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Fiandra EF, Shaw L, Starck M, McGurk CJ, Mahon CS. Designing biodegradable alternatives to commodity polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8085-8105. [PMID: 37885416 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The development and widespread adoption of commodity polymers changed societal landscapes on a global scale. Without the everyday materials used in packaging, textiles, construction and medicine, our lives would be unrecognisable. Through decades of use, however, the environmental impact of waste plastics has become grimly apparent, leading to sustained pressure from environmentalists, consumers and scientists to deliver replacement materials. The need to reduce the environmental impact of commodity polymers is beyond question, yet the reality of replacing these ubiquitous materials with sustainable alternatives is complex. In this tutorial review, we will explore the concepts of sustainable design and biodegradability, as applied to the design of synthetic polymers intended for use at scale. We will provide an overview of the potential biodegradation pathways available to polymers in different environments, and highlight the importance of considering these pathways when designing new materials. We will identify gaps in our collective understanding of the production, use and fate of biodegradable polymers: from identifying appropriate feedstock materials, to considering changes needed to production and recycling practices, and to improving our understanding of the environmental fate of the materials we produce. We will discuss the current standard methods for the determination of biodegradability, where lengthy experimental timescales often frustrate the development of new materials, and highlight the need to develop better tools and models to assess the degradation rate of polymers in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuella F Fiandra
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Lloyd Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Matthieu Starck
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | | | - Clare S Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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2
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Farkas V, Nagyházi M, Anastas PT, Klankermayer J, Tuba R. Making Persistent Plastics Degradable. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300553. [PMID: 37083068 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The vastness of the scale of the plastic waste problem will require a variety of strategies and technologies to move toward sustainable and circular materials. One of these strategies to address the challenge of persistent fossil-based plastics is new catalytic processes that are being developed to convert recalcitrant waste such as polyethylene to produce propylene, which can be an important precursor of high-performance polymers that can be designed to biodegrade or to degrade on demand. Remarkably, this process also enables the production of biodegradable polymers using renewable raw materials. In this Perspective, current catalyst systems and strategies that enable the catalytic degradation of polyethylene to propylene are presented. In addition, concepts for using "green" propylene as a raw material to produce compostable polymers is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajk Farkas
- Yale Center for Green Chemistry and Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, P.O. Box 286., Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4., 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márton Nagyházi
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, P.O. Box 286., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paul T Anastas
- Yale Center for Green Chemistry and Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | - Jürgen Klankermayer
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg, 252074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Róbert Tuba
- Yale Center for Green Chemistry and Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, P.O. Box 286., Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Engineering, Research Centre of Biochemical, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, MOL Department of Hydrocarbon & Coal Processing, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200, Veszprém, Hungary
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Dawson RA, Larke-Mejía NL, Crombie AT, Ul Haque MF, Murrell JC. Isoprene Oxidation by the Gram-Negative Model bacterium Variovorax sp. WS11. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E349. [PMID: 32121431 PMCID: PMC7143210 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-produced isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) represents a significant portion of global volatile organic compound production, equaled only by methane. A metabolic pathway for the degradation of isoprene was first described for the Gram-positive bacterium Rhodococcus sp. AD45, and an alternative model organism has yet to be characterised. Here, we report the characterisation of a novel Gram-negative isoprene-degrading bacterium, Variovorax sp. WS11. Isoprene metabolism in this bacterium involves a plasmid-encoded iso metabolic gene cluster which differs from that found in Rhodococcus sp. AD45 in terms of organisation and regulation. Expression of iso metabolic genes is significantly upregulated by both isoprene and epoxyisoprene. The enzyme responsible for the initial oxidation of isoprene, isoprene monooxygenase, oxidises a wide range of alkene substrates in a manner which is strongly influenced by the presence of alkyl side-chains and differs from other well-characterised soluble diiron monooxygenases according to its response to alkyne inhibitors. This study presents Variovorax sp. WS11 as both a comparative and contrasting model organism for the study of isoprene metabolism in bacteria, aiding our understanding of the conservation of this biochemical pathway across diverse ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A. Dawson
- School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (R.A.D.); (N.L.L.-M.)
| | - Nasmille L. Larke-Mejía
- School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (R.A.D.); (N.L.L.-M.)
| | - Andrew T. Crombie
- School of Biological Sciences, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK;
| | - Muhammad Farhan Ul Haque
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - J. Colin Murrell
- School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (R.A.D.); (N.L.L.-M.)
