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Augustyniak A, Pomorska-Mól M. An Update in Knowledge of Pigs as the Source of Zoonotic Pathogens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3281. [PMID: 37894005 PMCID: PMC10603695 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The available data indicate that the human world population will constantly grow in the subsequent decades. This constant increase in the number of people on the Earth will lead to growth in food demand, especially in food of high nutritional value. Therefore, it is expected that the world livestock population will also increase. Such a phenomenon enhances the risk of transmitting pathogens to humans. As pig production is one of the most significant branches of the world's livestock production, zoonoses of porcine origins seem to be of particular importance. Therefore, in this review, we aim to introduce the latest data concerning, among other things, epidemiology and available preventive measures to control the most significant porcine zoonoses of viral, bacterial, and parasitic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
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Piras F, Siddi G, Le Guern AS, Brémont S, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Sanna R, Meloni MP, De Santis EPL, Scarano C. Traceability, virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica in two industrial cheese-making plants. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 398:110225. [PMID: 37126899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Between 2018 and 2019, 309 environmental and food samples were collected from two industrial cheese-making plants located in Sardinia, in order to investigate Y. enterocolitica presence and to characterize the isolates. Y. enterocolitica isolates were further compared with isolates detected during a previous investigation from sheep and goat raw milk samples. Y. enterocolitica was detected in 7.4 % of the samples and the prevalence was higher, even if not significantly (P > 0.05) higher in non-food contact surface samples (10.2 %) than in food contact surface samples (3.8 %). The highest prevalence was detected in floor samples (13.5 %), followed by drain samples (7.2 %), which might serve as main harborage sites for further contamination. Y. enterocolitica was also detected in food contact surfaces, namely shelves of the Ricotta cooling room and packaging room, one cheese cutting machine surface and one raw milk filter sample. The biotype 1A isolates identified in this study were classified into six different serotypes. Additionally, a bioserotype 2/O:5,27 isolate was identified in one goat milk sample. All 1A isolates possessed the virulence genes invA and ystB while the 2/O:5,27 isolate showed the presence of ail, ystA, invA and yadA genes, thus confirming a pathogenic potential. The isolates showed intrinsic resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ticarcillin and cefoxitin due to the presence of the blaA gene. Whole genome sequencing allowed to identify seven different sequence types among the 1A isolates, thus showing a high genetic diversity. The same Y. enterocolitica sequence type (ST3) was detected from three different areas of the same cheese-making plant, indicating a possible transfer of the microorganism along the processing lines. Y. enterocolitica contamination in cheese-making plants can pose a risk to human health. Preventive measures include the hygienic design of the plant layout and equipment, in association with proper cleaning and disinfection programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Piras
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Siddi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Anne-Sophie Le Guern
- Yersinia Research Unit and National Reference Laboratory for Plague and other Yersiniosis, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Brémont
- Yersinia Research Unit and National Reference Laboratory for Plague and other Yersiniosis, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rita Sanna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Meloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Christian Scarano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Toxigenic Properties of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020118. [PMID: 35202145 PMCID: PMC8877543 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica, an etiological agent of yersiniosis, is a bacterium whose pathogenicity is determined, among other things, by its ability to produce toxins. The aim of this article was to present the most important toxins that are produced by biotype 1A strains of Y. enterocolitica, and to discuss their role in the pathogenesis of yersiniosis. Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A strains are able to synthesize variants of thermostable YST enterotoxin and play a key role in the pathogenesis of yersiniosis. Biotype 1A strains of Y. enterocolitica also produce Y. enterocolitica pore-forming toxins, YaxA and YaxB. These toxins form pores in the cell membrane of host target cells and cause osmotic lysis, which is of particular importance in systemic infections. Insecticidal toxin complex genes have been detected in some clinical biotype 1A strains of Y. enterocolitica. However, their role has not yet been fully elucidated. Strains belonging to biotype 1A have long been considered non-pathogenic. This view is beginning to change due to the emerging knowledge about the toxigenic potential of these bacteria and their ability to overcome the defense barriers of the host organism.
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Terentjeva M, Ķibilds J, Meistere I, Gradovska S, Alksne L, Streikiša M, Ošmjana J, Valciņa O. Virulence Determinants and Genetic Diversity of Yersinia Species Isolated from Retail Meat. Pathogens 2021; 11:37. [PMID: 35055985 PMCID: PMC8778217 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is an important foodborne pathogen, and the determination of its virulence factors and genetic diversity within the food chain could help understand the epidemiology of yersiniosis. The aim of the present study was to detect the prevalence, and characterize the virulence determinants and genetic diversity, of Yersinia species isolated from meat. A total of 330 samples of retailed beef (n = 150) and pork (n = 180) in Latvia were investigated with culture and molecular methods. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was applied for the detection of virulence and genetic diversity. The antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica isolates was detected in accordance with EUCAST. Yersinia species were isolated from 24% (79/330) of meats, and the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in pork (24%, 44/180) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in beef (13%, 19/150). Y. enterocolitica pathogenic bioserovars 2/O:9 and 4/O:3 were isolated from pork samples (3%, 6/180). Only resistance to ampicillin was confirmed in Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 and 2/O:9 isolates, but not in other antimicrobials. Major virulence determinants, including ail, inv, virF, ystA and myfA, were confirmed with WGS in Y. enterocolitica 2/O:9 and 4/O:3. MLST typing revealed 15 STs (sequence types) of Y. enterocolitica with ST12 and ST18, which were associated with pathogenic bioserovars. For Y. enterocolitica 1A, Y. kristensenii, Y. intermedia and Y. frederiksenii, novel STs were registered (ST680-688). The presence of virulence genes and genetic characteristics of certain Y. enterocolitica STs confirm the common knowledge that pork could be an important source of pathogenic Yersinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Terentjeva
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Juris Ķibilds
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Irēna Meistere
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Silva Gradovska
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Laura Alksne
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Madara Streikiša
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Jevgēnija Ošmjana
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Olga Valciņa
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
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Pegoraro K, Sereno MJ, Viana C, Martins BTF, Yamatogi RS, Nero LA, Bersot LDS. Pathogenic potential and antibiotic resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica, a foodborne pathogen limited to swine tonsils in a pork production chain from Southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:2335-2342. [PMID: 34406639 PMCID: PMC8578270 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to characterize the distribution of Yersinia enterocolitica in a pork production chain in Brazil, as well as the virulence profile and antibiotic resistance of the obtained isolates. Samples from 10 pig lots obtained from finishing farms (water, feed, and barn floors, n = 30), slaughterhouse (lairage floors, carcasses at four processing steps, tonsils, and mesenteric lymph nodes, n = 610), and processing (end cuts, processing environment, n = 160) were obtained in Paraná state, Brazil, and subjected to Y. enterocolitica detection by ISO 10,273. The obtained isolates were identified based on biochemical and molecular features (16 s rRNA, inv, bioserotyping) and subjected to PCR assays to detect virulence (ail, ystA, ystB, virF, myfA, fepA, fepD, fes, tccC, ymoA, hreP, and sat) and multidrug resistance-related genes (emrD, yfhD, and marC). Also, isolates were subjected to disk diffusion test to characterize their resistance against 17 antibiotics from 11 classes and to pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after XbaI macro-restriction. Y. enterocolitica was detected in a single sample (tonsil), and the obtained three isolates were characterized as serotype O:3, harboring ail, ystA, virF, myfA, tccC, ymoA, hreP, emrD, yfhD, and marC, and resistant to all tested antibiotics. The three isolates presented identical macro-restriction profiles by PFGE, also identical to isolates obtained from Minas Gerais, other Brazilian state; one selected isolate was identified as biotype 4. Despite the low occurrence of Y. enterocolitica in the studied pork production, the virulence potential and the antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates demonstrated their pathogenic potential, and the macro-restriction profiles indicate strains descending from a common subtype in the pork production chain of two Brazilian States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadigia Pegoraro
- LACOMA, Laboratório de Inspeção e Controle de Qualidade de Água e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, PR, 85950 000, Palotina, Brazil
| | - Mallu Jagnow Sereno
- LACOMA, Laboratório de Inspeção e Controle de Qualidade de Água e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, PR, 85950 000, Palotina, Brazil
- InsPOA, Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Viçosa, MG, 36570 900, Brazil
| | - Cibeli Viana
- LACOMA, Laboratório de Inspeção e Controle de Qualidade de Água e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, PR, 85950 000, Palotina, Brazil
- InsPOA, Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Viçosa, MG, 36570 900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Torres Furtado Martins
- InsPOA, Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Viçosa, MG, 36570 900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Seiti Yamatogi
- InsPOA, Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Viçosa, MG, 36570 900, Brazil
| | - Luís Augusto Nero
- InsPOA, Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Viçosa, MG, 36570 900, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Dos Santos Bersot
- LACOMA, Laboratório de Inspeção e Controle de Qualidade de Água e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, PR, 85950 000, Palotina, Brazil.
