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Vaca-Sánchez MS, Cuevas-Reyes P, Munck I, Oki Y, Moia N, Freitas T, Almeida A, Castelan K, Fernandes GW. Patterns in Wing Morphology and Fluctuating Asymmetry in Eulaema nigrita along an Altitudinal Gradient in the Brazilian Rupestrian Grassland. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:837-847. [PMID: 37552457 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-023-01069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Mountain ecosystems experience abrupt abiotic changes that represent environmental filters for many organisms, shaping their phenotypic expressions. However, little is known about the morphological and symmetric adjustments of native bees along altitudinal gradients. We evaluated the changes on wing morphology, wing size, and vein fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier (Apidae: Euglossini) associated with climatic variables along an altitudinal gradient in the rupestrian grassland (known also as campo rupestre or rupestrian field) of Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Seven sampling points along the altitudinal gradient were selected and distributed among 800 and 1400 m.a.s.l., and then, 40 individuals of E. nigrita were collected per each altitudinal point to determine the FA levels and the morphological changes using geometric morphometric techniques. We found that the wing size of E. nigrita decreased with increasing altitude. At the highest altitudes, the levels of FA of the wing veins were greater compared to bees from lower altitudes. We detected significant changes in wing morphology along the altitudinal gradient; bees of lower altitudes showed longer and wider wings than bees of higher altitudes, which had narrower and less elongated wings. Our results show a set of morphological adjustments and phenotypic expressions in E. nigrita associated with the variation in environmental conditions along the altitudinal gradient. We highlight the importance of environmental variables as insect-stressor factors, and that FA and geometric morphometric can be excellent tools for monitoring and evaluating environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Sofía Vaca-Sánchez
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Pablo Cuevas-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Interacciones Bióticas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Israel Munck
- Laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia & Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yumi Oki
- Laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia & Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Natalia Moia
- Laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia & Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thamires Freitas
- Laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia & Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline Almeida
- Laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia & Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kamilla Castelan
- Laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia & Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Wilson Fernandes
- Laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia & Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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2
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Pelletier M, Discamps E, Bignon-Lau O, Salmi AK. Investigating the domestication and early management of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in the Sámi archaeological context from teeth geometric morphometrics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6174. [PMID: 37061658 PMCID: PMC10105696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
For centuries, reindeer herding has been an integral part of the subsistence, lifeways, economy and cosmology of the Sámi of northern Fennoscandia. Despite its importance, the timing and details of early reindeer domestication are still highly debated. Identifying domesticated individuals in the archaeological record remains complicated due to the presence of two interbreeding subspecies in Fennoscandia and a mixed socio-economic organisation by Sámi populations, which was mainly a combination of wild reindeer hunting and small-scale reindeer herding. This study proposes methodological improvement for identifying domestic individuals using 2D landmark and sliding semi-landmark based geometric morphometrics on the isolated lower molars of 389 modern specimens, and 90 teeth from four archaeological sites in Finnish Lapland. Our results indicate that despite the significant impact of wear on overall tooth morphology, our protocol is very useful for identifying subspecies (classification accuracy of the two species is between 78 and 91% depending on the wear class) and understanding the morphological changes induced by the domestication process. We suggest that the morphological variation observable among modern populations has been impacted by recent changes in herding strategies in northern Fennoscandia, and that the archaeological domesticated reindeer populations were relatively different, probably due to selection by the Sámi. This study also highlights the importance of using other direct evidence or contextual archaeological data to better trace the early evidence of a domesticated reindeer economy in northern Fennoscandia, and aid in reconstructing the socio-economic changes in Sámi populations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Pelletier
- Archaeology, History, Culture and Communication Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Emmanuel Discamps
- CNRS UMR5608 TRACES, University of Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Anna-Kaisa Salmi
- Archaeology, History, Culture and Communication Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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3
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Rodrigues AV, Grossel LA, Servino LM, Diniz-Filho JAF. Habitat Drives Body Size Evolution in Mustelidae (Mammalia: Carnivora). Evol Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-023-09597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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4
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Acevedo AA, Palma RE, Olalla-Tárraga MÁ. Ecological and evolutionary trends of body size in Pristimantis frogs, the world's most diverse vertebrate genus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18106. [PMID: 36302809 PMCID: PMC9613995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size is a key organismal trait. However, the environmental and evolutionary factors that drive body size patterns at the interspecific level remain unclear. Here, we explored these relationships between phenotype-environment using neotropical frogs of Pristimantis, the world's most diverse vertebrate genus. We analyzed: (a) whether this group follows the Rensch's rule, a trend of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) to increase with size when males are the larger sex; (b) whether environmental constraints have influenced body size variation; and (c) how the rates of body size evolution have varied over time. Analyses were based on two information sources, the first one including body sizes of ~ 85% (495 species) of known species in the genus, and a second one incorporating molecular phylogenetic information for 257 species. Our results showed that all Pristimantis species exhibited marked SSD but did not follow Rensch's rule. We found that the models that best explained body size in males, females, and SSD contained environmental variations in temperature, precipitation, and elevation as predictors. In turn, body size has evolved toward an optimum, with a decelerating rate of evolution differentiated between the large Pristimantis clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldemar A. Acevedo
- grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile ,grid.441950.d0000 0001 2107 1033Grupo de Investigación en Ecología y Biogeografía, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia
| | - R. Eduardo Palma
- grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Ángel Olalla-Tárraga
- grid.28479.300000 0001 2206 5938Department of Biology and Geology, Physics & Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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5