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Sriyapai P, Chansiri K, Sriyapai T. Isolation and Characterization of Polyester-Based Plastics-Degrading Bacteria from Compost Soils. Microbiology (Reading) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261718020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Lang X, Zhao Y, Pan H, Yang H, Zhang H, Zhang G, Dong L, Hao Y. Influence of Biodegradable Poly(butylene carbonate) on Plasticized Polylactide Blown Films. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhong Lang
- Changchun University of Technology; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Changchun University of Technology; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Pan
- Changchun University of Technology; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Huili Yang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Huiliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Guibao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Lisong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Hao
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
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Wübbeler JH, Hiessl S, Meinert C, Poehlein A, Schuldes J, Daniel R, Steinbüchel A. The genome of Variovorax paradoxus strain TBEA6 provides new understandings for the catabolism of 3,3'-thiodipropionic acid and hence the production of polythioesters. J Biotechnol 2015; 209:85-95. [PMID: 26073999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.06.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The betaproteobacterium Variovorax paradoxus strain TBEA6 is capable of using 3,3'-thiodipropionic acid (TDP) as sole carbon and energy source for growth. This thioether is employed for several industrial applications. It can be applied as precursor for the biotechnical production of polythioesters (PTE), which represent persistent bioplastics. Consequently, the genome of V. paradoxus strain TBEA6 was sequenced. The draft genome sequence comprises approximately 7.2Mbp and 6852 predicted open reading frames. Furthermore, transposon mutagenesis to unravel the catabolism of TDP in strain TBEA6 was performed. Screening of 20,000 mutants mapped the insertions of Tn5::mob in 32 mutants, which all showed no growth with TDP as sole carbon source. Based on the annotated genome sequence together with transposon-induced mutagenesis, defined gene deletions, in silico analyses and comparative genomics, a comprehensive pathway for the catabolism of TDP is proposed: TDP is imported via the tripartite tricarboxcylate transport system and/or the TRAP-type dicarboxylate transport system. The initial cleavage of TDP into 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3HP) and 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3MP), which serves as precursor substrate for PTE synthesis, is most probably performed by the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase Fox. 3HP is presumably catabolized via malonate semialdehyde, whereas 3MP is oxygenated by the 3MP-dioxygenase Mdo yielding 3-sulfinopropionic acid (3SP). Afterwards, 3SP is linked to coenzyme A. The next step is the abstraction of sulfite by a desulfinase, and the resulting propionyl-CoA enters the central metabolism. Sulfite is oxidized to sulfate by the sulfite-oxidizing enzyme SoeABC and is subsequently excreted by the cells by the sulfate exporter Pse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hendrik Wübbeler
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hiessl
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christina Meinert
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anja Poehlein
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Schuldes
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinbüchel
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Faculty of Biology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Liu W, Zhu W, Li C, Guan G, Zhang D, Xiao Y, Zheng L. Thermal degradation mechanism of poly(hexamethylene carbonate). Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Brandt U, Hiessl S, Schuldes J, Thürmer A, Wübbeler JH, Daniel R, Steinbüchel A. Genome-guided insights into the versatile metabolic capabilities of the mercaptosuccinate-utilizing β-proteobacterium Variovorax paradoxus strain B4. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:3370-86. [PMID: 24245581 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Variovorax paradoxus B4 is able to utilize 2-mercaptosuccinate (MS) as sole carbon, sulfur and energy source. The whole genome of V. paradoxus B4 was sequenced, annotated and evaluated with special focus on genomic elements related to MS metabolism. The genome encodes two chromosomes harbouring 5 795 261 and 1 353 255 bp. A total of 6753 putative protein-coding sequences were identified. Based on the genome and in combination with results from previous studies, a putative pathway for the degradation of MS could be postulated. The putative molybdopterin oxidoreductase identified during transposon mutagenesis probably catalyses the conversion of MS first into sulfinosuccinate and then into sulfosuccinate by successive transfer of oxygen atoms. Subsequently, the cleavage of sulfosuccinate yields oxaloacetate and sulfite, while the latter is oxidized to sulfate. The expression of the putative molybdopterin oxidoreductase was induced by MS, but not by gluconate, as confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Further, in silico studies combined with experiments and comparative genomics revealed high metabolic diversity of strain B4. It bears a high potential as plant growth-promoting bacterium and as candidate for degradation and detoxification of xenobiotics and other hardly degradable substances. Additionally, the strain is of special interest for production of polythioesters with sulfur-containing precursors as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Brandt
