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Shaver M, Gomez K, Kaiser K, Hutcheson JD. Mechanical stretch leads to increased caveolin-1 content and mineralization potential in extracellular vesicles from vascular smooth muscle cells. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:8. [PMID: 38486163 PMCID: PMC10938675 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-024-00504-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension-induced mechanical stress on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a known risk factor for vascular remodeling, including vascular calcification. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), an integral structural component of plasma membrane invaginations, is a mechanosensitive protein that is required for the formation of calcifying extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, the role of mechanics in Cav-1-induced EV formation from VSMCs has not been reported. RESULTS Exposure of VSMCs to 10% mechanical stretch (0.5 Hz) for 72 h resulted in Cav-1 translocation into non-caveolar regions of the plasma membrane and subsequent redistribution of Cav-1 from the VSMCs into EVs. Inhibition of Rho-A kinase (ROCK) in mechanically-stimulated VSMCs exacerbated the liberation of Cav-1 positive EVs from the cells, suggesting a potential involvement of actin stress fibers in this process. The mineralization potential of EVs was measured by incubating the EVs in a high phosphate solution and measuring light scattered by the minerals at 340 nm. EVs released from stretched VSMCs showed higher mineralization potential than the EVs released from non-stretched VSMCs. Culturing VSMCs in pro-calcific media and exposure to mechanical stretch increased tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an important enzyme in vascular calcification, activity in EVs released from the cells, with cyclic stretch further elevating EV ALP activity compared to non-stretched cells. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that mechanical stretch alters Cav-1 trafficking and EV release, and the released EVs have elevated mineralization potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shaver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Engineering Center 2600, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Kassandra Gomez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Engineering Center 2600, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Katherine Kaiser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Engineering Center 2600, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Engineering Center 2600, Miami, FL, 33174, USA.
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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Thomas T, Bakhshiannik A, Nautiyal P, Hutcheson JD, Agarwal A. Freeze casting to engineer gradient porosity in hydroxyapatite-boron nitride nanotube composite scaffold for improved compressive strength and osteogenic potential. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 150:106283. [PMID: 38048712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Graded porosity plays a crucial role in scaffolds for bone tissue engineering as it facilitates vital processes such as nutrient diffusion, cellular infiltration, and tissue integration. This paper explores the utilization of freeze casting (FC) as a technique to generate composite scaffolds comprising hydroxyapatite (HA) reinforced with 1D-boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) featuring graded porosity and improved compressive strength. Comparative studies were conducted using FC at room and sub-zero temperatures to assess the influence of temperature gradient and heat transfer rate on the production of gradient and aligned porosity in HA-BNNT composites. The FC process with a prolonged thermal gradient facilitated the creation of aligned pores in the HA-BNNT, exhibiting a wide distribution of 60% porosity ranging from 1 to 30 μm. Adding high strength 1 vol% BNNT reinforcement resulted in a remarkable 50% enhancement in compressive strength compared to the control sample. Osteoblasts seeded on the HA-BNNT substrate exhibited significantly higher alkaline phosphate activity, indicating accelerated mineralization compared to the control sample. Gradient porosity and wide pore distribution in the HA-BNNT scaffolds promoted osteogenic activities. Overall, the demonstrated FC processing technique and BNNT addition hold great potential for developing functional and biomimetic scaffolds that can effectively promote tissue regeneration, leading to improved clinical outcomes in bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Thomas
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, USA
| | - Amirala Bakhshiannik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Pranjal Nautiyal
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Arvind Agarwal
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, USA.
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Hutcheson JD. From Flow to Pharmaceuticals: Single-Cell Mechanobiology and Drug Efficacy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:2282-2284. [PMID: 37942613 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami
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Thatcher K, Mattern CR, Chaparro D, Goveas V, McDermott MR, Fulton J, Hutcheson JD, Hoffmann BR, Lincoln J. Temporal Progression of Aortic Valve Pathogenesis in a Mouse Model of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:355. [PMID: 37623368 PMCID: PMC10455328 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10080355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Organization of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, including collagens, proteoglycans, and elastin, is essential for maintaining the structure and function of heart valves throughout life. Mutations in ECM genes cause connective tissue disorders, including Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), and progressive debilitating heart valve dysfunction is common in these patients. Despite this, effective treatment options are limited to end-stage interventions. Mice with a homozygous frameshift mutation in col1a2 serve as a murine model of OI (oim/oim), and therefore, they were used in this study to examine the pathobiology of aortic valve (AoV) disease in this patient population at structural, functional, and molecular levels. Temporal echocardiography of oim/oim mice revealed AoV dysfunction by the late stages of disease in 12-month-old mice. However, structural and proteomic changes were apparent much earlier, at 3 months of age, and were associated with disturbances in ECM homeostasis primarily related to collagen and proteoglycan abnormalities and disorganization. Together, findings from this study provide insights into the underpinnings of late onset AoV dysfunction in connective tissue disease patients that can be used for the development of mechanistic-based therapies administered early to halt progression, thereby avoiding late-stage surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Thatcher
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (K.T.); (C.R.M.); (V.G.)
- Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Carol R. Mattern
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (K.T.); (C.R.M.); (V.G.)
- Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Daniel Chaparro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (D.C.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Veronica Goveas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (K.T.); (C.R.M.); (V.G.)
- Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Michael R. McDermott
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; (M.R.M.); (J.F.)
| | - Jessica Fulton
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; (M.R.M.); (J.F.)
| | - Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (D.C.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Brian R. Hoffmann
- Mass Spectrometry and Protein Chemistry, Protein Sciences, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA;
| | - Joy Lincoln
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (K.T.); (C.R.M.); (V.G.)
- Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Bakhshian Nik A, Kaiser K, Sun P, Khomtchouk BB, Hutcheson JD. Altered Caveolin-1 Dynamics Result in Divergent Mineralization Responses in Bone and Vascular Calcification. Cell Mol Bioeng 2023; 16:299-308. [PMID: 37811003 PMCID: PMC10550882 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-023-00779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Though vascular smooth muscle cells adopt an osteogenic phenotype during pathological vascular calcification, clinical studies note an inverse correlation between bone mineral density and arterial mineral-also known as the calcification paradox. Both processes are mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) that sequester calcium and phosphate. Calcifying EV formation in the vasculature requires caveolin-1 (CAV1), a membrane scaffolding protein that resides in membrane invaginations (caveolae). Of note, caveolin-1-deficient mice, however, have increased bone mineral density. We hypothesized that caveolin-1 may play divergent roles in calcifying EV formation from vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and osteoblasts (HOBs). Methods Primary human coronary artery VSMCs and osteoblasts were cultured for up to 28 days in an osteogenic media. CAV1 expression was knocked down using siRNA. Methyl β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and a calpain inhibitor were used, respectively, to disrupt and stabilize the caveolar domains in VSMCs and HOBs. Results CAV1 genetic variation demonstrates significant inverse relationships between bone-mineral density (BMD) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) across two independent epidemiological cohorts. Culture in osteogenic (OS) media increased calcification in HOBs and VSMCs. siRNA knockdown of CAV1 abrogated VSMC calcification with no effect on osteoblast mineralization. MβCD-mediated caveolae disruption led to a 3-fold increase of calcification in VSMCs treated with osteogenic media (p < 0.05) but hindered osteoblast mineralization (p < 0.01). Conversely, stabilizing caveolae by calpain inhibition prevented VSMC calcification (p < 0.05) without affecting osteoblast mineralization. There was no significant difference in CAV1 content between lipid domains from HOBs cultured in OS and control media. Conclusion Our data indicate fundamental cellular-level differences in physiological and pathophysiological mineralization mediated by CAV1 dynamics. This is the first study to suggest that divergent mechanisms in calcifying EV formation may play a role in the calcification paradox. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-023-00779-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirala Bakhshian Nik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, EC 2612, Miami, FL 33174 USA
| | - Katherine Kaiser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, EC 2612, Miami, FL 33174 USA
| | - Patrick Sun
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, 535 W Michigan St, IT 477, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Bohdan B. Khomtchouk
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, 535 W Michigan St, IT 477, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, EC 2612, Miami, FL 33174 USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
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Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit tremendously elevated risk for cardiovascular disease, particularly ischemic heart disease, due to premature vascular and cardiac aging and accelerated ectopic calcification. The presence of cardiovascular calcification associates with increased risk in patients with CKD. Disturbed mineral homeostasis and diverse comorbidities in these patients drive increased systemic cardiovascular calcification in different manifestations with diverse clinical consequences, like plaque instability, vessel stiffening, and aortic stenosis. This review outlines the heterogeneity in calcification patterning, including mineral type and location and potential implications on clinical outcomes. The advent of therapeutics currently in clinical trials may reduce CKD-associated morbidity. Development of therapeutics for cardiovascular calcification begins with the premise that less mineral is better. While restoring diseased tissues to a noncalcified homeostasis remains the ultimate goal, in some cases, calcific mineral may play a protective role, such as in atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, developing treatments for ectopic calcification may require a nuanced approach that considers individual patient risk factors. Here, we discuss the most common cardiac and vascular calcification pathologies observed in CKD, how mineral in these tissues affects function, and the potential outcomes and considerations for therapeutic strategies that seek to disrupt the nucleation and growth of mineral. Finally, we discuss future patient-specific considerations for treating cardiac and vascular calcification in patients with CKD-a population in need of anticalcification therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL (J.D.H.)