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Enriquez-Urzelai U, Boratyński Z. Energetic dissociation of individual and species ranges. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20210374. [PMID: 35168378 PMCID: PMC8847892 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of energy is universal to all life forms and all levels of biological organization, potentially linking processes operating at variable scales. Individual and species ranges might be energetically constrained, yet divergent metabolic limitations at both scales can disassociate these individual and species traits. We analysed comparative energetic and range data to unravel the mechanistic basis of the dissociation between individual and species range sizes observed among mammalian species. Our results demonstrate that basal, or maintenance, metabolism negatively correlates with individual ranges, but, at the same time, it positively correlates with species ranges. High aerobic capacity, i.e. maximum metabolic rate, positively correlates with individual ranges, but it is weakly related to species range size. These antagonistic energetic constraints on both ranges could lead to a disassociation between individual and species traits and to a low covariation between home and species range sizes. We show that important organismal functions, such as basal and maximum metabolic rates, have the potential to unravel mechanisms operating at different levels of biological organization and to expose links between energy-dependent processes at different scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urtzi Enriquez-Urzelai
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, 60365 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyszek Boratyński
- BIOPOLIS, CIBIO/InBio, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
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6
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Hillebrand H, Acevedo‐Trejos E, Moorthi SD, Ryabov A, Striebel M, Thomas PK, Schneider M. Cell size as driver and sentinel of phytoplankton community structure and functioning. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Hillebrand
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM] Plankton Ecology Lab Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University Oldenburg Wilhelmshaven Germany
- Helmholtz‐Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg [HIFMB] Oldenburg Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz‐Centre for Polar and Marine Research [AWI] Bremerhaven Germany
| | - Esteban Acevedo‐Trejos
- Earth Surface Process Modelling Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam Germany
| | - Stefanie D. Moorthi
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM] Plankton Ecology Lab Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University Oldenburg Wilhelmshaven Germany
| | - Alexey Ryabov
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM] Mathematical Modelling Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University Oldenburg Oldenburg Germany
- Institute of Forest Growth and Computer Science Technische Universität Dresden Tharandt Germany
| | - Maren Striebel
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM] Plankton Ecology Lab Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University Oldenburg Wilhelmshaven Germany
| | - Patrick K. Thomas
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM] Plankton Ecology Lab Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University Oldenburg Wilhelmshaven Germany
| | - Marie‐Luise Schneider
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM] Plankton Ecology Lab Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University Oldenburg Wilhelmshaven Germany
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7
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Aulus-Giacosa L, Guéraud F, Gaudin P, Buoro M, Aymes JC, Labonne J, Vignon M. Human influence on brown trout juvenile body size during metapopulation expansion. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210366. [PMID: 34699739 PMCID: PMC8548077 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Change in body size can be driven by social (density) and non-social (environmental and spatial variation) factors. In expanding metapopulations, spatial sorting by means of dispersal on the expansion front can further drive the evolution of body size. However, human intervention can dramatically affect these founder effects. Using long-term monitoring of the colonization of the remote Kerguelen islands by brown trout, a facultative anadromous salmonid, we analyse body size variation in 32 naturally founded and 10 human-introduced populations over 57 years. In naturally founded populations, we find that spatial sorting promotes slow positive changes in body size on the expansion front, then that body size decreases as populations get older and local density increases. This pattern is, however, completely different in human-introduced populations, where body size remains constant or even increases as populations get older. The present findings confirm that changes in body size can be affected by metapopulation expansion, but that human influence, even in very remote environments, can fully alter this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Aulus-Giacosa
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, ECOBIOP, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle ou Anglet, France
| | - F. Guéraud
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, ECOBIOP, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle ou Anglet, France
| | - P. Gaudin
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, ECOBIOP, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle ou Anglet, France
| | - M. Buoro
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, ECOBIOP, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle ou Anglet, France
| | - J. C. Aymes
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, ECOBIOP, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle ou Anglet, France
| | - J. Labonne
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, ECOBIOP, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle ou Anglet, France
| | - M. Vignon
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, ECOBIOP, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle ou Anglet, France
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8
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Arbour JH, Stanchak KE. The little fishes that could: smaller fishes demonstrate slow body size evolution but faster speciation in the family Percidae. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Body size affects numerous aspects of organismal biology and many factors have been invoked to explain body size distributions in a macroecological and macroevolutionary context. Body size in the freshwater fish family Percidae is strongly right-skewed (i.e. dominated by small sizes), with small body size potentially being associated with fast water habitats. We constructed a new species-level, multi-locus, time-calibrated phylogeny of Percidae, and used it to test for changes in the rate and pattern of maximum body size evolution. We also tested whether speciation rates varied as a function of body size. We found that Etheostomatinae evolved towards a smaller adaptive optimum in body size compared to the other subfamilies of Percidae, and that this shift was associated with a reduction in the rate of body size evolution. Speciation rates were associated with body size across percids, showing a peak around small to medium body size. Small body size appears to partially, but not fully, explain the diversity of small percids, as many darters fall well below the “optimum” body size. Reinforcement of selection for small body size via selection for novel morphologies or via sexual selection may help to fully explain the remarkable diversity of darter radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Arbour
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
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9
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The Natural Selection of Metabolism Explains Curvature in Fossil Body Mass Evolution. Evol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-020-09493-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Gearty W, Payne JL. Physiological constraints on body size distributions in Crocodyliformes. Evolution 2020; 74:245-255. [PMID: 31943148 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
