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Vestal KA, Kattamuri C, Koyiloth M, Ongaro L, Howard JA, Deaton AM, Ticau S, Dubey A, Bernard DJ, Thompson TB. Activin E is a transforming growth factor β ligand that signals specifically through activin receptor-like kinase 7. Biochem J 2024; 481:547-564. [PMID: 38533769 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Activins are one of the three distinct subclasses within the greater Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily. First discovered for their critical roles in reproductive biology, activins have since been shown to alter cellular differentiation and proliferation. At present, members of the activin subclass include activin A (ActA), ActB, ActC, ActE, and the more distant members myostatin and GDF11. While the biological roles and signaling mechanisms of most activins class members have been well-studied, the signaling potential of ActE has remained largely unknown. Here, we characterized the signaling capacity of homodimeric ActE. Molecular modeling of the ligand:receptor complexes showed that ActC and ActE shared high similarity in both the type I and type II receptor binding epitopes. ActE signaled specifically through ALK7, utilized the canonical activin type II receptors, ActRIIA and ActRIIB, and was resistant to the extracellular antagonists follistatin and WFIKKN. In mature murine adipocytes, ActE invoked a SMAD2/3 response via ALK7, like ActC. Collectively, our results establish ActE as a specific signaling ligand which activates the type I receptor, ALK7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie A Vestal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
| | - Chandramohan Kattamuri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
| | - Muhasin Koyiloth
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
| | - Luisina Ongaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James A Howard
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Aditi Dubey
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
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Chikh A, Raimondi C. Endothelial Neuropilin-1: a multifaced signal transducer with an emerging role in inflammation and atherosclerosis beyond angiogenesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:137-150. [PMID: 38323651 PMCID: PMC10903451 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed by several cell types including, neurons, endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes and immune cells comprising macrophages, dendritic cells and T cell subsets. Since NRP1 discovery in 1987 as an adhesion molecule in the frog nervous system, more than 2300 publications on PubMed investigated the function of NRP1 in physiological and pathological contexts. NRP1 has been characterised as a coreceptor for class 3 semaphorins and several members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. Because the VEGF family is the main regulator of blood and lymphatic vessel growth in addition to promoting neurogenesis, neuronal patterning, neuroprotection and glial growth, the role of NRP1 in these biological processes has been extensively investigated. It is now established that NRP1 promotes the physiological growth of new vessels from pre-existing ones in the process of angiogenesis. Furthermore, several studies have shown that NRP1 mediates signalling pathways regulating pathological vascular growth in ocular neovascular diseases and tumour development. Less defined are the roles of NRP1 in maintaining the function of the quiescent established vasculature in an adult organism. This review will focus on the opposite roles of NRP1 in regulating transforming growth factor β signalling pathways in different cell types, and on the emerging role of endothelial NRP1 as an atheroprotective, anti-inflammatory factor involved in the response of ECs to shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Chikh
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, U.K
| | - Claudio Raimondi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre of Cardiovascular Medicine and Devices, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, U.K
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Correction: MKP2 inhibits TGF-β1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in renal tubular epithelial cells through a JNK-dependent pathway. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1593. [PMID: 37860861 DOI: 10.1042/CS-2018-0602_COR] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
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Wardman R, Keles M, Pachkiv I, Hemanna S, Grein S, Schwarz J, Stein F, Ola R, Dobreva G, Hentze MW, Heineke J. RNA-Binding Proteins Regulate Post-Transcriptional Responses to TGF-β to Coordinate Function and Mesenchymal Activation of Murine Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1967-1989. [PMID: 37650327 PMCID: PMC10521797 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cells (ECs) are primed to respond to various signaling cues. For example, TGF (transforming growth factor)-β has major effects on EC function and phenotype by driving ECs towards a more mesenchymal state (ie, triggering endothelial to mesenchymal activation), a dynamic process associated with cardiovascular diseases. Although transcriptional regulation triggered by TGF-β in ECs is well characterized, post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms induced by TGF-β remain largely unknown. METHODS Using RNA interactome capture, we identified global TGF-β driven changes in RNA-binding proteins in ECs. We investigated specific changes in the RNA-binding patterns of hnRNP H1 (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1) and Csde1 (cold shock domain containing E1) using RNA immunoprecipitation and overlapped this with RNA-sequencing data after knockdown of either protein for functional insight. Using a modified proximity ligation assay, we visualized the specific interactions between hnRNP H1 and Csde1 and target RNAs in situ both in vitro and in mouse heart sections. RESULTS Characterization of TGF-β-regulated RBPs (RNA-binding proteins) revealed hnRNP H1 and Csde1 as key regulators of the cellular response to TGF-β at the post-transcriptional level, with loss of either protein-promoting mesenchymal activation in ECs. We found that TGF-β drives an increase in binding of hnRNP H1 to its target RNAs, offsetting mesenchymal activation, but a decrease in Csde1 RNA-binding, facilitating this process. Both, hnRNP H1 and Csde1, dynamically bind and regulate specific subsets of mRNAs related to mesenchymal activation and endothelial function. CONCLUSIONS Together, we show that RBPs play a key role in the endothelial response to TGF-β stimulation at the post-transcriptional level and that the RBPs hnRNP H1 and Csde1 serve to maintain EC function and counteract mesenchymal activation. We propose that TGF-β profoundly modifies RNA-protein interaction entailing feedback and feed-forward control at the post-transcriptional level, to fine-tune mesenchymal activation in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Wardman
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (R.W., M.K., I.P., S.H., S.G., J.H.), European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim (R.W., M.K., S.H., S.G., G.D., J.H.)
| | - Merve Keles
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (R.W., M.K., I.P., S.H., S.G., J.H.), European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim (R.W., M.K., S.H., S.G., G.D., J.H.)
| | - Ihor Pachkiv
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (R.W., M.K., I.P., S.H., S.G., J.H.), European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Shruthi Hemanna
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (R.W., M.K., I.P., S.H., S.G., J.H.), European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim (R.W., M.K., S.H., S.G., G.D., J.H.)
| | - Steve Grein
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (R.W., M.K., I.P., S.H., S.G., J.H.), European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim (R.W., M.K., S.H., S.G., G.D., J.H.)
| | - Jennifer Schwarz
- Proteomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany (J.S., F.S.)
| | - Frank Stein
- Proteomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany (J.S., F.S.)
| | - Roxana Ola
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology (R.O.), European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Gergana Dobreva
- Cardiovascular Genomics and Epigenomics (G.D.), European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim (R.W., M.K., S.H., S.G., G.D., J.H.)
| | - Matthias W. Hentze
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany (M.W.H.)
| | - Joerg Heineke
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (R.W., M.K., I.P., S.H., S.G., J.H.), European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim (R.W., M.K., S.H., S.G., G.D., J.H.)
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Ciller I, Palanisamy S, Ciller U, Al-Ali I, Coumans J, McFarlane J. Steroidogenic enzyme gene expression and testosterone production are developmentally modulated by bone morphogenetic protein receptor-1B in mouse testis. Physiol Res 2023; 72:359-369. [PMID: 37455641 PMCID: PMC10668998 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and receptors (BMPR-1A, BMPR-1B, BMPR-2) have been shown to be vital for female reproduction, while their roles in males are poorly described. Our study was undertaken to specify the function of BMPR-1B in steroidogenic enzyme gene expression, testosterone production and reproductive development in male mice, given that Bmpr1b mRNA is expressed in mouse testis and Bmpr1b knockout results in compromised fertility. Male mice were passively immunized for 6 days with anti-BMPR-1B in the presence or absence of exogenous gonadotrophins. We then measured the effects of anti-BMPR-1B on testicular hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms (Hsd3b1, Hsd3b6, and Hsd17b3) and aromatase (Cyp19) mRNA expression, testicular and serum testosterone levels, and testis and seminal vesicle weight. In vitro testosterone production in response to anti-BMPR-1B was determined using testicular culture, and Leydig cell culture in the presence or absence of gonadotrophins. In Leydig cell culture the contribution of seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells were examined by preconditioning the media with these testicular constituents. In adult mice, anti-BMPR-1B increased testosterone and Hsd3b1 but decreased Hsd3b6 and Cyp19 mRNA. In adult testicular culture and seminiferous tubule conditioned Leydig cell culture, anti-BMPR-1B reduced testosterone, while in normal and Leydig cell conditioned Leydig cell culture it increased testosterone levels. In pubertal mice, anti-BMPR-1B reduced gonadotrophin stimulated seminal vesicle growth. In conclusion, BMPR-1B has specific developmental functions in the autocrine and paracrine regulation of testicular steroidogenic enzyme gene expression and testosterone production in adults and in the development of seminal vesicles during puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ciller
- School of Rural Medicine, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
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Fattah SA, Selim MS, Abdel Fattah MA, Abo-Elmatty DM, Mesbah NM, Abdel-Hamed AR. Serum Transforming Growth Factor β1 and Its Genetic Variants Are Associated with Increased Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1β and Susceptibility to Idiopathic Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13050715. [PMID: 37240885 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common entrapment neuropathy in which one of the body's peripheral nerves becomes pinched or crushed. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CTS. An association between TGF-β1 polymorphisms and the susceptibility or progression of a number of diseases has been reported. In this study, three TGF-β1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), serum TGF-β1, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP-1β) were investigated as potential diagnostic markers for the progression of CTS in Egyptian patients. One hundred CTS patients and 100 healthy controls were recruited for the study. TGF-β1 SNPs +915G/C, -509C/T and -800G/A were determined by TaqMan genotyping assay. Serum TGF-β1 and MIP-1β levels were measured by ELISA. Serum TGF-β1 and MIP-1β levels increased significantly and were strongly correlated with the occurrence of CTS. The C allele of +915G/C, the T allele of -509C/T, and the G allele of -800G/A occurred more frequently in patients from CTS than in controls. The serum levels of TGF-β1 and MIP-1β in the group of carriers of the genotypes +915G/C GC and CC, the genotype -509C/T TT and the genotype -800G/A GA and AA were significantly higher in CTS patients. TGF-β1 and its +915G/C, -509C/T, and -800G/A SNPs and MIP-1β could be useful prognostic markers for the occurrence of CTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa A Fattah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Selim
- Cardiovascular Therapy Department, Novartis Company, Riyadh 12271, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A Abdel Fattah
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Dina M Abo-Elmatty
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Noha M Mesbah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Asmaa R Abdel-Hamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Deng B, Zhang Y, Zhu C, Wang Y, Weatherford E, Xu B, Liu X, Conway SJ, Abel ED, Xiang YK. Divergent Actions of Myofibroblast and Myocyte β 2-Adrenoceptor in Heart Failure and Fibrotic Remodeling. Circ Res 2023; 132:106-108. [PMID: 36458552 PMCID: PMC9985902 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (B.D., Y.Z., C.Z., Y.W., B.X., X.L., Y.K.X.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (B.D., Y.Z., C.Z., Y.W., B.X., X.L., Y.K.X.)
| | - Chaoqun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (B.D., Y.Z., C.Z., Y.W., B.X., X.L., Y.K.X.)
