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Das R, Bharadwaj P, Thakur D. Insights into the functional role of Actinomycetia in promoting plant growth and biocontrol in tea (Camellia sinensis) plants. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:65. [PMID: 38227026 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03789-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Tea, a highly aromatic and globally consumed beverage, is derived from the aqueous infusion of dried leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. Northeast India, encompassing an expansive geographical area between 24° and 27° N latitude and 88° and 95° E longitude, is a significant tea-producing region covering approximately 312,210 hectares. Despite its prominence, this region faces persistent challenges owing to a conducive climate that harbors the prevalence of pests, fungal pathogens, and weeds, necessitating agrochemicals. Helopeltis theivora, Oligonychus coffeae, and Biston suppressaria are prominent among the tea pests in this region. Concurrently, tea plants encounter fungal infections such as blister blight, brown root rot, and Fusarium dieback. The growing demand for safer tea production and the need to reduce pesticide and fertilizer usage has spurred interest in exploring biological control methods. This review focuses on Actinomycetia, which potentially safeguards plants from diseases and pest infestations by producing many bioactive substances. Actinomycetia, which resides in the tea rhizosphere and internal plant tissues, can produce antagonistic secondary metabolites and extracellular enzymes while promoting plant growth. Harnessing the biocontrol potential of Actinomycetia offers a promising solution to enhance tea production, while minimizing reliance on harmful agrochemicals, contributing to a more environmentally conscious and economically viable tea cultivation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rictika Das
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India
| | - Pranami Bharadwaj
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Debajit Thakur
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India.
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2
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Yadav S, Kumar S, Haritash AK. A comprehensive review of chlorophenols: Fate, toxicology and its treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 342:118254. [PMID: 37295147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols represent one of the most abundant families of toxic pollutants emerging from various industrial manufacturing units. The toxicity of these chloroderivatives is proportional to the number and position of chlorine atoms on the benzene ring. In the aquatic environment, these pollutants accumulate in the tissues of living organisms, primarily in fishes, inducing mortality at an early embryonic stage. Contemplating the behaviour of such xenobiotics and their prevalence in different environmental components, it is crucial to understand the methods used to remove/degrade the chlorophenol from contaminated environment. The current review describes the different treatment methods and their mechanism towards the degradation of these pollutants. Both abiotic and biotic methods are investigated for the removal of chlorophenols. Chlorophenols are either degraded through photochemical reactions in the natural environment, or microbes, the most diverse communities on earth, perform various metabolic functions to detoxify the environment. Biological treatment is a slow process because of the more complex and stable structure of pollutants. Advanced Oxidation Processes are effective in degrading such organics with enhanced rate and efficiency. Based on their ability to generate hydroxyl radicals, source of energy, catalyst type, etc., different processes such as sonication, ozonation, photocatalysis, and Fenton's process are discussed for the treatment or remediation efficiency towards the degradation of chlorophenols. The review entails both advantages and limitations of treatment methods. The study also focuses on reclamation of chlorophenol-contaminated sites. Different remediation methods are discussed to restore the degraded ecosystem back in its natural condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Yadav
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi, 110042, India.
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Solaris Chemtech Industries, Bhuj, Gujarat, India
| | - A K Haritash
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi, 110042, India
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3
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Zhuang J, Zhang R, Zeng Y, Dai T, Ye Z, Gao Q, Yang Y, Guo X, Li G, Zhou J. Petroleum pollution changes microbial diversity and network complexity of soil profile in an oil refinery. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1193189. [PMID: 37287448 PMCID: PMC10242060 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1193189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Petroleum pollution resulting from spills and leakages in oil refinery areas has been a significant environmental concern for decades. Despite this, the effects of petroleum pollutants on soil microbial communities and their potential for pollutant biodegradation still required further investigation. Methods In this study, we collected 75 soil samples from 0 to 5 m depths of 15 soil profiles in an abandoned refinery to analyze the effect of petroleum pollution on soil microbial diversity, community structure, and network co-occurrence patterns. Results Our results suggested soil microbial a-diversity decreased under high C10-C40 levels, coupled with significant changes in the community structure of soil profiles. However, soil microbial network complexity increased with petroleum pollution levels, suggesting more complex microbial potential interactions. A module specific for methane and methyl oxidation was also found under high C10-C40 levels of the soil profile, indicating stronger methanotrophic and methylotrophic metabolic activities at the heavily polluted soil profile. Discussion The increased network complexity observed may be due to more metabolic pathways and processes, as well as increased microbial interactions during these processes. These findings highlight the importance of considering both microbial diversity and network complexity in assessing the effects of petroleum pollution on soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugui Zhuang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihuan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianjiao Dai
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhencheng Ye
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghe Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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4
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Zharikova NV, Korobov VV, Zhurenko EI. Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenases Involved in Bacterial Degradation of Chlorophenols. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822060175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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5
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Efficient degradation of hydroquinone by a metabolically engineered Pseudarthrobacter sulfonivorans strain. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:588. [PMID: 36048304 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pseudarthrobacter sulfonivorans strain Ar51 can degrade crude oil and multi-substituted benzene compounds efficiently at low temperatures. However, it cannot degrade hydroquinone, which is a key intermediate in the degradation of several other compounds of environmental importance, such as 4-nitrophenol, g-hexachlorocyclohexane, 4-hydroxyacetophenone and 4-aminophenol. Here we co-expressed the two subunits of hydroquinone dioxygenase from Sphingomonas sp. strain TTNP3 with different promoters in the strain Ar51. The strain with 2 hdnO promoters exhibited the strongest hydroquinone catabolic activity. However, in the absence of antibiotic selection this ability to degrade hydroquinone was lost due to plasmid instability. Consequently, we constructed a hisD knockout strain, which was unable to synthesise histidine. By introducing the hisD gene onto the plasmid, the ability to degrade hydroquinone in the absence of antibiotic selection was stabilised. In addition, to make the strain more stable for industrial applications, we knocked out the recA gene and integrated the hydroquinone dioxygenase genes at this chromosomal locus. This strain exhibited the strongest activity in catabolizing hydroquinone, up to 470 mg/L in 16 h without antibiotic selection. In addition, this activity was shown to be stable when the strain has cultured in medium without antibiotic selection after 20 passages.