At least 26 species of crocodylian populate the globe today, but this richness represents a minute fraction of the diversity and disparity of Crocodyliformes. Fossil forms are far more varied, spanning from erect, fully terrestrial species to flippered, fully marine species. To quantify the influence of a marine habitat on the directionality, rate, and variance of evolution of body size in Crocodyliformes and thereby identify underlying selective pressures, we compiled a database of body sizes for 264 fossil and modern species of crocodyliform covering terrestrial, semi-aquatic, and marine habitats. We find increases in body size coupled with increases in strength of selection and decreases in variance following invasions of marine habitats but not of semiaquatic habitats. A model combining constraints from thermoregulation and lung capacity provides a physiological explanation for the larger minimum and average sizes of marine species. It appears that constraints on maximum size are shared across Crocodyliformes, perhaps through factors such as the allometric scaling of feeding rate versus basal metabolism with body size. These findings suggest that broad-scale patterns of body size evolution and the shapes of body size distributions within higher taxa are often determined more by physiological constraints than by ecological interactions or environmental fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gearty
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588.,Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305
| | - Jonathan L Payne
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305
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11
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Pelletier M. Morphological diversity of wild rabbit populations: implications for archaeology and palaeontology. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Morphometric characteristics of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are regularly used in archaeological and palaeontological studies to explore aspects of prehistoric human hunting behaviour, to reconstruct past environments or to define new species. However, the variability of these characteristics is still both poorly understood and under-documented due to a lack of population-level data that are essential for reliably interpreting the fossil record of this species. Here we address the morphometric diversity of wild rabbits in seven current populations from south-western Europe. Size variations in different skeletal parts were analysed to explore the potential impact of sexual dimorphism. A geometric morphometric analysis of the third lower premolar (p3) – a tooth commonly used to distinguish leporid species – was used to evaluate the relative effects of size, phylogeny, geographical location and climate on shape variation. The results show a negligible impact of sexual dimorphism, contradicting previous studies. We also demonstrate geography and climate to be the main factors driving variation in p3 shape, potentially calling into question criteria typically used to identify rabbit species. These results are valuable not only for palaeobiologists studying the taxonomy and the evolutionary history of the leporid family but also for archaeologists interested in the socio-economic and behavioural aspects of Palaeolithic human groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Pelletier
- Department of Archaeology, History, Culture and Communication Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Minist Culture, LAMPEA, Aix-en-Provence, France
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12
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Araya‐Ajoy YG, Ranke PS, Kvalnes T, Rønning B, Holand H, Myhre AM, Pärn H, Jensen H, Ringsby TH, Sæther B, Wright J. Characterizing morphological (co)variation using structural equation models: Body size, allometric relationships and evolvability in a house sparrow metapopulation. Evolution 2019; 73:452-466. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yimen G. Araya‐Ajoy
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Peter Sjolte Ranke
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Thomas Kvalnes
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Bernt Rønning
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Håkon Holand
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Ane Marlene Myhre
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Henrik Pärn
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Thor Harald Ringsby
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Bernt‐Erik Sæther
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Jonathan Wright
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
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13
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Bloom DD, Burns MD, Schriever TA. Evolution of body size and trophic position in migratory fishes: a phylogenetic comparative analysis of Clupeiformes (anchovies, herring, shad and allies). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devin D Bloom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Michael D Burns
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Tiffany A Schriever
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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14
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Heim NA, Payne JL, Finnegan S, Knope ML, Kowalewski M, Lyons SK, McShea DW, Novack-Gottshall PM, Smith FA, Wang SC. Hierarchical complexity and the size limits of life. Proc Biol Sci 2018. [PMID: 28637850 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 3.8 billion years, the maximum size of life has increased by approximately 18 orders of magnitude. Much of this increase is associated with two major evolutionary innovations: the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotic cells approximately 1.9 billion years ago (Ga), and multicellular life diversifying from unicellular ancestors approximately 0.6 Ga. However, the quantitative relationship between organismal size and structural complexity remains poorly documented. We assessed this relationship using a comprehensive dataset that includes organismal size and level of biological complexity for 11 172 extant genera. We find that the distributions of sizes within complexity levels are unimodal, whereas the aggregate distribution is multimodal. Moreover, both the mean size and the range of size occupied increases with each additional level of complexity. Increases in size range are non-symmetric: the maximum organismal size increases more than the minimum. The majority of the observed increase in organismal size over the history of life on the Earth is accounted for by two discrete jumps in complexity rather than evolutionary trends within levels of complexity. Our results provide quantitative support for an evolutionary expansion away from a minimal size constraint and suggest a fundamental rescaling of the constraints on minimal and maximal size as biological complexity increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel A Heim
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan L Payne
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Seth Finnegan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew L Knope
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Michał Kowalewski
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - S Kathleen Lyons
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Daniel W McShea
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Felisa A Smith
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Steve C Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Advait M Jukar
- Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - S Kathleen Lyons
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Mark D Uhen
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Earth Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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16
