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Yarlett N, Jarroll EL, Morada M, Lloyd D. Protists: Eukaryotic single-celled organisms and the functioning of their organelles. Adv Microb Physiol 2024; 84:243-307. [PMID: 38821633 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Organelles are membrane bound structures that compartmentalize biochemical and molecular functions. With improved molecular, biochemical and microscopy tools the diversity and function of protistan organelles has increased in recent years, providing a complex panoply of structure/function relationships. This is particularly noticeable with the description of hydrogenosomes, and the diverse array of structures that followed, having hybrid hydrogenosome/mitochondria attributes. These diverse organelles have lost the major, at one time, definitive components of the mitochondrion (tricarboxylic cycle enzymes and cytochromes), however they all contain the machinery for the assembly of Fe-S clusters, which is the single unifying feature they share. The plasticity of organelles, like the mitochondrion, is therefore evident from its ability to lose its identity as an aerobic energy generating powerhouse while retaining key ancestral functions common to both aerobes and anaerobes. It is interesting to note that the apicoplast, a non-photosynthetic plastid that is present in all apicomplexan protozoa, apart from Cryptosporidium and possibly the gregarines, is also the site of Fe-S cluster assembly proteins. It turns out that in Cryptosporidium proteins involved in Fe-S cluster biosynthesis are localized in the mitochondrial remnant organelle termed the mitosome. Hence, different organisms have solved the same problem of packaging a life-requiring set of reactions in different ways, using different ancestral organelles, discarding what is not needed and keeping what is essential. Don't judge an organelle by its cover, more by the things it does, and always be prepared for surprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Yarlett
- Haskins Laboratories, Pace University, New York, NY, United States; The Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Edward L Jarroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, CUNY-Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Mary Morada
- Haskins Laboratories, Pace University, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Lloyd
- Schools of Biosciences and Engineering, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
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Zhang J, Shang J, Hao Y, Wang Y, Cao Z, Yang H, Wang W, Li S. Growth performance, blood metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and bacterial community in preweaning dairy calves fed corn silage-included starter and total mixed ration. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00208-4. [PMID: 37164844 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) in a starter or total mixed ration (TMR) on growth, blood metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and microbial community in preweaning dairy calves. A total of 45 healthy dairy calves were blocked by date of birth and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 100% calf starter (CONS), a mix of 85% calf starter and 15% WPCS [dry matter (DM) basis; CSCS], or 100% WPCS-based lactation TMR (CTMR). Pasteurized normal milk was fed to all the animals under the same regimen. The experiment ran from when the calves were 2 d old to weaning at 63 d. Milk and feed intakes were recorded daily. Growth performance data and blood samples were collected on wk 3, 5, 7, and 9 of the experiment. Rumen fluid was sampled at 40 and 60 d. The 3 treatments had different particle size fractions. The CSCS group had greater medium fraction (<19 mm, >8 mm) and particles retained on 8-mm sieves than the other 2 groups, whereas the CTMR group had the greatest long (>19 mm) and fine (<4 mm) fractions and physically effective neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on 8- and 4-mm sieves, but had the smallest short fraction (<8 mm, >4 mm) and particles retained on 4-mm sieves. The 24-h in vitro digestibility of DM, crude protein (CP), NDF, and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were decreased in order by the CONS, CSCS, and CTMR groups. Compared with the CONS group, the digestibility of ether extract (EE) was lower in the CSCS and CTMR groups, whereas the digestibility of starch was similar among treatments. During the experimental period, the DM, CP, and metabolizable energy intakes from milk, solid feed, and total feed were not affected by treatments. The NDF, ADF, and EE intakes and potentially digestible intakes were greater in the CTMR group than in the other 2 groups. With the exception that body barrel was greater for calves fed CSCS, growth parameters and blood metabolites were similar among treatments. Compared with the CSCS group, the CTMR group had greater rumen pH and total volatile fatty acids, propionate, and isovalerate concentrations, but a lower acetate:propionate ratio. The CTMR group had greater relative abundances of some cellulolytic bacteria (Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Christensenellaceae R7, Ruminococcaceae NK4A214, Ruminococcaceae UCG, Ruminococcus, and Erysipelotrichaceae UCG) in the rumen, which may be beneficial for the early acquisition of