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (B.D., Y.Z., C.Z., Y.W., B.X., X.L., Y.K.X.)
| | - Eric Weatherford
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.W., E.D.A.)
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (B.D., Y.Z., C.Z., Y.W., B.X., X.L., Y.K.X.)
- VA Northern California, Mather (B.X., Y.K.X.)
| | - Xianhui Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (B.D., Y.Z., C.Z., Y.W., B.X., X.L., Y.K.X.)
| | - Simon J Conway
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine (S.J.C.)
| | - E. Dale Abel
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.W., E.D.A.)
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (E.D.A.)
| | - Yang K Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (B.D., Y.Z., C.Z., Y.W., B.X., X.L., Y.K.X.)
- VA Northern California, Mather (B.X., Y.K.X.)
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de Moraes FP, Missio D, Lazzari J, Rovani MT, Ferreira R, Gonçalves PBD, Gasperin BG. Local regulation of antral follicle development and ovulation in monovulatory species. Anim Reprod 2023; 19:e20220099. [PMID: 36650852 PMCID: PMC9833292 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2022-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of mutations in the genes encoding bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and growth and differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) associated with phenotypes of sterility or increased ovulation rate in sheep aroused interest in the study of the role of local factors in preantral and antral folliculogenesis in different species. An additive mutation in the BMP15 receptor, BMPR1b, which determines an increase in the ovulatory rate, has been introduced in several sheep breeds to increase the number of lambs born. Although these mutations indicate extremely relevant functions of these factors, the literature data on the regulation of the expression and function of these proteins and their receptors are very controversial, possibly due to differences in experimental models. The present review discusses the published data and preliminary results obtained by our group on the participation of local factors in the selection of the dominant follicle, ovulation, and follicular atresia in cattle, focusing on transforming growth factors beta and their receptors. The study of the expression pattern and the functionality of proteins produced by follicular cells and their receptors will allow increasing the knowledge about this local system, known to be involved in ovarian physiopathology and with the potential to promote contraception or increase the ovulation rate in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane Pereira de Moraes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brasil
| | - Daniele Missio
- Rede FiBRA-RS - Fisiopatologia e Biotécnicas da Reprodução, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil,Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Jessica Lazzari
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brasil
| | - Monique Tomazele Rovani
- Rede FiBRA-RS - Fisiopatologia e Biotécnicas da Reprodução, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Rogério Ferreira
- Faculdade de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, SC, Brasil
| | - Paulo Bayard Dias Gonçalves
- Rede FiBRA-RS - Fisiopatologia e Biotécnicas da Reprodução, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil,Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Bernardo Garziera Gasperin
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brasil,Rede FiBRA-RS - Fisiopatologia e Biotécnicas da Reprodução, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil,Corresponding author:
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Schinner C, Xu L, Franz H, Zimmermann A, Wanuske MT, Rathod M, Hanns P, Geier F, Pelczar P, Liang Y, Lorenz V, Stüdle C, Maly PI, Kauferstein S, Beckmann BM, Sheikh F, Kuster GM, Spindler V. Defective Desmosomal Adhesion Causes Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy by Involving an Integrin-αVβ6/TGF-β Signaling Cascade. Circulation 2022; 146:1610-1626. [PMID: 36268721 PMCID: PMC9674449 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.057329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is characterized by progressive loss of cardiomyocytes with fibrofatty tissue replacement, systolic dysfunction, and life-threatening arrhythmias. A substantial proportion of ACM is caused by mutations in genes of the desmosomal cell-cell adhesion complex, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In the current study, we investigated the relevance of defective desmosomal adhesion for ACM development and progression. METHODS We mutated the binding site of DSG2 (desmoglein-2), a crucial desmosomal adhesion molecule in cardiomyocytes. This DSG2-W2A mutation abrogates the tryptophan swap, a central interaction mechanism of DSG2 on the basis of structural data. Impaired adhesive function of DSG2-W2A was confirmed by cell-cell dissociation assays and force spectroscopy measurements by atomic force microscopy. The DSG2-W2A knock-in mouse model was analyzed by echocardiography, ECG, and histologic and biomolecular techniques including RNA sequencing and transmission electron and superresolution microscopy. The results were compared with ACM patient samples, and their relevance was confirmed in vivo and in cardiac slice cultures by inhibitor studies applying the small molecule EMD527040 or an inhibitory integrin-αVβ6 antibody. RESULTS The DSG2-W2A mutation impaired binding on molecular level and compromised intercellular adhesive function. Mice bearing this mutation develop a severe cardiac phenotype recalling the characteristics of ACM, including cardiac fibrosis, impaired systolic function, and arrhythmia. A comparison of the transcriptome of mutant mice with ACM patient data suggested deregulated integrin-αVβ6 and subsequent transforming growth factor-β signaling as driver of cardiac fibrosis. Blocking integrin-αVβ6 led to reduced expression of profibrotic markers and reduced fibrosis formation in mutant animals in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We show that disruption of desmosomal adhesion is sufficient to induce a phenotype that fulfils the clinical criteria to establish the diagnosis of ACM, confirming the dysfunctional adhesion hypothesis. Deregulation of integrin-αVβ6 and transforming growth factor-β signaling was identified as a central step toward fibrosis. A pilot in vivo drug test revealed this pathway as a promising target to ameliorate fibrosis. This highlights the value of this model to discern mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis and to identify and test novel treatment options for ACM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Schinner
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lifen Xu
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland (L.X., V.L., G.M.K.)
| | - Henriette Franz
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aude Zimmermann
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Therès Wanuske
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maitreyi Rathod
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Hanns
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Geier
- Department of Biomedicine, Bioinformatics Core Facility (F.G.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland (F.G.)
| | - Pawel Pelczar
- Center for Transgenic Models (P.P.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (Y.L., F.S.)
| | - Vera Lorenz
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland (L.X., V.L., G.M.K.)
| | - Chiara Stüdle
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Piotr I. Maly
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silke Kauferstein
- Department of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.K., B.M.B.)
| | - Britt M. Beckmann
- Department of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.K., B.M.B.)
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany (B.M.B.)
| | - Farah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (Y.L., F.S.)
| | - Gabriela M. Kuster
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland (L.X., V.L., G.M.K.)
- Division of Cardiology (G.M.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
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Saito S, Deskin B, Rehan M, Yadav S, Matsunaga Y, Lasky JA, Thannickal VJ. Novel mediators of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1229-1240. [PMID: 36043396 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis involving the lung may occur in many settings, including in association with known environmental agents, connective tissue diseases, and exposure to drugs or radiation therapy. The most common form is referred to as 'idiopathic' since a causal agent or specific association has not been determined; the strongest risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is aging. Emerging studies indicate that targeting certain components of aging biology may be effective in mitigating age-associated fibrosis. While transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a central mediator of fibrosis in almost all contexts, and across multiple organs, it is not feasible to target this canonical pathway at the ligand-receptor level due to the pleiotropic nature of its actions; importantly, its homeostatic roles as a tumor-suppressor and immune-modulator make this an imprudent strategy. However, defining targets downstream of its receptor(s) that mediate fibrogenesis, while relatively dispenable for tumor- and immune-suppressive functions may aid in developing safer and more effective therapies. In this review, we explore molecular targets that, although TGF-β1 induced/activated, may be relatively more selective in mediating tissue fibrosis. Additionally, we explore epigenetic mechanisms with global effects on the fibrogenic process, as well as metabolic pathways that regulate aging and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Saito
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A, and the Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A
| | - Brian Deskin
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A, and the Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A
| | - Mohammad Rehan
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A, and the Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A
| | - Santosh Yadav
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A, and the Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A
| | - Yasuka Matsunaga
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A, and the Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A
| | - Joseph A Lasky
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A, and the Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A, and the Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A
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Abstract
Cancer stemness, defined as the self-renewal and tumor-initiation potential of cancer stem cells (CSCs), is a cancer biology property featuring activation of CSC signaling networks. Canonical WNT signaling through Frizzled and LRP5/6 receptors is transmitted to the β-catenin-TCF/LEF-dependent transcription machinery to up-regulate MYC, CCND1, LGR5, SNAI1, IFNG, CCL28, CD274 (PD-L1) and other target genes. Canonical WNT signaling causes expansion of rapidly cycling CSCs and modulates both immune surveillance and immune tolerance. In contrast, noncanonical WNT signaling through Frizzled or the ROR1/2 receptors is transmitted to phospholipase C, Rac1 and RhoA to control transcriptional outputs mediated by NFAT, AP-1 and YAP-TEAD, respectively. Noncanonical WNT signaling supports maintenance of slowly cycling, quiescent or dormant CSCs and promotes epithelial–mesenchymal transition via crosstalk with TGFβ (transforming growth factor-β) signaling cascades, while the TGFβ signaling network induces immune evasion. The WNT signaling network orchestrates the functions of cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and fine-tunes stemness in human cancers, such as breast, colorectal, gastric and lung cancers. Here, WNT-related cancer stemness features, including proliferation/dormancy plasticity, epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity and immune-landscape plasticity, will be discussed. Porcupine inhibitors, β-catenin protein–protein interaction inhibitors, β-catenin proteolysis targeting chimeras, ROR1 inhibitors and ROR1-targeted biologics are investigational drugs targeting WNT signaling cascades. Mechanisms of cancer plasticity regulated by the WNT signaling network are promising targets for therapeutic intervention; however, further understanding of context-dependent reprogramming trajectories might be necessary to optimize the clinical benefits of WNT-targeted monotherapy and applied combination therapy for patients with cancer.
