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Fok MR, Jin L. Learn, unlearn, and relearn post-extraction alveolar socket healing: Evolving knowledge and practices. J Dent 2024; 145:104986. [PMID: 38574844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review was to offer a comprehensive analysis of currently available evidence on post-extraction alveolar socket healing, including i) the histological and molecular events during alveolar socket healing, ii) the dimensional ridge alterations after socket healing and controversies relating to sinus pneumatisation, iii) the patient-specific factors, procedural elements, and site-related variables influencing socket healing, iv) techniques and effectiveness of alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) procedure, and v) the philosophies and cost-effectiveness of ARP in clinical practice. SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION To investigate the dimensional profiles of the alveolar ridge following unassisted healing, an overview of systematic reviews was conducted in February 2024 by two independent reviewers. Four electronic databases were searched in Pubmed, Embase, Web of science and Cochrane Library between 2004 and 2024 to identify all relevant systematic reviews on post-extraction healing. A further manual search of reviews was also conducted. The articles were further reviewed in full text for relevance. The AMSTAR-2 appraisal tool was adopted to assess methodological quality. Current research pertaining to other listed objectives was objectively analysed in narration. DATA 11 out of 459 retrieved studies were selected and ultimately covered in this review on the dimensional changes of alveolar ridge following natural healing: Seven systematic reviews and four systematic reviews with meta-analyses. The methodological quality of all included reviews was critically low. CONCLUSION This review thoroughly examines the healing profiles of post-extraction alveolar sockets and highlights the dynamic process with overlapping phases and the inter-individual variability in outcomes. ARP procedure is a potential strategy for facilitating prosthetic site development, while the current evidence is limited. Herein, an individualised and prosthetically driven approach is crucial. Further well sized and designed trials with novel biomaterials need to be undertaken, and the role of artificial intelligence in predicting healing and assisting clinical decision-making could be explored. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE By advancing our understanding of alveolar socket healing and its management strategies, clinicians can make more informed decisions regarding patient and site level assessment and selection, surgical techniques, and biomaterial choices, ultimately contributing to the enhanced healing process with reduced complications and improved quality of life for patients undergoing tooth extraction and dental implant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rachel Fok
- Division of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - Lijian Jin
- Division of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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Ren C, Chen W, Chen J, Mao C, Liao C, Liu J. The fusion of keratinized epithelium, an indication of early implant placement in the aesthetic area: an animal study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:1016. [PMID: 38115040 PMCID: PMC10729501 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the period of the early implant placement, the socket is mainly occupied by provisional matrix (PM). Keratinized epithelium (KE) is critical for primary wound closure. Although both KE and PM are important, the detailed relationship among migrating KE, PM formation and indication of the early implant placement is still unclear. OBJECTIVE This research aimed to locate a healing stage of KE with highest osteogenic PM formation after tooth extraction, which could be treated as the optimal time point for early implant placement. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mice were sacrificed on days 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 after incisor extraction. Clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical evaluations of the extraction sockets were performed, and statistical analyses were conducted. We then inserted implants into the PM with the greatest bioactivity and observed its osseointegration pattern for 3, 10, 17 and 30 days. RESULT When KE fusion was reached, sockets were dominated by PM with the greatest expression of osteocalcin (OC, P < 0.05) and high levels of CD34 and Runx2. OC and Runx2 expression were positively correlated with KE coverage (P < 0.05). When the implant was inserted at 4 days' healing, the PM maintained its osteogenic ability, and osseointegration proceeded perfectly. CONCLUSION The migration of KE was correlated with the formation of highly osteogenic and angiogenic PM. And the fusion of KE could be treated as an indication for early implant placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyan Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weihui Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Jiangping Chen