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 3, Münster, D-48149, Germany
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Xia Y, Yao J, Shao CH, Shen XY, Xie LZ, Chen G, Peng SS, Zhang FM, Gu N. Biodegradable poly(butylene-carbonate) porous membranes for guided bone regeneration: In vitro and in vivo studies. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911513509471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly(butylene-carbonate) is a potential alternative to poly(ε-caprolactone) for biomedical application. Although mechanical properties of porous poly(butylene-carbonate) membranes were inferior to poly(ε-caprolactone), its contact angles (47.41° ± 1.17°) were lower than poly(ε-caprolactone) (77.24° ± 0.54°) (p < 0.001). It degraded faster than poly(ε-caprolactone) during a 10-week in vitro experiment (p < 0.01). Moreover, it had excellent bioactivity during simulated body fluid immersion. Cell spreading on poly(butylene-carbonate) was better than that on poly(ε-caprolactone). Cell behavior tests including cytotoxicity, proliferation, and differentiation were performed. The poly(butylene-carbonate) is more compatible with cells and promotes cell differentiation. In vivo, the defects covered by poly(butylene-carbonate) and poly(ε-caprolactone) membranes had a similar degree of regeneration at 4 weeks. It was concluded that poly(butylene-carbonate) could potentially be used to guide bone regeneration, and it is a potential new biodegradable polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xia
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Yao
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Stomatology Department, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-hua Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-yuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Zhe Xie
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sha-sha Peng
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei-min Zhang
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Gu
- Suzhou Institute, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
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Ghosh SK, Pal S, Ray S. Study of microbes having potentiality for biodegradation of plastics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:4339-55. [PMID: 23613206 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plastic is a broad name given to the different types of organic polymers having high molecular weight and is commonly derived from different petrochemicals. Plastics are generally not biodegradable or few are degradable but in a very slow rate. Day by day, the global demand of these polymers is sharply increasing; however, considering their abundance and potentiality in causing different environmental hazards, there is a great concern in the possible methods of degradation of plastics. Recently, there have been some debates at the world stage about the potential degradation procedures of these synthetic polymers and microbial degradation has emerged as one of the potential alternative ways of degradation of plastics. Alternatively, some scientists have also reported many adverse effects of these polymers in human health, and thus, there is an immediate need of a potential screening of some potential microbes to degrade these synthetic polymers. In this review, we have taken an attempt to accumulate all information regarding the chemical nature along with some potential microbes and their enzymatic nature of biodegradation of plastics along with some key factors that affect their biodegradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan Kumar Ghosh
- Mycopathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, P.O. Rahara, Kolkata 700118 West Bengal, India.
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Shah AA, Eguchi T, Mayumi D, Kato S, Shintani N, Kamini NR, Nakajima-Kambe T. Purification and properties of novel aliphatic-aromatic co-polyesters degrading enzymes from newly isolated Roseateles depolymerans strain TB-87. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
This review outlines information about the Gram-negative, aerobic bacterium Variovorax paradoxus. The genomes of these species have G+C contents of 66.5-69.4 mol%, and the cells form yellow colonies. Some strains of V. paradoxus are facultative lithoautotrophic, others are chemoorganotrophic. Many of them are associated with important catabolic processes including the degradation of toxic and/or complex chemical compounds. The degradation pathways or other skills related to the following compounds, respectively, are described in this review: sulfolane, 3-sulfolene, 2-mercaptosuccinic acid, 3,3'-thiodipropionic acid, aromatic sulfonates, alkanesulfonates, amino acids and other sulfur sources, polychlorinated biphenyls, dimethyl terephthalate, linuron, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, homovanillate, veratraldehyde, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, anthracene, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), chitin, cellulose, humic acids, metal-EDTA complexes, yttrium, rare earth elements, As(III), trichloroethylene, capsaicin, 3-nitrotyrosine, acyl-homoserine lactones, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, methyl tert-butyl ether, geosmin, and 2-methylisoborneol. Strains of V. paradoxus are also engaged in mutually beneficial interactions with other plant and bacterial species in various ecosystems. This species comprises probably promising strains for bioremediation and other biotechnical applications. Lately, the complete genomes of strains S110 and EPS have been sequenced for further investigations.