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Choi JW, Shin JY, Zhou Z, Kim DU, Kweon B, Oh H, Kim YC, Song HJ, Bae GS, Park SJ. Stem bark of Fraxinus rhynchophylla ameliorates the severity of pancreatic fibrosis by regulating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. J Investig Med 2022; 70:1285-1292. [PMID: 35078865 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2021-002169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a pathological fibroinflammatory syndrome of the pancreas. Currently, there are no therapeutic agents available for treating CP-associated pancreatic fibrosis. Fraxinus rhynchophylla (FR) reportedly exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and antitumor activities. Although FR possesses numerous properties associated with the regulation of diverse diseases, the effects of FR on CP remain unknown. Herein, we examined the effects of FR on CP. For CP induction, mice were intraperitoneally administered cerulein (50 μg/kg) 6 times a day, 4 days per week for 3 weeks. FR extract (100 or 400 mg/kg) or saline (control group) was intraperitoneally injected 1 hour before the first cerulein injection. After 3 weeks, the pancreas was harvested for histological analysis. In addition, pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) were isolated to examine the antifibrogenic effects and regulatory mechanisms of FR. Administration of FR significantly inhibited histological damage in the pancreas, increased pancreatic acinar cell survival, decreased PSC activation and collagen deposition, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, FR treatment inhibited the expression of fibrotic mediators, such as α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen, fibronectin 1, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines in isolated PSCs stimulated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Furthermore, FR treatment suppressed the phosphorylation of Smad 2/3 but not of Smad 1/5 in TGF-β-stimulated PSCs. Collectively, these results suggest that FR ameliorates pancreatic fibrosis by inhibiting PSC activation during CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Choi
- Department of Herbology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.,Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Yeon Shin
- Department of Herbology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ziqi Zhou
- Department of Herbology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Kim
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bitna Kweon
- Department of Herbology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuncheol Oh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, WonkwangUniversity, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Chul Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, WonkwangUniversity, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Song
- Department of Herbology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Sang Bae
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.,Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Joo Park
- Department of Herbology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea .,Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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13
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McCoy JC, Goebel EJ, Thompson TB. Characterization of tolloid-mediated cleavage of the GDF8 procomplex. Biochem J 2021; 478:1733-47. [PMID: 33876824 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20210054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8), a.k.a. myostatin, is a member of the larger TGFβ superfamily of signaling ligands. GDF8 has been well characterized as a negative regulator of muscle mass. After synthesis, GDF8 is held latent by a noncovalent complex between the N-terminal prodomain and the signaling ligand. Activation of latent GDF8 requires proteolytic cleavage of the prodomain at residue D99 by a member of the tolloid family of metalloproteases. While tolloid proteases cleave multiple substrates, they lack a conserved consensus sequence. Here, we investigate the tolloid cleavage site of the GDF8 prodomain to determine what residues contribute to tolloid recognition and subsequent proteolysis. Using sequential alanine mutations, we identified several residues adjacent to the scissile bond, including Y94, that when mutated, abolish tolloid-mediated activation of latent GDF8. Using the astacin domain of Tll1 (Tolloid Like 1) we determined that prodomain mutants were more resistant to proteolysis. Purified latent complexes harboring the prodomain mutations, D92A and Y94A, impeded activation by tolloid but could be fully activated under acidic conditions. Finally, we show that co-expression of GDF8 WT with prodomain mutants that were tolloid resistant, suppressed GDF8 activity. Taken together our data demonstrate that residues towards the N-terminus of the scissile bond are important for tolloid-mediated activation of GDF8 and that the tolloid-resistant version of the GDF8 prodomain can function dominant negative to WT GDF8.
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Han Z, Ma Y, Cao G, Ma Z, Chen R, Cvijic ME, Cheng D. Integrin αVβ1 regulates procollagen I production through a non-canonical transforming growth factor β signaling pathway in human hepatic stellate cells. Biochem J 2021; 478:1689-703. [PMID: 33876829 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20200749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are thought to play key roles in the development of liver fibrosis. Extensive evidence has established the concept that αV integrins are involved in the activation of latent transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), a master regulator of the fibrotic signaling cascade. Based on mRNA and protein expression profiling data, we found that αVβ1 integrin is the most abundant member of the αV integrin family in either quiescent or TGF-β1-activated primary human HSCs. Unexpectedly, either a selective αVβ1 inhibitor, Compound 8 (C8), or a pan-αV integrin inhibitor, GSK3008348, decreased TGF-β1-activated procollagen I production in primary human HSCs, in which the role of β1 integrin was confirmed by ITGB1 siRNA. In contrast with an Activin receptor-like kinase 5 (Alk5) inhibitor, C8 and GSK3008348 failed to inhibit TGF-β1 induced SMAD3 and SMAD2 phosphorylation, but inhibited TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and STAT3, suggesting that αVβ1 integrin is involved in non-canonical TGF-β signaling pathways. Consistently, ITGB1 siRNA significantly decreased phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Furthermore, a selective inhibitor of MEK1/2 blocked TGF-β1 induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and decreased TGF-β1 induced procollagen I production, while a specific inhibitor of STAT3 had no effect on TGF-β1 induced procollagen I production. Taken together, current data indicate that αVβ1 integrin can regulate TGF-β signaling independent of its reported role in activating latent TGF-β. Our data further support that αVβ1 inhibition is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Abstract
RATIONALE Circulating monocytes can have proinflammatory or proreparative phenotypes. The endogenous signaling molecules and pathways that regulate monocyte polarization in vivo are poorly understood. We have shown that platelet-derived β2M (β-2 microglobulin) and TGF-β (transforming growth factor β) have opposing effects on monocytes by inducing inflammatory and reparative phenotypes, respectively, but each bind and signal through the same receptor. We now define the signaling pathways involved. OBJECTIVE To determine the molecular mechanisms and signal transduction pathways by which β2M and TGF-β regulate monocyte responses both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS Wild-type- (WT) and platelet-specific β2M knockout mice were treated intravenously with either β2M or TGF-β to increase plasma concentrations to those in cardiovascular diseases. Elevated plasma β2M increased proinflammatory monocytes, while increased plasma TGFβ increased proreparative monocytes. TGF-βR (TGF-β receptor) inhibition blunted monocyte responses to both β2M and TGF-β in vivo. Using imaging flow cytometry, we found that β2M decreased monocyte SMAD2/3 nuclear localization, while TGF-β promoted SMAD nuclear translocation but decreased noncanonical/inflammatory (JNK [jun kinase] and NF-κB [nuclear factor-κB] nuclear localization). This was confirmed in vitro using both imaging flow cytometry and immunoblots. β2M, but not TGF-β, promoted ubiquitination of SMAD3 and SMAD4, that inhibited their nuclear trafficking. Inhibition of ubiquitin ligase activity blocked noncanonical SMAD-independent monocyte signaling and skewed monocytes towards a proreparative monocyte response. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that elevated plasma β2M and TGF-β dichotomously polarize monocytes. Furthermore, these immune molecules share a common receptor but induce SMAD-dependent canonical signaling (TGF-β) versus noncanonical SMAD-independent signaling (β2M) in a ubiquitin ligase dependent manner. This work has broad implications as β2M is increased in several inflammatory conditions, while TGF-β is increased in fibrotic diseases. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. Hilt
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Preeti Maurya
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Laura Tesoro
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
- Cardiology Department, University Francisco de Vitoria/Hospital Ramón y Cajal Research Unit (IRYCIS), CIBERCV, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daphne N. Pariser
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sara K. Ture
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Simon J. Cleary
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Looney
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Kathleen E. McGrath
- Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Craig N. Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
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16
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Kemp SS, Aguera KN, Cha B, Davis GE. Defining Endothelial Cell-Derived Factors That Promote Pericyte Recruitment and Capillary Network Assembly. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2632-2648. [PMID: 32814441 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to identify and investigate the functional role of the major endothelial cell (EC)-derived factors that control pericyte recruitment to EC tubes and pericyte-induced tube maturation during capillary network formation. Approach and Results: We identify PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)-BB, PDGF-DD, ET (endothelin)-1, TGF (transforming growth factor)-β, and HB-EGF (heparin-binding epidermal growth factor), as the key individual and combined regulators of pericyte assembly around EC tubes. Using novel pericyte only assays, we demonstrate that PDGF-BB, PDGF-DD, and ET-1 are the primary direct drivers of pericyte invasion. Their addition to pericytes induces invasion as if ECs were present. In contrast, TGF-β and HB-EGF have minimal ability to directly stimulate pericyte invasion. In contrast, TGF-β1 can act as an upstream pericyte primer to stimulate invasion in response to PDGFs and ET-1. HB-EGF stimulates pericyte proliferation along with PDGFs and ET-1. Using EC-pericyte cocultures, individual, or combined blockade of these EC-derived factors, or their pericyte receptors, using neutralizing antibodies or chemical inhibitors, respectively, interferes with pericyte recruitment and proliferation. As individual factors, PDGF-BB and ET-1 have the strongest impact on these events. However, when the blocking reagents are combined to interfere with each of the above factors or their receptors, more dramatic and profound blockade of pericyte recruitment, proliferation, and pericyte-induced basement membrane deposition occurs. Under these conditions, ECs form tubes that become much wider and less elongated as if pericytes were absent. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these new studies define and characterize a functional role for key EC-derived factors controlling pericyte recruitment, proliferation, and pericyte-induced basement membrane deposition during capillary network assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S Kemp
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Kalia N Aguera
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Byeong Cha
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - George E Davis
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
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Hanafy NAN, Fabregat I, Leporatti S, El Kemary M. Encapsulating TGF-β1 Inhibitory Peptides P17 and P144 as a Promising Strategy to Facilitate Their Dissolution and to Improve Their Functionalization. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E421. [PMID: 32370293 PMCID: PMC7284799 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ1) is considered as a master regulator for many intracellular signaling pathways, including proliferation, differentiation and death, both in health and disease. It further represents an oncogenic factor in advanced tumors allowing cancer cells to be more invasive and prone to move into the metastatic process. This finding has received great attention for discovering new therapeutic molecules against the TGFβ1 pathway. Among many TGFβ1 inhibitors, peptides (P17 and P144) were designed to block the TGFβ1 pathway. However, their therapeutic applications have limited use, due to lack of selection for their targets and their possible recognition by the immune system and further due to their potential cytotoxicity on healthy cells. Besides that, P144 is a highly hydrophobic molecule with less dissolution even in organic solution. Here, we aimed to overcome the dissolution of P144, as well as design nano-delivery strategies to protect normal cells, to increase cellular penetration and to raise the targeted therapy of both P17 and P144. Peptides were encapsulated in moieties of polymer hybrid protein. Their assembly was investigated by TEM, microplate spectrum analysis and fluorescence microscopy. SMAD phosphorylation was analyzed by Western blot as a hallmark of their biological efficiency. The results showed that the encapsulation of P17 and P144 might improve their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemany A. N. Hanafy
- Nanomedicine Department, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona (UB) and CIBEREHD, Gran Via de l’Hospitalet, 199, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Stefano Leporatti
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Maged El Kemary
- Nanomedicine Department, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
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Ramirez G, Palomino J, Aspee K, De los Reyes M. GDF-9 and BMP-15 mRNA Levels in Canine Cumulus Cells Related to Cumulus Expansion and the Maturation Process. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030462. [PMID: 32164341 PMCID: PMC7143337 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The knowledge of physiological events associated with canine reproduction involving oocyte developmental potential is essential to increase the success of reproductive biotechnologies in this species. In mammals, the oocytes are closely surrounded by a group of cells known as the cumulus cells. Although it is not well-known how these cells interact with the oocyte to promote maturation, they may provide important answers concerning oocyte development. The competence to undergo expansion is a unique characteristic of cumulus cells which is critical for normal oocyte maturation, however, the complete expansion of these cells takes longer in canines, which has been associated with the lengthy maturation process of the oocyte. Growth Differentiation Factor 9 (GDF-9) and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 (BMP-15) are described as relevant players in the oocyte–cumulus cells’ regulatory mechanisms. Cumulus cells express many important genes from a very early stage, therefore, we proposed to study the gene expression of GDF-9 and BMP-15 in canine cumulus cells in relation to cumulus expansion and the maturation process. We demonstrate, for the first time, that these genes are differentially expressed in canine cumulus cells throughout the estrous cycle and that this expression is related to cumulus expansion and maturity status, suggesting specific regulation. Abstract The competence to undergo expansion is a characteristic of cumulus cells (CCs). The aim was to investigate the expression of GDF-9 and BMP-15 mRNA in canine cumulus cells in relation to cumulus expansion and meiotic development over the estrous cycle. CCs were recovered from nonmatured and in vitro-matured (IVM) dog cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs), which were obtained from antral follicles at different phases of the estrous cycle. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) was used to evaluate the relative abundance of GDF-9 and BMP-15 transcripts from the CCs with or without signs of expansion. The results were evaluated by ANOVA and logistic regression. The maturity of the oocyte and the expansion process affected the mRNA levels in CCs. There were differences (p < 0.05) in GDF-9 and BMP-15 gene expression in CCs isolated from nonmatured COCs when comparing the reproductive phases. Lower mRNA levels (p < 0.05) were observed in anestrus and proestrus in comparison to those in estrus and diestrus. In contrast, when comparing GDF-9 mRNA levels in IVM COCs, no differences were found among the phases of the estrous cycle in expanded and nonexpanded CCs (p < 0.05). However, the highest (p < 0.05) BMP-15 gene expression in CCs that did not undergo expansion was exhibited in anestrus and the lowest (p < 0.05) expression was observed in estrus in expanded CCs. Although the stage of the estrous cycle did not affect the second metaphase (MII )rates, the expanded CCs obtained at estrus coexisted with higher percentages of MII (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the differential expression patterns of GDF-9 and BMP-15 mRNA transcripts might be related to cumulus expansion and maturation processes, suggesting specific regulation and temporal changes in their expression.