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanqing Mao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Caiyu Liao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianan Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Fontes Martins LC, Sousa Campos de Oliveira AL, Aloise AC, Scavone de Macedo LG, Teixeira ML, Moy PK, Pelegrine AA. Bone marrow aspirate concentrate and platelet-rich fibrin in fresh extraction sockets: A histomorphometric and immunohistochemical study in humans. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2020; 49:104-109. [PMID: 33349509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of mineralized tissue and expression of bone markers in sockets grafted with platelet-rich fibrin and bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC). Patients requiring extraction of one maxillary anterior tooth were randomized into three groups. After tooth extraction, the sockets in the control group (CG) were permitted to fill with blood clot. In the platelet-rich fibrin group (PRFG), after blood processing, the sockets were grafted with PRF plug. In the bone marrow aspirate concentrate combined with platelet-rich fibrin group (BM/PG), after blood and bone marrow processing, the sockets were grafted with a mixture of PRF plug and BMAC. After 6 months, the sites were reopened and bone cores were harvested and prepared for histomorphometric and immunohistochemical evaluation. The following levels were measured: mineralized tissue, expression of RUNX-2, and osteocalcin. Fifteen patients were included in this study. The histomorphometric analysis showed a more pronounced level of mineralized tissue in PRFG and BM/PG (54.20 ± 4.31% and 64.70 ± 6.74%, respectively) when compared with CG (40.60 ± 5.98%) (p = 0.0283 and p = 0.0090, respectively). The expression of RUNX-2 was very low in BM/PG (0.80 ± 0.84%) and absent in CG and PRFG (p = 0.0528). Osteocalcin expression was higher for BM/PG (23.40 ± 1.52%) when compared with CG and PRFG (18.40 ± 2.07% and 16.20 ± 1.92%, respectively) (p = 0.0117 and p = 0.0088, respectively). This preliminary study indicates that clinical use of bone marrow aspirate concentrate, when combined with platelet-rich fibrin as a carrier, might have some potential to increase mineralization in fresh extraction sockets.
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Pranskunas M, Galindo-Moreno P, Padial-Molina M. Extraction Socket Preservation Using Growth Factors and Stem Cells: a Systematic Review. EJOURNAL OF ORAL MAXILLOFACIAL RESEARCH 2019; 10:e7. [PMID: 31620269 PMCID: PMC6788421 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2019.10307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the reported literature on the use of stem cells or growth factors for post extraction treatment of the alveolar bone. Material and Methods A NCBI PubMed and PubMed Central databases search was conducted between September 2010 and August 2018, to identify animal or clinical studies reporting the clinical, radiographical and/or histological outcomes of socket preservation techniques after applying mesenchymal stem cells or growth factors. Only studies published in English language in the last 10 years were included in the study. Results Eleven studies were identified fulfilling the inclusion criteria. They evaluate a total of 386 post extraction sockets. The main tested materials identified in the current review were bone morphogenetic protein-2 - 3 studies and mesenchymal stem cells - 3 studies. Other comparators were bone morphogenetic protein-9, platelet-derived growth factor-BB homodimers and bone marrow. Overall evaluation indicate positive results for all test groups showing differences in final socket width between 0.64 and 1.28 mm favouring the test groups. Histologically, no particular differences are detected between test and control groups. Most of the studies present low risk of bias. Conclusions In general, the use of mesenchymal stem cells or bioactive osteogenic molecules favours bone regeneration after tooth extraction, as evaluated clinically, radiographically and histologically. However, specific differences that support particular recommendations are still unclear in light of the current published evidence. Future studies should include the standardization of the mesenchymal stem cells selection and purification as well as dosage and delivery methods of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindaugas Pranskunas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Odontology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, KaunasLithuania
| | - Pablo Galindo-Moreno
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry. School of Dentistry, University of Granada, GranadaSpain
| | - Miguel Padial-Molina
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry. School of Dentistry, University of Granada, GranadaSpain
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Vital Bone Formation After Grafting of Autogenous Bone and Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Bioceramic in Extraction Sockets of Rats. IMPLANT DENT 2018; 27:615-622. [DOI: 10.1097/id.0000000000000815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sant'Ana ACP, Damante CA, Frias Martinez MA, Valdivia MAM, Karam PSH, de Oliveira FA, Oliveira RCD, Gasparoto TH, Campanelli AP, Zangrando MSR, Rezende MLRD, Greghi SLA, Passanezi E. Isolation and characterization of progenitor cells from surgically created early healing alveolar defects in humans: A preliminary study. J Periodontol 2018; 89:1326-1333. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Campos Passanezi Sant'Ana
- Discipline of Periodontics; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics. School of Dentistry at Bauru - University of São Paulo; Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Carla Andreotti Damante
- Discipline of Periodontics; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics. School of Dentistry at Bauru - University of São Paulo; Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Maria Alejandra Frias Martinez
- Discipline of Periodontics; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics. School of Dentistry at Bauru - University of São Paulo; Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Maria Alejandra Medina Valdivia
