growth performance or levels of chemical defense of their offspring. The two populations studied do, however, show specialization in terms of the levels of chemical defense they sequester from their host plants. I argue that these results indicate that natural enemies are the normal barriers to host range expansion in this oligophagous herbivore because a breakdown in those barriers results in genetic changes that enhance resistance to predation. This is despite the fact that adaptive responses in physiology are unlikely to be limited by a lack of genetic variability; the genetic architecture among traits would be conducive to specialization in growth performance; and there are costs to chemical defense in this species. All these conditions would tend to argue that J. coenia harbors considerable potential for coevolutionary interactions with its chemically defended hosts, but this potential is not realized, probably because natural selection on diet breadth by natural enemies is much stronger than selection from host plants in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Camara
- Department of Environmental Population and Organismic Biology, Campus Box 334, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
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22
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Mauricio R, Rausher MD. EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION OF PUTATIVE SELECTIVE AGENTS PROVIDES EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF NATURAL ENEMIES IN THE EVOLUTION OF PLANT DEFENSE. Evolution 2017; 51:1435-1444. [PMID: 28568624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb01467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/1996] [Accepted: 05/30/1997] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although biologists have long assumed that plant resistance characters evolved under selection exerted by such natural enemies as herbivores and pathogens, experimental evidence for this assumption is sparse. We present evidence that natural enemies exert selection on particular plant resistance characters. Specifically, we demonstrate that elimination of natural enemies from an experimental field population of Arabidopsis thaliana alters the pattern of selection on genetic variation in two characters that have been shown to reduce herbivore damage in the field: total glucosinolate concentration and trichome density. The change in pattern of selection reveals that natural enemies imposed selection favoring increased glucosinolate concentration and increased trichome density, and thus, supports one of the major assumptions of the coevolution hypothesis. We also demonstrate that a pattern of stabilizing selection on glucosinolate concentration results from a balance between the costs and benefits associated with increasing levels of this resistance character. This result provides direct confirmation of the appropriateness of cost-benefit models for characterizing the evolution of plant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Mauricio
- Department of Zoology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708-0325
| | - Mark D Rausher
- Department of Zoology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708-0325
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23
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Friberg M, Posledovich D, Wiklund C. Decoupling of female host plant preference and offspring performance in relative specialist and generalist butterflies. Oecologia 2015; 178:1181-92. [PMID: 25783488 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The preference-performance hypothesis posits that the host plant range of plant-feeding insects is ultimately limited by larval costs associated with feeding on multiple resources, and that female egg-laying preferences evolve in response to these costs. The trade-off of either using few host plant species and being a strong competitor on them due to effective utilization or using a wide host plant range but being a poor competitor is further predicted to result in host plant specialization. This follows under the hypothesis that both females and offspring are ultimately favoured by utilizing only the most suitable host(s). We develop an experimental approach to identify such trade-offs, i.e. larval costs associated with being a host generalist, and apply a suite of experiments to two sympatric and syntopic populations of the closely related butterflies Pieris napi and Pieris rapae. These butterflies show variation in their level of host specialization, which allowed comparisons between more and less specialized species and between families within species. Our results show that, first, the link between female host preference and offspring performance was not significantly stronger in the specialist compared to the generalist species. Second, the offspring of the host plant specialist did not outperform the offspring of the generalist on the former's most preferred host plant species. Finally, the more generalized species, or families within species, did not show higher survival or consistently higher growth rates than the specialists on the less preferred plants. Thus, the preference and performance traits appear to evolve as largely separated units.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Friberg
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, EBC, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden,
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24
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Henniges-Janssen K, Heckel DG, Groot AT. Preference of Diamondback Moth Larvae for Novel and Original Host Plant after Host Range Expansion. INSECTS 2014; 5:793-804. [PMID: 26462940 PMCID: PMC4592610 DOI: 10.3390/insects5040793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of a novel plant host by herbivorous insects requires coordination of numerous physiological and behavioral adaptations in both larvae and adults. The recent host range expansion of the crucifer-specialist diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), to the sugar pea crop in Kenya provides an opportunity to study this process in action. Previous studies have shown that larval ability to grow and complete development on sugar pea is genetically based, but that females of the pea-adapted strain do not prefer to oviposit on pea. Here we examine larval preference for the novel host plant. Larvae of the newly evolved pea-adapted host strain were offered the choice of the novel host plant sugar pea and the original host cabbage. These larvae significantly preferred pea, while in contrast, all larvae of a cabbage-adapted DBM strain preferred cabbage. However, pea-adapted larvae, which were reared on cabbage, also preferred cabbage. Thus both genetic differences and previous exposure affect larval host choice, while adult choice for the novel host has not yet evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Henniges-Janssen
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany.