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6
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Kato H, Sakai K, Itoh S, Iwata N, Ito M, Hori M, Kato M, Shimizu M. Enhanced Bioremediation of 4-Chlorophenol by Electrically Neutral Reactive Species Generated from Nonthermal Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:16197-16203. [PMID: 35571825 PMCID: PMC9097213 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) is a chlorinated aromatic compound with broad industrial applications. It is released into the environment as an industrial byproduct and is highly resistant to biodegradation. Pseudomonas sp. in the environment and activated sludge are used for 4-CP bioremediation; however, the degradation of 4-CP takes a long time. Consequently, the toxicity of 4-CP is a major barrier to its bioremediation. In this study, we investigated the synergistic effect of electrically neutral reactive species on the bacterial bioremediation of 4-CP. Our results showed that the concentration of 4-CP decreased from 2.0 to 0.137 mM and that it was converted to 4-chlorocatechol (4-CC; 0.257 mM), 4-chlororesorcinol (0.157 mM), hydroquinone (0.155 mM), and trihydroxy chlorobenzene and their respective ring-cleaved products following irradiation of neutral reactive species. These compounds were less toxic than 4-CP, except for 4-CC, which reduced the toxicity of 4-CP to Pseudomonas putida. When the neutral reactive species-treated 4-CP fraction was added to P. putida cultured in a synthetic sewage medium for 48 h, the 4-CP concentration was reduced to 0.017 mM, whereas nontreated 4-CP (2.0 mM) was hardly degraded by P. putida. These results suggest that the biodegradation of 4-CP can be efficiently improved by combining irradiation of neutral reactive species with microbial treatment. The irradiation of neutral reactive species of environmental pollutants may additionally lead to further improvements in bioremediation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kato
- Faculty
of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kiyota Sakai
- Faculty
of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shou Itoh
- Faculty
of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Iwata
- Department
of Electronics Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ito
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaru Hori
- Center
for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya
University, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masashi Kato
- Faculty
of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Aichi, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Shimizu
- Faculty
of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Aichi, Japan
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7
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Sanni SE, Philemon O, Okoro EE, Oni BA, Idowu TA, Adegbite O. Heterogeneous catalytic conversion of 4-chlorophenol via atomic hydrogen substitution induced by size-controlled polydisperse nanocobalt. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Xu J, Wang B, Zhang WH, Zhang FJ, Deng YD, Wang Y, Gao JJ, Tian YS, Peng RH, Yao QH. Biodegradation of p-nitrophenol by engineered strain. AMB Express 2021; 11:124. [PMID: 34463855 PMCID: PMC8408293 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
p-Nitrophenol (PNP) is an important environmental pollutant and can causes significant environmental and health risks. Compared with the traditional methods, biodegradation is a useful one to completely remove the harmful pollutants from the environment. Here, an engineered strain was first constructed by introducing PNP biodegradation pathway via the hydroquinone (HQ) pathway into Escherichia coli. In the engineered strain BL-PNP, PNP was completely degraded to β-ketoadipate and subsequently enter the metabolites of multiple anabolic pathways. The high tolerance and rapid degradation ability to PNP enable the engineered strain to have the potential to degrade toxic substances. The engineered strain created in this study can be used as a functional strain for bioremediation of PNP and potential toxic intermediates, and the method of assembling aromatic hydrocarbons metabolic pathway can be used to eradicate nitroaromatic pollutants in the environment.
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9
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Yang K, Zhao Y, Ji M, Li Z, Zhai S, Zhou X, Wang Q, Wang C, Liang B. Challenges and opportunities for the biodegradation of chlorophenols: Aerobic, anaerobic and bioelectrochemical processes. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 193:116862. [PMID: 33550168 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols (CPs) are highly toxic and refractory contaminants which widely exist in various environments and cause serious harm to human and environment health and safety. This review provides comprehensive information on typical CPs biodegradation technologies, the most green and benign ones for CPs removal. The known aerobic and anaerobic degradative bacteria, functional enzymes, and metabolic pathways of CPs as well as several improving methods and critical parameters affecting the overall degradation efficiency are systematically summarized and clarified. The challenges for CPs mineralization are also discussed, mainly including the dechlorination of polychlorophenols (poly-CPs) under aerobic condition and the ring-cleavage of monochlorophenols (MCPs) under anaerobic condition. The coupling of functional materials and degraders as well as the operation of sequential anaerobic-aerobic bioreactors and bioelectrochemical system (BES) are promising strategies to overcome some current limitations. Future perspective and research gaps in this field are also proposed, including the further understanding of microbial information and the specific role of materials in CPs biodegradation, the potential application of innovative biotechnologies and new operating modes to optimize and maximize the function of the system, and the scale-up of bioreactors towards the efficient biodegradation of CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichao Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Min Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Siyuan Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Can Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Bin Liang
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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10
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Garba ZN, Zhou W, Lawan I, Xiao W, Zhang M, Wang L, Chen L, Yuan Z. An overview of chlorophenols as contaminants and their removal from wastewater by adsorption: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 241:59-75. [PMID: 30981144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, a significant number of published articles (over three decades) were consulted in order to provide comprehensive literature information about chlorophenols, their sources into the environment, classification, and toxicity, various wastewater treatment methods for their removal as well as the characteristics of their adsorption by various adsorbents. Organizing the scattered available information on a wide range of potentially effective adsorbents in the removal of chlorophenols is the principal objective of this article. Various adsorbents such as natural materials, waste materials from industries, agricultural by-products and biomass-based activated carbon in the removal of various chlorophenols have been compiled and discussed here. Crucial factors like temperature, solution pH, contact time and initial solution concentration are also reported and discussed here. The π-π dispersion interaction mechanism, hydrogen bonding formation mechanism, and the electron donor-acceptor complex mechanism were proposed for the chlorophenols adsorption onto various adsorbents with the help of current literature. Conclusions have been drawn proposing a few suggestions for future research on mitigating the effect of chlorophenols in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaharaddeen N Garba
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian province, China; Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Weiming Zhou
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian province, China
| | - Ibrahim Lawan
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian province, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian province, China
| | - Mingxi Zhang
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian province, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian province, 350108, China
| | - Lihui Chen
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian province, China
| | - Zhanhui Yuan
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian province, China.