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany (C.G.)
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Bakhshian Nik A, Ng HH, Ashbrook SK, Sun P, Iacoviello F, Shearing PR, Bertazzo S, Mero D, Khomtchouk BB, Hutcheson JD. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition prevents vascular calcifying extracellular vesicle biogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 324:H553-H570. [PMID: 36827229 PMCID: PMC10042607 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00280.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, including vascular calcification, leading to higher mortality. The release of calcifying extracellular vesicles (EVs) by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) promotes ectopic mineralization of vessel walls. Caveolin-1 (CAV1), a structural protein in the plasma membrane, plays a major role in calcifying EV biogenesis in VSMCs. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) colocalizes with and influences the intracellular trafficking of CAV1. Using a diet-induced mouse model of CKD followed by a high-phosphate diet to promote vascular calcification, we assessed the potential of EGFR inhibition to prevent vascular calcification. Furthermore, we computationally analyzed 7,651 individuals in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and Framingham cohorts to assess potential correlations between coronary artery calcium and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with elevated serum levels of EGFR. Mice with CKD developed widespread vascular calcification, associated with increased serum levels of EGFR. In both the CKD mice and human VSMC culture, EGFR inhibition significantly reduced vascular calcification by mitigating the release of CAV1-positive calcifying EVs. EGFR inhibition also increased bone mineral density in CKD mice. Individuals in the MESA and Framingham cohorts with SNPs associated with increased serum EGFR exhibit elevated coronary artery calcium. Given that EGFR inhibitors exhibit clinical safety and efficacy in other pathologies, the current data suggest that EGFR may represent an ideal target to prevent pathological vascular calcification in CKD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we investigate the potential of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition to prevent vascular calcification, a leading indicator of and contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. EGFR interacts and affects the trafficking of the plasma membrane scaffolding protein caveolin-1. Previous studies reported a key role for caveolin-1 in the development of specialized extracellular vesicles that mediate vascular calcification; however, no role of EGFR has been reported. We demonstrated that EGFR inhibition modulates caveolin-1 trafficking and hinders calcifying extracellular vesicle formation, which prevents vascular calcification. Given that EGFR inhibitors are clinically approved for other indications, this may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirala Bakhshian Nik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Hooi Hooi Ng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Sophie K Ashbrook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Patrick Sun
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Shearing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Bertazzo
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deniel Mero
- Dock Therapeutics, Inc., Middletown, Delaware, United States
| | - Bohdan B Khomtchouk
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States
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Iqbal F, Schlotter F, Becker-Greene D, Lupieri A, Goettsch C, Hutcheson JD, Rogers MA, Itoh S, Halu A, Lee LH, Blaser MC, Mlynarchik AK, Hagita S, Kuraoka S, Chen HY, Engert JC, Passos LSA, Jha PK, Osborn EA, Jaffer FA, Body SC, Robson SC, Thanassoulis G, Aikawa M, Singh SA, Sonawane AR, Aikawa E. Sortilin enhances fibrosis and calcification in aortic valve disease by inducing interstitial cell heterogeneity. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:885-898. [PMID: 36660854 PMCID: PMC9991042 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common valve disease, which consists of a chronic interplay of inflammation, fibrosis, and calcification. In this study, sortilin (SORT1) was identified as a novel key player in the pathophysiology of CAVD, and its role in the transformation of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) into pathological phenotypes is explored. METHODS AND RESULTS An aortic valve (AV) wire injury (AVWI) mouse model with sortilin deficiency was used to determine the effects of sortilin on AV stenosis, fibrosis, and calcification. In vitro experiments employed human primary VICs cultured in osteogenic conditions for 7, 14, and 21 days; and processed for imaging, proteomics, and transcriptomics including single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). The AVWI mouse model showed reduced AV fibrosis, calcification, and stenosis in sortilin-deficient mice vs. littermate controls. Protein studies identified the transition of human VICs into a myofibroblast-like phenotype mediated by sortilin. Sortilin loss-of-function decreased in vitro VIC calcification. ScRNA-seq identified 12 differentially expressed cell clusters in human VIC samples, where a novel combined inflammatory myofibroblastic-osteogenic VIC (IMO-VIC) phenotype was detected with increased expression of SORT1, COL1A1, WNT5A, IL-6, and serum amyloid A1. VICs sequenced with sortilin deficiency showed decreased IMO-VIC phenotype. CONCLUSION Sortilin promotes CAVD by mediating valvular fibrosis and calcification, and a newly identified phenotype (IMO-VIC). This is the first study to examine the role of sortilin in valvular calcification and it may render it a therapeutic target to inhibit IMO-VIC emergence by simultaneously reducing inflammation, fibrosis, and calcification, the three key pathological processes underlying CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farwah Iqbal
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Florian Schlotter
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dakota Becker-Greene
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adrien Lupieri
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Maximillian A Rogers
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shinsuke Itoh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arda Halu
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lang Ho Lee
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark C Blaser
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew K Mlynarchik
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sumihiko Hagita
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shiori Kuraoka
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hao Yu Chen
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - James C Engert
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Livia S A Passos
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prabhash K Jha
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric A Osborn
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Farouc A Jaffer
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Body
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, BIDMC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sasha A Singh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abhijeet R Sonawane
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Ashbrook SK, Valentin Cabrera AM, Shaver M, Hutcheson JD. Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Vascular Calcification Using In Vitro and In Vivo Models. J Vis Exp 2023:10.3791/65013. [PMID: 36779615 PMCID: PMC10560545 DOI: 10.3791/65013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world, and vascular calcification is the most significant predictor of cardiovascular events; however, there are currently no treatment or therapeutic options for vascular calcification. Calcification begins within specialized extracellular vesicles (EVs), which serve as nucleating foci by aggregating calcium and phosphate ions. This protocol describes methods for obtaining and assessing calcification in murine aortas and analyzing the associated extracted EVs. First, gross dissection of the mouse is performed to collect any relevant organs, such as the kidneys, liver, and lungs. Then, the murine aorta is isolated and excised from the aortic root to the femoral artery. Two to three aortas are then pooled and incubated in a digestive solution before undergoing ultracentrifugation to isolate the EVs of interest. Next, the mineralization potential of the EVs is determined through incubation in a high-phosphate solution and measuring the light absorbance at a wavelength of 340 nm. Finally, collagen hydrogels are used to observe the calcified mineral formation and maturation produced by the EVs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie K Ashbrook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University
| | | | - Mohammad Shaver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University
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10