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Wang X, Zhuang Y, Dong L. Study of biodegradable polylactide/poly(butylene carbonate) blend. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lipase-mediated synthesis of six-membered cyclic carbonates from trimethylolpropane and dialkyl carbonates: Influence of medium engineering on reaction selectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sekiguchi T, Saika A, Nomura K, Watanabe T, Watanabe T, Fujimoto Y, Enoki M, Sato T, Kato C, Kanehiro H. Biodegradation of aliphatic polyesters soaked in deep seawaters and isolation of poly(ɛ-caprolactone)-degrading bacteria. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liu C, Jiang Z, Decatur J, Xie W, Gross RA. Chain Growth and Branch Structure Formation during Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Aliphatic Polycarbonate Polyols. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102899c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of NYU, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Zhaozhong Jiang
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of NYU, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - John Decatur
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Wenchun Xie
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of NYU, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Richard A. Gross
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of NYU, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
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Complete genome sequence of the metabolically versatile plant growth-promoting endophyte Variovorax paradoxus S110. J Bacteriol 2010; 193:1183-90. [PMID: 21183664 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00925-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Variovorax paradoxus is a microorganism of special interest due to its diverse metabolic capabilities, including the biodegradation of both biogenic compounds and anthropogenic contaminants. V. paradoxus also engages in mutually beneficial interactions with both bacteria and plants. The complete genome sequence of V. paradoxus S110 is composed of 6,754,997 bp with 6,279 predicted protein-coding sequences within two circular chromosomes. Genomic analysis has revealed multiple metabolic features for autotrophic and heterotrophic lifestyles. These metabolic diversities enable independent survival, as well as a symbiotic lifestyle. Consequently, S110 appears to have evolved into a superbly adaptable microorganism that is able to survive in ever-changing environmental conditions. Based on our findings, we suggest V. paradoxus S110 as a potential candidate for agrobiotechnological applications, such as biofertilizer and biopesticide. Because it has many associations with other biota, it is also suited to serve as an additional model system for studies of microbe-plant and microbe-microbe interactions.
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Biodegradability of plastics. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3722-3742. [PMID: 19865515 PMCID: PMC2769161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10093722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic is a broad name given to different polymers with high molecular weight, which can be degraded by various processes. However, considering their abundance in the environment and their specificity in attacking plastics, biodegradation of plastics by microorganisms and enzymes seems to be the most effective process. When plastics are used as substrates for microorganisms, evaluation of their biodegradability should not only be based on their chemical structure, but also on their physical properties (melting point, glass transition temperature, crystallinity, storage modulus etc.). In this review, microbial and enzymatic biodegradation of plastics and some factors that affect their biodegradability are discussed.
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Yamamoto Y, Kaihara S, Toshima K, Matsumura S. High-Molecular-Weight Polycarbonates Synthesized by Enzymatic ROP of a Cyclic Carbonate as a Green Process. Macromol Biosci 2009; 9:968-78. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200900039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Cappitelli F, Sorlini C. From Papyrus to Compact Disc: The Microbial Deterioration of Documentary Heritage. Crit Rev Microbiol 2008; 31:1-10. [PMID: 15839400 DOI: 10.1080/10408410490884766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Highly significant evidence of the intellectual and cultural efforts of the human race is contained in documents. They take many forms, from papyri through paper to modern magnetic media and optical records. These items are mainly made of organic materials many of which contain polymers, which span from cellulose and its derivatives to synthetic resins. As with other manmade objects, however, documentary heritage is susceptible to chemical, physical, and biological damage. For the colonization and establishment of any biological community, the composition of materials used, their status of conservation, and environmental and climatic factors, such as temperature and humidity, are important elements to take into account. This article covers the scientific investigation of microbial degradation of documents, which is one of the most serious and underappreciated sources of damage to library and archival materials. In particular, although less known, modern records, including compact discs, are also subjected to biodeterioration. Archival and library material preservation broadly encompasses those activities and functions designed to produce a suitable and safe environment that extends the life of collections in useable condition for as long as is feasible. In the literature quoted, key information is also provided to avoid or limit microbial growth and some conservation treatments are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cappitelli