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19
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Liu W, Zhou L, Xue H, Li H, Yuan Q. Growth differentiation factor 11 impairs titanium implant healing in the femur and leads to mandibular bone loss. J Periodontol 2020; 91:1203-1212. [PMID: 31983062 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), a secreted member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, has recently been suggested as an anti-aging factor that declines with age in the bloodstream, and restoration of the youthful level by administration of its recombinant protein could reverse age-related dysfunctions. However, its effects on titanium implant osseointegration and mandibular bone during aging remain unknown. METHODS Two-month-old and 18-month-old C57BL male mice were given daily intraperitoneal injections of recombinant GDF11 (rGDF11) or vehicle for 6 weeks. Experimental titanium implants were inserted into femurs on the fourth week. Inhibition of GDF11 function was achieved by GDF11 antibody. Implant-bearing femurs were subjected to histomorphometric analysis and biomechanical evaluation. Mandibles were scanned with micro-CT and decalcified for histological measurements. RESULTS In both young adult and aged mice, supraphysiologic GDF11 leads to a significantly decreased bone-to-implant contact ratio (BIC) and peri-implant bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) at the histologic level and reduced resistance at the biomechanical level, indicating weakened implant fixation. Moreover, rGDF11 administration resulted in less trabecular bone volume and thinner cortical thickness in the mandible, which was further compromised in the old animals. In contrast, inhibition of GDF11 improved peri-implant bone healing in old mice. CONCLUSIONS Rather than functioning as a rejuvenating factor, exogenous GDF11 negatively affects not only titanium implant healing but also mandibular bone in both young and old mice. In contrast, neutralization of endogenous GDF11 has positive effects on implant fixation in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liyan Zhou
- Dept. of Implant, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanxiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanshi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Raphael KL, Greene T, Wei G, Bullshoe T, Tuttle K, Cheung AK, Beddhu S. Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation and Urinary TGF- β1 in Nonacidotic Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 15:200-208. [PMID: 31974286 PMCID: PMC7015087 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.06600619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In early-phase studies of individuals with hypertensive CKD and normal serum total CO2, sodium bicarbonate reduced urinary TGF-β1 levels and preserved kidney function. The effect of sodium bicarbonate on kidney fibrosis and injury markers in individuals with diabetic kidney disease and normal serum total CO2 is unknown. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study in 74 United States veterans with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus, eGFR of 15-89 ml/min per 1.73 m2, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥30 mg/g, and serum total CO2 of 22-28 meq/L. Participants received oral sodium bicarbonate (0.5 meq/kg lean body wt per day; n=35) or placebo (n=39) for 6 months. The primary outcome was change in urinary TGF-β1-to-creatinine from baseline to months 3 and 6. Secondary outcomes included changes in urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1)-to-creatinine, fibronectin-to-creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)-to-creatinine, and UACR from baseline to months 3 and 6. RESULTS Key baseline characteristics were age 72±8 years, eGFR of 51±18 ml/min per 1.73 m2, and serum total CO2 of 24±2 meq/L. Sodium bicarbonate treatment increased mean total CO2 by 1.2 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.3 to 2.1) meq/L, increased urinary pH by 0.6 (95% CI, 0.5 to 0.8), and decreased urinary ammonium excretion by 5 (95% CI, 0 to 11) meq/d and urinary titratable acid excretion by 11 (95% CI, 5 to 18) meq/d. Sodium bicarbonate did not significantly change urinary TGF-β1/creatinine (difference in change, 13%, 95% CI, -10% to 40%; change within the sodium bicarbonate group, 8%, 95% CI, -10% to 28%; change within the placebo group, -4%, 95% CI, -19% to 13%). Similarly, no significant effect on KIM-1-to-creatinine (difference in change, -10%, 95% CI, -38% to 31%), fibronectin-to-creatinine (8%, 95% CI, -15% to 37%), NGAL-to-creatinine (-33%, 95% CI, -56% to 4%), or UACR (1%, 95% CI, -25% to 36%) was observed. CONCLUSIONS In nonacidotic diabetic kidney disease, sodium bicarbonate did not significantly reduce urinary TGF-β1, KIM-1, fibronectin, NGAL, or UACR over 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalani L Raphael
- Medicine Section, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah; and .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tom Greene
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Guo Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tristin Bullshoe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kunani Tuttle
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alfred K Cheung
- Medicine Section, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah; and.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Srinivasan Beddhu
- Medicine Section, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah; and.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Wang B, Li Y, Wang H, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Liu Z, Ma H. FOXO3a is stabilized by USP18-mediated de-ISGylation and inhibits TGF-β1-induced fibronectin expression. J Investig Med 2019; 68:786-791. [PMID: 31874933 PMCID: PMC7057795 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2019-001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
FOXO3a belongs to a family of transcription factors characterized by a conserved forkhead box DNA-binding domain. It has been known to regulate various cellular processes including cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. Post-translational modifications of FOXO3a and their roles in the regulation of FOXO3a activity have been well-documented. FOXO3a can be phosphorylated, acetylated and ubiquitinated, however, the ISGylation of FOXO3a has not been reported. Protein overexpression, ISGylation and half-life were measured to determine the post-translational modification of FOXO3a. Human fibroblast cells were treated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 to determine the role of FOXO3a ISGylation in TGF-β1 signaling. FOXO3a’s half-life is around 3.7 hours. Inhibition of the proteasome, not lysosome, extends its half-life. ISGylation, but not ubiquitination of FOXO3a, is increased in the presence of the proteasome inhibitor. Overexpression of ISG15 increases FOXO3a degradation, while overexpression of USP18 stabilizes FOXO3a through de-ISGylation. These results suggest that FOXO3a is degraded in the ISGylation and proteasome system, which can be reversed by USP18, an ISG15-specific deubiquitinase. This study reveals a new molecular mechanism by which ISGylation regulates FOXO3a degradation. Furthermore, we show that the overexpression of FOXO3a attenuated TGF-β1-induced fibronectin expression in human lung fibroblast cells without altering Smad2/3 expression and activation. FOXO3a can be ISGylated, which can regulate FOXO3a stability. USP18/FOXO3a pathway is a potential target for treating TGF-β1-mediated fibrotic diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhui Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, China.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Heather Wang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Zhonghui Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haichun Ma
- Department of Anesthesia, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, China
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22
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Yasumura S, Naito Y, Okuno K, Sawada H, Asakura M, Masuyama T, Ishihara M. Effects of Heterozygous TfR1 (Transferrin Receptor 1) Deletion in Pathogenesis of Renal Fibrosis in Mice. Hypertension 2019; 75:413-421. [PMID: 31838906 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the final pathological process common for several types of end-stage renal diseases, including obstructive nephropathy and diabetic kidney disease. Substantial renal iron loads and oxidative stress have been reported to contribute to the development of renal diseases. TfR1 (transferrin receptor 1) plays a crucial role in cellular iron transport. However, there are no studies investigating TfR1 in the pathophysiology of renal fibrosis. Here, we investigate the role of TfR1 in the development of renal fibrosis. Primarily, to ascertain an association of TfR1 in the pathophysiology of renal fibrosis, we induced unilateral ureteral obstruction in wild-type (WT) and heterozygous TfR1 deleted (TfR1+/-) mice. TfR1+/- mice exhibited attenuated renal fibrosis, along with reduced renal expression of ferritin and 4-hydroxynonenal as compared with WT mice after unilateral ureteral obstruction. In addition, renal expression of TGFβ-RI (transforming growth factor-β receptor I) and Smad2, downstream signaling of TGFβ-RI was attenuated in TfR1+/- mice compared with WT mice after unilateral ureteral obstruction. Next, we investigated the role of TfR1 in the development of diabetic kidney disease. No difference was observed in blood glucose levels and urinary albumin:creatinine ratios between WT and TfR1+/- diabetic mice after streptozotocin administration. In contrast, TfR1+/- mice showed suppressed renal fibrosis, along with reduced renal expression of ferritin, 4-hydroxynonenal, TGFβ-RI, and Smad2 compared with WT mice after streptozotocin administration. These results suggest that TfR1 plays an important role in the development of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiki Yasumura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Naito
- From the Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okuno
- From the Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hisashi Sawada
- From the Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Masanori Asakura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Tohru Masuyama
- From the Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Masaharu Ishihara
- From the Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Pranskunas M, Galindo-Moreno P, Padial-Molina M. Extraction Socket Preservation Using Growth Factors and Stem Cells: a Systematic Review. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2019; 10:e7. [PMID: 31620269 PMCID: PMC6788421 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2019.10307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the reported literature on the use of stem cells or growth factors for post extraction treatment of the alveolar bone. Material and Methods A NCBI PubMed and PubMed Central databases search was conducted between September 2010 and August 2018, to identify animal or clinical studies reporting the clinical, radiographical and/or histological outcomes of socket preservation techniques after applying mesenchymal stem cells or growth factors. Only studies published in English language in the last 10 years were included in the study. Results Eleven studies were identified fulfilling the inclusion criteria. They evaluate a total of 386 post extraction sockets. The main tested materials identified in the current review were bone morphogenetic protein-2 - 3 studies and mesenchymal stem cells - 3 studies. Other comparators were bone morphogenetic protein-9, platelet-derived growth factor-BB homodimers and bone marrow. Overall evaluation indicate positive results for all test groups showing differences in final socket width between 0.64 and 1.28 mm favouring the test groups. Histologically, no particular differences are detected between test and control groups. Most of the studies present low risk of bias. Conclusions In general, the use of mesenchymal stem cells or bioactive osteogenic molecules favours bone regeneration after tooth extraction, as evaluated clinically, radiographically and histologically. However, specific differences that support particular recommendations are still unclear in light of the current published evidence. Future studies should include the standardization of the mesenchymal stem cells selection and purification as well as dosage and delivery methods of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindaugas Pranskunas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Odontology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, KaunasLithuania
| | - Pablo Galindo-Moreno
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry. School of Dentistry, University of Granada, GranadaSpain
| | - Miguel Padial-Molina
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry. School of Dentistry, University of Granada, GranadaSpain
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Loeffler I. MKP2 suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through JNK inhibition. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:545-50. [PMID: 30760641 DOI: 10.1042/CS20180881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial fibrosis is a typical feature of end-stage renal diseases, regardless of the initial cause of kidney injury. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a mechanism that is thought to play a role in generating the interstitial matrix-producing myofibroblasts and is prominently induced by the transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β1). TGF-β1 signals through a variety of Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In a study published in a recent issue of Clinical Science (Clin. Sci. (2018) 132(21),2339-2355), Li et al. investigated the potential role of the Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 2 (MKP2), also known as Dusp4, in the control of EMT and renal fibrosis. Based on results obtained with an animal model of kidney fibrosis and a proximal tubular epithelial cell line system, the authors put forward a role for MKP2 as a negative feedback regulator of TGF-β1-induced EMT and fibrosis in the kidney. Intriguingly, MKP2 is found to down-regulate activity of c-Jun, but not that of other MAPKs, extracellular signal-regulated kinases or p38, implying a role for c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent signaling in renal fibrosis. In this commentary, I discuss the findings of Li and co-workers in the context of the recent literature placing a focus on potential clinical/therapeutic implications.