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Laverde EE, Polyzos AA, Tsegay PP, Shaver M, Hutcheson JD, Balakrishnan L, McMurray CT, Liu Y. Flap Endonuclease 1 Endonucleolytically Processes RNA to Resolve R-Loops through DNA Base Excision Repair. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:genes14010098. [PMID: 36672839 PMCID: PMC9859040 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) is an essential enzyme that removes RNA primers and base lesions during DNA lagging strand maturation and long-patch base excision repair (BER). It plays a crucial role in maintaining genome stability and integrity. FEN1 is also implicated in RNA processing and biogenesis. A recent study from our group has shown that FEN1 is involved in trinucleotide repeat deletion by processing the RNA strand in R-loops through BER, further suggesting that the enzyme can modulate genome stability by facilitating the resolution of R-loops. However, it remains unknown how FEN1 can process RNA to resolve an R-loop. In this study, we examined the FEN1 cleavage activity on the RNA:DNA hybrid intermediates generated during DNA lagging strand processing and BER in R-loops. We found that both human and yeast FEN1 efficiently cleaved an RNA flap in the intermediates using its endonuclease activity. We further demonstrated that FEN1 was recruited to R-loops in normal human fibroblasts and senataxin-deficient (AOA2) fibroblasts, and its R-loop recruitment was significantly increased by oxidative DNA damage. We showed that FEN1 specifically employed its endonucleolytic cleavage activity to remove the RNA strand in an R-loop during BER. We found that FEN1 coordinated its DNA and RNA endonucleolytic cleavage activity with the 3'-5' exonuclease of APE1 to resolve the R-loop. Our results further suggest that FEN1 employed its unique tracking mechanism to endonucleolytically cleave the RNA strand in an R-loop by coordinating with other BER enzymes and cofactors during BER. Our study provides the first evidence that FEN1 endonucleolytic cleavage can result in the resolution of R-loops via the BER pathway, thereby maintaining genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo E. Laverde
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Aris A. Polyzos
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Pawlos P. Tsegay
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Mohammad Shaver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Lata Balakrishnan
- Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Cynthia T. McMurray
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Krohn JB, Aikawa E, Aikawa M, Hutcheson JD, Sahoo S, Fish JE. Editorial: Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular inflammation and calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1077124. [PMID: 36426218 PMCID: PMC9680153 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1077124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jona B. Krohn
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Susmita Sahoo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jason E. Fish
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Hsu CPD, Tchir A, Mirza A, Chaparro D, Herrera RE, Hutcheson JD, Ramaswamy S. Valve Endothelial Cell Exposure to High Levels of Flow Oscillations Exacerbates Valve Interstitial Cell Calcification. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9080393. [PMID: 36004918 PMCID: PMC9405348 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9080393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aortic valve facilitates unidirectional blood flow to the systemic circulation between the left cardiac ventricle and the aorta. The valve’s biomechanical function relies on thin leaflets to adequately open and close over the cardiac cycle. A monolayer of valve endothelial cells (VECs) resides on the outer surface of the aortic valve leaflet. Deeper within the leaflet are sublayers of valve interstitial cells (VICs). Valve tissue remodeling involves paracrine signaling between VECs and VICs. Aortic valve calcification can result from abnormal paracrine communication between these two cell types. VECs are known to respond to hemodynamic stimuli, and, specifically, flow abnormalities can induce VEC dysfunction. This dysfunction can subsequently change the phenotype of VICs, leading to aortic valve calcification. However, the relation between VEC-exposed flow oscillations under pulsatile flow to the progression of aortic valve calcification by VICs remains unknown. In this study, we quantified the level of flow oscillations that VECs were exposed to under dynamic culture and then immersed VICs in VEC-conditioned media. We found that VIC-induced calcification was augmented under maximum flow oscillations, wherein the flow was fully forward for half the cardiac cycle period and fully reversed for the other half. We were able to computationally correlate this finding to specific regions of the aortic valve that experience relatively high flow oscillations and that have been shown to be associated with severe calcified deposits. These findings establish a basis for future investigations on engineering calcified human valve tissues and its potential for therapeutic discovery of aortic valve calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Pei Denise Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Alexandra Tchir
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Asad Mirza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Daniel Chaparro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Raul E. Herrera
- Miami Cardiac & Vascular Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Correspondence: (J.D.H.); (S.R.)
| | - Sharan Ramaswamy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Correspondence: (J.D.H.); (S.R.)
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13
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Dargam V, Ng HH, Nasim S, Chaparro D, Irion CI, Seshadri SR, Barreto A, Danziger ZC, Shehadeh LA, Hutcheson JD. S2 Heart Sound Detects Aortic Valve Calcification Independent of Hemodynamic Changes in Mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:809301. [PMID: 35694672 PMCID: PMC9174427 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.809301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is often undiagnosed in asymptomatic patients, especially in underserved populations. Although artificial intelligence has improved murmur detection in auscultation exams, murmur manifestation depends on hemodynamic factors that can be independent of aortic valve (AoV) calcium load and function. The aim of this study was to determine if the presence of AoV calcification directly influences the S2 heart sound. Methods Adult C57BL/6J mice were assigned to the following 12-week-long diets: (1) Control group (n = 11) fed a normal chow, (2) Adenine group (n = 4) fed an adenine-supplemented diet to induce chronic kidney disease (CKD), and (3) Adenine + HP (n = 9) group fed the CKD diet for 6 weeks, then supplemented with high phosphate (HP) for another 6 weeks to induce AoV calcification. Phonocardiograms, echocardiogram-based valvular function, and AoV calcification were assessed at endpoint. Results Mice on the Adenine + HP diet had detectable AoV calcification (9.28 ± 0.74% by volume). After segmentation and dimensionality reduction, S2 sounds were labeled based on the presence of disease: Healthy, CKD, or CKD + CAVD. The dataset (2,516 S2 sounds) was split subject-wise, and an ensemble learning-based algorithm was developed to classify S2 sound features. For external validation, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the algorithm to classify mice were 0.9940 for Healthy, 0.9717 for CKD, and 0.9593 for CKD + CAVD. The algorithm had a low misclassification performance of testing set S2 sounds (1.27% false positive, 1.99% false negative). Conclusion Our ensemble learning-based algorithm demonstrated the feasibility of using the S2 sound to detect the presence of AoV calcification. The S2 sound can be used as a marker to identify AoV calcification independent of hemodynamic changes observed in echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Dargam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Hooi Hooi Ng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sana Nasim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Daniel Chaparro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Camila Iansen Irion
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Suhas Rathna Seshadri
- Department of Medical Education, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Armando Barreto
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Zachary C. Danziger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lina A. Shehadeh
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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14
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Bakhshian Nik A, Ng HH, Garcia Russo M, Iacoviello F, Shearing PR, Bertazzo S, Hutcheson JD. The Time-Dependent Role of Bisphosphonates on Atherosclerotic Plaque Calcification. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9060168. [PMID: 35735797 PMCID: PMC9225625 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9060168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque calcification directly contributes to the leading cause of morbidity and mortality by affecting plaque vulnerability and rupture risk. Small microcalcifications can increase plaque stress and promote rupture, whereas large calcifications can stabilize plaques. Drugs that target bone mineralization may lead to unintended consequences on ectopic plaque calcification and cardiovascular outcomes. Bisphosphonates, common anti-osteoporotic agents, have elicited unexpected cardiovascular events in clinical trials. Here, we investigated the role of bisphosphonate treatment and timing on the disruption or promotion of vascular calcification and bone minerals in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. We started the bisphosphonate treatment either before plaque formation, at early plaque formation times associated with the onset of calcification, or at late stages of plaque development. Our data indicated that long-term bisphosphonate treatment (beginning prior to plaque development) leads to higher levels of plaque calcification, with a narrower mineral size distribution. When given later in plaque development, we measured a wider distribution of mineral size. These morphological alterations might be associated with a higher risk of plaque rupture by creating stress foci. Yet, bone mineral density positively correlated with the duration of the bisphosphonate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirala Bakhshian Nik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (A.B.N.); (H.H.N.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Hooi Hooi Ng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (A.B.N.); (H.H.N.); (M.G.R.)
