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Mahmood A, Shah AA, Umair M, Wu Y, Khan A. Recalling the pathology of Parkinson's disease; lacking exact figure of prevalence and genetic evidence in Asia with an alarming outcome: A time to step-up. Clin Genet 2021; 100:659-677. [PMID: 34195994 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common and progressive neurodegenerative disease globally, with major symptoms like bradykinesia, impaired posture, and tremor. Several genetic and environmental factors have been identified but elucidating the main factors have been challenging due to the disease's complex nature. Diagnosis, prognosis, and management of such diseases are challenging and require effective targeted attention in developing countries. Recently, PD is growing rapidly in many crowded Asian countries as an alarming threat with inadequate knowledge of its prevalence, genetic architecture, and geographic distribution. This study gave an in-depth overview of the prevalence, incidence and genomic/genetics studies published so far in the Asian population. To the best of our knowledge, PD has increased significantly in several Asian countries, including China, South Korea, Japan, Thailand, and Israel over the past few years, requiring a greater level of care and attention. Genetic screening of families with PD at national levels and establishing an official database of PD cases are essential to get a comprehensive and conclusive view of the exact prevalence and genetic diversity of PD in the Asian population to properly manage and treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Mahmood
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Abid Ali Shah
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yiming Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Amjad Khan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lakki Marwat, Lakki Marwat, Pakistan
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Li G, Ma J, Cui S, He Y, Xiao Q, Liu J, Chen S. Parkinson's disease in China: a forty-year growing track of bedside work. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:22. [PMID: 31384434 PMCID: PMC6668186 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The number and health burden of Parkinson's disease increase rapidly in China. It is estimated that China will have nearly half of the Parkinson's disease population in the world in 2030. In this review, we present an overview of epidemiology and health economics status of Parkinson's disease across China and discuss the risk factors of Parkinson's disease and related complications. From the view of clinical research, we also discuss the current status of clinical trials, diagnostic biomarkers, treatment of Parkinson's disease, tertiary network and post-occupation education in Chinese Parkinson's disease clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- 1Department of Neurology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfang Ma
- 1Department of Neurology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shishuang Cui
- 1Department of Neurology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixi He
- 1Department of Neurology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Xiao
- 1Department of Neurology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- 1Department of Neurology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- 1Department of Neurology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,2Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu Province, China
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Gilbert RM. American Parkinson Disease Association Explores the Current Research in Diverse Parkinson’s Disease Populations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.17925/usn.2019.15.2.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sauerbier A, Aris A, Lim EW, Bhattacharya K, Ray Chaudhuri K. Impact of ethnicity on the natural history of Parkinson disease. Med J Aust 2018; 208:410-414. [DOI: 10.5694/mja17.01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sauerbier
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
- Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Azman Aris
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
- Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ee Wei Lim
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
- Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | | | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
- Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Parkinson's disease research in a prospective cohort in China. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:1200-4. [PMID: 26318964 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION China has the largest population of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients; however few etiological studies of PD have been conducted in China. METHODS The Shanghai Women's Health Study recruited 74,941 women in urban Shanghai, aged 40 to 70, from 1996 to 2000. Self-reported PD cases were invited for a neurological examination and diagnoses were made by a movement disorder specialist. RESULTS This cohort had very few smokers (2.7%), alcohol drinkers (2.3%), and post-menopausal hormone users (4.3%); however, tea drinking (29.9%) and exposure to tobacco smoke from husbands (61.8%) were common. A total of 301 participants reported PD diagnosis during the follow-up. The diagnosis was confirmed in 76 (57%) of the 133 clinically examined patients. An additional 19 (53%) PD cases were identified out of 36 participants who self-confirmed the diagnosis and provided a history on PD symptoms and treatments. As expected, increasing age was strongly associated with PD risk. Further, PD risk appears to be inversely associated with exposures to second-hand tobacco smoke from husbands and tea drinking, and positively with education, although none of these reached statistical significance. The age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 0.7 (95% confidence interval: 0.4-1.1) for participants whose husbands were current smokers at baseline and 0.8 (0.5-1.3) for ever tea-drinkers. Compared with primary education or lower, the age-adjusted OR was 1.3 (0.7-2.4) for middle school and 1.6 (1.0-2.7) for high school or above. CONCLUSION PD research in this unique cohort is feasible and, with extended follow-up, will allow for prospective PD etiological research in China.