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Will M, Pablos A, Stock JT. Long-term patterns of body mass and stature evolution within the hominin lineage. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:171339. [PMID: 29291118 PMCID: PMC5717693 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Body size is a central determinant of a species' biology and adaptive strategy, but the number of reliable estimates of hominin body mass and stature have been insufficient to determine long-term patterns and subtle interactions in these size components within our lineage. Here, we analyse 254 body mass and 204 stature estimates from a total of 311 hominin specimens dating from 4.4 Ma to the Holocene using multi-level chronological and taxonomic analytical categories. The results demonstrate complex temporal patterns of body size variation with phases of relative stasis intermitted by periods of rapid increases. The observed trajectories could result from punctuated increases at speciation events, but also differential proliferation of large-bodied taxa or the extinction of small-bodied populations. Combined taxonomic and temporal analyses show that in relation to australopithecines, early Homo is characterized by significantly larger average body mass and stature but retains considerable diversity, including small body sizes. Within later Homo, stature and body mass evolution follow different trajectories: average modern stature is maintained from ca 1.6 Ma, while consistently higher body masses are not established until the Middle Pleistocene at ca 0.5-0.4 Ma, likely caused by directional selection related to colonizing higher latitudes. Selection against small-bodied individuals (less than 40 kg; less than 140 cm) after 1.4 Ma is associated with a decrease in relative size variability in later Homo species compared with earlier Homo and australopithecines. The isolated small-bodied individuals of Homo naledi (ca 0.3 Ma) and Homo floresiensis (ca 100-60 ka) constitute important exceptions to these general patterns, adding further layers of complexity to the evolution of body size within the genus Homo. At the end of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, body size in Homo sapiens declines on average, but also extends to lower limits not seen in comparable frequency since early Homo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Will
- Gonville and Caius College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3QG, UK
- PAVE Research Group, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3QG, UK
- Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, Schloss Hohentübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adrián Pablos
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002 Burgos, Spain
- Grupo de Bioacústica Evolutiva y Paleoantropolgía (BEP), Área de Antropología Física, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, c/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jay T. Stock
- PAVE Research Group, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3QG, UK
- Department of Anthropology, Western University, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 3K7
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Waller JT, Svensson EI. Body size evolution in an old insect order: No evidence for Cope's Rule in spite of fitness benefits of large size. Evolution 2017; 71:2178-2193. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John T. Waller
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology; Lund University; SE-223 62 Lund Sweden
| | - Erik I. Svensson
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology; Lund University; SE-223 62 Lund Sweden
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Schumacher EL, Owens BD, Uyeno TA, Clark AJ, Reece JS. No support for Heincke's law in hagfish (Myxinidae): lack of an association between body size and the depth of species occurrence. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 91:545-557. [PMID: 28653326 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study tests for interspecific evidence of Heincke's law among hagfishes and advances the field of research on body size and depth of occurrence in fishes by including a phylogenetic correction and by examining depth in four ways: maximum depth, minimum depth, mean depth of recorded specimens and the average of maximum and minimum depths of occurrence. Results yield no evidence for Heincke's law in hagfishes, no phylogenetic signal for the depth at which species occur, but moderate to weak phylogenetic signal for body size, suggesting that phylogeny may play a role in determining body size in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Schumacher
- Valdosta State University, Department of Biology, 1500 N Patterson Street, Valdosta, GA 31698, U.S.A
| | - B D Owens
- Valdosta State University, Department of Biology, 1500 N Patterson Street, Valdosta, GA 31698, U.S.A
| | - T A Uyeno
- Valdosta State University, Department of Biology, 1500 N Patterson Street, Valdosta, GA 31698, U.S.A
| | - A J Clark
- College of Charleston, Department of Biology, 58 Coming Street, Rm 214, Charleston, SC 29401, U.S.A
| | - J S Reece
- California State University at Fresno, Department of Biology, 2555 East San Ramon Ave MS/73, Fresno, CA 93740, U.S.A
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Abstract
Large-scale evolutionary trends may result from driving forces or from passive diffusion in bounded spaces. Such trends are persistent directional changes in higher taxa spanning significant periods of geological time; examples include the frequently cited long-term trends in size, complexity, and fitness in life as a whole, as well as trends in lesser supraspecific taxa and trends in space. In a driven trend, the distribution mean increases on account of a force (which may manifest itself as a bias in the direction of change) that acts on lineages throughout the space in which diversification occurs. In a passive system, no pervasive force or bias exists, but the mean increases because change in one direction is blocked by a boundary, or other inhomogeneity, in some limited region of the space. Two tests have been used to distinguish these trend mechanisms: (1) the test based on the behavior of the minimum; and (2) the ancestor-descendant test, based on comparisons in a random sample of ancestor-descendant pairs that lie far from any possible lower bound. For skewed distributions, a third test is introduced here: (3) the subclade test, based on the mean skewness of a sample of subclades drawn from the tail of a terminal distribution. With certain restrictions, a system is driven if the minimum increases, if increases significantly outnumber decreases among ancestor-descendant pairs, and if the mean skew of subclades is significantly positive. A passive mechanism is more difficult to demonstrate but is the more likely mechanism if decreases outnumber increases and if the mean skew of subclades is negative. Unlike the other tests, the subclade test requires no detailed phylogeny or paleontological time series, but only terminal (e.g., modern) distributions. Monte Carlo simulations of the diversification of a clade are used to show how the subclade test works. In the empirical cases examined, the three tests gave concordant results, suggesting first, that they work, and second, that the passive and driven mechanisms may correspond to natural categories of causes of large-scale trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W McShea
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
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Santini L, González-Suárez M, Rondinini C, Di Marco M. Shifting baseline in macroecology? Unravelling the influence of human impact on mammalian body mass. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Santini
- Department of Environmental Science; Institute of Water and Wetland Research; Radboud University; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Global Mammal Assessment Program; Department of Biology and Biotechnologies; Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome Italy
| | - Manuela González-Suárez
- Department of Conservation Biology; Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC; Seville Spain
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; School of Biological Sciences; University of Reading; Whiteknights Reading Berkshire UK
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Global Mammal Assessment Program; Department of Biology and Biotechnologies; Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome Italy
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decision; Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD Australia
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21
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Blanchard BD, Moreau CS. Defensive traits exhibit an evolutionary trade‐off and drive diversification in ants. Evolution 2016; 71:315-328. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Blanchard