- Department of Food Science and Microbiology, Agricultural Faculty, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Jiang Z, Liu C, Xie W, Gross RA. Controlled Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Poly(hexamethylene carbonate). Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma070665m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhong Jiang
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Chen Liu
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Wenchun Xie
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Richard A. Gross
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
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Abstract
Polycarbonate is one of the most widely used engineering plastics because of its superior physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Understanding the biodegradation of this polymer is of great importance to answer the increasing problems in waste management of this polymer. Aliphatic polycarbonates are known to biodegrade either through the action of pure enzymes or by bacterial whole cells. Very little information is available that deals with the biodegradation of aromatic polycarbonates. Biodegradation is governed by different factors that include polymer characteristics, type of organism, and nature of pretreatment. The polymer characteristics such as its mobility, tacticity, crystallinity, molecular weight, the type of functional groups and substituents present in its structure, and plasticizers or additives added to the polymer all play an important role in its degradation. The carbonate bond in aliphatic polycarbonates is facile and hence this polymer is easily biodegradable. On the other hand, bisphenol A polycarbonate contains benzene rings and quaternary carbon atoms which form bulky and stiff chains that enhance rigidity. Even though this polycarbonate is amorphous in nature because of considerable free volume, it is non-biodegradable since the carbonate bond is inaccessible to enzymes because of the presence of bulky phenyl groups on either side. In order to facilitate the biodegradation of polymers few pretreatment techniques which include photo-oxidation, gamma-irradiation, or use of chemicals have been tested. Addition of biosurfactants to improve the interaction between the polymer and the microorganisms, and blending with natural or synthetic polymers that degrade easily, can also enhance the biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trishul Artham
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, India
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Rathinasabapathi B, Raman SB, Kertulis G, Ma L. Arsenic-resistant proteobacterium from the phyllosphere of arsenic-hyperaccumulating fern (Pteris vittata L.) reduces arsenate to arsenite. Can J Microbiol 2006; 52:695-700. [PMID: 16917527 DOI: 10.1139/w06-017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An arsenic-resistant bacterium, AsRB1, was isolated from the fronds of Pteris vittata grown in a site contaminated with copper chromium arsenate. The bacterium exhibited resistance to arsenate, arsenite, and antimony in the culture medium. AsRB1, like Pseudomonas putida, grew on MacConkey and xylose–lactose–desoxycholate agars and utilized citrate but, unlike P. putida, was positive for indole test and negative for oxidase test. A phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that AsRB1 is a proteobacterium of the beta subclass, related to Pseudomonas saccharophila and Variovorax paradoxus. Following an exogenous supply of arsenate, most arsenic occurred as arsenite in the medium and the cell extracts, suggesting reduction and extrusion of arsenic as the mechanism for arsenic resistance in AsRB1.Key words: arsenate reduction, arsenic bioremediation, Pseudomonas saccharophila, Variovorax paradoxus, Pteris vittala.
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Flagan SF, Leadbetter JR. Utilization of capsaicin and vanillylamine as growth substrates by Capsicum (hot pepper)-associated bacteria. Environ Microbiol 2006; 8:560-5. [PMID: 16478462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Capsaicin contributes to the organoleptic attributes of hot peppers. Here, we show that capsaicin is utilized as a growth nutrient by certain bacteria. Enrichment cultures utilizing capsaicin were successfully initiated using Capsicum-derived plant material or leaves of tomato (a related Solanaceae) as inocula. No other sources of inoculum examined yielded positive enrichments. Of 25 isolates obtained from enrichments: all utilized 8-methylnonanoic acid; nine were found capable of degrading capsaicin as sole carbon and energy source; 11 were found capable of utilizing vanillylamine; but only two strains could use either of these latter two compounds as sole nitrogen source. Phylogenetic analysis of capsaicin degraders revealed them to be strains of Variovorax and Ralstonia, whereas the vanillylamine degraders were strains of Pseudomonas and Variovorax. Neither of the two strains isolated from one enrichment culture originally inoculated with dried pepper fruit was capable of using capsaicin as sole carbon and nitrogen source. However, good growth was achieved under such conditions when the two isolates, a strain of Variovorax paradoxusThat degraded capsaicin when provided with ammonium, and a vanillylamine degrading strain of Pseudomonas putida, were cultured together. A cross-feeding of capsaicin-derived carbon and nitrogen between members of pepper-associated consortia is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi F Flagan