- Discipline of Periodontics; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics. School of Dentistry at Bauru - University of São Paulo; Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Paula Stefânia Hage Karam
- Discipline of Periodontics; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics. School of Dentistry at Bauru - University of São Paulo; Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Flavia Amadeu de Oliveira
- Discipline of Biochemistry; Department of Oral Biology. School of Dentistry at Bauru - University of São Paulo; Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cardoso de Oliveira
- Discipline of Biochemistry; Department of Oral Biology. School of Dentistry at Bauru - University of São Paulo; Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Thais Helena Gasparoto
- Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology; Department of Oral Biology. School of Dentistry at Bauru - University of São Paulo; Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Campanelli
- Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology; Department of Oral Biology. School of Dentistry at Bauru - University of São Paulo; Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mariana Schutzer Ragghianti Zangrando
- Discipline of Periodontics; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics. School of Dentistry at Bauru - University of São Paulo; Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Rubo de Rezende
- Discipline of Periodontics; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics. School of Dentistry at Bauru - University of São Paulo; Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Sebastião Luiz Aguiar Greghi
- Discipline of Periodontics; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics. School of Dentistry at Bauru - University of São Paulo; Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Euloir Passanezi
- Discipline of Periodontics; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics. School of Dentistry at Bauru - University of São Paulo; Bauru São Paulo Brazil
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Cignachi NP, Pesquero JB, Oliveira RB, Etges A, Campos MM. Kinin B1Receptor Deletion Affects Bone Healing in Type 1 Diabetic Mice. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:3019-28. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natália P. Cignachi
- School of Dentistry; Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul; Avenida Ipiranga; 6681; Partenon; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - João B. Pesquero
- Department of Biophysics; Federal University of São Paulo; Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Rogério B. Oliveira
- School of Dentistry; Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul; Avenida Ipiranga; 6681; Partenon; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Adriana Etges
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel); Rua, Gonçalves Chaves, 457; Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - Maria M. Campos
- School of Dentistry; Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul; Avenida Ipiranga; 6681; Partenon; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology; Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul; Avenida Ipiranga, 6681; Partenon; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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Flügge T, Nelson K, Nack C, Stricker A, Nahles S. 2-Dimensional changes of the soft tissue profile of augmented and non-augmented human extraction sockets: a randomized pilot study. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:390-7. [PMID: 25735565 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study identified the soft tissue changes of the alveolar ridge at different time points within 12 weeks after tooth extraction with and without socket augmentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 38 patients with single tooth extractions, 40 sockets were augmented and 39 extraction sockets were not augmented. At 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks impressions were taken and casts digitized with a laser scanner. The horizontal and vertical changes were compared between augmented and non-augmented sites. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The mean changes of augmented sockets were between 0.4 mm (2 weeks) and 0.8 mm (12 weeks). In non-augmented sockets changes of 0.7 mm (2 weeks) and of 1.0 mm (12 weeks) were demonstrated. The mean values differed significantly between the buccal and oral region (p < 0.01). Overall, there were significant differences of the mean dimensional changes regarding time (p < 0.01) and augmentation (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Augmented sockets showed less resorption within 4 weeks after extraction compared to non-augmented sockets. Non-augmented sockets showed a continuous dimensional loss with a great variation over 12 weeks whereas augmented sockets had the highest degree of resorption between 4 and 6 weeks. At 12 weeks a comparable resorption in augmented and non-augmented sockets was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Flügge