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Zharikova NV, Zhurenko EY, Iasakov TR, Korobov VV, Erastov AS, Markusheva TV. Conversion of 4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid by the Pseudomonas sp. 36DCP Strain. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Guo X, Xie C, Wang L, Li Q, Wang Y. Biodegradation of persistent environmental pollutants by Arthrobacter sp. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:8429-8443. [PMID: 30706270 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Persistent environmental pollutants are a growing problem around the world. The effective control of the pollutants is of great significance for human health. Some microbes, especially Arthrobacter, can degrade pollutants into nontoxic substances in various ways. Here, we review the biological properties of Arthrobacter adapting to a variety of environmental stresses, including starvation, hypertonic and hypotonic condition, oxidative stress, heavy metal stress, and low-temperature stress. Furthermore, we categorized the Arthrobacter species that can degrade triazines, organophosphorus, alkaloids, benzene, and its derivatives. Metabolic pathways behind the various biodegradation processes are further discussed. This review will be a helpful reference for comprehensive utilization of Arthrobacter species to tackle environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengyun Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinfan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Zhang H, Yu T, Wang Y, Li J, Wang G, Ma Y, Liu Y. 4-Chlorophenol Oxidation Depends on the Activation of an AraC-Type Transcriptional Regulator, CphR, in Rhodococcus sp. Strain YH-5B. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2481. [PMID: 30405555 PMCID: PMC6205950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) oxidation plays an essential role in the detoxification of 4-CP. However, oxidative regulation of 4-CP at the genetic and biochemical levels has not yet been studied. To explore the regulation mechanism of 4-CP oxidation, a novel gene cluster, cphRA2A1, involved in biodegradation of 4-CP was identified and cloned from Rhodococcus sp. strain YH-5B by genome walking. The sequence analysis showed that the cphRA2A1 gene cluster encoded an AraC-type transcriptional regulator and a two-component monooxygenase enzyme, while quantitative real-time PCR analysis further revealed that cphR was constitutively expressed and positively regulated the transcription of cphA2A1 genes in response to 4-CP or phenol, as evidenced by gene knockout and complementation experiments. Through the transcriptional fusion of the mutated cphA2A1 promoter with the lacZ gene, it was found that the CphR regulator binding sites had two 15-bp imperfect direct repeats (TGCA-N6-GGNTA) at -35 to -69 upstream of the cphA2A1 transcriptional start site. Notably, the sub-motifs at the -46 to -49 positions played a critical role in the appropriate interaction with the CphR dimer. In addition, it was confirmed that the monooxygenase subunits CphA1 and CphA2, which were purified by His-tag affinity chromatography, were able to catalyze the conversion of 4-CP to 4-chlorocatechol, suggesting that strain YH-5B could degrade 4-CP via the 4-chlorocatechol pathway. This study enhances our understanding of the genetic and biochemical diversity in the transcriptional regulation of 4-CP oxidation in Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Ting Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Guangli Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yingqun Ma
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Golan R, Gelman F, Kuder T, Taylor AA, Ronen Z, Bernstein A. Degradation of 4-bromophenol by Ochrobactrum sp. HI1 isolated from desert soil: pathway and isotope effects. Biodegradation 2018; 30:37-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-018-9860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Ling Y, Fei X, Shan Q, Hei D, Jia W. Degradation mechanism of p-cresol in aqueous solutions by gamma-ray irradiation. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-5883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Cho SY, Kwean OS, Yang JW, Cho W, Kwak S, Park S, Lim Y, Kim HS. Identification of the upstream 4-chlorophenol biodegradation pathway using a recombinant monooxygenase from Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1800-1807. [PMID: 28522197 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the initial 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) biodegradation pathway promoted by a two-component flavin-diffusible monooxygenase (TC-FDM) consisting of CphC-I and CphB contained in Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6 and the decomposition function of CphC-I. The TC-FDM genes were cloned from A. chlorophenolicus A6, and the corresponding enzymes were overexpressed. Since CphB was expressed in an insoluble form, Fre, a flavin reductase obtained from Escherichia coli, was used. These enzymes were purified using Ni2+-NTA resin. It was confirmed that TC-FDM catalyzes the oxidation of 4-CP and the sequential conversion of 4-CP to benzoquinone (BQN)→hydroquinone (HQN)→HQL. This indicated that CphC-I exhibits substrate specificity for 4-CP, BQN, and HQN. The activity of CphC-I for 4-CP was 63.22U/mg-protein, and the Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters were vmax=0.21mM/min, KM=0.19mM, and kcat/KM=0.04mM-1min-1. These results would be useful for the development of a novel biochemical treatment technology for 4-CP and phenolic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Cho
- Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Sung Kwean
- Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Won Yang
- Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoun Cho
- Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonyeong Kwak
- Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyoon Park
- Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejee Lim
- Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Han S Kim
- Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Solyanikova IP, Suzina NE, Egozarian NS, Polivtseva VN, Prisyazhnaya NV, El-Registan GI, Mulyukin AL, Golovleva LA. The response of soil Arthrobacter agilis lush13 to changing conditions: Transition between vegetative and dormant state. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:745-751. [PMID: 28976238 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1356665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work was aimed at studying the response of soil non-spore-forming actinobacterial strain Arthrobacter agilis Lush 13 to changing natural conditions, such as nutrient availability and the presence of degradable and recalcitrant aliphatic and aromatic substrates. The A. agilis strain Lush13 was able to degrade octane, nonane, hexadecane, benzoate, phenol, and 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-dichlorophenols, but not grew on 3,4-dichlorophenol, 2,3,4-, 2,4,5-, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2-chlorobenzoate, 3-chlorobenzoate, 3,5-dichlorobenzoate, 2,4-dichlorobenzoate. Under growth-arresting conditions due to nitrogen- or multiple starvation or recalcitrant (non-utilizable) carbon source, the studied strain preserved viability for prolonged periods (4-24 months) due to transition to dormancy in the form of conglomerated small and ultrasmall cyst-like dormant cells (CLC). Dormant cells were shown to germinate rapidly (30 min or later) after removal of starvation stress, and this process was followed by breakdown of conglomerates with the eliberation and further division of small multiple actively growing daughter cells. Results of this study shed some light to adaptive capabilities of soil arthrobacters in pure and polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna P Solyanikova