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6
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Detection, virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica in sheep and goat raw milk. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Evidence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Pathogenicity Genes in Yersinia enterocolitica Isolate from Wild Boars. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040398. [PMID: 33801613 PMCID: PMC8065425 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) is a very important zoonosis andwild boars play a pivotal role in its transmission. In the last decade, the wild boar population has undergone a strong increase that haspushed them towards urbanized areas, facilitating the human–wildlife interface and the spread of infectious diseases from wildlife to domestic animals and humans. Therefore, it is important to know the serotype, antimicrobial resistance and presence of pathogenicity genes of Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) isolated in species. From 2013 to 2018, we analyzed the liver of 4890 wild boars hunted in Liguria region; we isolated and serotyped 126 Ye positive samples. A decisive role in the pathogenicity is given by the presence of virulence genes; in Ye isolated we found ystB (~70%), ymoA (45.2%), ail (43.6%) and ystA (~20%). Moreover, we evaluated the susceptibility at various antimicrobic agents (Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Enrofloxacin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfisoxazole, Ceftiofur and Tetracycline). The antibiotic resistance was analyzed, and we found a time-dependent increase. It is important to shed light on the role of the wild boars as a reserve of potentially dangerous diseases for humans, and also on the antibiotic resistance that represents a public health problem.
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Younis GA, Elkenany RM, Dowidar HA. Virulence genotyping and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from meat and meat products in Egypt. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 81:424-436. [PMID: 32996992 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.229998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica (Y. enterocolitica) is one of the food-borne entero-pathogen responsible for yersiniosis in humans. The purpose of this research was to survey the prevalence, virulence-associated genes, and antimicrobial resistance of Y. enterocolitica isolated from meat and meat product samples in Egypt. Forty-one (5.9%) out of 700- samples of chicken meat, beef, ground beef, and sausage were positive Y. enterocolitica with a high prevalence in chicken meat (12%). Five virulence genes (ail, inv, ystA, ystB, and yadA) were characterized among 41 Y. enterocolitica isolates with variable frequencies. Among the strains tested, the ystB gene was detected with a high percentage (78.1%), followed by inv gene (70.7%), ail gene (14.6%), ystA gene (12.2%), and yadA gene (2.4%). A high resistance rate was estimated to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (100%), followed by cefazolin (95%), ampicillin (65.9%), and doxycycline (51.2%), whilst a high sensitivity rate was observed to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin (97.6% each). Interestingly, the multidrug resistance was specified in the 70.7% of strains and showing 13 resistance patterns. Based on nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16s rRNA gene, the phylogenetic tree showed the genetic relatedness amongst Y. enterocolitica isolates. These findings highlighted the emergence of virulent and multidrug-resistant pathogenic Y. entrocolitica in retailed meat and meat products in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Younis
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - R M Elkenany
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
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Morka K, Wałecka-Zacharska E, Schubert J, Dudek B, Woźniak-Biel A, Kuczkowski M, Wieliczko A, Bystroń J, Bania J, Bugla-Płoskońska G. Genetic Diversity and Distribution of Virulence-Associated Genes in Y. enterocolitica and Y. enterocolitica-Like Isolates from Humans and Animals in Poland. Pathogens 2021; 10:65. [PMID: 33450948 PMCID: PMC7828411 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica, widespread within domestic and wild-living animals, is a foodborne pathogen causing yersiniosis. The goal of this study was to assess a genetic similarity of Y. enterocolitica and Y. enterocolitica-like strains isolated from different hosts using Multiple Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) methods, and analyze the prevalence of virulence genes using multiplex-Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays. Among 51 Yersinia sp. strains 20 virulotypes were determined. The most common virulence genes were ymoA, ureC, inv, myfA, and yst. Yersinia sp. strains had genes which may contribute to the bacterial invasion and colonization of the intestines as well as survival in serum. One wild boar Y. enterocolitica 1A strain possessed ail gene implying the possible pathogenicity of 1A biotype. Wild boar strains, represented mainly by 1A biotype, were not classified into the predominant Variable-Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR)/PFGE profile and virulotype. There was a clustering tendency among VNTR/PFGE profiles of pig origin, 4/O:3, and virulence profile. Pig and human strains formed the most related group, characterized by ~80% of genetic similarity what suggest the role of pigs as a potential source of infection for the pork consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Morka
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (E.W.-Z.); (J.S.); (J.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (E.W.-Z.); (J.S.); (J.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Justyna Schubert
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (E.W.-Z.); (J.S.); (J.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Bartłomiej Dudek
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Wroclaw University, S. Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Anna Woźniak-Biel
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland; (A.W.-B.); (M.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Maciej Kuczkowski
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland; (A.W.-B.); (M.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Alina Wieliczko
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland; (A.W.-B.); (M.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Jarosław Bystroń
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (E.W.-Z.); (J.S.); (J.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Jacek Bania
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (E.W.-Z.); (J.S.); (J.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Gabriela Bugla-Płoskońska
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Wroclaw University, S. Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland;
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Persistence of Yersinia enterocolitica bio-serotype 4/O:3 in a pork production chain in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Food Microbiol 2020; 94:103660. [PMID: 33279085 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica bio-serotype 4/O:3 was previously identified in a pork production chain in Brazil and the obtained isolates presented high identity by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE, XbaI). For the current study, an additional 147 porcine samples (tonsils = 100, palate = 30, head meat = 17) were collected from the same pork production chain 2-years later and 14 (9.5%) tested positive for Y. enterocolitica. Isolates (n = 24, 1 to 2 per positive sample) were bio-serotype 4/O:3 and harbored virulence genes ail, inv, wbbU, virF, myfA, ystA, ymoA, hreP and sat, and the multidrug resistance related genes emrD, marC and yfhD. PFGE (XbaI) demonstrated no differences among isolates (100% similarity) and were identical to some Y. enterocolitica isolates (n = 13) obtained previously from the same pork chain. A second PFGE analysis (NotI) confirmed the high degree of similarity among isolates obtained over time, demonstrating the persistence of an apparent clonal Y. enterocolitica bio-serotype 4/O:3 in this particular pork production chain in Brazil.