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany.
| | - Astrid T Groot
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany.
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystems Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands .
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25
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Differences in tolerance to host cactus alkaloids in Drosophila koepferae and D. buzzatii. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88370. [PMID: 24520377 PMCID: PMC3919786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of cactophily in the genus Drosophila was a major ecological transition involving over a hundred species in the Americas that acquired the capacity to cope with a variety of toxic metabolites evolved as feeding deterrents in Cactaceae. D. buzzatii and D. koepferae are sibling cactophilic species in the D. repleta group. The former is mainly associated with the relatively toxic-free habitat offered by prickly pears (Opuntia sulphurea) and the latter has evolved the ability to use columnar cacti of the genera Trichocereus and Cereus that contain an array of alkaloid secondary compounds. We assessed the effects of cactus alkaloids on fitness-related traits and evaluated the ability of D. buzzatii and D. koepferae to exploit an artificial novel toxic host. Larvae of both species were raised in laboratory culture media to which we added increasing doses of an alkaloid fraction extracted from the columnar cactus T. terschekii. In addition, we evaluated performance on an artificial novel host by rearing larvae in a seminatural medium that combined the nutritional quality of O. sulphurea plus amounts of alkaloids found in fresh T. terschekii. Performance scores in each rearing treatment were calculated using an index that took into account viability, developmental time, and adult body size. Only D. buzzatii suffered the effects of increasing doses of alkaloids and the artificial host impaired viability in D. koepferae, but did not affect performance in D. buzzatii. These results provide the first direct evidence that alkaloids are key determinants of host plant use in these species. However, the results regarding the artificial novel host suggest that the effects of alkaloids on performance are not straightforward as D. koepferae was heavily affected. We discuss these results in the light of patterns of host plan evolution in the Drosophila repleta group.
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Janz N. Ehrlich and Raven Revisited: Mechanisms Underlying Codiversification of Plants and Enemies. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2011. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
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27
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García-Robledo C, Horvitz CC. Jack of all trades masters novel host plants: positive genetic correlations in specialist and generalist insect herbivores expanding their diets to novel hosts. J Evol Biol 2011; 25:38-53. [PMID: 22022877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One explanation for the widespread host specialization of insect herbivores is the 'Jack of all trades-master of none' principle, which states that genotypes with high performance on one host will perform poorly on other hosts. This principle predicts that cross-host correlation in performance of genotypes will be negative. In this study, we experimentally explored cross-host correlations and performance among families in four species (two generalist and two specialist) of leaf beetles (Cephaloleia spp.) that are currently expanding their diets from native to exotic plants. All four species displayed similar responses in body size, developmental rates and mortality rates to experimentally controlled diets. When raised on novel hosts, body size of larvae, pupae and adults were reduced. Development times were longer, and larval mortality was higher on novel hosts. Genotype × host-plant interactions were not detected for most traits. All significant cross-host correlations were positive. These results indicate very different ecological and evolutionary dynamics than those predicted by the 'Jack of all trades-master of none' principle.
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Henniges-Janssen K, Reineke A, Heckel DG, Groot AT. Complex inheritance of larval adaptation in Plutella xylostella to a novel host plant. Heredity (Edinb) 2011; 107:421-32. [PMID: 21673741 PMCID: PMC3199923 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2011.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the genetics of host shifts and range expansions in phytophagous insects contributes to our understanding of the evolution of host plant adaptation. We investigated the recent host range expansion to pea, in the pea-adapted strain (P-strain) of the crucifer-specialist diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Larval survivorship on the novel host plant pea and a typical crucifer host (kale) was measured in reciprocal F(1), F(2) and backcrosses between the P-strain and a strain reared only on crucifers (C-strain). Reciprocal F(1) hybrids differed: offspring from P-strain mothers survived better on pea, indicating a maternal effect. However, no evidence for sex-linkage was found. Backcrosses to the P-strain produced higher survivorship on pea than C-strain backcrosses, suggesting recessive inheritance. In a linkage analysis with amplified fragment length polymorphism markers using P-strain backcrosses, two, four and five linkage groups contributing to survival on pea were identified in three different families respectively, indicating oligogenic inheritance. Thus, the newly evolved ability to survive on pea has a complex genetic basis, and the P-strain is still genetically heterogeneous and not yet fixed for all the alleles enabling it to survive on pea. Survivorship on kale was variable, but not related to survivorship on pea. This pattern may characterize the genetic inheritance of early host plant adaptation in oligophagous insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Henniges-Janssen
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
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29