- a G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino, Moscow Region , Russia
| | - Nataliya E Suzina
- a G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino, Moscow Region , Russia
| | - Nataliya S Egozarian
- a G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino, Moscow Region , Russia
- b M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , Faculty of Biotechnology , Russia
| | - Valentina N Polivtseva
- a G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino, Moscow Region , Russia
| | - Nataliya V Prisyazhnaya
- a G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino, Moscow Region , Russia
| | - Galina I El-Registan
- c S.N. Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Centre of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Andrey L Mulyukin
- c S.N. Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Centre of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Ludmila A Golovleva
- a G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino, Moscow Region , Russia
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DNA damage induced by hydroquinone can be prevented by fungal detoxification. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:1096-1105. [PMID: 28962321 PMCID: PMC5598254 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroquinone is a benzene metabolite with a wide range of industrial applications, which has potential for widespread human exposure; however, the toxicity of hydroquinone on human cells remains unclear. The aims of this study are to investigate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of hydroquinone in human primary fibroblasts and human colon cancer cells (HCT116). Low doses of hydroquinone (227-454 μM) reduce the viability of fibroblasts and HCT116 cells, determined by resazurin conversion, and induce genotoxic damage (DNA strand breaks), as assessed by alkaline comet assays. Bioremediation may provide an excellent alternative to promote the degradation of hydroquinone, however few microorganisms are known that efficiently degrade it. Here we also investigate the capacity of a halotolerant fungus, Penicillium chrysogenum var. halophenolicum, to remove hydroquinone toxicity under hypersaline condition. The fungus is able to tolerate high concentrations of hydroquinone and can reverse these noxious effects via degradation of hydroquinone to completion, even when the initial concentration of this compound is as high as 7265 μM. Our findings reveal that P. chrysogenum var. halophenolicum efficiently degrade hydroquinone under hypersaline conditions, placing this fungus among the best candidates for the detoxification of habitats contaminated with this aromatic compound.
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Krzmarzick MJ, Novak PJ. Removal of chlorinated organic compounds during wastewater treatment: achievements and limits. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6233-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Arora PK, Bae H. Bacterial degradation of chlorophenols and their derivatives. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:31. [PMID: 24589366 PMCID: PMC3975901 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophenols (CPs) and their derivatives are persistent environmental pollutants which are used in the manufacture of dyes, drugs, pesticides and other industrial products. CPs, which include monochlorophenols, polychlorophenols, chloronitrophenols, chloroaminophenols and chloromethylphenols, are highly toxic to living beings due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic and cytotoxic properties. Several physico-chemical and biological methods have been used for removal of CPs from the environment. Bacterial degradation has been considered a cost-effective and eco-friendly method of removing CPs from the environment. Several bacteria that use CPs as their sole carbon and energy sources have been isolated and characterized. Additionally, the metabolic pathways for degradation of CPs have been studied in bacteria and the genes and enzymes involved in the degradation of various CPs have been identified and characterized. This review describes the biochemical and genetic basis of the degradation of CPs and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Arora
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanhong Bae
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
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Jalilnejad E, Vahabzadeh F. Use of a packed-bed airlift reactor with net draft tube to study kinetics of naphthalene degradation by Ralstonia eutropha. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:4592-4604. [PMID: 24338109 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation of naphthalene by Ralstonia eutropha (also known as Cupriavidus necator) in a packed-bed airlift reactor with net draft tube (PBALR-nd) was studied; the Kissiris pieces were the packing material. The reactor hydrodynamics has been characterized under abiotic conditions and the dependencies of the superficial gas velocity (U G) on the gas holdup (εG), liquid mixing time, and mass transfer coefficient were determined. The improving role of the net draft tube in this small column reactor (height 42 cm, ID 5 cm) was confirmed. The flow regime was described using the εG α U G (n) expression, and bubbly flow was observed in PBALR-nd at U G < 2.83 cm/s. In the second step of the present work, the kinetics of biodegradation was modeled using the Haldane and Aiba equations. The fitting of the experimental results to the models were done according to the nonlinear least square regression technique. The biokinetic constants (q m, K s, and K i) were estimated and q m as the specific biodegradation rate was equaled to 0.415 and 0.24 mgnaph./mgcell h for the Haldane and Aiba equations, respectively. The goodness of fit reported as R (2) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) showed the adequate fitness of the Haldane and Aiba models in predicting naphthalene biodegradation kinetics. On the basis of the HPLC results, a hypothetical pathway for the biodegradation was presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Jalilnejad
- Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Ave., Tehran, Iran
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Hydroquinone: environmental pollution, toxicity, and microbial answers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:542168. [PMID: 23936816 PMCID: PMC3727088 DOI: 10.1155/2013/542168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydroquinone is a major benzene metabolite, which is a well-known haematotoxic and carcinogenic agent associated with malignancy in occupational environments. Human exposure to hydroquinone can occur by dietary, occupational, and environmental sources. In the environment, hydroquinone showed increased toxicity for aquatic organisms, being less harmful for bacteria and fungi. Recent pieces of evidence showed that hydroquinone is able to enhance carcinogenic risk by generating DNA damage and also to compromise the general immune responses which may contribute to the impaired triggering of the host immune reaction. Hydroquinone bioremediation from natural and contaminated sources can be achieved by the use of a diverse group of microorganisms, ranging from bacteria to fungi, which harbor very complex enzymatic systems able to metabolize hydroquinone either under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Due to the recent research development on hydroquinone, this review underscores not only the mechanisms of hydroquinone biotransformation and the role of microorganisms and their enzymes in this process, but also its toxicity.