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Manuel Garcia Russo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (A.B.N.); (H.H.N.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (F.I.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (F.I.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Sergio Bertazzo
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (A.B.N.); (H.H.N.); (M.G.R.)
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-305-348-0157
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Aikawa
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.A.); and Florida International University, Miami (J.D.H.)
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.A.); and Florida International University, Miami (J.D.H.)
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16
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Nasim S, Pandey P, Kanashiro-Takeuchi RM, He J, Hutcheson JD, Kos L. Pigmentation Affects Elastic Fiber Patterning and Biomechanical Behavior of the Murine Aortic Valve. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:754560. [PMID: 34957247 PMCID: PMC8702816 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.754560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aortic valve (AoV) maintains unidirectional blood distribution from the left ventricle of the heart to the aorta for systemic circulation. The AoV leaflets rely on a precise extracellular matrix microarchitecture of collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans for appropriate biomechanical performance. We have previously demonstrated a relationship between the presence of pigment in the mouse AoV with elastic fiber patterning using multiphoton imaging. Here, we extended those findings using wholemount confocal microscopy revealing that elastic fibers were diminished in the AoV of hypopigmented mice (KitWv and albino) and were disorganized in the AoV of K5-Edn3 transgenic hyperpigmented mice when compared to wild type C57BL/6J mice. We further used atomic force microscopy to measure stiffness differences in the wholemount AoV leaflets of mice with different levels of pigmentation. We show that AoV leaflets of K5-Edn3 had overall higher stiffness (4.42 ± 0.35 kPa) when compared to those from KitWv (2.22 ± 0.21 kPa), albino (2.45 ± 0.16 kPa), and C57BL/6J (3.0 ± 0.16 kPa) mice. Despite the striking elastic fiber phenotype and noted stiffness differences, adult mutant mice were found to have no overt cardiac differences as measured by echocardiography. Our results indicate that pigmentation, but not melanocytes, is required for proper elastic fiber organization in the mouse AoV and dictates its biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Nasim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Popular Pandey
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rosemeire M Kanashiro-Takeuchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Leonard M Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jin He
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lidia Kos
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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17
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Iwata H, Osborn EA, Ughi GJ, Murakami K, Goettsch C, Hutcheson JD, Mauskapf A, Mattson PC, Libby P, Singh SA, Matamalas J, Aikawa E, Tearney GJ, Aikawa M, Jaffer FA. Highly Selective PPARα (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α) Agonist Pemafibrate Inhibits Stent Inflammation and Restenosis Assessed by Multimodality Molecular-Microstructural Imaging. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020834. [PMID: 34632804 PMCID: PMC8751880 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.020834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New pharmacological approaches are needed to prevent stent restenosis. This study tested the hypothesis that pemafibrate, a novel clinical selective PPARα (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α) agonist, suppresses coronary stent‐induced arterial inflammation and neointimal hyperplasia. METHODS AND RESULTS Yorkshire pigs randomly received either oral pemafibrate (30 mg/day; n=6) or control vehicle (n=7) for 7 days, followed by coronary arterial implantation of 3.5 × 12 mm bare metal stents (2–4 per animal; 44 stents total). On day 7, intracoronary molecular‐structural near‐infrared fluorescence and optical coherence tomography imaging was performed to assess the arterial inflammatory response, demonstrating that pemafibrate reduced stent‐induced inflammatory protease activity (near‐infrared fluorescence target‐to‐background ratio: pemafibrate, median [25th‐75th percentile]: 2.8 [2.5–3.3] versus control, 4.1 [3.3–4.3], P=0.02). At day 28, animals underwent repeat near‐infrared fluorescence–optical coherence tomography imaging and were euthanized, and coronary stent tissue molecular and histological analyses. Day 28 optical coherence tomography imaging showed that pemafibrate significantly reduced stent neointima volume (pemafibrate, 43.1 [33.7–54.1] mm3 versus control, 54.2 [41.2–81.1] mm3; P=0.03). In addition, pemafibrate suppressed day 28 stent‐induced cellular inflammation and neointima expression of the inflammatory mediators TNF‐α (tumor necrosis factor‐α) and MMP‐9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9) and enhanced the smooth muscle differentiation markers calponin and smoothelin. In vitro assays indicated that the STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3)–myocardin axes mediated the inhibitory effects of pemafibrate on smooth muscle cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Pemafibrate reduces preclinical coronary stent inflammation and neointimal hyperplasia following bare metal stent deployment. These results motivate further trials evaluating pemafibrate as a new strategy to prevent clinical stent restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Iwata
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Eric A Osborn
- Cardiovascular Research CenterCardiology DivisionMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA.,Cardiology Division Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Giovanni J Ughi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Kentaro Murakami
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Adam Mauskapf
- Cardiovascular Research CenterCardiology DivisionMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Peter C Mattson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Peter Libby
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Sasha A Singh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Joan Matamalas
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,Department of Human Pathology I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA.,Department of Pathology Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Farouc A Jaffer
- Cardiovascular Research CenterCardiology DivisionMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA
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18
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Tong L, Hutcheson JD. A surface-based calibration approach to enable dynamic and accurate quantification of colorimetric assay systems. Anal Methods 2021; 13:4290-4297. [PMID: 34473147 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01130h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Colorimetry is widely used in assay systems for its low-cost, ease-of-use, rapidity, moderate storage requirements and intuitively visible effects. However, the application is limited due to its relatively low sensitivity. Conventional colorimetric calibration methods often use a fixed incubation time that can limit the detection range, system robustness and sensitivity. In this paper, we used color saturation to measure the accumulation of product (correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9872), and we created a novel "calibration mesh" method based on an expanded sigmoid function to enhance sensitivity. The novel calibration mesh method can be adapted for a wide variety of assay systems to improve robustness and detection range, and provide a dynamic and faster output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, EC 2612, Miami, FL, 33174, USA.
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, EC 2612, Miami, FL, 33174, USA.