- Keck Laboratories, Mailcode 138-78, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Jung JH, Ree M, Kim H. Acid- and base-catalyzed hydrolyses of aliphatic polycarbonates and polyesters. Catal Today 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2006.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Maeda H, Yamagata Y, Abe K, Hasegawa F, Machida M, Ishioka R, Gomi K, Nakajima T. Purification and characterization of a biodegradable plastic-degrading enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 67:778-88. [PMID: 15968570 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Revised: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We used biodegradable plastics as fermentation substrates for the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. This fungus could grow under culture conditions that contained emulsified poly-(butylene succinate) (PBS) and emulsified poly-(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) as the sole carbon source, and could digest PBS and PBSA, as indicated by clearing of the culture supernatant. We purified the PBS-degrading enzyme from the culture supernatant, and its molecular mass was determined as 21.6 kDa. The enzyme was identified as cutinase based on internal amino acid sequences. Specific activities against PBS, PBSA and poly-(lactic acid) (PLA) were determined as 0.42 U/mg, 11 U/mg and 0.067 U/mg, respectively. To obtain a better understanding of how the enzyme recognizes and hydrolyzes PBS/PBSA, we investigated the environment of the catalytic pocket, which is divided into carboxylic acid and alcohol recognition sites. The affinities for different substrates depended on the carbon chain length of the carboxylic acid in the substrate. Competitive inhibition modes were exhibited by carboxylic acids and alcohols that consisted of C4-C6 and C3-C8 chain lengths, respectively. Determination of the affinities for different chemicals indicated that the most preferred substrate for the enzyme would consist of butyric acid and n-hexanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Maeda
- Tohoku Technoarch, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
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Cerdà-Cuéllar M, Kint DP, Muñoz-Guerra S, Soledad Marqués-Calvo M. Biodegradability of aromatic building blocks for poly(ethylene terephthalate) copolyesters. Polym Degrad Stab 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Manaia CM, Nunes OC, Nogales B. Caenibacterium thermophilum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a thermophilic aerobic digester of municipal sludge. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2003; 53:1375-1382. [PMID: 13130021 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A bacterial strain, N2-680(T) (=DSM 15264(T)=LMG 21760(T)), isolated from a thermophilic aerobic digester of municipal sludge, was characterized with respect to its morphology, physiology and taxonomy. Phenotypically, the isolate was a Gram-negative rod with a polar flagellum, catalase- and oxidase-positive, containing cytoplasmic inclusions of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate and had an optimal growth temperature of about 47 degrees C. Strain N2-680(T) was unable to reduce nitrate and could use organic acids, amino acids and carbohydrates as single carbon sources. Chemotaxonomic analysis revealed that ubiquinone 8 was the major respiratory quinone of this organism and that phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were the major polar lipids. At 50 degrees C, the major components in fatty acid methyl ester analysis were C(16 : 0) and cyclo-C(17 : 0). The highest 16S rDNA sequence identity of isolate N2-680(T) was to Leptothrix mobilis and Ideonella dechloratans (95.7 %) and to Rubrivivax gelatinosus and Aquabacterium commune (95.6 %). 16S rDNA sequence similarities to species of two related thermophilic genera, Caldimonas manganoxidans and Tepidimonas ignava, were lower (93.6 and 94.7 %). On the basis of phylogenetic analyses and physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, it is proposed that isolate N2-680(T) represents a new genus and species, for which the name Caenibacterium thermophilum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia M Manaia
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Olga C Nunes
- LEPAE-Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Balbina Nogales
- Area de Microbiologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07071 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Dejonghe W, Berteloot E, Goris J, Boon N, Crul K, Maertens S, Höfte M, De Vos P, Verstraete W, Top EM. Synergistic degradation of linuron by a bacterial consortium and isolation of a single linuron-degrading variovorax strain. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:1532-41. [PMID: 12620840 PMCID: PMC150106 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.3.1532-1541.