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25
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Ongchai S, Somnoo O, Kongdang P, Peansukmanee S, Tangyuenyong S. TGF-β1 upregulates the expression of hyaluronan synthase 2 and hyaluronan synthesis in culture models of equine articular chondrocytes. J Vet Sci 2019; 19:735-743. [PMID: 30041292 PMCID: PMC6265591 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.6.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) on equine hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) gene expression and hyaluronan (HA) synthesis in culture models of articular chondrocytes. Equine chondrocytes were treated with TGF-β1 at different concentrations and times in monolayer cultures. In three-dimensional cultures, chondrocyte-seeded gelatin scaffolds were cultured in chondrogenic media containing 10 ng/mL of TGF-β1. The amounts of HA in conditioned media and in scaffolds were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. HAS2 mRNA expression was analyzed by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The uronic acid content and DNA content of the scaffolds were measured by using colorimetric and Hoechst 33258 assays, respectively. Cell proliferation was evaluated by using the alamarBlue assay. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), histology, and immunohistochemistry were used for microscopic analysis of the samples. The upregulation of HAS2 mRNA levels by TGF-β1 stimulation was dose and time dependent. TGF-β1 was shown to enhance HA and uronic acid content in the scaffolds. Cell proliferation and DNA content were significantly lower in TGF-β1 treatments. SEM and histological results revealed the formation of a cartilaginous-like extracellular matrix in the TGF-β1-treated scaffolds. Together, our results suggest that TGF-β1 has a stimulatory effect on equine chondrocytes, enhancing HA synthesis and promoting cartilage matrix generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwan Ongchai
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Oraphan Somnoo
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Patiwat Kongdang
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Peansukmanee
- Equine Clinic, Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Tangyuenyong
- Equine Clinic, Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
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26
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Li Z, Liu X, Tian F, Li J, Wang Q, Gu C. MKP2 inhibits TGF-β1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in renal tubular epithelial cells through a JNK-dependent pathway. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2339-2355. [PMID: 30322849 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a phenotypic conversion that plays a crucial role in renal fibrosis leading to chronic renal failure. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 2 (MKP2) is a member of the dual-specificity MKPs that regulate the MAP kinase pathway involved in transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced EMT. However, the function of MKP2 in the regulation of EMT and the underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. In the present study, we detected the expression of MKP2 in an animal model of renal fibrosis and evaluated the potential role of MKP2 in tubular EMT induced by TGF-β1. We found that the expression of MKP2 was up-regulated in the tubular epithelial of unilateral ureter obstruction rats. Meanwhile, we also demonstrated that TGF-β1 up-regulated MKP2 expression in NRK-52E cells during their EMT phenotype acquisition. Importantly, overexpression of MKP2 inhibited c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK) signaling and partially reversed EMT induced by TGF-β1. Moreover, reducing MKP2 expression enhanced JNK phosphorylation, promoted the E-cadherin suppression and induced α-SMA expression and fibronectin secretion in response to TGF-β1, which could be rescued by a JNK inhibitor. These results provide the first evidence that MKP2 is a negative feedback molecule induced by TGF-β1, and MKP2 overexpression inhibits TGF-β1-induced EMT through the JNK signaling pathway. MKP2 could be a promising target to be used in gene therapy for renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Li
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xianghua Liu
- Pathological Experiment Center, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fengyan Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ji Li
- Pediatric Urology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaohui Gu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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27
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Ning Q, Li F, Wang L, Li H, Yao Y, Hu T, Sun Z. S100A4 amplifies TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in a pleural mesothelial cell line. J Investig Med 2017; 66:334-339. [PMID: 29141874 PMCID: PMC5800353 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2017-000542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pleural fibrosis can dramatically lower the quality of life. Numerous studies have reported that epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is involved in fibrosis. However, the molecular mechanism is inadequately understood. Fibroblast-specific protein-1 (S100A4) is a target of TGF-β signaling. In our previous study, we have reported that S100A4 is highly expressed in pleural fibrosis. Thus, we suggest that S100A4 took part in the TGF-β-induced EMT in pleural fibrosis. In this study, we determined the expression of S100A4 and EMT-related markers in Met-5A cells (pleural mesothelial cells) treated with TGF-β or TGF-β inhibitor by real-time PCR and western blot. In order to explore the role of S100A4, we used siRNA to knock down the expression of S100A4 in cell model. We found that the expression of epithelial cell marker was decreased and the mesenchymal cell marker increased with S100A4 upregulation after treatment with TGF-β. Moreover, the changes of EMT-related event were restricted when the expression of S100A4 was knocked down. Conversely, S100A4 can partially rescue the EMT-related expression changes induced by TGF-β inhibitor. These findings suggest that S100A4 expression is induced by the TGF-β pathway, and silencing S100A4 expression can inhibit the process of TGF-β-induced EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ning
- Department of Respiration and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feiyan Li
- Department of Respiration and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Respiration and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Respiration and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Yao
- Department of Respiration and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tinghua Hu
- Department of Respiration and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhongmin Sun
- Department of Respiration and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
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28
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Abstract
Correct organization of the vascular tree requires the balanced activities of several signaling pathways that regulate tubulogenesis and vascular branching, elongation, and pruning. When this balance is lost, the vessels can be malformed and fragile, and they can lose arteriovenous differentiation. In this review, we concentrate on the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway, which is one of the most important and complex signaling systems in vascular development. Inactivation of these pathways can lead to altered vascular organization in the embryo. In addition, many vascular malformations are related to deregulation of TGF-β/BMP signaling. Here, we focus on two of the most studied vascular malformations that are induced by deregulation of TGF-β/BMP signaling: hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) and cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM). The first of these is related to loss-of-function mutation of the TGF-β/BMP receptor complex and the second to increased signaling sensitivity to TGF-β/BMP. In this review, we discuss the potential therapeutic targets against these vascular malformations identified so far, as well as their basis in general mechanisms of vascular development and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara I Cunha
- From the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden (S.I.C., P.U.M., E.D.); FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy (E.D., M.G.L.); and Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy (M.G.L.)
| | - Peetra U Magnusson
- From the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden (S.I.C., P.U.M., E.D.); FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy (E.D., M.G.L.); and Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy (M.G.L.)
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- From the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden (S.I.C., P.U.M., E.D.); FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy (E.D., M.G.L.); and Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy (M.G.L.).
| | - Maria Grazia Lampugnani
- From the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden (S.I.C., P.U.M., E.D.); FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy (E.D., M.G.L.); and Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy (M.G.L.)
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Salvarani N, Maguy A, De Simone SA, Miragoli M, Jousset F, Rohr S. TGF-β 1 (Transforming Growth Factor-β 1) Plays a Pivotal Role in Cardiac Myofibroblast Arrhythmogenicity. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2017; 10:e004567. [PMID: 28500173 DOI: 10.1161/circep.116.004567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor-β1) importantly contributes to cardiac fibrosis by controlling differentiation, migration, and collagen secretion of cardiac myofibroblasts. It is still elusive, however, to which extent TGF-β1 alters the electrophysiological phenotype of myofibroblasts and cardiomyocytes and whether it affects proarrhythmic myofibroblast-cardiomyocyte crosstalk observed in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Patch-clamp recordings of cultured neonatal rat ventricular myofibroblasts revealed that TGF-β1, applied for 24 to 48 hours at clinically relevant concentrations (≤2.5 ng/mL), causes substantial membrane depolarization concomitant with a several-fold increase of transmembrane currents. Transcriptome analysis revealed TGF-β1-dependent changes in 29 of 63 ion channel/pump/connexin transcripts, indicating a pleiotropic effect on the electrical phenotype of myofibroblasts. Whereas not affecting cardiomyocyte membrane potentials and cardiomyocyte-cardiomyocyte gap junctional coupling, TGF-β1 depolarized cardiomyocytes coupled to myofibroblasts by ≈20 mV and increased gap junctional coupling between myofibroblasts and cardiomyocytes >5-fold as reflected by elevated connexin 43 and consortin transcripts. TGF-β1-dependent cardiomyocyte depolarization resulted from electrotonic crosstalk with myofibroblasts as demonstrated by immediate normalization of cardiomyocyte electrophysiology after targeted disruption of coupled myofibroblasts and by cessation of ectopic activity of cardiomyocytes coupled to myofibroblasts during pharmacological gap junctional uncoupling. In cardiac fibrosis models exhibiting slow conduction and ectopic activity, block of TGF-β1 signaling completely abolished both arrhythmogenic conditions. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β1 profoundly alters the electrophysiological phenotype of cardiac myofibroblasts. Apart from possibly contributing to the control of cell function in general, the changes proved to be pivotal for proarrhythmic myofibroblast-cardiomyocyte crosstalk in vitro, which suggests that TGF-β1 may play a potentially important role in arrhythmogenesis of the fibrotic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Salvarani
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ange Maguy
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Michele Miragoli
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florian Jousset
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Rohr
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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30
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Kattamuri C, Nolan K, Thompson TB. Analysis and identification of the Grem2 heparin/heparan sulfate-binding motif. Biochem J 2017; 474:1093-107. [PMID: 28104757 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20161050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are regulated by extracellular antagonists of the DAN (differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma) family. Similar to the BMP ligands, certain DAN family members have been shown to interact with heparin and heparan sulfate (HS). Structural studies of DAN family members Gremlin-1 and Gremlin-2 (Grem2) have revealed a dimeric growth factor-like fold where a series of lysine residues cluster along one face of the protein. In the present study, we used mutagenesis, heparin-binding measurements, and cell surface-binding analysis to identify lysine residues that are important for heparin/HS binding in Grem2. We determined that residues involved in heparin/HS binding, while not necessary for BMP antagonism, merge with the heparin/HS-binding epitope of BMP2. Furthermore, the Grem2-BMP2 complex has higher affinity for heparin than the individual proteins and this affinity is not abrogated when the heparin/HS-binding epitope of Grem2 is attenuated. Overall, the present study shows that the Grem2 heparin/HS and BMP-binding epitopes are unique and independent, where, interestingly, the Grem2-BMP2 complex exhibits a significant increase in binding affinity toward heparin moieties that appear to be partially independent of the Grem2 heparin/HS-binding epitope.