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Arora PK, Jain RK. Arthrobacter nitrophenolicus sp. nov. a new 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol degrading bacterium isolated from contaminated soil. 3 Biotech 2013; 3:29-32. [PMID: 28324343 PMCID: PMC3563742 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-012-0066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain SJConT, a 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (2C4NP) degrading bacterium, was isolated from soil collected from a pesticide-contaminated site in Punjab, India. The strain, which stained Gram positive, displayed a rod-coccus life cycle, and possessed a type A3α peptidoglycan (l-Lys–l-Ala3), MK-9(H2) as the major menaquinone, anteiso-C15 and iso-C15:0 as the major cellular fatty acids, and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and a glycolipid as the major polar lipids, showed morphological and chemotaxonomic properties consistent with those reported for members of the genus Arthrobacter. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SJConT confirmed that it was a member of this genus with Arthrobacter globiformis DSM 20124T being the closest relative (sequence similarity of 97 %). The DNA G + C content of strain SJConT was 69 ± 1 mol% and DNA homology with A. globiformis DSM 20124T was 45 %, suggesting that strain SJConT represented a novel species of the genus Arthrobacter, which we have named Arthrobacter nitrophenolicus sp. nov The type strain is SJConT (=MTCC 10104T =DSM 23165T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Arora
- Environmental Biotechnology, Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC), Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR), Sector-39A, Chandigarh, India.
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad, 500 046, India.
| | - Rakesh Kumar Jain
- Environmental Biotechnology, Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC), Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR), Sector-39A, Chandigarh, India
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Lee DG, Zhao F, Rezenom YH, Russell DH, Chu KH. Biodegradation of triclosan by a wastewater microorganism. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:4226-4234. [PMID: 22673343 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan, a synthetic antimicrobial agent, has been considered as an emerging environmental contaminant. Here we reported a triclosan-degrading wastewater bacterial isolate, Sphingopyxis strain KCY1, capable of dechlorinating triclosan with a stoichiometric release of chloride. The stain can degrade diphenyl ether but not 2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether, despite all these three compounds are structurally similar to triclosan. While strain KCY1 was unable to grow on triclosan and catechol, it could grow with glucose, sodium succinate, sodium acetate, and phenol. When grown with complex nutrient medium containing a trace amount of triclosan (as low as 5 μg/L), the strain could retain its degradation ability toward triclosan. The maximum-specific triclosan degradation rate (q(m)) and the half-velocity constant (K(m)) are 0.13 mg-triclosan/mg-protein/day and 2.8 mg-triclosan/L, respectively. As triclosan degradation progressed, five metabolites were identified and these metabolites continue to transform into non-chlorinated end products, which was supported by a sharp drop in androgenic potential. The activity of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase in the cell extract was detected. No triclosan degradation was observed in the presence of 3-fluorocatechol, an inhibitor of meta-cleavage enzyme, suggesting that triclosan degradation proceed via meta-cleavage pathway. Based on all the observations, a degradation pathway for triclosan by strain KCY1 was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Gyun Lee
- Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, 205G WERC, 3136 TAMU College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA
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Li G, Park S, Rittmann BE. Degradation of reactive dyes in a photocatalytic circulating-bed biofilm reactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:884-93. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hou MF, Tang XY, Zhang WD, Liao L, Wan HF. Degradation of pentachlorophenol by potato polyphenol oxidase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:11456-11460. [PMID: 21967325 DOI: 10.1021/jf202236c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was extracted from commercial potatoes. Degradation of pentachlorophenol by potato PPO was investigated. The experimental results show that potato PPO is more active in weak acid than in basic condition and that the optimum pH for the reaction is 5.0. The degradation of pentachlorophenol by potato PPO reaches a maximum at 298 K. After reaction for 1 h, the removal of both pentachlorophenol and total organic carbon is >70% with 6.0 units/mL potato PPO at pH 5.0 and 298 K. Pentachlorophenol can be degraded through dechlorination and ring-opening by potato PPO. The work demonstrates that pentachlorophenol can be effectively eliminated by crude potato PPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Fang Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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Olaniran AO, Igbinosa EO. Chlorophenols and other related derivatives of environmental concern: properties, distribution and microbial degradation processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:1297-306. [PMID: 