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19
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Rogers MA, Hutcheson JD, Okui T, Goettsch C, Singh SA, Halu A, Schlotter F, Higashi H, Wang L, Whelan MC, Mlynarchik AK, Daugherty A, Nomura M, Aikawa M, Aikawa E. Dynamin-related protein 1 inhibition reduces hepatic PCSK9 secretion. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2340-2353. [PMID: 33523181 PMCID: PMC8479802 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Proteostasis maintains protein homeostasis and participates in regulating critical cardiometabolic disease risk factors including proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) remodeling through release and incorporation of trafficking vesicles mediates protein secretion and degradation. We hypothesized that ER remodeling that drives mitochondrial fission participates in cardiometabolic proteostasis. METHODS AND RESULTS We used in vitro and in vivo hepatocyte inhibition of a protein involved in mitochondrial fission, dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1). Here, we show that DRP1 promotes remodeling of select ER microdomains by tethering vesicles at ER. A DRP1 inhibitor, mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (mdivi-1) reduced ER localization of a DRP1 receptor, mitochondrial fission factor, suppressing ER remodeling-driven mitochondrial fission, autophagy, and increased mitochondrial calcium buffering and PCSK9 proteasomal degradation. DRP1 inhibition by CRISPR/Cas9 deletion or mdivi-1 alone or in combination with statin incubation in human hepatocytes and hepatocyte-specific Drp1-deficiency in mice reduced PCSK9 secretion (-78.5%). In HepG2 cells, mdivi-1 increased low-density lipoprotein receptor via c-Jun transcription and reduced PCSK9 mRNA levels via suppressed sterol regulatory binding protein-1c. Additionally, mdivi-1 reduced macrophage burden, oxidative stress, and advanced calcified atherosclerotic plaque in aortic roots of diabetic Apoe-deficient mice and inflammatory cytokine production in human macrophages. CONCLUSIONS We propose a novel tethering function of DRP1 beyond its established fission function, with DRP1-mediated ER remodeling likely contributing to ER constriction of mitochondria that drives mitochondrial fission. We report that DRP1-driven remodeling of select ER micro-domains may critically regulate hepatic proteostasis and identify mdivi-1 as a novel small molecule PCSK9 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximillian A Rogers
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Takehito Okui
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sasha A Singh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arda Halu
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Florian Schlotter
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hideyuki Higashi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Mary C Whelan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew K Mlynarchik
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Masatoshi Nomura
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Human Pathology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119992, Russia
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20
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Hutcheson JD, Schlotter F, Creager MD, Li X, Pham T, Vyas P, Higashi H, Body SC, Aikawa M, Singh SA, Kos L, Aikawa E. Elastogenesis Correlates With Pigment Production in Murine Aortic Valve Leaflets. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:678401. [PMID: 34239903 PMCID: PMC8257952 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.678401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Aortic valve (AV) leaflets rely on a precise extracellular matrix (ECM) microarchitecture for appropriate biomechanical performance. The ECM structure is maintained by valvular interstitial cells (VICs), which reside within the leaflets. The presence of pigment produced by a melanocytic population of VICs in mice with dark coats has been generally regarded as a nuisance, as it interferes with histological analysis of the AV leaflets. However, our previous studies have shown that the presence of pigment correlates with increased mechanical stiffness within the leaflets as measured by nanoindentation analyses. In the current study, we seek to better characterize the phenotype of understudied melanocytic VICs, explore the role of these VICs in ECM patterning, and assess the presence of these VICs in human aortic valve tissues. Approach and Results: Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry revealed that melanocytes within murine AV leaflets express phenotypic markers of either neuronal or glial cells. These VIC subpopulations exhibited regional patterns that corresponded to the distribution of elastin and glycosaminoglycan ECM proteins, respectively. VICs with neuronal and glial phenotypes were also found in human AV leaflets and showed ECM associations similar to those observed in murine leaflets. A subset of VICs within human AV leaflets also expressed dopachrome tautomerase, a common melanocyte marker. A spontaneous mouse mutant with no aortic valve pigmentation lacked elastic fibers and had reduced elastin gene expression within AV leaflets. A hyperpigmented transgenic mouse exhibited increased AV leaflet elastic fibers and elastin gene expression. Conclusions: Melanocytic VIC subpopulations appear critical for appropriate elastogenesis in mouse AVs, providing new insight into the regulation of AV ECM homeostasis. The identification of a similar VIC population in human AVs suggests conservation across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Florian Schlotter
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Heart Center Leipzig at Leipzig University, Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael D Creager
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Tan Pham
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Payal Vyas
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hideyuki Higashi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simon C Body
- Center for Perioperative Genomics, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sasha A Singh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lidia Kos
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Human Pathology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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21
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Büttner P, Feistner L, Lurz P, Thiele H, Hutcheson JD, Schlotter F. Dissecting Calcific Aortic Valve Disease-The Role, Etiology, and Drivers of Valvular Fibrosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:660797. [PMID: 34041283 PMCID: PMC8143377 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.660797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a highly prevalent and progressive disorder that ultimately causes gradual narrowing of the left ventricular outflow orifice with ensuing devastating hemodynamic effects on the heart. Calcific mineral accumulation is the hallmark pathology defining this process; however, fibrotic extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling that leads to extensive deposition of fibrous connective tissue and distortion of the valvular microarchitecture similarly has major biomechanical and functional consequences for heart valve function. Significant advances have been made to unravel the complex mechanisms that govern these active, cell-mediated processes, yet the interplay between fibrosis and calcification and the individual contribution to progressive extracellular matrix stiffening require further clarification. Specifically, we discuss (1) the valvular biomechanics and layered ECM composition, (2) patterns in the cellular contribution, temporal onset, and risk factors for valvular fibrosis, (3) imaging valvular fibrosis, (4) biomechanical implications of valvular fibrosis, and (5) molecular mechanisms promoting fibrotic tissue remodeling and the possibility of reverse remodeling. This review explores our current understanding of the cellular and molecular drivers of fibrogenesis and the pathophysiological role of fibrosis in CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Büttner
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lukas Feistner
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Lurz
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Florian Schlotter
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Boonya-ananta T, Rodriguez AJ, Ajmal A, Du Le VN, Hansen AK, Hutcheson JD, Ramella-Roman JC. Synthetic photoplethysmography (PPG) of the radial artery through parallelized Monte Carlo and its correlation to body mass index (BMI). Sci Rep 2021; 11:2570. [PMID: 33510428 PMCID: PMC7843978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in the United States and obesity significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The measurement of blood pressure (BP) is critical in monitoring and managing cardiovascular disease hence new wearable devices are being developed to make BP more accessible to physicians and patients. Several wearables utilize photoplethysmography from the wrist vasculature to derive BP assessment although many of these devices are still at the experimental stage. With the ultimate goal of supporting instrument development, we have developed a model of the photoplethysmographic waveform derived from the radial artery at the volar surface of the wrist. To do so we have utilized the relation between vessel biomechanics through Finite Element Method and Monte Carlo light transport model. The model shows similar features to that seen in PPG waveform captured using an off the shelf device. We observe the influence of body mass index on the PPG signal. A degradation the PPG signal of up to 40% in AC to DC signal ratio was thus observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tananant Boonya-ananta
- grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, Miami, FL 33174 USA
| | - Andres J. Rodriguez
- grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, Miami, FL 33174 USA
| | - Ajmal Ajmal
- grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, Miami, FL 33174 USA
| | - Vinh Nguyen Du Le
- grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, Miami, FL 33174 USA
| | - Anders K. Hansen
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Joshua D. Hutcheson
- grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, Miami, FL 33174 USA
| | - Jessica C. Ramella-Roman
- grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, Miami, FL 33174 USA ,grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199 USA
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23
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Schlotter F, de Freitas RCC, Rogers MA, Blaser MC, Wu PJ, Higashi H, Halu A, Iqbal F, Andraski AB, Rodia CN, Kuraoka S, Wen JR, Creager M, Pham T, Hutcheson JD, Body SC, Kohan AB, Sacks FM, Aikawa M, Singh SA, Aikawa E. ApoC-III is a novel inducer of calcification in human aortic valves. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100193. [PMID: 33334888 PMCID: PMC7948477 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) occurs when subpopulations of valve cells undergo specific differentiation pathways, promoting tissue fibrosis and calcification. Lipoprotein particles carry oxidized lipids that promote valvular disease, but low-density lipoprotein-lowering therapies have failed in clinical trials, and there are currently no pharmacological interventions available for this disease. Apolipoproteins are known promoters of atherosclerosis, but whether they possess pathogenic properties in CAVD is less clear. To search for a possible link, we assessed 12 apolipoproteins in nonfibrotic/noncalcific and fibrotic/calcific aortic valve tissues by proteomics and immunohistochemistry to understand if they were enriched in calcified areas. Eight apolipoproteins (apoA-I, apoA-II, apoA-IV, apoB, apoC-III, apoD, apoL-I, and apoM) were enriched in the calcific versus nonfibrotic/noncalcific tissues. Apo(a), apoB, apoC-III, apoE, and apoJ localized within the disease-prone fibrosa and colocalized with calcific regions as detected by immunohistochemistry. Circulating apoC-III on lipoprotein(a) is a potential biomarker of aortic stenosis incidence and progression, but whether apoC-III also induces aortic valve calcification is unknown. We found that apoC-III was increased in fibrotic and calcific tissues and observed within the calcification-prone fibrosa layer as well as around calcification. In addition, we showed that apoC-III induced calcification in primary human valvular cell cultures via a mitochondrial dysfunction/inflammation-mediated pathway. This study provides a first assessment of a broad array of apolipoproteins in CAVD tissues, demonstrates that specific apolipoproteins associate with valvular calcification, and implicates apoC-III as an active and modifiable driver of CAVD beyond its potential role as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schlotter