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Luiz de Oliveira da Rosa W, Machado da Silva T, Fernando Demarco F, Piva E, Fernandes da Silva A. Could the application of bioactive molecules improve vital pulp therapy success? A systematic review. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:941-956. [PMID: 27998031 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to systematically review the literature of animal studies to evaluate whether bioactive dentin proteins could improve vital pulp therapy success. The review is reported in accordance with the PRISMA Statement. Two reviewers independently conducted a literature search of seven databases: PubMed (Medline), Lilacs, IBECS, BBO, Web of Science, Scopus, and SciELO. Animal experiments in which bioactive dentin proteins were applied directly or indirectly to the pulp tissue were included. Data regarding the characteristics of the proteins evaluated, the delivery systems used and the main findings from each study were tabulated to assess the outcomes of interest (tertiary dentin formation, inflammatory response, intratubular mineralization). After screening, 32 papers were subjected to qualitative analysis. In 75% of the studies, direct pulp capping was performed. Additionally, the most studied proteins were BMP-7, TGF-β1, and extracted soluble dentin matrix proteins. In conclusion, there is evidence in the literature suggesting that bioactive dentin molecules could enhance tertiary dentin formation with fewer initial inflammatory responses in direct and indirect pulp therapy in animal models. There are potential areas to be explored for novel therapeutic approaches for dental tissue repair and regeneration with bioactive materials. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 941-956, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago Machado da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Flávio Fernando Demarco
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Evandro Piva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Adriana Fernandes da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Lin S, Visram F, Liu W, Haig A, Jiang J, Mok A, Lian D, Wood ME, Torregrossa R, Whiteman M, Lobb I, Sener A. GYY4137, a Slow-Releasing Hydrogen Sulfide Donor, Ameliorates Renal Damage Associated with Chronic Obstructive Uropathy. J Urol 2016; 196:1778-1787. [PMID: 27177428 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic obstructive uropathy can cause irreversible kidney injury, atrophy and inflammation, which can ultimately lead to fibrosis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a key trigger of fibrosis that is caused by up-regulation of TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor-β1) and ANGII (angiotensin II). H2S is an endogenously produced gasotransmitter with cytoprotective properties. We sought to elucidate the effects of the slow-releasing H2S donor GYY4137 on chronic ureteral obstruction and evaluate the potential mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following unilateral ureteral obstruction male Lewis rats were given daily intraperitoneal administration of phosphate buffered saline vehicle (obstruction group) or phosphate buffered saline plus 200 μmol/kg GYY4137 (obstruction plus GYY4137 group) for 30 days. Urine and serum samples were collected to determine physiological parameters of renal function and injury. Kidneys were removed on postoperative day 30 to evaluate histopathology and protein expression. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in LLC-PK1 pig kidney epithelial cells was induced with TGF-β1 and treated with GYY4137 to evaluate potential mechanisms via in vitro scratch wound assays. RESULTS H2S treatment decreased serum creatinine and the urine protein-to-creatinine excretion ratio after unilateral ureteral obstruction. In addition, H2S mitigated cortical loss, inflammatory damage and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Tissues showed decreased expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers upon H2S treatment. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition progression in LLC-PK1 was alleviated upon in vitro administration of GYY4137. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge our findings demonstrate for the first time the protective effects of H2S in chronic obstructive uropathy. This may represent a potential therapeutic solution to ameliorate renal damage and improve the clinical outcomes of urinary obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouzhe Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Matthew Mailing Center for Translational Transplant Studies, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fazil Visram
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Matthew Mailing Center for Translational Transplant Studies, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Weihua Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron Haig
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jifu Jiang
- Matthew Mailing Center for Translational Transplant Studies, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Mok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dameng Lian
- Matthew Mailing Center for Translational Transplant Studies, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark E Wood
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ian Lobb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Matthew Mailing Center for Translational Transplant Studies, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alp Sener
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada; Matthew Mailing Center for Translational Transplant Studies, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Krohn JB, Hutcheson JD, Martínez-Martínez E, Irvin WS, Bouten CVC, Bertazzo S, Bendeck MP, Aikawa E. Discoidin Domain Receptor-1 Regulates Calcific Extracellular Vesicle Release in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Fibrocalcific Response via Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:525-33. [PMID: 26800565 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.307009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Collagen accumulation and calcification are major determinants of atherosclerotic plaque stability. Extracellular vesicle (EV)-derived microcalcifications in the collagen-poor fibrous cap may promote plaque rupture. In this study, we hypothesize that the collagen receptor discoidin domain receptor-1 (DDR-1) regulates collagen deposition and release of calcifying EVs by vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) through the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway. APPROACH AND RESULTS SMCs from the carotid arteries of DDR-1(-/-) mice and wild-type littermates (n=5-10 per group) were cultured in normal or calcifying media. At days 14 and 21, SMCs were harvested and EVs isolated for analysis. Compared with wild-type, DDR-1(-/-) SMCs exhibited a 4-fold increase in EV release (P<0.001) with concomitantly elevated alkaline phosphatase activity (P<0.0001) as a hallmark of EV calcifying potential. The DDR-1(-/-) phenotype was characterized by increased mineralization (Alizarin Red S and Osteosense, P<0.001 and P=0.002, respectively) and amorphous collagen deposition (P<0.001). We further identified a novel link between DDR-1 and the TGF-β pathway previously implicated in both fibrotic and calcific responses. An increase in TGF-β1 release by DDR-1(-/-) SMCs in calcifying media (P<0.001) stimulated p38 phosphorylation (P=0.02) and suppressed activation of Smad3. Inhibition of either TGF-β receptor-I or phospho-p38 reversed the fibrocalcific DDR-1(-/-) phenotype, corroborating a causal relationship between DDR-1 and TGF-β in EV-mediated vascular calcification. CONCLUSIONS DDR-1 interacts with the TGF-β pathway to restrict calcifying EV-mediated mineralization and fibrosis by SMCs. We therefore establish a novel mechanism of cell-matrix homeostasis in atherosclerotic plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jona B Krohn
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (J.B.K., E.M.-M., W.S.I., E.A.) and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (J.D.H., E.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (C.V.C.B.); Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (M.P.B.)
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (J.B.K., E.M.-M., W.S.I., E.A.) and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (J.D.H., E.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (C.V.C.B.); Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (M.P.B.)
| | - Eduardo Martínez-Martínez
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (J.B.K., E.M.-M., W.S.I., E.A.) and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (J.D.H., E.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (C.V.C.B.); Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (M.P.B.)
| | - Whitney S Irvin
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (J.B.K., E.M.-M., W.S.I., E.A.) and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (J.D.H., E.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (C.V.C.B.); Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (M.P.B.)
| | - Carlijn V C Bouten
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (J.B.K., E.M.-M., W.S.I., E.A.) and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (J.D.H., E.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (C.V.C.B.); Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (M.P.B.)
| | - Sergio Bertazzo
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (J.B.K., E.M.-M., W.S.I., E.A.) and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (J.D.H., E.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (C.V.C.B.); Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (M.P.B.)
| | - Michelle P Bendeck
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (J.B.K., E.M.-M., W.S.I., E.A.) and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (J.D.H., E.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (C.V.C.B.); Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (M.P.B.)
| | - Elena Aikawa
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (J.B.K., E.M.-M., W.S.I., E.A.) and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (J.D.H., E.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (C.V.C.B.); Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (M.P.B.).
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Hu JH, Wei H, Jaffe M, Airhart N, Du L, Angelov SN, Yan J, Allen JK, Kang I, Wight TN, Fox K, Smith A, Enstrom R, Dichek DA. Postnatal Deletion of the Type II Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor in Smooth Muscle Cells Causes Severe Aortopathy in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2647-56. [PMID: 26494233 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prenatal deletion of the type II transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor (TBRII) prevents normal vascular morphogenesis and smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation, causing embryonic death. The role of TBRII in adult SMC is less well studied. Clarification of this role has important clinical implications because TBRII deletion should ablate TGF-β signaling, and blockade of TGF-β signaling is envisioned as a treatment for human aortopathies. We hypothesized that postnatal loss of SMC TBRII would cause aortopathy. APPROACH AND RESULTS We generated mice with either of 2 tamoxifen-inducible SMC-specific Cre (SMC-CreER(T2)) alleles and homozygous floxed Tgfbr2 alleles. Mice were injected with tamoxifen, and their aortas examined 4 and 14 weeks later. Both SMC-CreER(T2) alleles efficiently and specifically rearranged a floxed reporter gene and efficiently rearranged a floxed Tgfbr2 allele, resulting in loss of aortic medial TBRII protein. Loss of SMC TBRII caused severe aortopathy, including hemorrhage, ulceration, dissection, dilation, accumulation of macrophage markers, elastolysis, abnormal proteoglycan accumulation, and aberrant SMC gene expression. All areas of the aorta were affected, with the most severe pathology in the ascending aorta. Cre-mediated loss of SMC TBRII in vitro ablated both canonical and noncanonical TGF-β signaling and reproduced some of the gene expression abnormalities detected in vivo. CONCLUSIONS SMC TBRII plays a critical role in maintaining postnatal aortic homeostasis. Loss of SMC TBRII disrupts TGF-β signaling, acutely alters SMC gene expression, and rapidly results in severe and durable aortopathy. These results suggest that pharmacological blockade of TGF-β signaling in humans could cause aortic disease rather than prevent it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hong Hu
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA (J.H.H., H.W., M.J., N.A., L.D., S.N.A., J.Y., J.K.A., K.F., A.S., R.E., D.A.D); and the Matrix Biology Program at the Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA (I.K., T.N.W.)