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial community composition of a linuron-degrading enrichment culture and the role of the individual strains in linuron degradation have been determined by a combination of methods, such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of the total 16S rRNA gene pool, isolation and identification of strains, and biodegradation assays. Three strains, Variovorax sp. strain WDL1, Delftia acidovorans WDL34, and Pseudomonas sp. strain WDL5, were isolated directly from the linuron-degrading culture. In addition, subculture of this enrichment culture on potential intermediates in the degradation pathway of linuron (i.e., N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine and 3-chloroaniline) resulted in the isolation of, respectively, Hyphomicrobium sulfonivorans WDL6 and Comamonas testosteroni WDL7. Of these five strains, only Variovorax sp. strain WDL1 was able to use linuron as the sole source of C, N, and energy. WDL1 first converted linuron to 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA), which transiently accumulated in the medium but was subsequently degraded. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a strain that degrades linuron further than the aromatic intermediates. Interestingly, the rate of linuron degradation by strain WDL1 was lower than that for the consortium, but was clearly increased when WDL1 was coinoculated with each of the other four strains. D. acidovorans WDL34 and C. testosteroni WDL7 were found to be responsible for degradation of the intermediate 3,4-DCA, and H. sulfonivorans WDL6 was the only strain able to degrade N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine. The role of Pseudomonas sp. strain WDL5 needs to be further elucidated. The degradation of linuron can thus be performed by a single isolate, Variovorax sp. strain WDL1, but is stimulated by a synergistic interaction with the other strains isolated from the same linuron-degrading culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Dejonghe
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Suyama T, Shigematsu T, Suzuki T, Tokiwa Y, Kanagawa T, Nagashima KVP, Hanada S. Photosynthetic apparatus in Roseateles depolymerans 61A is transcriptionally induced by carbon limitation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:1665-73. [PMID: 11916683 PMCID: PMC123868 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.4.1665-1673.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of a photosynthetic apparatus in Roseateles depolymerans 61A, a recently discovered freshwater beta-Proteobacterium showing characteristics of aerobic phototrophic bacteria, was observed when the cells were subjected to a sudden decrease in carbon sources (e.g., when cells grown with 0.1 to 0.4% Casamino Acids were diluted or transferred into medium containing <or=0.04% Casamino Acids). Accumulation of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a was observed in the presence of oxygen and was enhanced under semiaerobic conditions (2% oxygen) but was reduced in the presence of light. Similarly to what has been reported regarding some aerobic phototrophic bacteria belonging to the alpha subclass of the Proteobacteria, viability of the cells in the carbon source-free medium was prolonged under aerobic-light (10 W m(-2)) conditions, possibly due to photosynthetic energy conversion, but was not prolonged under aerobic-dark conditions. The puf operon, which encodes most of the apoproteins of light-harvesting and reaction center complexes, was sequenced, and the effect of changes in Casamino Acids concentrations, oxygen, and light on its expression was estimated by the accumulation of its mRNA. The expression of the puf operon was induced by the decrease in carbon sources, similarly to what was observed for the accumulation of BChl a under aerobic and semiaerobic conditions (>or=0.2% O(2)), and was reduced in the presence of light. Transcription of the R. depolymerans puf operon is considered to be controlled by changes in carbon nutrients in addition to oxygen tension and light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Suyama
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 6, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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Matsumura S, Harai S, Toshima K. Lipase‐Catalyzed transformation of Poly(trimethylene carbonate) into Cyclic Monomer, Trimethylene Carbonate: A New Strategy for Sustainable Polymer Recycling Using an Enzyme. Macromol Rapid Commun 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3927(200102)22:3<215::aid-marc215>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Matsumura
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3‐14‐1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku‐ku, Yokohama 223‐8522, Japan; Fax: +81‐45‐566‐1582
| | - Satoshi Harai
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3‐14‐1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku‐ku, Yokohama 223‐8522, Japan; Fax: +81‐45‐566‐1582
| | - Kazunobu Toshima
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3‐14‐1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku‐ku, Yokohama 223‐8522, Japan; Fax: +81‐45‐566‐1582