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Liu Y, Fan JH, Gao X, Ma L, Qiao YL, Zhang L. The Natural Progression of Parkinson's Disease in a Small Cohort with 15 Drug-naïve Patients. Chin Med J (Engl) 2015; 128:1761-4. [PMID: 26112717 PMCID: PMC4733712 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.159350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The studies of the natural progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) in Chinese populations have been lacking. To address this issue and obtain a preliminary data, we conducted a PD progression assessment in 15 adults with de novo PD from a nutritional intervention trial (NIT) cohort in Lin County China. METHODS Using the Copiah County screening questionnaire and United Kingdom Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank diagnostic criteria, we surveyed the available NIT cohort members in 2000 and diagnosed 86 patients as PD. In 2010, we resurveyed all PD patients and confirmed definite PD diagnosis in 15 cases with the rest of them being dead (54); having probable (10) PD or vascular Parkinsonism (3); refusing to participate (2); or being away (2). In both surveys, we used Hoehn and Yahr (HY) scale and assessed the disease progression. Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) was added to the second survey. RESULTS In 2010, the average disease duration for 15 definite PD patients was 13.6 ± 7.3 years. Over a 10-year time span, 9 out of 15 patients remained at the same HY stage while the remaining 6 progressed. Rigidity (47% vs. 100%; P = 0.002) and postural instability (7% vs. 47%; P = 0.005) worsened significantly. The mean UPDRS motor scores in 2010 were 39.4 ± 23.7. CONCLUSIONS Overall worsening of motor function in PD seems to be the rule in this untreated cohort, and their rate of progression seemed to be slower than those reported in the western populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Friendship Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, China
| | - Jin-Hu Fan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - You-Lin Qiao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Zou YM, Liu J, Tian ZY, Lu D, Zhou YY. Systematic review of the prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease in the People's Republic of China. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:1467-72. [PMID: 26109861 PMCID: PMC4474453 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s85380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, and obtaining accurate epidemiological data for this disease is very important for policy-making in public health. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and incidence of PD in the People's Republic of China and explore possible future research directions. METHODS We systematically retrieved studies of the prevalence and incidence of PD in the People's Republic of China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, and standardized the data according to the world's population in 2000. RESULTS Fifteen eligible studies were retrieved. Most were cross-sectional studies, and two thirds of the research was from the People's Republic of China. The prevalence of PD was reported in all the studies, but only two studies reported incidence data. The prevalence of PD in the People's Republic of China ranged from 16 to 440.3/100,000, and the annual incidence ranged from 1.5 to 8.7/100,000. CONCLUSION The prevalence of PD in the People's Republic of China has been widely investigated in the studies published to date. However, due to methodological heterogeneity, the data reported by the different studies are not comparable. There is still a lack of information on the incidence of PD in the People's Republic of China. Therefore, future research is required to answer this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ming Zou
- Department of Neurology, TianJin HuangHu Hospital, TianJin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yan Tian
- Department of Neurology, TianJin HuangHu Hospital, TianJin, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Lu
- Department of Neurology, TianJin HuangHu Hospital, TianJin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, TianJin HuangHu Hospital, TianJin, People's Republic of China
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Pringsheim T, Jette N, Frolkis A, Steeves TDL. The prevalence of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord 2014; 29:1583-90. [PMID: 24976103 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1250] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. We sought to synthesize studies on the prevalence of PD to obtain an overall view of how the prevalence of this disease varies by age, by sex, and by geographic location. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for epidemiological studies of PD from 1985 to 2010. Data were analyzed by age group, geographic location, and sex. Geographic location was stratified by the following groups: 1) Asia, 2) Africa, 3) South America, and 4) Europe/North America/Australia. Meta-regression was used to determine whether a significant difference was present between groups. Forty-seven studies were included in the analysis. Meta-analysis of the worldwide data showed a rising prevalence of PD with age (all per 100,000): 41 in 40 to 49 years; 107 in 50 to 59 years; 173 in 55 to 64 years; 428 in 60 to 69 years; 425 in 65 to 74 years; 1087 in 70 to 79 years; and 1903 in older than age 80. A significant difference was seen in prevalence by geographic location only for individuals 70 to 79 years old, with a prevalence of 1,601 in individuals from North America, Europe, and Australia, compared with 646 in individuals from Asia (P < 0.05). A significant difference in prevalence by sex was found only for individuals 50 to 59 years old, with a prevalence of 41 in females and 134 in males (P < 0.05). PD prevalence increases steadily with age. Some differences in prevalence by geographic location and sex can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Pringsheim