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Nguyen SV, Muthappa DM, Eshwar AK, Buckley JF, Murphy BP, Stephan R, Lehner A, Fanning S. Comparative genomic insights into Yersinia hibernica - a commonly misidentified Yersinia enterocolitica-like organism. Microb Genom 2020; 6:mgen000411. [PMID: 32701425 PMCID: PMC7643974 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food-associated outbreaks linked to enteropathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica are of concern to public health. Pigs and their meat are recognized risk factors for transmission of Y. enterocolitica. This study aimed to describe the comparative genomics of Y. enterocolitica along with a number of misclassified Yersinia isolates, now constituting the recently described Yersinia hibernica. The latter was originally cultured from an environmental sample taken at a pig slaughterhouse. Unique features were identified in the genome of Y. hibernica, including a novel integrative conjugative element (ICE), denoted as ICEYh-1 contained within a 255 kbp region of plasticity. In addition, a zebrafish embryo infection model was adapted and applied to assess the virulence potential among Yersinia isolates including Y. hibernica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Van Nguyen
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - Dechamma Mundanda Muthappa
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - Athmanya K. Eshwar
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - James F. Buckley
- Veterinary Food Safety Laboratory, Cork County Council, Inniscarra, Co. Cork and Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brenda P. Murphy
- Veterinary Food Safety Laboratory, Cork County Council, Inniscarra, Co. Cork and Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
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Imnadze T, Natradze I, Zhgenti E, Malania L, Abazashvili N, Sidamonidze K, Khmaladze E, Zakalashvili M, Imnadze P, Arner RJ, Motin V, Kosoy M. Identification of a Novel Yersinia enterocolitica Strain from Bats in Association with a Bat Die-Off That Occurred in Georgia (Caucasus). Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071000. [PMID: 32635480 PMCID: PMC7409352 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia entercolitica is a bacterial species within the genus Yersinia, mostly known as a human enteric pathogen, but also recognized as a zoonotic agent widespread in domestic pigs. Findings of this bacterium in wild animals are very limited. The current report presents results of the identification of cultures of Y. entercolitica from dead bats after a massive bat die-off in a cave in western Georgia. The growth of bacterial colonies morphologically suspected as Yersinia was observed from three intestine tissues of 11 bats belonging to the Miniopterus schreibersii species. These three isolates were identified as Y. enterocolitica based on the API29 assay. No growth of Brucella or Francisella bacteria was observed from tissues of dead bats. Full genomes (a size between 4.6–4.7 Mbp) of the Yersinia strains isolated from bats were analyzed. The phylogenetic sequence analyses of the genomes demonstrated that all strains were nearly identical and formed a distinct cluster with the closest similarity to the environmental isolate O:36/1A. The bat isolates represent low-pathogenicity Biotype 1A strains lacking the genes for the Ail, Yst-a, Ysa, and virulence plasmid pYV, while containing the genes for Inv, YstB, and MyfA. Further characterization of the novel strains cultured from bats can provide a clue for the determination of the pathogenic properties of those strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tata Imnadze
- Lugar Center for Public Health Research, 0184 Tbilisi, Georgia; (T.I.); (E.Z.); (L.M.); (N.A.); (K.S.); (E.K.); (M.Z.); (P.I.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Epidemiology Department, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ioseb Natradze
- Vertebrate Animals Research Group, Institute of Zoology, Ilia State University, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia;
| | - Ekaterine Zhgenti
- Lugar Center for Public Health Research, 0184 Tbilisi, Georgia; (T.I.); (E.Z.); (L.M.); (N.A.); (K.S.); (E.K.); (M.Z.); (P.I.)
| | - Lile Malania
- Lugar Center for Public Health Research, 0184 Tbilisi, Georgia; (T.I.); (E.Z.); (L.M.); (N.A.); (K.S.); (E.K.); (M.Z.); (P.I.)
| | - Natalia Abazashvili
- Lugar Center for Public Health Research, 0184 Tbilisi, Georgia; (T.I.); (E.Z.); (L.M.); (N.A.); (K.S.); (E.K.); (M.Z.); (P.I.)
| | - Ketevan Sidamonidze
- Lugar Center for Public Health Research, 0184 Tbilisi, Georgia; (T.I.); (E.Z.); (L.M.); (N.A.); (K.S.); (E.K.); (M.Z.); (P.I.)
| | - Ekaterine Khmaladze
- Lugar Center for Public Health Research, 0184 Tbilisi, Georgia; (T.I.); (E.Z.); (L.M.); (N.A.); (K.S.); (E.K.); (M.Z.); (P.I.)
| | - Mariam Zakalashvili
- Lugar Center for Public Health Research, 0184 Tbilisi, Georgia; (T.I.); (E.Z.); (L.M.); (N.A.); (K.S.); (E.K.); (M.Z.); (P.I.)
| | - Paata Imnadze
- Lugar Center for Public Health Research, 0184 Tbilisi, Georgia; (T.I.); (E.Z.); (L.M.); (N.A.); (K.S.); (E.K.); (M.Z.); (P.I.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Epidemiology Department, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ryan J. Arner
- Ryan Arner Science Consulting LLC, Freeport, PA 16229, USA;
| | - Vladimir Motin
- Department of Pathology, University Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA;
| | - Michael Kosoy
- KB One Health LLC, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Correspondence:
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Odyniec M, Stenzel T, Ławreszuk D, Bancerz-Kisiel A. Bioserotypes, Virulence Markers, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Yersinia enterocolitica Strains Isolated from Free-Living Birds. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8936591. [PMID: 32258154 PMCID: PMC7103032 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8936591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The risk of meat contamination with Yersinia enterocolitica poses a threat to consumers and persons who come into contact with bird carcasses. The occurrence of Y. enterocolitica in the vast majority of migratory game species, the capercaillie, and the black grouse has never been studied in Poland, Europe, or in the world. The material for the study consisted of cloacal swabs obtained from 143 Eurasian coots, 50 mallards, 30 pochards, 27 greylag geese, 22 white-fronted geese, 22 bean geese, 20 green-winged teals, and 10 tufted ducks, as well as fecal swabs obtained from 105 capercaillie and 18 black grouse. Bacteriological examinations of 894 samples taken from 447 birds led to the isolation of 20 strains with the biochemical features characteristic of the genus Yersinia. All 20 strains were molecularly examined, and the genes characteristic of Y. enterocolitica were detected in 8 strains. The isolated strains harbored amplicons whose size corresponded to ystB gene fragments. Four strains belonged to bioserotype 1A/NI, one strain was identified as bioserotype 1B/O:9, and one as 1A/O:9. The prevalence of Y. enterocolitica was determined at 1.4% in green-winged teals, at 5.0% in Eurasian coots, and at 4.8% in capercaillie. All strains were resistant to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, ampicillin, and cefalexin. The strains isolated from migratory birds were also resistant to kanamycin and streptomycin, and they were characterized by resistance or intermediate resistance to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, and tetracycline, to which the strains isolated from the capercaillie were susceptible. Yersinia enterocolitica was not detected in the remaining bird species. The presence of Y. enterocolitica in green-winged teals, Eurasian coots, and capercaillie indicates that these birds could be carriers, potential reservoirs, and sources of infection for humans. They can also be regarded as reliable bioindicators of Y. enterocolitica in their respective habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Odyniec
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stenzel
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dorota Ławreszuk
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Białystok, Poland
| | - Agata Bancerz-Kisiel
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
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Younis G, Mady M, Awad A. Yersinia enterocolitica: Prevalence, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance from retail and processed meat in Egypt. Vet World 2019; 12:1078-1084. [PMID: 31528036 PMCID: PMC6702571 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1078-1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in retail chicken meat, ground and processed beef meat, determine their virulence-associated genes, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, molecular detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, and their capability of biofilm formation in vitro. Materials and Methods: A total of 210 samples (120 retail chicken meat, 30 ground beef, 30 beef burger, and 30 sausage samples) were collected from different retail chicken outlets and markets located at Mansoura city between December 2016 and April 2017. Meat samples were examined bacteriologically for the existence of Y. enterocolitica; bacterial colonies that displayed positive biochemical properties were subjected to polymerase chain reaction targeting 16 rRNA gene. Y. enterocolitica isolates were tested for their susceptibility to six antimicrobial agents using disk diffusion method. Uniplex PCR was used for screening Y. enterocolitica isolates for the presence of two virulence chromosome-associated genes (ail and yst), and β-lactamases (blaTEM and blaSHV). The capability of Y. enterocolitica to form biofilms was detected by tube method. Results: Thirty Y. enterocolitica isolates (14.29%) were recovered including 19 (15.83%) isolates from chicken meat, 3 (10%) from ground beef, 5 (16.67%) from beef burger, and 3 (10%) from sausage samples. Regarding ail gene, it was detected in 6.67% (2/30), while yst gene detected in 20% (6/30) Y. enterocolitica isolates. About 80%, 70%, 63.33%, and 50% of Y. enterocolitica isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, and streptomycin, respectively, while 83.33% of Y. enterocolitica isolates were resistant to both ampicillin and cephalothin. Interestingly, 21 (70%) isolates had the capability of biofilms formation in vitro. Among the multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, a significant difference (p<0.05) was found between MDR and biofilm formation. However, biofilm formation was correlated with the resistance of the isolates to β-lactam antimicrobials and the presence of β-lactam-resistant genes. Conclusion: The presence of Y. enterocolitica in chicken meat, ground and processed beef meat represents a significant health risk for meat consumers, which reflects the contamination of slaughterhouses and processing operations, therefore, strict hygienic measures should be applied to minimize carcasses contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Younis