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Leadbetter JR, Greenberg EP. Metabolism of acyl-homoserine lactone quorum-sensing signals by Variovorax paradoxus. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:6921-6. [PMID: 11092851 PMCID: PMC94816 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.24.6921-6926.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-homoserine lactones (acyl-HSLs) serve as dedicated cell-to-cell signaling molecules in many species of the class Proteobacteria. We have addressed the question of whether these compounds can be degraded biologically. A motile, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from soil based upon its ability to utilize N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone as the sole source of energy and nitrogen. The bacterium was classified as a strain of Variovorax paradoxus. The V. paradoxus isolate was capable of growth on all of the acyl-HSLs tested. The molar growth yields correlated with the length of the acyl group. HSL, a product of acyl-HSL metabolism, was used as a nitrogen source, but not as an energy source. Cleavage and partial mineralization of the HSL ring were demonstrated by using radiolabeled substrate. This study indicates that some strains of V. paradoxus degrade and grow on acyl-HSL signals as the sole energy and nitrogen sources. This study provides clues about the metabolic pathway of acyl-HSL degradation by V. paradoxus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Leadbetter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Karpouzas DG, Morgan JA, Walker A. Isolation and characterisation of ethoprophos-degrading bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2000; 33:209-218. [PMID: 11098072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2000.tb00743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An enrichment culture technique was used to isolate bacteria responsible for the enhanced biodegradation of ethoprophos in a soil from Northern Greece. Restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of the 16S rRNA gene, partial 16S rRNA sequence analysis, and sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis total protein profile analysis were used to characterise the isolated bacteria. Two of the three ethoprophos-degrading cultures were pure and both isolates were classified as strains of Pseudomonas putida (epI and epII). The third culture comprised three distinct components, a strain identical to P. putida epI and two strains with 16S rRNA sequence similarity to Enterobacter strains. Isolate epI effectively removed a fresh ethoprophos addition from both fumigated and non-fumigated soil when introduced at high inoculum density, but removed it only from fumigated soil at low inoculum density. Isolates epI and epII degraded cadusafos, isazofos, isofenphos and fenamiphos, but only at a slow rate. This high substrate specificity was attributed to minor (cadusafos), or major (isazofos, isofenphos, fenamiphos) structural differences from ethoprophos. Studies with (14)C-labelled ethoprophos indicated that isolates epI and epII degraded the nematicide by removing the S-propyl moiety.
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Pranamuda H, Chollakup R, Tokiwa Y. Degradation of polycarbonate by a polyester-degrading strain, Amycolatopsis sp. strain HT-6. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:4220-2. [PMID: 10473438 PMCID: PMC99763 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.9.4220-4222.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amycolatopsis sp. strain HT-6, a poly(tetramethylene succinate) (PTMS)-degrading actinomycete, was observed to degrade poly(tetramethylene carbonate) (PTMC). In a liquid culture with 150 mg of PTMC film, 59% degradation was achieved, but with a low yield of cell growth. On the other hand, PTMS copolymerized with a small amount of PTMC, forming a copolyester carbonate (PEC) that was completely and rapidly degraded with a high yield of cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pranamuda
- Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
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Matsumura S, Tsukada K, Toshima K. Novel lipase-catalyzed ring-opening copolymerization of lactide and trimethylene carbonate forming poly(ester carbonate)s. Int J Biol Macromol 1999; 25:161-7. [PMID: 10416663 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-8130(99)00030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate)s were prepared by the lipase-catalyzed ring-opening copolymerization of lactide and trimethylene carbonate having carbonate content from 0 to 100%. Their thermal properties and enzymatic degradability were measured. The L,L-, D,D- and D,L-lactides were copolymerized with trimethylene carbonate by porcine pancreatic lipase to produce random copolymers having molecular weights of up to 21000. The glass transition temperature (Tg of the copolymer was dependent on the carbonate content and the Tg values linearly decreased from 35 degrees C (polylactide) to -8 degrees C [poly(trimethylene carbonate)]. Among the lipases tested, the porcine pancreatic lipase and proteinase K showed biodegradability towards poly(ester-carbonate)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matsumura
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.
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Suyama T, Tokiwa Y, Ouichanpagdee P, Kanagawa T, Kamagata Y. Phylogenetic affiliation of soil bacteria that degrade aliphatic polyesters available commercially as biodegradable plastics. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:5008-11. [PMID: 9835597 PMCID: PMC90957 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.12.5008-5011.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-nine morphologically different soil bacteria capable of degrading poly(beta-hydroxyalkanoate), poly(epsilon-caprolactone), poly(hexamethylene carbonate), or poly(tetramethylene succinate) were isolated. Their phylogenetic positions were determined by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing, and all of them fell into the classes Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Determinations of substrate utilization revealed characteristic patterns of substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suyama
- National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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