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Renata C C de Freitas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maximillian A Rogers
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark C Blaser
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pin-Jou Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hideyuki Higashi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arda Halu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Farwah Iqbal
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison B Andraski
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cayla N Rodia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shiori Kuraoka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer R Wen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Creager
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tan Pham
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Simon C Body
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alison B Kohan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sasha A Singh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Human Pathology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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24
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Chaparro D, Dargam V, Alvarez P, Yeung J, Saytashev I, Bustillo J, Loganathan A, Ramella-Roman J, Agarwal A, Hutcheson JD. A Method to Quantify Tensile Biaxial Properties of Mouse Aortic Valve Leaflets. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:1082627. [PMID: 32291440 DOI: 10.1115/1.4046921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Understanding aortic valve (AV) mechanics is crucial in elucidating both the mechanisms that drive the manifestation of valvular diseases as well as the development of treatment modalities that target these processes. Genetically modified mouse models have become the gold standard in assessing biological mechanistic influences of AV development and disease. However, very little is known about mouse aortic valve leaflet (MAVL) tensile properties due to their microscopic size (∼500 μm long and 45 μm thick) and the lack of proper mechanical testing modalities to assess uniaxial and biaxial tensile properties of the tissue. We developed a method in which the biaxial tensile properties of MAVL tissues can be assessed by adhering the tissues to a silicone rubber membrane utilizing dopamine as an adhesive. Applying equiaxial tensile loads on the tissue-membrane composite and tracking the engineering strains on the surface of the tissue resulted in the characteristic orthotropic response of AV tissues seen in human and porcine tissues. Our data suggest that the circumferential direction is stiffer than the radial direction (n = 6, P = 0.0006) in MAVL tissues. This method can be implemented in future studies involving longitudinal mechanical stimulation of genetically modified MAVL tissues bridging the gap between cellular biological mechanisms and valve mechanics in popular mouse models of valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chaparro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174
| | - Valentina Dargam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174
| | - Paulina Alvarez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174
| | - Jay Yeung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174
| | - Ilyas Saytashev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174
| | - Jenniffer Bustillo
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174
| | - Archana Loganathan
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174
| | - Jessica Ramella-Roman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174
| | - Arvind Agarwal
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
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25
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Hsu CPD, Hutcheson JD, Ramaswamy S. Oscillatory fluid-induced mechanobiology in heart valves with parallels to the vasculature. Vasc Biol 2020; 2:R59-R71. [PMID: 32923975 PMCID: PMC7439923 DOI: 10.1530/vb-19-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Forces generated by blood flow are known to contribute to cardiovascular development and remodeling. These hemodynamic forces induce molecular signals that are communicated from the endothelium to various cell types. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and the vasculature, and together they deliver nutrients throughout the body. While heart valves and blood vessels experience different environmental forces and differ in morphology as well as cell types, they both can undergo pathological remodeling and become susceptible to calcification. In addition, while the plaque morphology is similar in valvular and vascular diseases, therapeutic targets available for the latter condition are not effective in the management of heart valve calcification. Therefore, research in valvular and vascular pathologies and treatments have largely remained independent. Nonetheless, understanding the similarities and differences in development, calcific/fibrous pathologies and healthy remodeling events between the valvular and vascular systems can help us better identify future treatments for both types of tissues, particularly for heart valve pathologies which have been understudied in comparison to arterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Pei Denise Hsu
- Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sharan Ramaswamy
- Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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26
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Jiang Z, Lai Y, Beaver JM, Tsegay PS, Zhao ML, Horton JK, Zamora M, Rein HL, Miralles F, Shaver M, Hutcheson JD, Agoulnik I, Wilson SH, Liu Y. Oxidative DNA Damage Modulates DNA Methylation Pattern in Human Breast Cancer 1 (BRCA1) Gene via the Crosstalk between DNA Polymerase β and a de novo DNA Methyltransferase. Cells 2020; 9:E225. [PMID: 31963223 PMCID: PMC7016758 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage and base excision repair (BER) are actively involved in the modulation of DNA methylation and demethylation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we seek to understand the mechanisms by exploring the effects of oxidative DNA damage on the DNA methylation pattern of the tumor suppressor breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) gene in the human embryonic kidney (HEK) HEK293H cells. We found that oxidative DNA damage simultaneously induced DNA demethylation and generation of new methylation sites at the CpGs located at the promoter and transcribed regions of the gene ranging from -189 to +27 in human cells. We demonstrated that DNA damage-induced demethylation was mediated by nucleotide misincorporation by DNA polymerase β (pol β). Surprisingly, we found that the generation of new DNA methylation sites was mediated by coordination between pol β and the de novo DNA methyltransferase, DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b), through the interaction between the two enzymes in the promoter and encoding regions of the BRCA1 gene. Our study provides the first evidence that oxidative DNA damage can cause dynamic changes in DNA methylation in the BRCA1 gene through the crosstalk between BER and de novo DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongliang Jiang
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (Z.J.); (J.M.B.); (P.S.T.)
| | - Yanhao Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (H.L.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Jill M. Beaver
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (Z.J.); (J.M.B.); (P.S.T.)
| | - Pawlos S. Tsegay
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (Z.J.); (J.M.B.); (P.S.T.)
| | - Ming-Lang Zhao
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (M.-L.Z.); (J.K.H.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Julie K. Horton
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (M.-L.Z.); (J.K.H.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Marco Zamora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (H.L.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Hayley L. Rein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (H.L.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Frank Miralles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (H.L.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Mohammad Shaver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.S.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.S.); (J.D.H.)
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Irina Agoulnik
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Samuel H. Wilson
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (M.-L.Z.); (J.K.H.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Yuan Liu
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (Z.J.); (J.M.B.); (P.S.T.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (H.L.R.); (F.M.)
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
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27
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Creager MD, Hohl T, Hutcheson JD, Moss AJ, Schlotter F, Blaser MC, Park MA, Lee LH, Singh SA, Alcaide-Corral CJ, Tavares AAS, Newby DE, Kijewski MF, Aikawa M, Di Carli M, Dweck MR, Aikawa E. 18F-Fluoride Signal Amplification Identifies Microcalcifications Associated With Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability in Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Images. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 12:e007835. [PMID: 30642216 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.118.007835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microcalcifications in atherosclerotic plaques are destabilizing, predict adverse cardiovascular events, and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality.18F-fluoride positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging has demonstrated promise as a useful clinical diagnostic tool in identifying high-risk plaques; however, there is confusion as to the underlying mechanism of signal amplification seen in PET-positive, CT-negative image regions. This study tested the hypothesis that 18F-fluoride PET/CT can identify early microcalcifications. METHODS 18F-fluoride signal amplification derived from microcalcifications was validated against near-infrared fluorescence molecular imaging and histology using an in vitro 3-dimensional hydrogel collagen platform, ex vivo human specimens, and a mouse model of atherosclerosis. RESULTS Microcalcification size correlated inversely with collagen concentration. The 18F-fluoride ligand bound to microcalcifications formed by calcifying vascular smooth muscle cell derived extracellular vesicles in the in vitro 3-dimensional collagen system and exhibited an increasing signal with an increase in collagen concentration (0.25 mg/mL collagen -33.8×102±12.4×102 counts per minute; 0.5 mg/mL collagen -67.7×102±37.4×102 counts per minute; P=0.0014), suggesting amplification of the PET signal by smaller microcalcifications. We further incubated human atherosclerotic endarterectomy specimens with clinically relevant concentrations of 18F-fluoride. The 18F-fluoride ligand labeled microcalcifications in PET-positive, CT-negative regions of explanted human specimens as evidenced by 18F-fluoride PET/CT imaging, near-infrared fluorescence, and histological analysis. Additionally, the 18F-fluoride ligand identified micro and macrocalcifications in atherosclerotic aortas obtained from low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that 18F-fluoride PET signal in PET-positive, CT-negative regions of human atherosclerotic plaques is the result of developing microcalcifications, and high surface area in regions of small microcalcifications may amplify PET signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Creager
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.D.C., T.H., F.S., M.C.B. L.H.L., S.A.S., M.A., E.A.)