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Achey M, Aldred JL, Aljehani N, Bloem BR, Biglan KM, Chan P, Cubo E, Dorsey ER, Goetz CG, Guttman M, Hassan A, Khandhar SM, Mari Z, Spindler M, Tanner CM, van den Haak P, Walker R, Wilkinson JR. The past, present, and future of telemedicine for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2014; 29:871-83. [PMID: 24838316 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Travel distance, growing disability, and uneven distribution of doctors limit access to care for most Parkinson's disease (PD) patients worldwide. Telemedicine, the use of telecommunications technology to deliver care at a distance, can help overcome these barriers. In this report, we describe the past, present, and likely future applications of telemedicine to PD. Historically, telemedicine has relied on expensive equipment to connect single patients to a specialist in pilot programs in wealthy nations. As the cost of video conferencing has plummeted, these efforts have expanded in scale and scope, now reaching larger parts of the world and extending the focus from care to training of remote providers. Policy, especially limited reimbursement, currently hinders the growth and adoption of these new care models. As these policies change and technology advances and spreads, the following will likely develop: integrated care networks that connect patients to a wide range of providers; education programs that support patients and health care providers; and new research applications that include remote monitoring and remote visits. Together, these developments will enable more individuals with PD to connect to care, increase access to expertise for patients and providers, and allow more-extensive, less-expensive participation in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Achey
- Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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The prevalence and incidence of Parkinson’s disease in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 121:123-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Muangpaisan W, Hori H, Brayne C. Systematic review of the prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease in Asia. J Epidemiol 2009; 19:281-93. [PMID: 19801887 PMCID: PMC3924097 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20081034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder in older people, and half of the world's older population lives in Asia. However, the epidemiology of PD in Asian countries is poorly understood. This review assembles evidence on the prevalence and incidence of PD in Asian countries and identifies gaps in our present knowledge. METHODS A systematic search of studies published from 1965 to October 2008 was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE. The selection criteria were defined a priori. Prevalence and incidence were standardized to the WHO World Standard Population 2000. Twenty-one original studies were selected for the review. Two studies that described the ethnic origin of participants and contained Asian populations were also included in the analysis. RESULTS Excluding one study with questionably low prevalence and incidence, the remaining studies reported a standardized all-age prevalence of 51.3 to 176.9 per 100,000 in door-to-door surveys; prevalence in record-based studies ranged from 35.8 to 68.3 per 100,000. The standardized incidence rates were 8.7 per 100,000 person-years in door-to-door surveys and 6.7 to 8.3 per 100,000 person-years in record-based surveys. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of PD in Asian countries was slightly lower than that in Western countries. However, comparison of incidence was difficult because of the small number of studies. Varying methodologies, diagnostic criteria, and case-finding strategies contributed to the considerable variation in the reported prevalence and incidence of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerasak Muangpaisan
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Ulusoy A, Bjorklund T, Hermening S, Kirik D. In vivo gene delivery for development of mammalian models for Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2008; 209:89-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ma L, Zhang L, Gao XH, Chen W, Wu YP, Wang Y, Li XF, Como P, Kieburtz K, Qiao YL. Dietary factors and smoking as risk factors for PD in a rural population in China: a nested case-control study. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 113:278-81. [PMID: 16542169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2005.00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary factors and history of smoking remain elusive in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE We investigated the association of environmental factors with PD in a rural population in China. METHODS Subjects were participants of a past nutritional intervention trial. Information on their characteristics was collected during the baseline interview of the trial. Control subjects were randomly selected from the same cohort and frequency matched for sex, age and residential area. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Among 16,488 subjects surveyed, we diagnosed 464 subjects with PD. Then, four sex- and age-matched controls were paired with each definite PD case. A total of 85 cases and 340 controls were analyzed. Meat consumption and the body mass index (BMI) were inversely associated with PD. The PD risk declined with the increment of BMI. A history of gastric ulcer was associated with an increased risk of PD. As to smoking, there seemed an increased risk of PD among individuals who smoked regularly, non-significantly. However, a significantly increased risk of PD was found among those who smoked more than 30 pack-years.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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