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology University of Chicago Chicago Illinois 60637
- Department of Science and Education, Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History Chicago Illinois 60605
| | - Corrie S. Moreau
- Department of Science and Education, Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History Chicago Illinois 60605
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Neubauer TA, Georgopoulou E, Harzhauser M, Mandic O, Kroh A. Predictors of shell size in long-lived lake gastropods. JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY 2016; 43:2062-2074. [PMID: 27708479 PMCID: PMC5042061 DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate shell size variation among gastropod faunas of fossil and recent long-lived European lakes and discuss potential underlying processes. LOCATION Twenty-three long-lived lakes of the Miocene to Recent of Europe. METHODS Based on a dataset of 1412 species of both fossil and extant lacustrine gastropods, we assessed differences in shell size in terms of characteristics of the faunas (species richness, degree of endemism, differences in family composition) and the lakes (surface area, latitude and longitude of lake centroid, distance to closest neighbouring lake) using multiple and linear regression models. Because of a strong species-area relationship, we used resampling to determine whether any observed correlation is driven by that relationship. RESULTS The regression models indicated size range expansion rather than unidirectional increase or decrease as the dominant pattern of size evolution. The multiple regression models for size range and maximum and minimum size were statistically significant, while the model with mean size was not. Individual contributions and linear regressions indicated species richness and lake surface area as best predictors for size changes. Resampling analysis revealed no significant effects of species richness on the observed patterns. The correlations are comparable across families of different size classes, suggesting a general pattern. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Among the chosen variables, species richness and lake surface area are the most robust predictors of shell size in long-lived lake gastropods. Although the most outstanding and attractive examples for size evolution in lacustrine gastropods come from lakes with extensive durations, shell size appears to be independent of the duration of the lake as well as longevity of a species. The analogue of long-lived lakes as 'evolutionary islands' does not hold for developments of shell size because different sets of parameters predict size changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Neubauer
- Geological‐Palaeontological DepartmentNatural History Museum Vienna1010ViennaAustria
| | - Elisavet Georgopoulou
- Geological‐Palaeontological DepartmentNatural History Museum Vienna1010ViennaAustria
| | - Mathias Harzhauser
- Geological‐Palaeontological DepartmentNatural History Museum Vienna1010ViennaAustria
| | - Oleg Mandic
- Geological‐Palaeontological DepartmentNatural History Museum Vienna1010ViennaAustria
| | - Andreas Kroh
- Geological‐Palaeontological DepartmentNatural History Museum Vienna1010ViennaAustria
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23
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Maritz B, Kgaditse M, Alexander GJ. Snake body size frequency distributions are robust to the description of novel species. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Maritz
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology University of the Western Cape Private Bag X17 Bellville 7535 South Africa
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Mimmie Kgaditse
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Graham John Alexander
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
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Pimiento C, Balk MA. Body-size trends of the extinct giant shark Carcharocles megalodon: a deep-time perspective on marine apex predators. PALEOBIOLOGY 2015; 41:479-490. [PMID: 26321775 PMCID: PMC4541548 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The extinct shark Carcharocles megalodon is one of the largest marine apex predators ever to exist. Nonetheless, little is known about its body-size variations through time and space. Here, we studied the body-size trends of C. megalodon through its temporal and geographic range to better understand its ecology and evolution. Given that this species was the last of the megatooth lineage, a group of species that shows a purported size increase through time, we hypothesized that C. megalodon also displayed this trend, increasing in size over time and reaching its largest size prior to extinction. We found that C. megalodon body-size distribution was left-skewed (suggesting a long-term selective pressure favoring larger individuals), and presented significant geographic variation (possibly as a result of the heterogeneous ecological constraints of this cosmopolitan species) over geologic time. Finally, we found that stasis was the general mode of size evolution of C. megalodon (i.e., no net changes over time), contrasting with the trends of the megatooth lineage and our hypothesis. Given that C. megalodon is a relatively long-lived species with a widely distributed fossil record, we further used this study system to provide a deep-time perspective to the understanding of the body-size trends of marine apex predators. For instance, our results suggest that (1) a selective pressure in predatory sharks for consuming a broader range of prey may favor larger individuals and produce left-skewed distributions on a geologic time scale; (2) body-size variations in cosmopolitan apex marine predators may depend on their interactions with geographically discrete communities; and (3) the inherent characteristics of shark species can produce stable sizes over geologic time, regardless of the size trends of their lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Pimiento
- Florida Museum of Natural History , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , U.S.A. ; Department of Biology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida , U.S.A. and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute , Box 2072 , Balboa , Panama . E-mail:
| | - Meghan A Balk
- University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , U.S.A
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26
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Eisemberg CC, Rose M, Yaru B, Amepou Y, Georges A. Salinity of the coastal nesting environment and its association with body size in the estuarine pig-nosed turtle. J Zool (1987) 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. C. Eisemberg
- Institute for Applied Ecology; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods; Charles Darwin University; Darwin NT Australia
| | - M. Rose
- Flora & Fauna International; Cambridge UK
| | - B. Yaru
- Institute for Applied Ecology; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
- EcoCare Engineering, Ltd.; Port Moresby Papua New Guinea
| | - Y. Amepou
- Institute for Applied Ecology; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - A. Georges
- Institute for Applied Ecology; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
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27
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Abstract
The distribution of species body size is critically important for determining resource use within a group or clade. It is widely known that non-avian dinosaurs were the largest creatures to roam the Earth. There is, however, little understanding of how maximum species body size was distributed among the dinosaurs. Do they share a similar distribution to modern day vertebrate groups in spite of their large size, or did they exhibit fundamentally different distributions due to unique evolutionary pressures and adaptations? Here, we address this question by comparing the distribution of maximum species body size for dinosaurs to an extensive set of extant and extinct vertebrate groups. We also examine the body size distribution of dinosaurs by various sub-groups, time periods and formations. We find that dinosaurs exhibit a strong skew towards larger species, in direct contrast to modern day vertebrates. This pattern is not solely an artefact of bias in the fossil record, as demonstrated by contrasting distributions in two major extinct groups and supports the hypothesis that dinosaurs exhibited a fundamentally different life history strategy to other terrestrial vertebrates. A disparity in the size distribution of the herbivorous Ornithischia and Sauropodomorpha and the largely carnivorous Theropoda suggests that this pattern may have been a product of a divergence in evolutionary strategies: herbivorous dinosaurs rapidly evolved large size to escape predation by carnivores and maximise digestive efficiency; carnivores had sufficient resources among juvenile dinosaurs and non-dinosaurian prey to achieve optimal success at smaller body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin J. O’Gorman