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mona Mady
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Amal Awad
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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Singhal N, Maurya AK, Singh NS, Kumar M, Virdi JS. Antimicrobial resistance and its relationship with biofilm production and virulence-related factors in Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01777. [PMID: 31193467 PMCID: PMC6535577 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine antimicrobial susceptibilities, biofilm production and, to discern a relationship between antimicrobial resistance, biofilm potential and virulence-related genes in strains of Yersinia entercocolitica biotype 1A. Thirty strains of Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A including clinical and non-clinical strains were investigated. Antimicrobial susceptibility for 15 antibiotics (representing different classes) was determined by disk-diffusion assay. Biofilm potential was determined on two different culture media using crystal violet assay. Also, a co-relation was studied between antimicrobial susceptibilities, biofilm production and virulence-related genes. All strains of biotype 1A produced biofilms and exhibited varied level of susceptibilities for different antibiotics. More than 60% of the strains were strong to moderate biofilm producers and, were exclusively associated with REP/ERIC clonal group B. Moderate and strong biofilm producers exhibited both sensitive and resistant phenotypes towards different antibiotics. Interestingly, weak biofilm producers were resistant to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefazolin. Analysis of antimicrobial susceptibilities, biofilm potential and virulence-related genes did not reveal any unequivocal relationships. The differential biofilm potential of Indian strains of Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A, suggests that biotype 1A strains are heterogeneous in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelja Singhal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Anay Kumar Maurya
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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16
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Detection, virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica in bulk tank milk in Italy. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Yersinia enterocolitica in a Brazilian pork production chain: Tracking of contamination routes, virulence and antimicrobial resistance. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 276:5-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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18
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Fois F, Piras F, Torpdahl M, Mazza R, Ladu D, Consolati SG, Spanu C, Scarano C, De Santis EPL. Prevalence, bioserotyping and antibiotic resistance of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica detected in pigs at slaughter in Sardinia. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 283:1-6. [PMID: 29929063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to determine Yersinia enterocolitica prevalence in finishing pigs and piglets at slaughter and to characterize the isolates in terms of bioserotype, virulence profile, antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic diversity. During the years 2013-2014, nine pig slaughterhouses placed in Sardinia (Italy) were visited twice, in order to collect animal samples and scalding water. Overall, 609 samples respectively of tonsils (126), colon content (161), mesenteric lymph nodes (161) and carcass surfaces (161) were collected from 126 finishing pigs and 35 piglets. Moreover, 18 scalding water samples were collected. Samples were analyzed for the detection of Y. enterocolitica according to ISO 10273-2003 standard (with some modifications). With regard to finishing pigs, Y. enterocolitica was detected in 11.9% of colon content samples, 3.2% of tonsils and 2.4% of lymph nodes. In piglets, Y. enterocolitica prevalence was 8.6% in colon content and 2.8% lymph nodes samples. Y. enterocolitica was not detected from carcass surface samples of both finishing pigs and piglets and from scalding water samples. Isolates were bio- and serotyped, tested for the presence of four virulence genes by PCR (ail, ystA, ystB and inv) and for antimicrobial resistance by disc-diffusion method. Among 47 confirmed isolates, 33 (70.2%) belonged to bio-serotype 4:O3, 7 (14.9%) to bio-serotype 2/O:5 and 7 (14.9%) to bio-serotype 1A. Bio-serotype 1A was detected only in isolates of piglets' samples. In bio-serotype 4/O:3 isolates the most common virulence genes were ystA (97.0%), ail (84.8%) and inv (78.8%). In bio-serotype 2/O:5, ail, inv and ystA genes were detected in all of the isolates. All bio-serotype 1A isolates were ystB positive (lacking ail, inv and ystA). All isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, sulphonamide, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulphametoxazole. Resistances to ampicillin and cefalothin were the most common (100%), followed by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (83.0%) and streptomycin (4.3%). Resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was detected in 57% of bio-serotype 4/O:3 isolates, 71% of bio-serotype 1A and 100% of bio-serotype 2/O:5 isolates. Two bio-serotype 4/O:3 isolates (6%) were resistant to streptomycin. Thirty-two pathogenic Y. enterocolitica isolates were tested by NotI-PFGE, which identified 5 patterns among bio-serotype 4/O:3 isolates and 2 patterns among bio-serotype 2/O:5 isolates. This study provides epidemiological data about human pathogenic Y. enterocolitica and highlight the role of pigs as a potential source of infection for the consumers in Sardinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Fois
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesca Piras
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Mia Torpdahl
- Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Roberta Mazza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniela Ladu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Simonetta G Consolati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Carlo Spanu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Christian Scarano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Enrico P L De Santis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Bancerz-Kisiel A, Pieczywek M, Łada P, Szweda W. The Most Important Virulence Markers of Yersinia enterocolitica and Their Role during Infection. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E235. [PMID: 29751540 PMCID: PMC5977175 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is the causative agent of yersiniosis, a zoonotic disease of growing epidemiological importance with significant consequences for public health. This pathogenic species has been intensively studied for many years. Six biotypes (1A, 1B, 2, 3, 4, 5) and more than 70 serotypes of Y. enterocolitica have been identified to date. The biotypes of Y. enterocolitica are divided according to their pathogenic properties: the non-pathogenic biotype 1A, weakly pathogenic biotypes 2⁻5, and the highly pathogenic biotype 1B. Due to the complex pathogenesis of yersiniosis, further research is needed to expand our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the infection process and the clinical course of the disease. Many factors, both plasmid and chromosomal, significantly influence these processes. The aim of this study was to present the most important virulence markers of Y. enterocolitica and their role during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Bancerz-Kisiel
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Marta Pieczywek
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Piotr Łada
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Szweda
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Thong KL, Tan LK, Ooi PT. Genetic diversity, virulotyping and antimicrobial resistance susceptibility of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from pigs and porcine products in Malaysia. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:87-95. [PMID: 28542807 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of the present study were to determine the antimicrobial resistance, virulotypes and genetic diversity of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from uncooked porcine food and live pigs in Malaysia. RESULTS Thirty-two non-repeat Y. enterocolitica strains of three bioserotypes (3 variant/O:3, n = 27; 1B/O:8, n = 3; 1A/O:5, n = 2) were analysed. Approximately 90% of strains were multidrug-resistant with a multiple antibiotic resistance index < 0.2 and the majority of the strains were resistant to nalidixic acid, clindamycin, ampicillin, ticarcillin, tetracycline and amoxicillin. Yersinia enterocolitica could be distinguished distinctly into three clusters by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, with each belonging to a particular bioserotype. Strains of 3 variant/O:3 were more heterogeneous than others. Eleven of the 15 virulence genes tested (hreP, virF, rfbC, myfA, sat, inv, ail, ymoA, ystA, tccC, yadA) and pYV virulence plasmid were present in all the bioserotpe 3 variant/03 strains. CONCLUSION The occurrence of virulent strains of Y. enterocolitica in pigs and porcine products reiterated that pigs are important reservoirs for Y. enterocolitica. The increasing trend of multidrug resistant strains is a public health concern. This is the first report on the occurrence of potential pathogenic and resistant strains of Y. enterocolitica in pigs in Malaysia. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwai Lin Thong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lai Kuan Tan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
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21