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Jambhekar S, Kernen F, Bidra AS. Clinical and histologic outcomes of socket grafting after flapless tooth extraction: a systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials. J Prosthet Dent 2015; 113:371-82. [PMID: 25749077 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Several biomaterials and techniques have been reported for socket grafting and alveolar ridge preservation. However, the evidence for clinical and histologic outcomes for socket grafting with different types of materials in flapless extraction is not clear. PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the outcomes of a socket grafting procedure performed with flapless extraction of teeth in order to determine which graft material results in the least loss of socket dimensions, the maximum amount of vital bone, the least remnant graft material, and the least amount of connective tissue after a minimum of 12 weeks of healing. Secondary outcomes, including the predictability of regenerating deficient buccal bone, necessity of barrier membranes, and coverage with autogenous soft tissue graft, were also evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS An electronic search for articles in the English-language literature was performed independently by multiple investigators using a systematic search process with the PubMed search engine. After applying predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final list of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) for flapless extraction and socket grafting was analyzed to derive results for the various objectives of the study. RESULTS The initial electronic search resulted in 2898 titles. The systematic application of inclusion and exclusion criteria resulted in 32 RCTs studying 1354 sockets, which addressed the clinical and histologic outcomes of flapless extraction with socket grafting and provided dimensional and histologic information at or beyond the 12-week reentry period. From these RCTs, the mean loss of buccolingual width at the ridge crest was lowest for xenografts (1.3 mm), followed by allografts (1.63 mm), alloplasts (2.13 mm), and sockets without any socket grafting (2.79 mm). Only 3 studies reported on loss of width at 3 mm below the ridge crest. The mean loss of buccal wall height from the ridge crest was lowest for xenografts (0.57 mm) and allografts (0.58 mm), followed by alloplasts (0.77 mm) and sockets without any grafting (1.74 mm). The mean histologic outcomes at or beyond the 12-week reentry period revealed the highest vital bone content for sockets grafted with alloplasts (45.53%), followed by sockets with no graft material (41.07%), xenografts (35.72%), and allografts (29.93%). The amount of remnant graft material was highest for sockets grafted with allografts (21.75%), followed by xenografts (19.3%) and alloplasts (13.67%). The highest connective tissue content at the time of reentry was seen for sockets with no grafting (52.53%), followed by allografts (51.03%), xenografts (44.42%), and alloplast (38.39%). Data for new and emerging biomaterials such as cell therapy and tissue regenerative materials were not amenable to calculations because of biomaterial heterogeneity and small sample sizes. CONCLUSIONS After flapless extraction of teeth, and using a minimum healing period of 12 weeks as a temporal measure, xenografts and allografts resulted in the least loss of socket dimensions compared to alloplasts or sockets with no grafting. Histologic outcomes after a minimum of 12 weeks of healing showed that sockets grafted with alloplasts had the maximum amount of vital bone and the least amount of remnant graft material and remnant connective tissue. There is a limited but emerging body of evidence for the predictable regeneration of deficient buccal bone with socket grafting materials, need for barrier membranes, use of tissue engineering, and use of autogenous soft tissue grafts from the palate to cover the socket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Jambhekar
- Assistant Professor, Terna Dental College Nerul, Mumbai, India; Former ITI Scholar, Department of Reconstructive Sciences University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Conn
| | - Florian Kernen
- Former prosthodontics fellow, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Conn
| | - Avinash S Bidra
- Program Director, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Post-Graduate Prosthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Conn.
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Milani S, Dal Pozzo L, Rasperini G, Sforza C, Dellavia C. Deproteinized bovine bone remodeling pattern in alveolar socket: a clinical immunohistological evaluation. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014; 27:295-302. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Milani
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Laura Dal Pozzo
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Giulio Rasperini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Polyclinic; Milan Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Claudia Dellavia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
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Nahles S, Nack C, Gratecap K, Lage H, Nelson JJ, Nelson K. Bone physiology in human grafted and non-grafted extraction sockets - an immunohistochemical study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012; 24:812-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2012.02462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Nahles
- Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery; Charité Campus Virchow; Berlin; Germany
| | - Claudia Nack
- Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery; Charité Campus Virchow; Berlin; Germany
| | - Kerrin Gratecap
- Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery; Charité Campus Virchow; Berlin; Germany
| | - Hermann Lage
- Department of Pathology; Campus Mitte, Charite; Berlin; Germany
| | - John J. Nelson
- Department of Pathology; University of South Alabama; Mobile; Alabama; USA
| | - Katja Nelson
- Department of CMF-Surgery; University of Freiburg; Berlin; Germany
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