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre West, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David W. E. Hone
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre West, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Etienne RS, de Visser SN, Janzen T, Olsen JL, Olff H, Rosindell J. Can clade age alone explain the relationship between body size and diversity? Interface Focus 2012; 2:170-9. [PMID: 22419989 PMCID: PMC3293203 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2011.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most striking patterns observed among animals is that smaller-bodied taxa are generally much more diverse than larger-bodied taxa. This observation seems to be explained by the mere fact that smaller-bodied taxa tend to have an older evolutionary origin and have therefore had more time to diversify. A few studies, based on the prevailing null model of diversification (i.e. the stochastic constant-rate birth–death model), have suggested that this is indeed the correct explanation, and body-size dependence of speciation and extinction rates does not play a role. However, there are several potential shortcomings to these studies: a suboptimal statistical procedure and a relatively narrow range of body sizes in the analysed data. Here, we present a more coherent statistical approach, maximizing the likelihood of the constant-rate birth–death model with allometric scaling of speciation and extinction rates, given data on extant diversity, clade age and average body size in each clade. We applied our method to a dataset compiled from the literature that includes a wide range of Metazoan taxa (range from midges to elephants). We find that the higher diversity among small animals is indeed, partly, caused by higher clade age. However, it is also partly caused by the body-size dependence of speciation and extinction rates. We find that both the speciation rate and extinction rate decrease with body size such that the net diversification rate is close to 0. Even more interestingly, the allometric scaling exponent of speciation and extinction rates is approximately −0.25, which implies that the per generation speciation and extinction rates are independent of body size. This suggests that the observed relationship between diversity and body size pattern can be explained by clade age alone, but only if clade age is measured in generations rather than years. Thus, we argue that the most parsimonious explanation for the observation that smaller-bodied taxa are more diverse is that their evolutionary clock ticks faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rampal S Etienne
- Community and Conservation Ecology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
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Poisot T, Verneau O, Desdevises Y. Morphological and molecular evolution are not linked in Lamellodiscus (Plathyhelminthes, Monogenea). PLoS One 2011; 6:e26252. [PMID: 22022582 PMCID: PMC3192175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamellodiscus Johnston & Tiegs 1922 (Monogenea, Diplectanidae) is a genus of common parasites on the gills of sparid fishes. Here we show that this genus is probably undergoing a fast molecular diversification, as reflected by the important genetic variability observed within three molecular markers (partial nuclear 18S rDNA, Internal Transcribed Spacer 1, and mitonchondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I). Using an updated phylogeny of this genus, we show that molecular and morphological evolution are weakly correlated, and that most of the morphologically defined taxonomical units are not consistent with the molecular data. We suggest that Lamellodiscus morphology is probably constrained by strong environmental (host-induced) pressure, and discuss why this result can apply to other taxa. Genetic variability within nuclear 18S and mitochondrial COI genes are compared for several monogenean genera, as this measure may reflect the level of diversification within a genus. Overall our results suggest that cryptic speciation events may occur within Lamellodiscus, and discuss the links between morphological and molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Poisot
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7232, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
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Wollenberg KC, Vieites DR, Glaw F, Vences M. Speciation in little: the role of range and body size in the diversification of Malagasy mantellid frogs. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:217. [PMID: 21777445 PMCID: PMC3199771 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rate and mode of lineage diversification might be shaped by clade-specific traits. In Madagascar, many groups of organisms are characterized by tiny distribution ranges and small body sizes, and this high degree of microendemism and miniaturization parallels a high species diversity in some of these groups. We here investigate the geographic patterns characterizing the radiation of the frog family Mantellidae that is virtually endemic to Madagascar. We integrate a newly reconstructed near-complete species-level timetree of the Mantellidae with georeferenced distribution records and maximum male body size data to infer the influence of these life-history traits on each other and on mantellid diversification. RESULTS We reconstructed a molecular phylogeny based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA for 257 species and candidate species of the mantellid frog radiation. Based on this phylogeny we identified 53 well-supported pairs of sister species that we used for phylogenetic comparative analyses, along with whole tree-based phylogenetic comparative methods. Sister species within the Mantellidae diverged at 0.2-14.4 million years ago and more recently diverged sister species had geographical range centroids more proximate to each other, independently of their current sympatric or allopatric occurrence. The largest number of sister species pairs had non-overlapping ranges, but several examples of young microendemic sister species occurring in full sympatry suggest the possibility of non-allopatric speciation. Range sizes of species included in the sister species comparisons increased with evolutionary age, as did range size differences between sister species, which rejects peripatric speciation. For the majority of mantellid sister species and the whole mantellid radiation, range and body sizes were associated with each other and small body sizes were linked to higher mitochondrial nucleotide substitution rates and higher clade diversity. In contrast, small range sizes were unexpectedly associated with a slow-down of mitochondrial substitution rates. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results we define a testable hypothesis under which small body sizes result in limited dispersal capabilities and low physiological tolerances, causing smaller and more strongly fragmented ranges. This can be thought to facilitate reproductive isolation and thus favor speciation. Contrary to the expectation of the faster speciation of such microendemic phenotype species, we only found small body sizes of mantellid frogs to be linked to higher diversification and substitution rates, but not small range sizes. A joint analysis of various species-rich regional anuran radiations might provide enough species with all combinations of range and body sizes for a more conclusive test of this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina C Wollenberg
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St,, Cambridge, MA 02134, USA.