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Drake FN, Davis S, Khatiwada J, Williams L. Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> Found in Chitterlings, Raw Milk and Swine Fecal Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2018.810053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Peruzy MF, Murru N, Perugini AG, Capuano F, Delibato E, Mercogliano R, Korkeala H, Proroga YTR. Evaluation of virulence genes in Yersinia enterocolitica strains using SYBR Green real-time PCR. Food Microbiol 2017; 65:231-235. [PMID: 28400007 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica comprises six biotypes 1A, 1B, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The virulence of the strains belonging to biotypes 1B and 2-5 depends on the presence of both chromosomal and plasmid-borne genes. Strains belonging to biotype 1A do not carry the virulence plasmid pYV. However, they carry other virulence genes, such as ystB and hreP. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of yadA, virF, inv, ystA, ystB, myfA, hreP and ymoA virulence genes in Y. enterocolitica strains in order to select the target genes that could be used for the development of a probe-specific real-time PCR to determine the presence of Y. enterocolitica in food samples. A total of 161 Y. enterocolitica strains isolated in eight countries and grouped into biotypes 1A, 2 (serotypes O3, O5 and O9), 3 (serotypes O3 and O9) and 4 (serotype O3) were examined for virulence genes. The most common virulence-associated gene in pathogenic Y. enterocolitica proved to be ystA, which can therefore be considered the best target gene to be amplified in order to evaluate the presence of pathogenic biotypes. By contrast, to identify Y. enterocolitica 1A strains, ystB, which codes for the enterotoxin YstB, can be proposed. This has been found in all non-pathogenic biotypes studied, but never in pathogenic biotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Peruzy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Murru
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Giannina Perugini
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Federico Capuano
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Delibato
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaelina Mercogliano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yolande Therese Rose Proroga
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy.
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Imori PF, Passaglia J, Souza RA, Rocha LB, Falcão JP. Virulence-related genes, adhesion and invasion of some Yersinia enterocolitica-like strains suggests its pathogenic potential. Microb Pathog 2017; 104:72-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Joutsen S, Eklund KM, Laukkanen-Ninios R, Stephan R, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M. Sheep carrying pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica bioserotypes 2/O:9 and 5/O:3 in the feces at slaughter. Vet Microbiol 2016; 197:78-82. [PMID: 27938687 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a heterogeneous species including non-pathogenic strains belonging to biotype 1A and pathogenic strains belonging to biotypes 1B and 2-5. Pathogenic strains of biotypes 2-4 carrying the ail virulence gene have frequently been isolated from domestic pigs at slaughter. In sheep, mostly non-pathogenic biotype 1A strains have been reported. In our study, the prevalence of ail-positive Y. enterocolitica was studied by PCR and culturing in 406 young sheep (<1year of age) and 139 older sheep at slaughter in Finland. When using PCR, the detection rate was 11% (45/406) in young sheep originating from 11 (18%) farms. Surprisingly, Y. enterocolitica belonging to bioserotypes 2/O:9 and 5/O:3, carrying both chromosomal and plasmid-borne virulence genes, were isolated from the fecal samples of 10 (2%) and 23 (4%) sheep, respectively. All isolates of bioserotypes 2/O:9 (19 isolates) and 5/O:3 (53 isolates) carried the chromosomal virulence genes ail, inv, ystA, and myfA, and almost all isolates (71/72) also carried the virulence genes virF and yadA located on the virulence plasmid. The isolates showed high susceptibility to tested antimicrobials and low genetic diversity by PFGE. Y. enterocolitica bioserotype 5/O:3 is a very rare bioserotype, and has earlier only sporadically been reported in European wildlife and in sheep in Australia and New Zealand. Bioserotype 2/O:9 is a common bioserotype found in humans with yersiniosis, and has sporadically been isolated in wild and domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Joutsen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi-Maria Eklund
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Laukkanen-Ninios
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 272 CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Ye Q, Wu Q, Hu H, Zhang J, Huang H. Prevalence and characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from retail foods in China. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Singhal N, Kumar M, Virdi JS. Resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate and its relation to virulence-related factors in Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1A. Indian J Med Microbiol 2016; 34:85-7. [PMID: 26776125 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.174125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that the virulence factors (VFs) were detected more frequently in amoxicillin-clavulanate (AMC) susceptible clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. Here, we have evaluated the relationship between VFs and AMC-resistance phenotype in clinical isolates of Y. enterocolitica biovar 1A. The presence/absence of VFs was compared with their minimum inhibitory concentrations for AMC in strains of two serovars. We observed that the strains of the serovar O: 6, 30-6, 31 showed a similar relationship between the number of VFs and resistance to clavulanic acid as in E. coli but not of serovar O: 6, 30. Variations in the promoters/complete coding sequences (CCDSs) of β-lactamase gene (bla A) or the serological characteristics could not account for unusual susceptibility to AMC displayed by the strains of the serovar O: 6, 30. Therefore, we speculate that since the clinical strains of serovar O: 6, 30-6, 31 originated from the environment they were less exposed to antibiotics compared to clinical strains of serovar O: 6, 30. Thus, AMC susceptibility seems to be influenced by factors other than serotypes or promoters/CCDS of β-lactamase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J S Virdi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
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Ye Q, Wu Q, Hu H, Zhang J, Huang H. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity ofYersinia enterocoliticaisolated from retail frozen foods in China. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv197. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kalia VC, Kumar P. Genome Wide Search for Biomarkers to Diagnose Yersinia Infections. Indian J Microbiol 2015; 55:366-74. [PMID: 26543261 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-015-0552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial identification on the basis of the highly conserved 16S rRNA (rrs) gene is limited by its presence in multiple copies and a very high level of similarity among them. The need is to look for other genes with unique characteristics to be used as biomarkers. Fifty-one sequenced genomes belonging to 10 different Yersinia species were used for searching genes common to all the genomes. Out of 304 common genes, 34 genes of sizes varying from 0.11 to 4.42 kb, were selected and subjected to in silico digestion with 10 different Restriction endonucleases (RE) (4-6 base cutters). Yersinia species have 6-7 copies of rrs per genome, which are difficult to distinguish by multiple sequence alignments or their RE digestion patterns. However, certain unique combinations of other common gene sequences-carB, fadJ, gluM, gltX, ileS, malE, nusA, ribD, and rlmL and their RE digestion patterns can be used as markers for identifying 21 strains belonging to 10 Yersinia species: Y. aldovae, Y. enterocolitica, Y. frederiksenii, Y. intermedia, Y. kristensenii, Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, Y. rohdei, Y. ruckeri, and Y. similis. This approach can be applied for rapid diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Chandra Kalia
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Prasun Kumar
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
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Kanaujia PK, Bajaj P, Kumar S, Singhal N, Virdi JS. Proteomic analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1A under iron-rich and iron-poor conditions indicate existence of efficiently regulated mechanisms of iron homeostasis. J Proteomics 2015; 124:39-49. [PMID: 25913300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1A strains is controversial as these lack most of the known virulence factors. Acquisition of iron and presence of well-regulated iron homeostasis in bacteria represents an important virulence trait. Differential abundance of proteins was examined under iron-rich and iron-poor conditions in a clinical Y. enterocolitica biovar 1A strain IP27407. Whole cell protein profiles were analysed by 2D gel electrophoresis (2D-GE). Following statistical and MALDI-TOF MS analyses, 28 differentially abundant proteins were identified. Significant iron-responsive changes were observed in the proteins involved in iron acquisition or storage namely, hemin receptor (HemR), periplasmic Fe(2+) transport protein (Tpd), periplasmic chelated iron-binding protein (YfeA) and bacterioferritin (Bfr). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) of eight mRNA transcripts revalidated the differential protein abundance. In silico analysis of iron homeostasis mediated by the bacterioferritin and bacterioferritin-associated ferredoxin (Bfr-Bfd) complex suggested two pathways for the release of reserve iron which might be operating under conditions of different iron availability. The study, for the first time, showed the existence of highly competent iron homeostasis mechanisms in Y. enterocolitica biovar 1A and identified the key proteins involved thereof. Such mechanisms might have implications for the pathogenicity of Y. enterocolitica biovar 1A strains. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although, a few studies have identified the differentially abundant bacterial proteins in response to iron starvation, little information is available in this regard for Y. enterocolitica (especially, the biovar 1A strains). In the present study, differential abundance of several proteins was identified under iron-rich and iron-poor conditions by 2D-GE and MALDI-TOF/MS analysis. These included proteins which may not only be directly implicated in iron acquisition or storage but also play crucial role in cellular metabolism. Given the absence of most known virulence factors in Y. enterocolitica biovar 1A strains, demonstration of well-regulated mechanisms for efficient iron homeostasis constitutes an important observation. The proteins, as identified in the present study, provide useful insights to further unravel the potential pathogenicity of the biovar 1A strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Kanaujia
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India.