21531434 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols are chlorinated aromatic compound structures and are commonly found in pesticide preparations as well as industrial wastes. They are recalcitrant to biodegradation and consequently persistent in the environment. A variety of chlorophenols derivatives compounds are highly toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic for living organisms. Biological transformation by microorganisms is one of the key remediation options that can be exploited to solve environmental pollution problems caused by these notorious compounds. The key enzymes in the microbial degradation of chlorophenols are the oxygenases and dioxygenases. These enzymes can be engineered for enhanced degradation of highly chlorinated aromatic compounds through directed evolution methods. This review underscores the mechanisms of chlorophenols biodegradation with the view to understanding how bioremediation processes can be optimized for cleaning up chloroaromatic contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola O Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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Arsuaga JM, Sotto A, López-Muñoz MJ, Braeken L. Influence of type and position of functional groups of phenolic compounds on NF/RO performance. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Li J, Cai W, Zhu L. The characteristics and enzyme activities of 4-chlorophenol biodegradation by Fusarium sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:2985-2989. [PMID: 21030253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effects of pH, temperature and sucrose addition on biodegradative capacity of Fusarium sp. HJ01 for 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) were examined, the property of dioxygenases produced by Fusarium sp. HJ01 during 4-CP degradation was investigated. The results show that Fusarium sp. HJ01 has a high capacity on degrading 4-CP in solution. The optimum values of pH, sucrose concentration and temperature are pH 7,1 g/L and 30°C, respectively. The strain can produce chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase (CC12O) and chlorocatechol 2,3-dioxygenase (CC23O), which show the highest activities when 4-CP is used as the sole carbon source and energy, and the optimal values of pH and temperature are pH 7 and 50°C for CC12O as well as pH 8 and 60°C for CC23O. The kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions accord with the Michaelis-Menten equation. To our knowledge, this is the first study on biodegradation of 4-CP by Fusarium sp. HJ01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Shimoda K, Hamada H. Bioremediation of fluorophenols by glycosylation with immobilized marine microalga amphidinium crassum. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2010; 4:87-91. [PMID: 21151592 PMCID: PMC3000000 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s5392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fluorophenols are used as agrochemicals and released into environment as pollutants. Cultured marine microalga Amphidinium crassum (Gymnodinium) glucosylated 2-fluorophenol (1), 3-fluorophenol (2), and 4-fluorophenol (3) to the corresponding β-D-glucosides, ie, 2-fluorophenyl β-D-glucoside (4, 60 μg/g cells), 3-fluorophenyl β-D-glucoside (5, 20 μg/g cells), and 4-fluorophenyl β-D-glucoside (6, 40 μg/g cells). On the other hand, 2-, 3-, and 4-fluorophenols were efficiently converted by immobilized A. crassum in sodium alginate gel to give their β-D-glucosides in higher yields (4: 140 μg/g cells; 5: 60 μg/g cells; 6: 100 μg/g cells). In repetitive batch use, the immobilized cells of A. crassum maintained the potential for the glucosylation of the substrate fluorophenol after 5 times of usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Shimoda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hamada
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
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Analysis of two gene clusters involved in the degradation of 4-fluorophenol by Arthrobacter sp. strain IF1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:7767-73. [PMID: 19837837 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00171-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthrobacter sp. strain IF1 is able to grow on 4-fluorophenol (4-FP) as a sole source of carbon and energy. To clone the 4-FP degradation genes, DNA libraries were constructed and screened with a probe obtained by PCR using primers designed on the basis of conserved regions of aromatic two-component monooxygenases. Sequencing of positive clones yielded two gene clusters, each harboring a gene encoding a monooxygenase with high sequence similarity to the oxygenase component of 4-nitrophenol and 4-chlorophenol monooxygenase systems. Both these monooxygenase genes were differentially expressed during growth on 4-FP, as revealed by Northern blotting and reverse transcription-PCR. One cluster also contained a gene for a flavin reductase. The monooxygenase and reductase were purified from Escherichia coli cells expressing the corresponding genes, and together they catalyzed NADH-dependent hydroxylation and dehalogenation of 4-halophenols. The results indicate that strain IF1 transforms 4-FP to hydroquinone by a two-component monooxygenase system of which one component provides reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide at the expense of NADH and the other catalyzes para-hydroxylation of 4-FP and other 4-substituted phenols.