specific adult-associated microorganisms. In summary, a WPCS-based lactation TMR, but not the WPCS-included starter, had the potential to be an alternative starter in preweaning calves without having significant adverse effects. These findings provide theoretical and practical implications for the rational application of TMR in the early life of dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiaqi Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yangyi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongjian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Wang Y, Nan X, Zhao Y, Jiang L, Wang H, Hua D, Zhang F, Wang Y, Liu J, Yao J, Xiong B. Dietary supplementation with inulin improves lactation performance and serum lipids by regulating the rumen microbiome and metabolome in dairy cows. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:1189-1204. [PMID: 34754961 PMCID: PMC8556608 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of inulin on rumen fermentation parameters, ruminal microbiome and metabolites, as well as lactation performance and serum indexes in dairy cows. Sixteen Holstein dairy cows with similar body conditions were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 8 per group), with inulin addition at 0 and 200 g/d per cow. The experiment lasted for 6 weeks, including a 1-week adaptation period and a 5-week treatment period. At the end of the experimental period, the milk, serum and rumen fluid were sampled and analyzed. The microbiome and metabolome in the rumen fluid were analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics, respectively. The results showed that supplementation with inulin (200 g/d per cow) increased the milk yield (P = 0.001), milk protein (P = 0.032), lactose rate (P = 0.004) and proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in milk (P < 0.001), but decreased the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) (P = 0.041). Rumen pH (P = 0.040) and the concentration of NH3–N (P = 0.024) were decreased; however, acetate (P < 0.001), propionate (P = 0.003), butyrate (P < 0.001) and lactic acid (LA) (P = 0.043) were increased. The total cholesterol (TC) (P = 0.008) and triglycerides (TG) (P = 0.01) in serum were also reduced. Additionally, inulin addition elevated the relative abundance of several beneficial symbiotic and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, such as Muribaculaceae (false discovery rate [FDR]-adjusted P < 0.01), Acetitomaculum (FDR-adjusted P = 0.043), and Butyrivibrio (FDR-adjusted P = 0.036), while elevating the levels of L-lysine (FDR-adjusted P = 4.24 × 10−3), L-proline (FDR-adjusted P = 0.0158), and L-phenylalanine (FDR-adjusted P = 0.027). In contrast, several pathogens and ruminal bacteria abundant in high-fat diets, such as Escherichia-Shigella (FDR-adjusted P = 0.022), Erysipelotrichaceae__UCG-004 (FDR-adjusted P < 0.01) and RF39 (FDR-adjusted P = 0.042) were decreased along with the reduction of lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) (18:1 (9Z)) (FDR-adjusted P = 1.03 × 10−3), LysoPC (16:0) (FDR-adjusted P = 0.0108), LysoPC (18:2 (9Z, 12Z)) (FDR-adjusted P = 1.65 × 10−3) and 8-methylnonenoate. In conclusion, dietary inulin supplementation could increase the relative abundance of commensal microbiota and SCFA-producing bacteria, upregulate amino acidmetabolism and downregulate lipid metabolism in the rumen of dairy cows, which might further improve lactation performance and the level of serum lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xuemei Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiguang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Linshu Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dengke Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yapin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Langfang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Benhai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Degradation enhancement of rice straw by co-culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trichoderma viride. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19708. [PMID: 31873163 PMCID: PMC6928154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Straw is one of the most abundant stock of renewable biomass from crop production. However, its utilization efficiency is still very low. Although co-cultivation of fungi increases the degrading rate, the co-cultivation condition needs to be optimized. To optimize the co-culture condition of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trichoderma viride degrading rice straw, we first tested the antagonistic characteristic between the fungi. The results showed that the best co-culture pattern was to first inoculate P. chrysosporium and culture for 4 days, then inoculate T. viride, and co-culture the two fungi for 4 days. The optimum fermentation condition was 14% (w/v) of inoculum concentration, the equivalent inoculation of the fungi, culture temperature at 30 °C, and 1:1.4 for solid-liquid ratio. Under the optimum condition, the degradation ratios of lignin and cellulose were 26.38% and 33.29%, respectively; the soluble carbon content in the culture product was 23.07% (w/v). The results would provide important reference information for the efficient utilization of rice straw to produce more accessible energy resources, such as ethanol and glucose.