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Henniges-Janssen K, Schöfl G, Reineke A, Heckel DG, Groot AT. Oviposition of diamondback moth in the presence and absence of a novel host plant. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2011; 101:99-105. [PMID: 20569516 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485310000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The diamondback moth (DBM, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)) consumes a wide variety of brassicaceous host plants and is a common pest of crucifer crops worldwide. A highly unusual infestation of a sugar pea crop was recorded in Kenya in 1999, which persisted for two consecutive years. A strain (DBM-P) from this population was established in the laboratory and is the only one of several strains tested that can complete larval development on sugar peas. The oviposition acceptance and preference of the DBM-P strain was assessed in the presence of cabbage plants, sugar pea plants or both, in comparison to another strain (DBM-Cj) that was collected from cabbage and is unable to grow on pea plants. As expected, DBM-Cj females preferred to oviposit on cabbage plants. Surprisingly, DBM-P females also laid most eggs on cabbage and very few on peas. However, they laid significantly more eggs on the cabbage plant when pea plants were present. Our findings suggest that DBM-P manifested the initial stages of an evolutionary host range expansion, which is incomplete due to lack of oviposition fidelity on pea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Henniges-Janssen
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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Arvanitis L, Wiklund C, Münzbergova Z, Dahlgren JP, Ehrlén J. Novel antagonistic interactions associated with plant polyploidization influence trait selection and habitat preference. Ecol Lett 2010; 13:330-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Host range evolution is not driven by the optimization of larval performance: the case of Lycaeides melissa (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) and the colonization of alfalfa. Oecologia 2009; 160:551-61. [PMID: 19271241 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects that have recently incorporated novel hosts into their diet provide unique opportunities for understanding factors that promote or constrain the evolution of niche breadth. Lycaeides melissa has colonized both cultivated and feral alfalfa (Medicago sativa) throughout much of North America within the past 200 years. We investigated the quality of the novel host as a resource for juvenile development, and asked if the novel host is a preferred host for oviposition relative to a native host (Astragalus canadensis). Larval-performance and oviposition-preference were examined using L. melissa individuals from a population associated with both M. sativa and A. canadensis, and oviposition-preference was also examined in another population associated exclusively with M. sativa. In addition, we investigated the effects of M. sativa and A. canadensis flowers on both preference and performance. Only one of the hosts, M. sativa, has flowers that are accessible to nectaring butterflies, and we hypothesized that the presence of flowers could affect female behavior. We find that the novel host is a relatively poor larval resource: adults that were reared as larvae on M. sativa were roughly one-third the size of adults that were reared on the native host, A. canadensis. The native host, Astragalus canadensis, is the preferred host in choice experiments involving only foliage. However, when flowers were included in preference assays, the native and novel hosts received similar numbers of eggs. Thus, the presence of flowers on hosts in the field might influence the utilization of a novel and inferior larval resource. These results are consistent with a model in which host shifts are driven by adult behavior that does not directly optimize larval performance.
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37
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Agosta SJ, Klemens JA. Ecological fitting by phenotypically flexible genotypes: implications for species associations, community assembly and evolution. Ecol Lett 2008; 11:1123-1134. [PMID: 18778274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ecological fitting is the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition. This paper has four major aims. First, we review the original concept of ecological fitting and relate it to the concept of exaptation and current ideas on the positive role of phenotypic plasticity in evolution. Second, we propose phenotypic plasticity, correlated trait evolution and phylogenetic conservatism as specific mechanisms behind ecological fitting. Third, we attempt to operationalize the concept of ecological fitting by providing explicit definitions for terms. From these definitions, we propose a simple conceptual model of ecological fitting. Using this model, we demonstrate the differences and similarities between ecological fitting and ecological resource tracking and illustrate the process in the context of species colonizing new areas and forming novel associations with other species. Finally, we discuss how ecological fitting can be both a precursor to evolutionary diversity or maintainer of evolutionary stasis, depending on conditions. We conclude that ecological fitting is an important concept for understanding topics ranging from the assembly of ecological communities and species associations, to biological invasions, to the evolution of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore J Agosta
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19014, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Klemens
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19014, USA
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38
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Keeler MS, Chew FS. Escaping an evolutionary trap: preference and performance of a native insect on an exotic invasive host. Oecologia 2008; 156:559-68. [PMID: 18327618 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Exotic plants may act as population sinks or evolutionary traps for native herbivores. The native butterfly Pieris oleracea lays eggs on garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata, but larvae develop very poorly on this exotic invasive plant. We examined oviposition preference of individual females and larval performance of their offspring for individuals from one area where garlic mustard is well established and one where it is absent. These data were used to assess whether garlic mustard is being incorporated into or excluded from the diet. Females from the area without garlic mustard showed a wide range of preference, families had low larval survival on garlic mustard, and larval survivorship showed no correlation with mothers' preferences. Females from the area with garlic mustard preferred it to the native host, and larval survivorship on garlic mustard was positively correlated with the mother's preference. Individuals surviving on garlic mustard took longer to pupate and weighed >30% less compared to pupae reared on normal hosts. Our results suggest that where garlic mustard is well established P. oleracea may be adapting to this plant by both improved larval performance and increased adult female oviposition preference for it.