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31
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Bernstein RM. The big and small of it: How body size evolves. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 143 Suppl 51:46-62. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Matthews LJ, Arnold C, Machanda Z, Nunn CL. Primate extinction risk and historical patterns of speciation and extinction in relation to body mass. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 278:1256-63. [PMID: 20943699 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Body mass is thought to influence diversification rates, but previous studies have produced ambiguous results. We investigated patterns of diversification across 100 trees obtained from a new Bayesian inference of primate phylogeny that sampled trees in proportion to their posterior probabilities. First, we used simulations to assess the validity of previous studies that used linear models to investigate the links between IUCN Red List status and body mass. These analyses support the use of linear models for ordinal ranked data on threat status, and phylogenetic generalized linear models revealed a significant positive correlation between current extinction risk and body mass across our tree block. We then investigated historical patterns of speciation and extinction rates using a recently developed maximum-likelihood method. Specifically, we predicted that body mass correlates positively with extinction rate because larger bodied organisms reproduce more slowly, and body mass correlates negatively with speciation rate because smaller bodied organisms are better able to partition niche space. We failed to find evidence that extinction rates covary with body mass across primate phylogeny. Similarly, the speciation rate was generally unrelated to body mass, except in some tests that indicated an increase in the speciation rate with increasing body mass. Importantly, we discovered that our data violated a key assumption of sample randomness with respect to body mass. After correcting for this bias, we found no association between diversification rates and mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Matthews
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Chown SL, Gaston KJ. Body size variation in insects: a macroecological perspective. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2010; 85:139-69. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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McClain CR, Boyer AG. Biodiversity and body size are linked across metazoans. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:2209-15. [PMID: 19324730 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size variation across the Metazoa is immense, encompassing 17 orders of magnitude in biovolume. Factors driving this extreme diversification in size and the consequences of size variation for biological processes remain poorly resolved. Species diversity is invoked as both a predictor and a result of size variation, and theory predicts a strong correlation between the two. However, evidence has been presented both supporting and contradicting such a relationship. Here, we use a new comprehensive dataset for maximum and minimum body sizes across all metazoan phyla to show that species diversity is strongly correlated with minimum size, maximum size and consequently intra-phylum variation. Similar patterns are also observed within birds and mammals. The observations point to several fundamental linkages between species diversification and body size variation through the evolution of animal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R McClain
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.
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37
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Apostolidis AP, Mamuris Z, Karkavelia E, Alifakiotis T. Comparison of Greek breeds of horses using RAPD markers. J Anim Breed Genet 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2001.00272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Body size and the relative abundance of species. ECOLOGICAL QUESTIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.2478/v10090-009-0003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Decker EH, Kerkhoff AJ, Moses ME. Global patterns of city size distributions and their fundamental drivers. PLoS One 2007; 2:e934. [PMID: 17895975 PMCID: PMC1978523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban areas and their voracious appetites are increasingly dominating the flows of energy and materials around the globe. Understanding the size distribution and dynamics of urban areas is vital if we are to manage their growth and mitigate their negative impacts on global ecosystems. For over 50 years, city size distributions have been assumed to universally follow a power function, and many theories have been put forth to explain what has become known as Zipf's law (the instance where the exponent of the power function equals unity). Most previous studies, however, only include the largest cities that comprise the tail of the distribution. Here we show that national, regional and continental city size distributions, whether based on census data or inferred from cluster areas of remotely-sensed nighttime lights, are in fact lognormally distributed through the majority of cities and only approach power functions for the largest cities in the distribution tails. To explore generating processes, we use a simple model incorporating only two basic human dynamics, migration and reproduction, that nonetheless generates distributions very similar to those found empirically. Our results suggest that macroscopic patterns of human settlements may be far more constrained by fundamental ecological principles than more fine-scale socioeconomic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan H Decker
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
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40
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Bush SE, Clayton DH. THE ROLE OF BODY SIZE IN HOST SPECIFICITY: RECIPROCAL TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS WITH FEATHER LICE. Evolution 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Diniz-Filho JAF, Rangel TFLVB, Bini LM, Hawkins BA. Macroevolutionary dynamics in environmental space and the latitudinal diversity gradient in New World birds. Proc Biol Sci 2007; 274:43-52. [PMID: 17018430 PMCID: PMC1679877 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlations between species richness and climate suggest non-random occupation of environmental space and niche evolution through time. However, the evolutionary mechanisms involved remain unresolved. Here, we partition the occupation of environmental space into intra- and inter-clade components to differentiate a model based on pure conservation of ancestral niches with higher diversification rates in the tropics, and an adaptive radiation model based on shifts in adaptive peaks at the family level allowing occupation of temperate regions. We examined these mechanisms using within- and among-family skewness components based on centroids of 3560 New World bird species across four environmental variables. We found that the accumulation of species in the tropics is a result of both processes. The components of adaptive radiation have family level skewness of species' distributions strongly structured in space, but not phylogenetically, according to the integrated analyses of spatial filters and phylogenetic eigenvectors. Moreover, stronger radiation components were found for energy variables, which are often used to argue for direct climatic effects on diversity. Thus, the correspondence between diversity and climate may be due to the conservation of ancestral tropical niches coupled with repeated broad shifts in adaptive peaks during birds' evolutionary history more than by higher diversification rates driven by more energy in the tropics.