| | - Priyanka Bajaj
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India.
| | - Shakti Kumar
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India.
| | - Neelja Singhal
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India.
| | - Jugsharan Singh Virdi
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India.
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Thavanathan J, Huang NM, Thong KL. Colorimetric biosensing of targeted gene sequence using dual nanoparticle platforms. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:2711-22. [PMID: 25897217 PMCID: PMC4396418 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s74753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a colorimetric biosensor using a dual platform of gold nanoparticles and graphene oxide sheets for the detection of Salmonella enterica. The presence of the invA gene in S. enterica causes a change in color of the biosensor from its original pinkish-red to a light purplish solution. This occurs through the aggregation of the primary gold nanoparticles–conjugated DNA probe onto the surface of the secondary graphene oxide–conjugated DNA probe through DNA hybridization with the targeted DNA sequence. Spectrophotometry analysis showed a shift in wavelength from 525 nm to 600 nm with 1 μM of DNA target. Specificity testing revealed that the biosensor was able to detect various serovars of the S. enterica while no color change was observed with the other bacterial species. Sensitivity testing revealed the limit of detection was at 1 nM of DNA target. This proves the effectiveness of the biosensor in the detection of S. enterica through DNA hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevan Thavanathan
- Low Dimension Material Research Center, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nay Ming Huang
- Low Dimension Material Research Center, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kwai Lin Thong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Schneeberger M, Brodard I, Overesch G. Virulence-associated gene pattern of porcine and human Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 4 isolates. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 198:70-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Frazão M, Falcão J. Genotypic diversity and pathogenic potential of Yersinia enterocolitica
biotype 2 strains isolated in Brazil. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:1058-67. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.R. Frazão
- Brazilian Reference Center on Yersinia spp. other than Y. pestis; Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - J.P. Falcão
- Brazilian Reference Center on Yersinia spp. other than Y. pestis; Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
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Detection and Characterization of Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Yersinia Strains from Human, Animal, and Food Samples in San Luis, Argentina. Int J Microbiol 2014; 2014:284649. [PMID: 25177351 PMCID: PMC4142171 DOI: 10.1155/2014/284649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Salmonella spp., and Yersinia species was investigated in humans, animals, and foods in San Luis, Argentina. A total of 453 samples were analyzed by culture and PCR. The antimicrobial susceptibility of all the strains was studied, the genomic relationships among isolates of the same species were determined by PFGE, and the potencial virulence of Y. enterocolitica strains was analyzed. Yersinia species showed higher prevalence (9/453, 2.0%, 95% CI, 0.7–3.3%) than STEC (4/453, 0.9%, 95% CI, 0–1.8%) and Salmonella spp. (3/453, 0.7%, 95% CI, 0–1.5%). Y. enterocolitica and Y. intermedia were isolated from chicken carcasses (6/80, 7.5%, 95% CI, 1.5–13.5%) and porcine skin and bones (3/10, 30%, 95% CI, 0–65%). One STEC strain was recovered from human feces (1/70, 1.4%, 95% CI, 0–4.2%) and STEC stx1/stx2 genes were detected in bovine stools (3/129, 2.3%, 95% CI, 0–5.0%). S. Typhimurium was isolated from human feces (1/70, 1.4%, 95% CI, 0–4.2%) while one S. Newport and two S. Gaminara strains were recovered from one wild boar (1/3, 33%, 95% CI, 0–99%). The knowledge of prevalence and characteristics of these enteropathogens in our region would allow public health services to take adequate preventive measures.
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Campioni F, Falcão JP. Genotyping of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A strains from clinical and nonclinical origins by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Can J Microbiol 2014; 60:419-24. [PMID: 24869470 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2014-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A (B1A) strains are considered mainly nonpathogenic. However, some studies considered strains of this biotype to be the causal agents of infections in humans and animals. In South America, there are no studies that have compared clinical and nonclinical strains of B1A typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and none that have compared the capability of different enzymes on typing these strains. This study typed 51 Y. enterocolitica B1A strains isolated in Brazil and Chile by PFGE, testing the enzymes XbaI, NotI, and XhoI. The resulting dendrograms discriminated the strains in 47, 40, and 49 pulsotypes generated by the cleavage with the enzymes XbaI, NotI, and XhoI, respectively. The majority of the strains were grouped independently of their clinical or nonclinical origins. The high discriminatory power of PFGE confirmed the heterogeneity of B1A strains but could not divide the strains studied into clusters that differed in the frequency of some virulence genes as observed in studies using other methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Campioni
- Brazilian Reference Center on Yersinia spp. other than Y. pestis, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Li K, Gu W, Liang J, Xiao Y, Qiu H, Yang H, Wang X, Jing H. Gene polymorphism analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica outer membrane protein A and putative outer membrane protein A family protein. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:201. [PMID: 24628971 PMCID: PMC3995578 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Yersinia enterocolitica outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is one of the major outer membrane proteins with high immunogenicity. We performed the polymorphism analysis for the outer membrane protein A and putative outer membrane protein A (p-ompA) family protein gene of 318 Y. enterocolitica strains. Results The data showed all the pathogenic strains and biotype 1A strains harboring ystB gene carried both ompA and p-ompA genes; parts of the biotype 1A strains not harboring ystB gene carried either ompA or p-ompA gene. In non-pathogenic strains (biotype 1A), distribution of the two genes and ystB were highly correlated, showing genetic polymorphism. The pathogenic and non-pathogenic, highly and weakly pathogenic strains were divided into different groups based on sequence analysis of two genes. Although the variations of the sequences, the translated proteins and predicted secondary or tertiary structures of OmpA and P-OmpA were similar. Conclusions OmpA and p-ompA gene were highly conserved for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. The distributions of two genes were correlated with ystB for biotype 1A strains. The polymorphism analysis results of the two genes probably due to different bio-serotypes of the strains, and reflected the dissemination of different bio-serotype clones of Y. enterocolitica.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Huaiqi Jing
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Bonardi S, Alpigiani I, Pongolini S, Morganti M, Tagliabue S, Bacci C, Brindani F. Detection, enumeration and characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica 4/O:3 in pig tonsils at slaughter in Northern Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 177:9-15. [PMID: 24598512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tonsils from 150 pigs slaughtered at 270 days or older were tested for Yersinia enterocolitica with different cultural methods. Samples were collected in three different abattoirs of Northern Italy between April and November 2012 and were analysed by direct plating on cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin (CIN) agar and by enrichment procedures following the ISO 10273:2003 reference method. Twenty-three (15.3%) samples were positive: 22 tonsils (14.7%) were positive for human pathogenic Y. enterocolitica bio-serotype 4/O:3 and one tonsil (0.7%) for Y. enterocolitica bio-serotype 1A/7,8-8,8,19. Seventeen samples out of 23 (73.9%) were positive by direct plating method. Among the enrichment procedures, the best recovery rate (8 positives out of 23; 34.8%) was obtained by the two-day enrichment in peptone-sorbitol-bile (PSB) broth followed by plating on CIN agar plates. The two-day enrichment in PSB followed by potassium hydroxide (KOH) treatment before plating onto CIN agar gave 7 positives out of 23 (30.4%), decreasing to 3 positives (13.0%) without KOH treatment. The worst results were obtained by prolonged (five days) enrichment in PSB, with or without KOH treatment, followed by plating on CIN agar: 4.3% (1 out of 23) and 0.0% recovery rates, respectively. The mean concentration was 1.9 × 10(4)CFU/g, with a minimum of 1.0 × 10(2)CFU/g and a maximum of 5.8 × 10(4)CFU/g, thus demonstrating that tonsils may play an important role in contamination of pluck sets, carcasses, and slaughterhouse environment. Prevalence of virulence genes among the Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 isolates was as follows: 12/22 (54.5%) for yadA, 21/22 (95.5%) for ail, 21/22 (95.5%) for inv and 22/22 (100%) for ystA. All Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime and resistant to ampicillin and cephalotin. High proportions of 4/O:3 isolates (95%) were sensitive to cefotaxime, gentamicin, kanamicin and nalidixic acid. High levels of resistance were observed to sulphonamide compounds (91%), streptomycin (64%) and chloramphenicol (55%). Multi-resistant isolates were very common; resistance to three or more antimicrobials was observed in 91% (20/22) of 4/O:3 isolates. High level of resistance to chloramphenicol was possibly due to coresistance to tiamphenicol, which was detected in 100% of the isolates. XbaI-PFGE detected four clusters among the 22 Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 isolates. The most represented accounted for 77% (17/22) of the isolates, the second most common was found in 14% (3/22) of the isolates and the two other profiles were observed in single isolates. The comparison with a selection of human isolates supported the role of the pig as reservoir of 4/O:3 Y. enterocolitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bonardi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Food Hygiene, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Irene Alpigiani