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Shimoda K, Kubota N, Kondo Y, Sato D, Hamada H. Glycosylation of fluorophenols by plant cell cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:1942-1949. [PMID: 19564930 PMCID: PMC2695258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10051942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroaromatic compounds are used as agrochemicals and released into environment as pollutants. Glycosylation of 2-, 3-, and 4-fluorophenols using plant cell cultures of Nicotiana tabacum was investigated to elucidate their potential to metabolize these compounds. Cultured N. tabacum cells converted 2-fluorophenol into its beta-glucoside (60%) and beta-gentiobioside (10%). 4-Fluorophenol was also glycosylated to its beta-glucoside (32%) and beta-gentiobioside (6%) by N. tabacum cells. On the other hand, N. tabacum glycosylated 3-fluorophenol to beta-glucoside (17%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Shimoda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Naoji Kubota
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Yoko Kondo
- Department of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sato
- Department of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hamada
- Department of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
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Ferreira MIM, Marchesi JR, Janssen DB. Degradation of 4-fluorophenol by Arthrobacter sp. strain IF1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:709-17. [PMID: 18228015 PMCID: PMC2266783 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A Gram-positive bacterial strain capable of aerobic biodegradation of 4-fluorophenol (4-FP) as the sole source of carbon and energy was isolated by selective enrichment from soil samples collected near an industrial site. The organism, designated strain IF1, was identified as a member of the genus Arthrobacter on the basis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis. Arthrobacter strain IF1 was able to mineralize 4-FP up to concentrations of 5 mM in batch culture. Stoichiometric release of fluoride ions was observed, suggesting that there is no formation of halogenated dead-end products during 4-FP metabolism. The degradative pathway of 4-FP was investigated using enzyme assays and identification of intermediates by gas chromatography (GC), GC-mass spectrometry (MS), high-performance liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography-MS. Cell-free extracts of 4-FP-grown cells contained no activity for catechol 1,2-dioxygenase or catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, which indicates that the pathway does not proceed through a catechol intermediate. Cells grown on 4-FP oxidized 4-FP, hydroquinone, and hydroxyquinol but not 4-fluorocatechol. During 4-FP metabolism, hydroquinone accumulated as a product. Hydroquinone could be converted to hydroxyquinol, which was further transformed into maleylacetic acid and beta-ketoadipic acid. These results indicate that the biodegradation of 4-FP starts with a 4-FP monooxygenase reaction that yields benzoquinone, which is reduced to hydroquinone and further metabolized via the beta-ketoadipic acid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel M. Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Julian R. Marchesi
- Department of Microbiology/Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dick B. Janssen
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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36
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Porter AW, Hay AG. Identification of opdA, a gene involved in biodegradation of the endocrine disrupter octylphenol. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:7373-9. [PMID: 17890335 PMCID: PMC2168194 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01478-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Octylphenol (OP) is an estrogenic detergent breakdown product. Structurally similar nonylphenols are transformed via type II ispo substitution, resulting in the production of hydroquinone and removal of the branched side chain. Nothing is known, however, about the gene(s) encoding this activity. We report here on our efforts to clone the gene(s) encoding OP degradation activity from Sphingomonas sp. strain PWE1, which we isolated for its ability to grow on OP. A fosmid library of PWE1 DNA yielded a single clone, aew4H12, which accumulated a brown polymerization product in the presence of OP. Sequence analysis of loss-of-function transposon mutants of aew4H12 revealed a single open reading frame, opdA, that conferred OP degradation activity. Escherichia coli subclones expressing opdA caused OP disappearance, with the concomitant production of hydroquinone and 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene as well as small amounts of 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentanol. These metabolites are consistent with a type II ipso substitution reaction, the same mechanism described for nonylphenol biodegradation in other sphingomonads. Based on opdA's sequence homology to a unique group of putative flavin monooxygenases and the recovery of hydroxylated OP intermediates from E. coli expressing opdA, we conclude that this gene encodes the observed type II ipso substitution activity responsible for the initial step in OP biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Porter
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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37
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Yang CF, Lee CM. Enrichment, isolation, and characterization of 4-chlorophenol-degrading bacterium Rhizobium sp. 4-CP-20. Biodegradation 2007; 19:329-36. [PMID: 17636393 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-007-9139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this research were to monitor the variations of species in mixed cultures during the enrichment period, isolate species and identify and characterize the pure 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) degrading strains from enriched mixed cultures. Strain Rhizobium sp. 4-CP-20 was isolated from the acclimated mixed culture. The DGGE result indicated that strain Rhizobium sp. 4-CP-20 was undetectable at the beginning but detectable after 2 weeks of enrichment. The optimum growth temperatures for Rhizobium sp. 4-CP-20 were both 36 degrees C using 350 mg l(-1) glucose or sodium acetate as the substrate. The optimum pH range for degrading 100 mg l(-1) 4-CP was between 6.89 and 8.20. Strain Rhizobium sp. 4-CP-20 could degrade 4-CP completely within 3.95 days, as the initial 4-CP concentration was 100 mg l(-1). If the initial 4-CP concentration was higher than 240 mg l(-1), the growth of bacterial cells and the activity of degrading 4-CP were both inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Fang Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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38
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WEN J, LI H, BAI J, JIANG Y. Biodegradation of 4-Chlorophenol by Candida albicans PDY-07 under Anaerobic Conditions. Chin J Chem Eng 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1004-9541(07)60013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Yao RS, Sun M, Wang CL, Deng SS. Degradation of phenolic compounds with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by enzyme from Serratia marcescens AB 90027. WATER RESEARCH 2006; 40:3091-3098. [PMID: 16890975 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the degradation of phenolic compounds using hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer and the enzyme extract from Serratia marcescens AB 90027 as catalyst was reported. With such an enzyme/H2O2 combination treatment, a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was achieved, e.g., degradation of hydroquinone exceeded 96%. From UV-visible and IR spectra, the degradation mechanisms were judged as a process of phenyl ring cleavage. HPLC analysis shows that in the degradation p-benzoquinone, maleic acid and oxalic acid were formed as intermediates and that they were ultimately converted to CO2 and H2O. With the enzyme/H2O2 treatment, vanillin, hydroquinone, catechol, o-aminophenol, p-aminophenol, phloroglucinol and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde were readily degraded, whereas the degradation of phenol, salicylic acid, resorcinol, p-cholorophenol and p-nitrophenol were limited. Their degradability was closely related to the properties and positions of their side chain groups. Electron-donating groups, such as -OH, -NH2 and -OCH3 enhanced the degradation, whereas electron-withdrawing groups, such as -NO2, -Cl and -COOH, had a negative effect on the degradation of these compounds in the presence of enzyme/H2O2. Compounds with -OH at ortho and para positions were more readily degraded than those with -OH at meta positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri-Sheng Yao
- School of Chemistry and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China.
| | - Min Sun
- School of Chemistry and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China.