| | - Tobias Hohl
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.D.C., T.H., F.S., M.C.B. L.H.L., S.A.S., M.A., E.A.)
| | | | - Alastair J Moss
- British Heart Foundation, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.J.M., C.J.A.-C., A.A.S.T., D.E.N., M.R.D.)
| | - Florian Schlotter
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.D.C., T.H., F.S., M.C.B. L.H.L., S.A.S., M.A., E.A.)
| | - Mark C Blaser
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.D.C., T.H., F.S., M.C.B. L.H.L., S.A.S., M.A., E.A.)
| | - Mi-Ae Park
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.-A.P., M.F.K., M.D.C.)
| | - Lang Ho Lee
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.D.C., T.H., F.S., M.C.B. L.H.L., S.A.S., M.A., E.A.)
| | - Sasha A Singh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.D.C., T.H., F.S., M.C.B. L.H.L., S.A.S., M.A., E.A.)
| | - Carlos J Alcaide-Corral
- British Heart Foundation, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.J.M., C.J.A.-C., A.A.S.T., D.E.N., M.R.D.)
| | - Adriana A S Tavares
- British Heart Foundation, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.J.M., C.J.A.-C., A.A.S.T., D.E.N., M.R.D.)
| | - David E Newby
- British Heart Foundation, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.J.M., C.J.A.-C., A.A.S.T., D.E.N., M.R.D.)
| | - Marie F Kijewski
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.-A.P., M.F.K., M.D.C.)
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.D.C., T.H., F.S., M.C.B. L.H.L., S.A.S., M.A., E.A.).,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.A., E.A.)
| | - Marcelo Di Carli
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.-A.P., M.F.K., M.D.C.)
| | - Marc R Dweck
- British Heart Foundation, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.J.M., C.J.A.-C., A.A.S.T., D.E.N., M.R.D.)
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.D.C., T.H., F.S., M.C.B. L.H.L., S.A.S., M.A., E.A.).,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.A., E.A.)
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Schlotter F, Halu A, Goto S, Blaser MC, Body SC, Lee LH, Higashi H, DeLaughter DM, Hutcheson JD, Vyas P, Pham T, Rogers MA, Sharma A, Seidman CE, Loscalzo J, Seidman JG, Aikawa M, Singh SA, Aikawa E. Spatiotemporal Multi-Omics Mapping Generates a Molecular Atlas of the Aortic Valve and Reveals Networks Driving Disease. Circulation 2019; 138:377-393. [PMID: 29588317 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.032291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No pharmacological therapy exists for calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), which confers a dismal prognosis without invasive valve replacement. The search for therapeutics and early diagnostics is challenging because CAVD presents in multiple pathological stages. Moreover, it occurs in the context of a complex, multi-layered tissue architecture; a rich and abundant extracellular matrix phenotype; and a unique, highly plastic, and multipotent resident cell population. METHODS A total of 25 human stenotic aortic valves obtained from valve replacement surgeries were analyzed by multiple modalities, including transcriptomics and global unlabeled and label-based tandem-mass-tagged proteomics. Segmentation of valves into disease stage-specific samples was guided by near-infrared molecular imaging, and anatomic layer-specificity was facilitated by laser capture microdissection. Side-specific cell cultures were subjected to multiple calcifying stimuli, and their calcification potential and basal/stimulated proteomes were evaluated. Molecular (protein-protein) interaction networks were built, and their central proteins and disease associations were identified. RESULTS Global transcriptional and protein expression signatures differed between the nondiseased, fibrotic, and calcific stages of CAVD. Anatomic aortic valve microlayers exhibited unique proteome profiles that were maintained throughout disease progression and identified glial fibrillary acidic protein as a specific marker of valvular interstitial cells from the spongiosa layer. CAVD disease progression was marked by an emergence of smooth muscle cell activation, inflammation, and calcification-related pathways. Proteins overrepresented in the disease-prone fibrosa are functionally annotated to fibrosis and calcification pathways, and we found that in vitro, fibrosa-derived valvular interstitial cells demonstrated greater calcification potential than those from the ventricularis. These studies confirmed that the microlayer-specific proteome was preserved in cultured valvular interstitial cells, and that valvular interstitial cells exposed to alkaline phosphatase-dependent and alkaline phosphatase-independent calcifying stimuli had distinct proteome profiles, both of which overlapped with that of the whole tissue. Analysis of protein-protein interaction networks found a significant closeness to multiple inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. CONCLUSIONS A spatially and temporally resolved multi-omics, and network and systems biology strategy identifies the first molecular regulatory networks in CAVD, a cardiac condition without a pharmacological cure, and describes a novel means of systematic disease ontology that is broadly applicable to comprehensive omics studies of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schlotter
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Arda Halu
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.).,Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.H., A.S., M.A.)
| | - Shinji Goto
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Mark C Blaser
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Simon C Body
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Center for Perioperative Genomics and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - Lang H Lee
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Hideyuki Higashi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Daniel M DeLaughter
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.M.D., C.E.S., J.G.S.)
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.).,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami (J.D.H.)
| | - Payal Vyas
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Tan Pham
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Maximillian A Rogers
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Amitabh Sharma
- Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.H., A.S., M.A.)
| | - Christine E Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.M.D., C.E.S., J.G.S.).,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (C.E.S., J.L.).,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (C.E.S.)
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (C.E.S., J.L.)
| | - Jonathan G Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.M.D., C.E.S., J.G.S.)
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.).,Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.H., A.S., M.A.).,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.A., E.A.)
| | - Sasha A Singh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.).,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.A., E.A.)
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Bhushan P, Umasankar Y, Hutcheson JD, Bhansali S. Toxicity assessment of wearable wound sensor constituents on keratinocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 58:170-177. [PMID: 30928693 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This research reports on the cytotoxicity of materials present in a wound biosensor on human keratinocytes (HaCaT) to evaluate the biocompatibility of the sensor for continuous wound monitoring applications. Individual and collective effects of the sensor materials, gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs), uricase enzyme (UOx), ferrocene carboxylic acid (FCA), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and poly vinyl alcohol-based polymer (PVA-SbQ) on HaCaT were studied. The toxicology profiles of these materials were derived from cell viability, mitochondrial activity retention and apoptotic behavior studies. At the concentrations present in the sensor, the cell viability studies showed minimal toxicity for Au and Ag NPs, UOx and FCA (cell viability >75%), while MWCNTs and PVA-SbQ exhibited excellent biocompatibility towards keratinocytes (cell viability >90%). Resazurin assay confirmed minimal impairment of mitochondrial activity at lower concentrations for all the materials (mitochondrial activity >0.7). The caspase-3/7 apoptotic assay showed no pronounced apoptotic behavior caused by the materials. The material mixtures studied were Au/UOx/FCA/PVA-SbQ, Ag/UOx/FCA/PVA-SbQ, and MWCNTs/UOx/FCA/PVA-SbQ. A higher toxicity profile was observed for the heterogeneous material mixtures as a result of the cumulative effect of the individual materials. However, the biosensor itself was seen to exhibit lower toxicity (~5%) compared to the material mixtures, due to the protective PVA-SbQ capping over the biosensor. This work establishes the biocompatibility of the reported wound sensor for human measurements with minimal toxic effects on human keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak Bhushan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, United States
| | - Yogeswaran Umasankar
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, United States
| | - Shekhar Bhansali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, United States.