| | - Hao Wei
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA (J.H.H., H.W., M.J., N.A., L.D., S.N.A., J.Y., J.K.A., K.F., A.S., R.E., D.A.D); and the Matrix Biology Program at the Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA (I.K., T.N.W.)
| | - Mia Jaffe
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA (J.H.H., H.W., M.J., N.A., L.D., S.N.A., J.Y., J.K.A., K.F., A.S., R.E., D.A.D); and the Matrix Biology Program at the Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA (I.K., T.N.W.)
| | - Nathan Airhart
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA (J.H.H., H.W., M.J., N.A., L.D., S.N.A., J.Y., J.K.A., K.F., A.S., R.E., D.A.D); and the Matrix Biology Program at the Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA (I.K., T.N.W.)
| | - Liang Du
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA (J.H.H., H.W., M.J., N.A., L.D., S.N.A., J.Y., J.K.A., K.F., A.S., R.E., D.A.D); and the Matrix Biology Program at the Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA (I.K., T.N.W.)
| | - Stoyan N Angelov
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA (J.H.H., H.W., M.J., N.A., L.D., S.N.A., J.Y., J.K.A., K.F., A.S., R.E., D.A.D); and the Matrix Biology Program at the Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA (I.K., T.N.W.)
| | - James Yan
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA (J.H.H., H.W., M.J., N.A., L.D., S.N.A., J.Y., J.K.A., K.F., A.S., R.E., D.A.D); and the Matrix Biology Program at the Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA (I.K., T.N.W.)
| | - Julie K Allen
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA (J.H.H., H.W., M.J., N.A., L.D., S.N.A., J.Y., J.K.A., K.F., A.S., R.E., D.A.D); and the Matrix Biology Program at the Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA (I.K., T.N.W.)
| | - Inkyung Kang
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA (J.H.H., H.W., M.J., N.A., L.D., S.N.A., J.Y., J.K.A., K.F., A.S., R.E., D.A.D); and the Matrix Biology Program at the Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA (I.K., T.N.W.)
| | - Thomas N Wight
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA (J.H.H., H.W., M.J., N.A., L.D., S.N.A., J.Y., J.K.A., K.F., A.S., R.E., D.A.D); and the Matrix Biology Program at the Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA (I.K., T.N.W.)
| | - Kate Fox
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA (J.H.H., H.W., M.J., N.A., L.D., S.N.A., J.Y., J.K.A., K.F., A.S., R.E., D.A.D); and the Matrix Biology Program at the Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA (I.K., T.N.W.)
| | - Alexandra Smith
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA (J.H.H., H.W., M.J., N.A., L.D., S.N.A., J.Y., J.K.A., K.F., A.S., R.E., D.A.D); and the Matrix Biology Program at the Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA (I.K., T.N.W.)
| | - Rachel Enstrom
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA (J.H.H., H.W., M.J., N.A., L.D., S.N.A., J.Y., J.K.A., K.F., A.S., R.E., D.A.D); and the Matrix Biology Program at the Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA (I.K., T.N.W.)
| | - David A Dichek
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA (J.H.H., H.W., M.J., N.A., L.D., S.N.A., J.Y., J.K.A., K.F., A.S., R.E., D.A.D); and the Matrix Biology Program at the Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA (I.K., T.N.W.).
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Han F, Konkalmatt P, Chen J, Gildea J, Felder RA, Jose PA, Armando I. MiR-217 mediates the protective effects of the dopamine D2 receptor on fibrosis in human renal proximal tubule cells. Hypertension 2015; 65:1118-25. [PMID: 25801876 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.05096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lack or downregulation of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) increases the vulnerability to renal inflammation independent of blood pressure in mice. Common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs6276, 6277, and 1800497 in the human D2R gene are associated with decreased receptor expression/function and hypertension. Human renal proximal tubule cells from subjects carrying these SNPs have decreased D2R expression and increased expression of profibrotic factors and production of extracellular matrix proteins. We tested the hypothesis that the D2R mediates these effects by regulating micro-RNA expression. In cells carrying D2R SNPs, micro-RNAs (miRs)-217, miR-224, miR-335, and miR-1265 were downregulated, whereas miR-1290 was upregulated >4-fold compared with those carrying D2R wild-type alleles. However, only miR-217 was directly regulated by D2R expression. In cells carrying D2R wild-type, miR-217 inhibitor increased the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, matrix metalloproteinase 3, fibronectin 1, and collagen 1a, whereas miR-217 mimic had the opposite effect. In cells carrying D2R SNPs, miR-217 mimic also decreased the expression of TGFβ1 and its targets. Wnt5a, a miR-217 target, was increased in cells carrying D2R SNPs and decreased by miR-217 mimic but increased by miR-217 inhibitor in both cell types. In cells carrying D2R wild-type, Wnt5a treatment increased TGFβ1 while silencing Ror2, a Wnt5a receptor, decreased TGFβ1 and blunted the Wnt5a-induced increase in cells carrying D2R wild-type. Our results show that renal proximal tubule cells from subjects carrying D2R SNPs resulting in D2R downregulation have increased TGFβ1 that is mediated by decreased regulation of the miR-217-Wnt5a-Ror2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Han
- From the Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (F.H., J.C.); Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (P.K., P.A.J., I.A.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (J.G., R.A.F.)
| | - Prasad Konkalmatt
- From the Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (F.H., J.C.); Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (P.K., P.A.J., I.A.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (J.G., R.A.F.)
| | - Jianghua Chen
- From the Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (F.H., J.C.); Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (P.K., P.A.J., I.A.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (J.G., R.A.F.)
| | - John Gildea
- From the Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (F.H., J.C.); Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (P.K., P.A.J., I.A.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (J.G., R.A.F.)
| | - Robin A Felder
- From the Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (F.H., J.C.); Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (P.K., P.A.J., I.A.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (J.G., R.A.F.)
| | - Pedro A Jose
- From the Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (F.H., J.C.); Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (P.K., P.A.J., I.A.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (J.G., R.A.F.)
| | - Ines Armando
- From the Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (F.H., J.C.); Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (P.K., P.A.J., I.A.) and Department of Physiology (P.A.J.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (J.G., R.A.F.)
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Abstract
RATIONALE MicroRNA miR145 has been implicated in vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation, but its mechanisms of action and downstream targets have not been fully defined. OBJECTIVE Here, we sought to explore and define the mechanisms of miR145 function in smooth muscle cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a combination of cell culture assays and in vivo mouse models to modulate miR145, we characterized its downstream actions on smooth muscle phenotypes. Our results show that the miR-143/145 gene cluster is induced in smooth muscle cells by coculture with endothelial cells. Endothelial cell-induced expression of miR-143/145 is augmented by Notch signaling and accordingly expression is reduced in Notch receptor-deficient cells. Screens to identify miR145-regulated genes revealed that the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β pathway has a significantly high number of putative target genes, and we show that TGFβ receptor II is a direct target of miR145. Extracellular matrix genes that are regulated by TGFβ receptor II were attenuated by miR145 overexpression, and miR145 mutant mice exhibit an increase in extracellular matrix synthesis. Furthermore, activation of TGFβ signaling via angiotensin II infusion revealed a pronounced fibrotic response in the absence of miR145. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a specific role for miR145 in the regulation of matrix gene expression in smooth muscle cells and suggest that miR145 acts to suppress TGFβ-dependent extracellular matrix accumulation and fibrosis, while promoting TGFβ-induced smooth muscle cell differentiation. Our findings offer evidence to explain how TGFβ signaling exhibits distinct downstream actions via its regulation by a specific microRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- From the Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Sara N Koenig
- From the Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Aaron J Trask
- From the Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Cho-Hao Lin
- From the Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Chetan P Hans
- From the Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Vidu Garg
- From the Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Brenda Lilly
- From the Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus.