| | - Chun-Ling Wang
- School of Chemistry and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Sheng-Song Deng
- School of Chemistry and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
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40
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Corvini PFX, Hollender J, Ji R, Schumacher S, Prell J, Hommes G, Priefer U, Vinken R, Schäffer A. The degradation of α-quaternary nonylphenol isomers by Sphingomonas sp. strain TTNP3 involves a type II ipso-substitution mechanism. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 70:114-22. [PMID: 16091931 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of radiolabeled 4(3',5'-dimethyl-3'-heptyl)-phenol [nonylphenol (NP)] was tested with resting cells of Sphingomonas sp. strain TTNP3. Concomitantly to the degradation of NP, a metabolite identified as hydroquinone transiently accumulated and short-chain organic acids were then produced at the expense of hydroquinone. Two other radiolabeled isomers of NP, 4(2',6'-dimethyl-2'-heptyl)-phenol and 4(3',6'-dimethyl-3'-heptyl)-phenol, were synthesized. In parallel experiments, the 4(2',6'-dimethyl-2'-heptyl)-phenol was degraded more slowly than the other isomers of NP by strain TTNP3, possibly because of effects of the side-chain structure on the kinetics of degradation. Alkylbenzenediol and alkoxyphenol derivatives identified as metabolites during previous studies were synthesized and tested as substrates. The derivatives were not degraded, which indicated that the mineralization of NP does not proceed via alkoxyphenol as the principal intermediate. The results obtained led to the elucidation of the degradation pathway of NP isomers with a quaternary alpha-carbon. The proposed mechanism is a type II ipso substitution, leading to hydroquinone and nonanol as the main metabolites and to the dead-end metabolites alkylbenzenediol or alkoxyphenol, depending on the substitution at the alpha-carbon of the carbocationic intermediate formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F X Corvini
- Department of Environmental Research-Environmental Biology and Chemodynamics, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Nordin K, Unell M, Jansson JK. Novel 4-chlorophenol degradation gene cluster and degradation route via hydroxyquinol in Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:6538-44. [PMID: 16269679 PMCID: PMC1287742 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.11.6538-6544.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6, a previously described 4-chlorophenol-degrading strain, was found to degrade 4-chlorophenol via hydroxyquinol, which is a novel route for aerobic microbial degradation of this compound. In addition, 10 open reading frames exhibiting sequence similarity to genes encoding enzymes involved in chlorophenol degradation were cloned and designated part of a chlorophenol degradation gene cluster (cph genes). Several of the open reading frames appeared to encode enzymes with similar functions; these open reading frames included two genes, cphA-I and cphA-II, which were shown to encode functional hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenases. Disruption of the cphA-I gene yielded a mutant that exhibited negligible growth on 4-chlorophenol, thereby linking the cph gene cluster to functional catabolism of 4-chlorophenol in A. chlorophenolicus A6. The presence of a resolvase pseudogene in the cph gene cluster together with analyses of the G+C content and codon bias of flanking genes suggested that horizontal gene transfer was involved in assembly of the gene cluster during evolution of the ability of the strain to grow on 4-chlorophenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Nordin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden
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42
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Goswami M, Shivaraman N, Singh RP. Microbial metabolism of 2-chlorophenol, phenol and ρ-cresol by Rhodococcus erythropolis M1 in co-culture with Pseudomonas fluorescens P1. Microbiol Res 2005; 160:101-9. [PMID: 15881826 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophenolic waste most often contains phenol and rho-cresol along with chlorophenols. A Rhodococcus erythropolis strain M1 was isolated with the ability to degrade 2-chlorophenol, phenol and p-cresol (100 mgl(-1), each) in 18, 24 and 20 h, respectively, with negligible lag. However, Rhodococcus sp. characterized by low growth rate, pose a threat to be outgrown by bacteria occurring in natural habitats. In the present study, interaction of R. erythropolis M1 with another isolated bacteria generally encountered in activated sludge for water treatment like Pseudomonas fluorescens P1 was studied. 2-chlorophenol, phenol and p-cresol were selected as the substrates for the study. Viable cell counts showed competitive interaction between the species on 2-chlorophenol and phenol. Specific growth rate of pure culture of R. erythropolis M1 was higher than P. fluorescens P1 on 2-chlorophenol. However, in mixed culture, P. fluorescens P1 showed higher growth rate. Degradation of phenol showed higher growth rate of R. erythropolis M1 both in pure and in mixed culture form. Degradation of p-cresol had shown similar counts for both populations indicating neutral type of interaction. This observation was substantiated by detecting the growth rate, where both cultures had similar growth rate in pure and in the mixed culture form. Rate of 2-chlorophenol degradation was higher when R. erythropolis M1 was used as the pure culture as compared to the degradation rates observed with the P. fluorescens P1 or with the mixed culture. However, in case of phenol and p-cresol, degradation by the mixed culture had resulted in higher degradation rates as compared to the degradation of the substrates by both the axenic cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goswami
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247 667, India
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Solyanikova IP, Golovleva LA. Bacterial degradation of chlorophenols: pathways, biochemica, and genetic aspects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2004; 39:333-351. [PMID: 15186025 DOI: 10.1081/pfc-120035921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols belong to the group of toxic and persistent to microbial attack xenobiotics. Nevertheless, due to the adaptation microorganisms acquire the ability to use chlorophenols as the sole source of carbon and energy. The present review describes the diversity of aerobic pathways for the utilization of halogenated phenols by bacteria with the emphasis on the main reactions and intermediates formed, enzymes responsible for these reactions and their genetic basis. Taking into account (i) the fact that enzymes degrading chlorophenols are similar to the ones involved in the conversion of other (chloro)aromatic compounds and (ii) that present numerous publications describing the properties of separated enzymes or encoding their genes are published, this review was planned as the attempt to present both, the most general and specific aspects in chlorophenols degradation with the emphasis on the literature of the last ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna P Solyanikova
- G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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