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39
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Gillespie RG, Claridge EM, Roderick GK. Biodiversity dynamics in isolated island communities: interaction between natural and human-mediated processes. Mol Ecol 2007; 17:45-57. [PMID: 17727622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The flora and fauna of oceanic islands have inspired research since the early scientific explorations. Islands can be considered 'nature's test tubes'- simple systems with multiple replicates. Our research has used the simplicity of island systems to understand ecological community dynamics and to compare the properties of island communities with those in more complex mainland systems. Here, we present three topics: (i) current patterns of biodiversity on isolated islands of the Pacific; (ii) current patterns of disturbance and invasion on islands; and (iii) future trajectories inferred from these patterns. We examine features of islands (in particular, topography and isolation) that have allowed for given levels and distribution of endemicity. The extent to which island communities are impacted by, resist or accommodate disturbance and/or invasions by nonindigenous species appears to be dictated to a large extent by properties of the native communities and how these communities were originally assembled. Accordingly, patterns of disturbance and invasion are very different for high (montane) islands that are extremely isolated compared to those that are nearer to a source of natural migrants. As with all biotas, those on islands are dynamic entities. However, the unique aspect of islands is their isolation, and extreme isolation has largely been lost over the course of the last few centuries due to the development of transportation routes. We argue that such a modified dynamic will affect the future of the biota and the processes that gave rise to the biota. Specifically for isolated habitats, ecological processes will become increasingly more likely to generate biodiversity than evolutionary processes which have been relatively more important in the past. In the short term, island biotas and other similar biotas that occur in montane habitats may fare well as species are often abundant locally in the habitat to which they are indigenous, and may demonstrate considerable resistance and resilience to invasion. However, island biotas - and other biotas that show high local endemism - will likely not fare well in the face of prolonged disturbance. The biotas in these areas generally display a relatively low dispersal capacity; therefore, under conditions of long-term habitat modification, isolated biotas are likely to be swamped by non-natives, which - simply because of random processes and higher propagule pressure - will move more readily into available habitats. Thus, despite the importance of incorporating the evolutionary process into conservation efforts, we must also be careful to evaluate the likely form that the processes will take when the context (specifically, extent of isolation) has been highly modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary G Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Berkeley, 137 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA.
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Zhang PJ, Liu SS, Wang H, Zalucki MP. The influence of early adult experience and larval food restriction on responses toward nonhost plants in moths. J Chem Ecol 2007; 33:1528-41. [PMID: 17593465 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-007-9325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Experience can induce oviposition on nonhost plants, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying such behavioral changes. In laboratory experiments, we examined the effects of early adult experience of nonhost volatiles and larval food restriction on the olfactory response and oviposition preference of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, a specialist herbivore of cruciferous plants. Naïve ovipositing females showed aversion to the odor of pea, a nonhost plant of P. xylostella, and seldom accepted pea plants for oviposition. However, females with prior experience with pea odor showed preference for the volatiles and significantly increased acceptance of pea plants for oviposition. Larval food restriction did not alter olfactory response and oviposition preference. We conclude that olfactory learning plays a significant role in inducing oviposition on nonhost plants and may contribute to host range expansion in phytophagous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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41
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Carroll SP. Natives adapting to invasive species: ecology, genes, and the sustainability of conservation. Ecol Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-007-0352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Janz N, Nylin S, Wahlberg N. Diversity begets diversity: host expansions and the diversification of plant-feeding insects. BMC Evol Biol 2006; 6:4. [PMID: 16420707 PMCID: PMC1382262 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-6-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant-feeding insects make up a large part of earth's total biodiversity. While it has been shown that herbivory has repeatedly led to increased diversification rates in insects, there has been no compelling explanation for how plant-feeding has promoted speciation rates. There is a growing awareness that ecological factors can lead to rapid diversification and, as one of the most prominent features of most insect-plant interactions, specialization onto a diverse resource has often been assumed to be the main process behind this diversification. However, specialization is mainly a pruning process, and is not able to actually generate diversity by itself. Here we investigate the role of host colonizations in generating insect diversity, by testing if insect speciation rate is correlated with resource diversity. Results By applying a variant of independent contrast analysis, specially tailored for use on questions of species richness (MacroCAIC), we show that species richness is strongly correlated with diversity of host use in the butterfly family Nymphalidae. Furthermore, by comparing the results from reciprocal sister group selection, where sister groups were selected either on the basis of diversity of host use or species richness, we find that it is likely that diversity of host use is driving species richness, rather than vice versa. Conclusion We conclude that resource diversity is correlated with species richness in the Nymphalidae and suggest a scenario based on recurring oscillations between host expansions – the incorporation of new plants into the repertoire – and specialization, as an important driving force behind the diversification of plant-feeding insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Parker JD, Hay ME. Biotic resistance to plant invasions? Native herbivores prefer non‐native plants. Ecol Lett 2005; 8:959-967. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Parker