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de Moraes M, da Rocha Neto PC, de Matos FR, Lopes MLDDS, de Azevedo PRM, Costa ADLL. Immunoexpression of transforming growth factor beta and interferon gamma in radicular and dentigerous cysts. J Endod 2014; 40:1293-7. [PMID: 25043252 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the immunohistochemical expression of transforming growing factor beta (TGF-β) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) between radicular cysts (RCs) and dentigerous cysts (DCs). METHODS Twenty RCs and DCs were selected for analysis of the immunoexpression of TGF-β and IFN-γ in the epithelium and capsule. RESULTS The cell reactivity of TGF-β and IFN-γ in the lining epithelium and capsule of RCs showed no significant differences when compared with DCs (P > .05). There was a tendency of a higher expression of TGF-β in the capsule of DCs. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed the presence of TGF-β and IFN-γ in RCs and DCs, supporting the hypothesis that both participate in the development of these lesions, where IFN-γ usually plays a role in bone resorption, which is counterbalanced by the osteoprotective activity performed by TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara de Moraes
- Postgraduate Program, Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Pedro Carlos da Rocha Neto
- Postgraduate Program, Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Felipe Rodrigues de Matos
- Postgraduate Program, Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Antonio de Lisboa Lopes Costa
- Postgraduate Program, Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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Kuang SQ, Geng L, Prakash SK, Cao JM, Guo S, Villamizar C, Kwartler CS, Peters AM, Brasier AR, Milewicz DM. Aortic remodeling after transverse aortic constriction in mice is attenuated with AT1 receptor blockade. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2172-9. [PMID: 23868934 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although hypertension is the most common risk factor for thoracic aortic diseases, it is not understood how increased pressures on the ascending aorta lead to aortic aneurysms. We investigated the role of angiotensin II type 1 receptor activation in ascending aortic remodeling in response to increased biomechanical forces using a transverse aortic constriction (TAC) mouse model. APPROACH AND RESULTS Two weeks after TAC, the increased biomechanical pressures led to ascending aortic dilatation and thickening of the medial and adventitial layers of the aorta. There was significant adventitial hyperplasia and inflammatory responses in TAC ascending aortas were accompanied by increased adventitial collagen, elevated inflammatory and proliferative markers, and increased cell density attributable to accumulation of myofibroblasts and macrophages. Treatment with losartan significantly blocked TAC-induced vascular inflammation and macrophage accumulation. However, losartan only partially prevented TAC-induced adventitial hyperplasia, collagen accumulation, and ascending aortic dilatation. Increased Tgfb2 expression and phosphorylated-Smad2 staining in the medial layer of TAC ascending aortas were effectively blocked with losartan. In contrast, the increased Tgfb1 expression and adventitial phospho-Smad2 staining were only partially attenuated by losartan. In addition, losartan significantly blocked extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and reactive oxygen species production in the TAC ascending aorta. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor using losartan significantly attenuated the vascular remodeling associated with TAC but did not completely block the increased transforming growth factor-β1 expression, adventitial Smad2 signaling, and collagen accumulation. These results help to delineate the aortic transforming growth factor-β signaling that is dependent and independent of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor after TAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Qing Kuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by an expansion of the glomerular mesangium, caused by mesangial cell proliferation and an excessive accumulation of extracellar matrix (ECM) proteins, which eventually leading to glomerulosclerosis. TGF-beta1 was found to play an important role in the accumulation of ECM in the kidney. In this study, TGF-beta1 RNA interference was used as an effective therapeutic strategy. The inhibitory effect of TGF-beta1 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) on the high glucose-induced overexpression of TGF-beta1 in rat mesangial ceys (RMCs). A high levels of glucose induces TGF-beta1 mRNA and protein, and TGF-beta1 siRNAs reduce the ability of high glucose to stimulate their expression. We also examined the inhibitory effect of TGF-beta1 siRNAs on the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and Collagen Type I which are down-regulators of TGF-beta1. The expression of TGF-beta1, PAI-1 and Collagen Type I was increased in RMCs that were stimulated by 30 mM glucose. TGF-beta1 siRNAs reduces high glucose-induced TGF-beta1, PAI-1, and Collagen Type I mRNA and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that TGF-beta1 siRNAs effectively inhibits TGF-beta1 mRNA and protein expression in RMCs. These suggest that TGF-beta1 siRNAs through RNAi may be a useful tool for developing new therapeutic applications for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hey-Jeong Noh
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyun-Chul Kim
- Department of Nephrology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang-Sook Lee
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yu-Na Kang
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young-Mi Chae
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kwan-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 is an important fibrogenic factor that is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. We evaluated the effect of circular antisense TGF-beta1 oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) on the TGF-beta1 expression in the rat mesangial cell culture and in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Circular antisense TGF-beta1 ODNs were found to be stable in rat serum, significantly decreasing TGF-beta1 mRNA expression compared with linear antisense ODNs in the rat mesangial cell culture. Circular antisense TGF-beta1 ODNs were introduced into the tail vein of normal rats using hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ)-liposome-mediated gene transfer method and were confirmed to be delivered effectively into the kidney, liver, lungs, and spleen. To inhibit the overexpression of TGF-beta1 in diabetic kidneys, we introduced circular antisense TGF-beta1 ODNs into the STZ-induced diabetic rats. On day 13 after circular antisense TGF-beta1 ODNs injection, TGF-beta1 mRNA and protein expression markedly decreased and urinary TGF-beta1 excretion rate also dropped in the circular antisense TGF-beta1 ODNs-treated diabetic rats. These results suggest that circular antisense TGF-beta1 ODNs may be a useful tool for developing new therapeutic application for progressive diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Soon Jeong
- Department of Anatomy, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kwan Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Pyo Kim
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - In Jang Choi
- Department of Anatomy, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - In Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Kim
- Kidney Institute, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Abstract
N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is a natural substrate for the N-terminal active site of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). We previously reported that Ac-SDKP prevented cardiac fibrosis in rats with renovascular or aldosterone-salt hypertension. However, it is not clear whether Ac-SDKP reverses cardiac fibrosis in hypertension, nor the mechanism(s) involved. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that Ac-SDKP reversal of hypertension-induced cardiac fibrosis involves a decrease in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and/or connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). In 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K-1C) hypertensive rats, Ac-SDKP at 400 or 800 microg/kg per day SC was started 8 weeks after hypertension and cardiac fibrosis were established and was continued for 8 weeks. Left ventricular (LV) collagen in rats with 2K-1C plus vehicle at 8 and 16 weeks after clipping was similar but higher than in the sham group (P<0.05). Ac-SDKP at 400 and 800 microg/kg per day, which increased plasma Ac-SDKP 2- and 5-fold, respectively, reversed the increase in LV collagen in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanism by which Ac-SDKP reverses LV fibrosis does not appear to depend on ACE inhibition by Ac-SDKP, since we found that Ac-SDKP at various doses did not affect blood pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin I or bradykinin. However, Ac-SDKP reversed the increase in LV TGF-beta and CTGF compared with rats with 2K-1C plus vehicle (P<0.005). We concluded that in hypertension, Ac-SDKP reverses cardiac fibrosis, perhaps due in part to a decrease in TGF-beta and CTGF in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Peng
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Mich 48202-2689, USA
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Neuman MG. Cytokines--central factors in alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Res Health 2003; 27:307-16. [PMID: 15540802 PMCID: PMC6668870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many processes related to the consumption or breakdown of alcohol that contribute to alcohol-induced liver disease are mediated by small proteins known as cytokines, which are produced and secreted by liver cells and many other cells throughout the body. Through a variety of actions, cytokines regulate certain biochemical. processes in the cells that produce them as well as in neighboring cells. For example, in case of an infection, they attract white blood cells to the tissues, triggering an inflammatory response. In the liver, persistent cytokine secretion resulting in chronic inflammation leads to conditions such as hepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Cytokines also regulate a process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis, which is in part responsible for alcohol-induced destruction of liver tissue. Two cytokines-tumor necrosis factor alpha and transforming growth factor beta-play prominent roles in apoptosis. Finally, a cytokine network mediates the harmful effects of a bacterial protein called endotoxin on the liver. Because of their diverse functions, cytokines might make attractive targets in the prevention or treatment of alcoholic liver disease, and researchers already have obtained encouraging results when testing such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela G Neuman
- In Vitro Toxicology Laboratory in the Kunin-Lunenfeld Applied Research Unit, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Canada
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Randolph GJ, Sanchez-Schmitz G, Liebman RM, Schäkel K. The CD16(+) (FcgammaRIII(+)) subset of human monocytes preferentially becomes migratory dendritic cells in a model tissue setting. J Exp Med 2002; 196:517-27. [PMID: 12186843 PMCID: PMC2196052 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20011608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Much remains to be learned about the physiologic events that promote monocytes to become lymph-homing dendritic cells (DCs). In a model of transendothelial trafficking, some monocytes become DCs in response to endogenous signals. These DCs migrate across endothelium in the ablumenal-to-lumenal direction (reverse transmigration), reminiscent of the migration into lymphatic vessels. Here we show that the subpopulation of monocytes that expresses CD16 (Fcgamma receptor III) is predisposed to become migratory DCs. The vast majority of cells derived from CD16(+) monocytes reverse transmigrated, and their presence was associated with migratory cells expressing high levels of CD86 and human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, and robust capacity to induce allogeneic T cell proliferation. A minority of CD16(-) monocytes reverse transmigrated, and these cells stimulated T cell proliferation less efficiently. CD16 was not functionally required for reverse transmigration, but promoted cell survival when yeast particles (zymosan) were present as a maturation stimulus in the subendothelial matrix. The cell surface phenotype and migratory characteristics of CD16(+) monocytes were inducible in CD16(-) monocytes by preincubation with TGFbeta1. We propose that CD16(+) monocytes may contribute significantly to precursors for DCs that transiently survey tissues and migrate to lymph nodes via afferent lymphatic vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendalyn J Randolph
- The Carl C. Icahn Institute for Gene Therapy and Molecular Medicine, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Nakamura K, Kitani A, Strober W. Cell contact-dependent immunosuppression by CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells is mediated by cell surface-bound transforming growth factor beta. J Exp Med 2001; 194:629-44. [PMID: 11535631 PMCID: PMC2195935 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.5.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1165] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells have been identified as a population of immunoregulatory T cells, which mediate suppression of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells by cell-cell contact and not secretion of suppressor cytokines. In this study, we demonstrated that CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells do produce high levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and interleukin (IL)-10 compared with CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells when stimulated by plate-bound anti-CD3 and soluble anti-CD28 and/or IL-2, and secretion of TGF-beta1 (but not other cytokines), is further enhanced by costimulation via cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA)-4. As in prior studies, we found that CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells suppress proliferation of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells; however, we observed here that such suppression is abolished by the presence of anti-TGF-beta. In addition, we found that CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells suppress B cell immunoglobulin production and that anti-TGF-beta again abolishes such suppression. Finally, we found that stimulated CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells but not CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells express high and persistent levels of TGF-beta1 on the cell surface. This, plus the fact that we could find no evidence that a soluble factor mediates suppression, strongly suggests that CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells exert immunosuppression by a cell-cell interaction involving cell surface TGF-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Atsushi Kitani
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Warren Strober
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Wu K, Shan YJ, Zhao Y, Yu JW, Liu BH. Inhibitory effects of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate on benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P)-induced forestomach carcinogenesis in female mice. World J Gastroenterol 2001; 7:60-5. [PMID: 11819734 PMCID: PMC4688702 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v7.i1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2000] [Revised: 10/21/2000] [Accepted: 10/28/2000] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the inhibitory effects of VES (RRR-alpha-tocopheryl Succinate, VES),a derivative of natural Vitamin E, on benzo(a)pyrene(B(a)P)-induced forestomach tumor in female mice. METHODS The model of B(a)P-induced forestomach tumor was established according to the methods of Wattenberg with slight modify-cations. One hundred and eighty female mice (6 weeks old) were divided into six groups equally; negative control (Succinic acid), vehicle control (Succinate+B(a)P),positive control(B(a)P), high VES(2.5 g/kg.b.w+B(a)P), low VES(1.25 g/kg.b.w+B(a)P)ig as well as VES by ip (20 mg/kg.b.w+B(a)P). Except the negative control group, the mice were administrated with B(a)P ig. and corresponding treatments for 4 weeks to study the anti-carcinogenetic effect of VES during the initiation period. The experiment lasted 29 weeks, in which the inhibitory effects of VES both on tumor incidence and tumor size were tested. RESULTS The models of B(a)P-induced forestomach tumor in female mice were established successfully. Some were cauliflower-like, others looked like papilla, even a few were formed into the ulcer cavities. VES at 1.25 g/kg.b.w, 2.5 g/kg.b.w. by ig and 20 mg/kg.b.w. via ip could decrease the number of tumors per mouse (1.7 plus minus 0.41, 1.6 plus minus 0.34 and 1.1 +/- 0.43), being lower than that of B(a)P group (5.4 +/- 0.32, P<0.05). The tumor incidence was inhibited by 18.2%, 23.1% and 50.0%. VES at 1.25 g/kg.b.w., 2.5 g/kg.b.w. by ig and 20 mg/kg.b.w. via ip reduced the total volume of tumors per mouse (54.8 +/- 8.84, 28.4 8 +/- 8.32 and 23.9 8 +/- 16.05), being significantly lower than that of B(a)P group (150.2 8 +/- 20.93, P < 0.01). The inhibitory rates were 63.5%, 81.1% and 84.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION VES has inhibitory effects on B(a)P-induced forestomach carcinogenesis in female mice, especially by ip and it may be a potential anti-cancer agent in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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