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42
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Pie MR, Torres RA, Brito DMA. Evolution of genome size in fishes: a phylogenetic test of the Hinegardner and Rosen hypothesis. Genetica 2006; 131:51-8. [PMID: 17063380 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-006-9112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite remarkable advances in genomic studies over the past few decades, surprisingly little is known about the processes governing genome evolution at macroevolutionary timescales. In a seminal paper, Hinegardner and Rosen (Am Nat 106:621-644, 1972) suggested that taxa characterized by larger genomes should also display disproportionately stronger fluctuations in genome size. Therefore, according to the Hinegardner and Rosen (HR) hypothesis, there should be a negative correlation between average within-family genome size and its corresponding coefficient of variation (CV), a prediction that was supported by their analysis of the genomes of 275 species of fish. In this study we reevaluate the HR hypothesis using an expanded dataset (2050 genome size records). Moreover, in addition to the use of standard linear regression techniques, we also conducted modern comparative analyses that take into account phylogenetic non-independence. Our analyses failed to confirm the negative relationship detected in the original study, suggesting that the evolution of genome size in fishes might be more complex than envisioned by the HR hypothesis. Interestingly, the frequency distribution of fish genome sizes was strongly skewed, even on a logarithmic scale, suggesting that the dynamics underlying genome size evolution are driven by multiplicative phenomena, which might include chromosomal rearrangements and the expansion of transposable elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio R Pie
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Evolutiva, Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, C.P. 19020, Curitiba PR 81531-980, Brazil.
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43
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44
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Hunt G, Roy K. Climate change, body size evolution, and Cope's Rule in deep-sea ostracodes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:1347-52. [PMID: 16432187 PMCID: PMC1360587 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510550103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Causes of macroevolutionary trends in body size, such as Cope's Rule, the tendency of body size to increase over time, remain poorly understood. We used size measurements from Cenozoic populations of the ostracode genus Poseidonamicus, in conjunction with phylogeny and paleotemperature estimates, to show that climatic cooling leads to significant increases in body size, both overall and within individual lineages. The magnitude of size increase due to Cenozoic cooling is consistent with temperature-size relationships in geographically separated modern populations (Bergmann's Rule). Thus population-level phenotypic evolution in response to climate change can be an important determinant of macroevolutionary trends in body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene Hunt
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.
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45
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Bush SE, Clayton DH. THE ROLE OF BODY SIZE IN HOST SPECIFICITY: RECIPROCAL TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS WITH FEATHER LICE. Evolution 2006. [DOI: 10.1554/06-226.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Meiri S, Simberloff D, Dayan T. Insular Carnivore Biogeography: Island Area and Mammalian Optimal Body Size. Am Nat 2005; 165:505-14. [PMID: 15791541 DOI: 10.1086/428297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of size variation in insular mammals have been used to support the claim that mammals have a single optimal body size. This hypothesis enjoys wide support, despite having been questioned on both theoretical and empirical grounds. It is claimed that species of optimal size maintain the highest population densities. Therefore these species are thought to inhabit the smallest islands, where larger and smaller species are generally absent. We sought such a pattern by testing how area affects the body sizes of the largest and smallest carnivore species on islands. Using data on carnivores from 322 islands, we found that the sizes of carnivores on small islands tend to be close to the order's mode. Furthermore, we found that the size distribution of carnivore species that inhabit islands resembles that of those whose range is entirely continental. We conclude that insular carnivores provide no support for theories proposing a single optimal size, and we suspect such theories are also flawed on theoretical grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Meiri
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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47
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Agosta SJ, Janzen DH. Body size distributions of large Costa Rican dry forest moths and the underlying relationship between plant and pollinator morphology. OIKOS 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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48
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Trammer J. MAXIMUM BODY SIZE IN A RADIATING CLADE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME. Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1554/04-254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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49
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Chapelle G, Peck LS. Amphipod crustacean size spectra: new insights in the relationship between size and oxygen. OIKOS 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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50
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Meiri S, Dayan T, Simberloff D. Body Size of Insular Carnivores: Little Support for the Island Rule. Am Nat 2004; 163:469-79. [PMID: 15026981 DOI: 10.1086/382229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2003] [Accepted: 08/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Large mammals are thought to evolve to be smaller on islands, whereas small mammals grow larger. A negative correlation between relative size of island individuals and body mass is termed the "island rule." Several mechanisms--mainly competitive release, resource limitation, dispersal ability, and lighter predation pressure on islands, as well as a general physiological advantage of modal size--have been advanced to explain this pattern. We measured skulls and teeth of terrestrial members of the order Carnivora in order to analyze patterns of body size evolution between insular populations and their near mainland conspecifics. No correlations were found between the size ratios of insular/mainland carnivore species and body mass. Only little support for the island rule is found when individual populations rather than species are considered. Our data are at odds with those advanced in support of theories of optimal body size. Carnivore size is subjected to a host of selective pressures that do not vary uniformly from place to place. Mass alone cannot account for the patterns in body size of insular carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Meiri
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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