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332–0230, USA
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Prudic KL, Oliver JC, Bowers MD. Soil nutrient effects on oviposition preference, larval performance, and chemical defense of a specialist insect herbivore. Oecologia 2005; 143:578-87. [PMID: 15909129 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of increased leaf nitrogen in natural host-plants (Plantago spp.) on female oviposition preference, larval performance, and larval chemical defense of the butterfly Junonia coenia. Increased availability of soil nutrients caused the host-plant's foliar nitrogen to increase and its chemical defense to decrease. Larval performance did not correlate with increases in foliar nitrogen. Larval growth rate and survival were equivalent across host-plant treatments. However, larvae raised on fertilized host-plants showed concomitant decreases in chemical defense as compared to larvae reared on unfertilized host-plants. Since most butterfly larvae cannot move long distances during their first few instars and are forced to feed upon the plant on which they hatched, J. coenia larval chemical defense is determined, in large part, by female oviposition choice. Female butterflies preferred host-plants with high nitrogen over host-plants with low nitrogen; however, this preference was also mediated by plant chemical defense. Female butterflies preferred more chemically defended host-plants when foliar nitrogen was equivalent between host-plants. J. coenia larvae experience intense predation in the field, especially when larvae are not chemically well defended. Any qualitative or quantitative variation in plant allelochemical defense has fitness consequences on these larvae. Thus, these results indicate that females may be making sub-optimal oviposition decisions under a nutrient-enriched regime, when predators are present. Given the recent increase in fertilizer application and nitrogen deposition on the terrestrial landscape, these interactions between female preference, larval performance, and larval chemical defense may result in long-term changes in population dynamics and persistence of specialist insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Prudic
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, 334 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Maron JL, Vilà M. When do herbivores affect plant invasion? Evidence for the natural enemies and biotic resistance hypotheses. OIKOS 2003. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.950301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 595] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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47
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The ghost of mimicry past: laboratory reconstitution of an extinct butterfly ‘race’. Heredity (Edinb) 1997. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1997.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Within- and among-population variation in oviposition preference for urea-supplemented food inDrosophila melanogaster. J Biosci 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02703235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Carrière Y, Roitberg D. Evolution of host-selection behaviour in insect herbivores: genetic variation and covariation in host acceptance within and between populations of Choristoneura rosaceana (Family: Tortricidae), the obliquebanded leadfoller. Heredity (Edinb) 1995. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1995.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Janz N, Nylin S, Wedell N. Host plant utilization in the comma butterfly: sources of variation and evolutionary implications. Oecologia 1994; 99:132-140. [PMID: 28313958 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/1994] [Accepted: 05/13/1994] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in the study of insect-host plant interactions is to understand how the different aspects of offspring performance interact to produce a preference hierarchy in the ovipositing females. In this paper we investigate host plant preference of the polyphagous butterfly Polygonia c-album (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and compare it with several aspects of the life history of its offspring (growth rate, development time, adult size, survival and female fecundity). Females and offspring were tested on four naturally used host plants (Urtica dioica, Ulmus glabra, Salix caprea, and Betula pubescens). There was substantial individual variation in host plant preference, including reversals in rank order, but the differences were largely confined to differences in the ranking of Urtica dioica and S. caprea. Different aspects of performance on these two plants gave conflicting and complementary results, implying a trade-off between short development time on U. dioica, and larger size and higher fecundity on S. caprea. As all performance components showed low individual variation the large variation in host plant preference was interpreted as due to alternative oviposition strategies on the basis of similar 'performance hierarchies'. This indicates that the larval performance component of host-plant utilization may be more conservative to evolutionary change than the preference of ovipositing females. Possible macro-evolutionary implications of this are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina Wedell
- Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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