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Kumar S, Treloar BP, Teh KH, McKenzie CM, Henderson G, Attwood GT, Waters SM, Patchett ML, Janssen PH. Sharpea and Kandleria are lactic acid producing rumen bacteria that do not change their fermentation products when co-cultured with a methanogen. Anaerobe 2018; 54:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Influence of hydrogen on rumen methane formation and fermentation balances through microbial growth kinetics and fermentation thermodynamics. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Buddle BM, Denis M, Attwood GT, Altermann E, Janssen PH, Ronimus RS, Pinares-Patiño CS, Muetzel S, Neil Wedlock D. Strategies to reduce methane emissions from farmed ruminants grazing on pasture. Vet J 2010; 188:11-7. [PMID: 20347354 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Methane emissions from livestock are a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and have become a focus of research activities, especially in countries where agriculture is a major economic sector. Understanding the complexity of the rumen microbiota, including methane-producing Archaea, is in its infancy. There are currently no robust, reproducible and economically viable methods for reducing methane emissions from ruminants grazing on pasture and novel innovative strategies to diminish methane output from livestock are required. In this review, current approaches towards mitigation of methane in pastoral farming are summarised. Research strategies based on vaccination, enzyme inhibitors, phage, homoacetogens, defaunation, feed supplements, and animal selection are reviewed. Many approaches are currently being investigated, and it is likely that more than one strategy will be required to enable pastoral farming to lower its emissions of methane significantly. Different strategies may be suitable for different farming practices and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce M Buddle
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Abstract
Anaerobic chytridiomycete fungi are found in the gastrointestinal tracts of sheep, cattle and goats, as well as in many other domesticated ruminant and nonruminant herbivores and a wide variety of wild herbivorous mammals. They are principally found associated with the fibrous plant particles of digesta and as free swimming zoospores in the fluid phase. The presence of large fungal populations in animals consuming mature pasture or diets largely composed of hay or straw together with the production of highly active fibre degrading enzymes lead to' the belief that anaerobic fungi may have a significant role to play in the assimilation of fibrous feeds by ruminants. While many early studies focused on anaerobic fungi because of their unusual biology and metabolism, the large part of subsequent research has emphasized the biotechnological potential of their cellulases, xylanases and phenolic esterases. In recent years, the extent of the contribution of anaerobic fungi to the nutrition of ruminants has also been established through studies of fungal populations in the rumen and the dietary factors which influence them, as presented in this review. Further, we discuss the evidence supporting an important contribution of anaerobic fungal populations in the rumen to feed intake and digestion of poor quality feed by domesticated ruminants. In conclusion, the review explores some different methods for manipulating fungi in the rumen for increased feed intake and digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Gordon
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Animal Production, Locked Bag 1, Delivery Centre, Blacktown, New South Wales 2148, Australia
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Nie Y, Liu H, Du G, Chen J. Acetate yield increased by gas circulation and fed-batch fermentation in a novel syntrophic acetogenesis and homoacetogenesis coupling system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:2989-95. [PMID: 17681788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Gas circulation and fed-batch fermentation were applied for enhancing acetate production by mixed culture in a novel syntrophic acetogenesis and homoacetogenesis coupling system. The results show that the acetate yield in the fed-batch test with gas circulation is about 47% higher than that in the batch test without gas circulation. The fed-batch method helps to increase acetate yield by balancing hydrogen production in the acetogenesis phase (the 1st phase) and hydrogen consumption in the homoacetogenesis phase (the 2nd phase) of the coupling system. Gas circulation enhances mass transfer between different phases of the coupling system, hence resulting in increased homoacetogenesis in the 2nd phase and relief of the products (H2) inhibition to syntrophic acetogenesis in the 1st phase. The effects of gas circulation and fed-batch fermentation on direct glucose conversion to acetate were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanQiu Nie
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Yangtze University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Collet C, Gaudard O, Péringer P, Schwitzguébel JP. Acetate production from lactose by Clostridium thermolacticum and hydrogen-scavenging microorganisms in continuous culture—Effect of hydrogen partial pressure. J Biotechnol 2005; 118:328-38. [PMID: 15992956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Revised: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the addition of hydrogen-consuming microorganisms on the metabolism of Clostridium thermolacticum was studied. By growing this bacterium in continuous culture at 58 degrees C, on 29 mmol lactose l(-1) (10 gl(-1)) in the feed, with the H2-consuming microorganisms Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus and Moorella thermoautotrophica, the volumetric productivity of acetate was increased up to 3.9 mmol l(-1)h(-1) at a dilution rate of 0.058 h(-1). This was about three times higher than the maximal acetate volumetric productivity quantified when C. thermolacticum was cultivated alone. In the consortium, C. thermolacticum was the only species able to metabolize lactose; it produced not only acetate, but also hydrogen, carbon dioxide and lactate. The other species of the consortium were growing on these by-products. Meth. thermoautotrophicus played an important role as a very efficient hydrogen scavenger and decreased the hydrogen partial pressure drastically: hydrogen was converted to methane. Moor. thermoautotrophica converted lactate as well as hydrogen and carbon dioxide into acetate. As a consequence, lactose was efficiently consumed and the only organic product in the liquid phase was acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Collet
- Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology (LBE), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Fonty G, Williams AG, Bonnemoy F, Morvan B, Withers SE, Gouet P. Effect ofMethanobrevibactersp MF1 Inoculation on Glycoside Hydrolase and Polysaccharide Depolymerase Activities, Wheat Straw Degradation and Volatile Fatty Acid Concentrations in the Rumen of Gnotobiotically-reared Lambs. Anaerobe 1997; 3:383-9. [PMID: 16887613 DOI: 10.1006/anae.1997.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/1997] [Accepted: 09/15/1997] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four naturally born lambs were placed in sterile isolators 24 h after birth before the natural establishment of cellulolytic microorganisms and archaea methanogens. At the age of 6 weeks they were inoculated with pure cultures of the strains FD1 and 007 of Ruminococcus flavefaciens and at the age of 4 months with a pure culture of Methanobrevibacter sp. MF1. Following the establishment of MF1, the population of R. flavefaciens slightly increased in the rumen of the four lambs, there was also an increase in straw degradation, in the activity of some glycoside and polysaccharide hydrolases of the adherent microbial populations and in the concentration of acetate in ruminal contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fonty
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie,INRA, Centre de Recherches de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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