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Food Hygiene, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Pongolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via dei Mercati 13/A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Morganti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via dei Mercati 13/A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Tagliabue
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Food Hygiene, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Franco Brindani
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Food Hygiene, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Su F, Ou HY, Tao F, Tang H, Xu P. PSP: rapid identification of orthologous coding genes under positive selection across multiple closely related prokaryotic genomes. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:924. [PMID: 24373418 PMCID: PMC3882776 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With genomic sequences of many closely related bacterial strains made available by deep sequencing, it is now possible to investigate trends in prokaryotic microevolution. Positive selection is a sub-process of microevolution, in which a particular mutation is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction. Wide scanning of prokaryotic genomes has shown that positive selection at the molecular level is much more frequent than expected. Genes with significant positive selection may play key roles in bacterial adaption to different environmental pressures. However, selection pressure analyses are computationally intensive and awkward to configure. Results Here we describe an open access web server, which is designated as PSP (Positive Selection analysis for Prokaryotic genomes) for performing evolutionary analysis on orthologous coding genes, specially designed for rapid comparison of dozens of closely related prokaryotic genomes. Remarkably, PSP facilitates functional exploration at the multiple levels by assignments and enrichments of KO, GO or COG terms. To illustrate this user-friendly tool, we analyzed Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus genomes and found that several genes, which play key roles in human infection and antibiotic resistance, show significant evidence of positive selection. PSP is freely available to all users without any login requirement at: http://db-mml.sjtu.edu.cn/PSP/. Conclusions PSP ultimately allows researchers to do genome-scale analysis for evolutionary selection across multiple prokaryotic genomes rapidly and easily, and identify the genes undergoing positive selection, which may play key roles in the interactions of host-pathogen and/or environmental adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P,R, China.
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A small study of Yersinia enterocolitica in pigs from birth to carcass and characterisation of porcine and human strains. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dhar MS, Virdi JS. Interaction of Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1A with cultured cells in vitro does not reflect the two previously identified clonal groups. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:1807-1814. [PMID: 24037761 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.056077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1A strains have been delineated into two clonal groups (A and B) based on repetitive extragenic palindrome- and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR genotyping. The present study investigated the interaction of Y. enterocolitica biovar 1A strains with cultured cells in vitro by their ability to adhere, invade and survive within these cells. The response of macrophages to these strains was also studied by quantifying the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, production of nitric oxide and cytokines, and activation of NFκB. The survival rate of clonal group B strains inside macrophages was significantly higher than that of clonal group A strains. In addition, strains harbouring the fepA gene showed better survival inside macrophages. However, the production of nitric oxide and cytokines and activation of NFκB did not show any significant differences between the two clonal groups. In this study, interaction of Y. enterocolitica biovar 1A with cultured cells in vitro did not reflect the previously identified clonal groups, but was more dependent on the characteristics of the individual strains. Therefore, a combination of genotype and phenotype data must be used to characterize this extremely heterogeneous organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh S Dhar
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India
| | - Jugsharan S Virdi
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India
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Campioni F, Falcão JP. Genotypic diversity and virulence markers ofYersinia enterocoliticabiotype 1A strains isolated from clinical and non-clinical origins. APMIS 2013; 122:215-22. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Campioni
- Brazilian Reference Center on Yersinia spp. other than Y. pestis; Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo-USP; Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Juliana P. Falcão
- Brazilian Reference Center on Yersinia spp. other than Y. pestis; Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo-USP; Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
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41
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Prevalence, characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enterica and Yersinia enterocolitica in pigs at slaughter in Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 163:248-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Bernardino-Varo L, Quiñones-Ramírez EI, Fernández FJ, Vázquez-Salinas C. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in raw cow's milk collected from stables of Mexico City. J Food Prot 2013; 76:694-8. [PMID: 23575136 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica has been isolated from a batch of pork-derived products, from healthy and diseased animals, and from different types of milk and dairy products, among others. We studied the prevalence and diversity of Y. enterocolitica isolated from raw cow's milk collected from stables in Mexico City. Of the 1,300 samples analyzed, Y. enterocolitica was isolated in 454, with an average of 25% positive samples for each stable. Of the total isolated bacteria of the Yersinia genus, 44.25% were Y. enterocolitica, 18.28% were Y. kristensenii, 13.65% were Y. intermedia, 14.85% were Y. frederiksenii, and 9.14% were Y. aldovae. Among the different strains of Y. enterocolitica, biotype 1A was present in 70%, biotype 2 in 13.2%, biotype 3 in 8.54%, and biotype 4 in 8.15% of samples. Serotypes O:5, O:3, O:2, and O:9 were found in all biotypes identified. There were no statistically significant differences in the isolation of this bacterium with respect to the stables where they were found, although there was significant difference regarding the time of year. The data obtained in this work show the need to protect public health in Mexico against infections transmitted by raw cow's milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizeldi Bernardino-Varo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Colonia Santo Tomas, C.P. 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
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JOUTSEN S, SARNO E, FREDRIKSSON-AHOMAA M, CERNELA N, STEPHAN R. Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 isolated from a hunted wild alpine ibex. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141:612-7. [PMID: 22697252 PMCID: PMC9151892 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812001239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Occurrence of Yersinia spp. in wild ruminants was studied and the strains were characterized to get more information on the epidemiology of enteropathogenic Yersinia in the wildlife. In total, faecal samples of 77 red deer, 60 chamois, 55 roe deer and 27 alpine ibex were collected during 3 months of the hunting season in 2011. The most frequently identified species was Y. enterocolitica found in 13%, 10%, 4% and 2% of roe deer, red deer, alpine ibex and chamois, respectively. Interestingly, one Y. enterocolitica O:3 strain, isolated from an alpine ibex, carried the important virulence genes located on the virulence plasmid (yadA and virF) and in the chromosome (ail, hreP, myfA and ystA). Most of the Y. enterocolitica strains belonged to biotype 1A of which 14 were ystB positive. Further studies are needed to clarify the importance of alpine ibex as a reservoir of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. JOUTSEN
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - E. SARNO
- Department of Zootechnical Science and Food Inspection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. FREDRIKSSON-AHOMAA
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - N. CERNELA
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R. STEPHAN
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Momtaz H, Davood Rahimian M, Safarpoor Dehkordi F. Identification and characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from raw chicken meat based on molecular and biological techniques. J APPL POULTRY RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A strains isolated from swine slaughterhouses and markets. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:769097. [PMID: 23476146 PMCID: PMC3588180 DOI: 10.1155/2013/769097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is an important foodborne pathogen that causes illness in humans and animals. Y. enterocolitica is also the most heterogeneous species of the genus and is divided into distinct serotypes and over six biotypes. Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A strains are classically considered as nonpathogenic; however, some biotype 1A isolates have been considered as causative of gastrointestinal disease, yielding symptoms indistinguishable from those produced by pathogenic biotypes. Even after decades of isolation of clinical strains, the pathogenic mechanisms of these isolates are still not fully understood. In the present study, 122 Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A strains isolated from swine slaughterhouses and meat markets in Sao Paulo, Brazil, were characterized according to the presence of the virulence genes ail, virF, and ystA. A total of 94 strains were positive to at least one virulence gene (77.05%), and 67 were positive to all of them (54.92%). Twenty-two strains were submitted to PFGE genotyping resulting in 22 distinct pulsotypes, varying from 50% to 84% of genetic similarity. Any clustering tendency among pulsotypes related to origin, isolation site, or even virulence profile was not observed. The present study reports an important contamination of the environment in swine slaughterhouses, meat markets, and pork, by potentially virulent Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A.
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Characteristics of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A strains isolated from patients and asymptomatic carriers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32:869-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sihvonen LM, Jalkanen K, Huovinen E, Toivonen S, Corander J, Kuusi M, Skurnik M, Siitonen A, Haukka K. Clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A represent two phylogenetic lineages with differing pathogenicity-related properties. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:208. [PMID: 22985268 PMCID: PMC3512526 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Y. enterocolitica biotype (BT) 1A strains are often isolated from human clinical samples but their contribution to disease has remained a controversial topic. Variation and the population structure among the clinical Y. enterocolitica BT 1A isolates have been poorly characterized. We used multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), 16S rRNA gene sequencing, PCR for ystA and ystB, lipopolysaccharide analysis, phage typing, human serum complement killing assay and analysis of the symptoms of the patients to characterize 298 clinical Y. enterocolitica BT 1A isolates in order to evaluate their relatedness and pathogenic potential. Results A subset of 71 BT 1A strains, selected based on their varying LPS patterns, were subjected to detailed genetic analyses. The MLST on seven house-keeping genes (adk, argA, aroA, glnA, gyrB, thrA, trpE) conducted on 43 of the strains discriminated them into 39 MLST-types. By Bayesian analysis of the population structure (BAPS) the strains clustered conclusively into two distinct lineages, i.e. Genetic groups 1 and 2. The strains of Genetic group 1 were more closely related (97% similarity) to the pathogenic bio/serotype 4/O:3 strains than Genetic group 2 strains (95% similarity). Further comparison of the 16S rRNA genes of the BT 1A strains indicated that altogether 17 of the 71 strains belong to Genetic group 2. On the 16S rRNA analysis, these 17 strains were only 98% similar to the previously identified subspecies of Y. enterocolitica. The strains of Genetic group 2 were uniform in their pathogenecity-related properties: they lacked the ystB gene, belonged to the same LPS subtype or were of rough type, were all resistant to the five tested yersiniophages, were largely resistant to serum complement and did not ferment fucose. The 54 strains in Genetic group 1 showed much more variation in these properties. The most commonly detected LPS types were similar to the LPS types of reference strains with serotypes O:6,30 and O:6,31 (37%), O:7,8 (19%) and O:5 (15%). Conclusions The results of the present study strengthen the assertion that strains classified as Y. enterocolitica BT 1A represent more than one subspecies. Especially the BT 1A strains in our Genetic group 2 commonly showed resistance to human serum complement killing, which may indicate pathogenic potential for these strains. However, their virulence mechanisms remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila M Sihvonen
- Bacteriology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Lucero Estrada CS, Velázquez LDC, Favier GI, Di Genaro MS, Escudero ME. Detection of Yersinia spp. in meat products by enrichment culture, immunomagnetic separation and nested PCR. Food Microbiol 2012; 30:157-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bacterial cell surface structures in Yersinia enterocolitica. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 60:199-209. [PMID: 22484801 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a widespread member of the family of Enterobacteriaceae that contains both non-virulent and virulent isolates. Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains, especially belonging to serotypes O:3, O:5,27, O:8 and O:9 are etiologic agents of yersiniosis in animals and humans. Y. enterocolitica cell surface structures that play a significant role in virulence have been subject to many investigations. These include outer membrane (OM) glycolipids such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) and several cell surface adhesion proteins present only in virulent Y. enterocolitica, i.e., Inv, YadA and Ail. While the yadA gene is located on the Yersinia virulence plasmid the Ail, Inv, LPS and ECA are chromosomally encoded. These structures ensure the correct architecture of the OM, provide adhesive properties as well as resistance to antimicrobial peptides and to host innate immune response mechanisms.
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Bari ML, Hossain MA, Isshiki K, Ukuku D. Behavior of Yersinia enterocolitica in Foods. J Pathog 2011; 2011:420732. [PMID: 22567332 PMCID: PMC3335665 DOI: 10.4061/2011/420732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica are ubiquitous, being isolated frequently from soil, water, animals, and a variety of foods. They comprise a biochemically heterogeneous group that can survive and grow at refrigeration temperatures. The ability to propagate at refrigeration temperatures is of considerable significance in food hygiene. Virulent strains of Yersinia invade mammalian cells such as HeLa cells in tissue culture. Two chromosomal genes, inv and ail, were identified for cell invasion of mammalian. The pathogen can cause diarrhoea, appendicitis and post-infection arthritis may occur in a small proportion of cases. The most common transmission route of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica is thought to be fecal-oral via contaminated food. Direct person-to-person contact is rare. Occasionally, pathogenic Y. enterocolitica has been detected in vegetables and environmental water; thus, vegetables and untreated water are also potential sources of human yersiniosis. However, the isolation rates of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica have been low, which may be due to the limited sensitivity of the detection methods. To identify other possible transmission vehicles, different food items should be studied more extensively. Many factors related to the epidemiology of Y. enterocolitica, such as sources, transmission routes, and predominating genotypes remain obscure because of the low sensitivity of detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Latiful Bari
- Food Analysis Research Laboratory Center for Advanced Research in Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - M. Anwar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Kenji Isshiki
- Division of Marine Life Science, Research Faculty of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Dike Ukuku
- Food Safety Intervention Technologies, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
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