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30
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Hutcheson JD, Goergen CJ, Schoen FJ, Aikawa M, Zilla P, Aikawa E, Gaudette GR. After 50 Years of Heart Transplants: What Does the Next 50 Years Hold for Cardiovascular Medicine? A Perspective From the International Society for Applied Cardiovascular Biology. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:8. [PMID: 30838213 PMCID: PMC6382669 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The first successful heart transplant 50 years ago by Dr.Christiaan Barnard in Cape Town, South Africa revolutionized cardiovascular medicine and research. Following this procedure, numerous other advances have reduced many contributors to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; yet, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death globally. Various unmet needs in cardiovascular medicine affect developing and underserved communities, where access to state-of-the-art advances remain out of reach. Addressing the remaining challenges in cardiovascular medicine in both developed and developing nations will require collaborative efforts from basic science researchers, engineers, industry, and clinicians. In this perspective, we discuss the advancements made in cardiovascular medicine since Dr. Barnard's groundbreaking procedure and ongoing research efforts to address these medical issues. Particular focus is given to the mission of the International Society for Applied Cardiovascular Biology (ISACB), which was founded in Cape Town during the 20th celebration of the first heart transplant in order to promote collaborative and translational research in the field of cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Frederick J Schoen
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Peter Zilla
- Chris Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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31
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Hutcheson JD, Blaser MC, Aikawa E. Giving Calcification Its Due: Recognition of a Diverse Disease: A First Attempt to Standardize the Field. Circ Res 2018; 120:270-273. [PMID: 28104767 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Hutcheson
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (J.D.H., M.C.B., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami (J.D.H.)
| | - Mark C Blaser
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (J.D.H., M.C.B., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami (J.D.H.)
| | - Elena Aikawa
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (J.D.H., M.C.B., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami (J.D.H.).
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32
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Schlotter F, Goettsch C, Rogers MA, Hutcheson JD, Blaser MC, Goto S, Lee LH, Delaughter DM, Merryman WD, Seidman JG, Jaffer FA, Body SC, Aikawa M, Singh SA, Aikawa E. P5090Sortilin is a key driver of fibrocalcific aortic valve disease. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy566.p5090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F Schlotter
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - C Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - M A Rogers
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - J D Hutcheson
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Miami, United States of America
| | - M C Blaser
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - S Goto
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - L H Lee
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - D M Delaughter
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Genetics, Boston, United States of America
| | - W D Merryman
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, United States of America
| | - J G Seidman
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Genetics, Boston, United States of America
| | - F A Jaffer
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - S C Body
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Boston, United States of America
| | - M Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - S A Singh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - E Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
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33
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RoyChoudhury S, Umasankar Y, Hutcheson JD, Lev-Tov HA, Kirsner RS, Bhansali S. Uricase Based Enzymatic Biosensor for Non-invasive Detection of Uric Acid by Entrapment in PVA-SbQ Polymer Matrix. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sohini RoyChoudhury
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Florida International University; Miami, Florida 33174 United States E-mail address
| | - Yogeswaran Umasankar
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute; Florida International University Miami; Miami, Florida 33174 United States
| | - Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Florida International University; Miami, Florida 33174 United States
| | - Hadar A. Lev-Tov
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL
| | - Robert S. Kirsner
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL
| | - Shekhar Bhansali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Florida International University; Miami, Florida 33174 United States E-mail address
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Rogers MA, Hutcheson JD, Goettsch C, Halu A, Singh S, Higashi H, Lee LH, Wang L, Schlotter F, Morgan S, Okui T, Yamazaki Y, Daugherty A, Nomura M, Aikawa M, Aikawa E. Abstract 175: Dynamin-Related Protein 1 Regulates Proteostasis and Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Secretion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.38.suppl_1.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
Dysfunctional protein homeostasis (proteostasis) contributes to cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. We and others associated the mitochondrial fission protein, Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) with cardiometabolic disease. Liver DRP1-deficiency reduces serum lipids and very-low density lipoprotein secretion in high-fat fed mice; whether DRP1 mediates these effects via proteostasis regulation is unknown.
Approach and Results:
Using mass spectrometry integrated with network analysis to map the human liver secretome, we found DRP1 associated with cardiovascular disease modules and lipid pathways. Electron microscopy revealed human liver DRP1 at mitochondria, cytosol, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and clustered at membrane tethered to ER exit sites. DRP1 small molecule inhibition (Mdivi-1) or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated
DRP1
deletion in human liver cells, and
Drp1
-liver deficiency in mice reduced autophagic flux without impairing the amino acid metabolome, or activating the autophagy inhibitor, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. DRP1 partially co-localized and co-immunoprecipitated with the ER trafficking and autophagy regulator, Syntaxin 17, in human liver tissue and cells. DRP1 inhibition reduced Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) secretion in human liver cells and mice (-78.5%), and altered trafficking of the PCSK9-binding and ER maintenance chaperone, Glucose-regulated protein 94. Co-treating human liver cells with Mdivi-1 and proteasome inhibitor (MG132), non-transcriptionally increased intracellular PCSK9, while maintaining Mdivi-1-mediated reduced PCSK9 secretion.
Conclusions:
We propose a novel function of DRP1 in the regulation of proteostasis, wherein DRP1 may cluster, then tether and/or constrict nascent autophagy-associated membrane at the ER via its interaction with Syntaxin 17. DRP1 inhibition likely reduces lipoprotein and PCSK9 secretion in part by impairing autophagic flux leading to compensatory chaperone-mediated proteasomal degradation for ER maintenance. Proteostasis regulation and the cellular function of DRP1 is more complex than previously thought, potentially providing new avenues to therapeutically target cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arda Halu
- Brigham and Women's Hosp, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA
| | - Sasha Singh
- Brigham and Women's Hosp, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA
| | | | - Lang H Lee
- Brigham and Women's Hosp, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - Takehito Okui
- Brigham and Women's Hosp, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA
| | | | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Rsch Cntr, Univ of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | | | - Elena Aikawa
- Brigham and Women's Hosp, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA
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Schlotter F, Halu A, Goto S, Blaser MC, Body SC, Lee LH, Higashi H, DeLaughter DM, Hutcheson JD, Vyas P, Pham TH, Rogers MA, Sharma A, Seidman CE, Loscalzo J, Seidman JG, Aikawa M, Singh SA, Aikawa E. Abstract 228: Multi-omics Mapping Generates a Molecular Atlas of the Aortic Valve and Reveals Networks Driving Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.38.suppl_1.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
No pharmacological therapy exists for calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), which confers a dismal prognosis without valve replacement. The search for therapeutics and early diagnostics is challenging since CAVD presents in multiple pathological stages.
Methods:
A total of 25 human stenotic aortic valves obtained from valve replacement surgery were analyzed by multiple modalities, including transcriptomics and global unlabeled and tandem-mass-tagged proteomics by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Results:
Global transcriptional and protein expression signatures differed between the non-diseased, fibrotic, and calcific stages of CAVD, with consistent trends in gene and protein expression across disease stages. Anatomical aortic valve microlayers exhibited unique proteome profiles that were maintained throughout disease progression, and revealed GFAP as a specific marker of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) from the spongiosa layer. CAVD disease progression was marked by an emergence of smooth muscle cell activation, inflammation, and calcification-related pathways. Proteins overrepresented in the disease-prone fibrosa are functionally annotated to fibrosis and calcification pathways, and we found that,
in vitro
, fibrosa-derived VICs demonstrated greater calcification potential than those from the ventricularis. These studies confirmed that the microlayer-specific proteome was preserved in cultured VICs, and that VICs exposed to TNAP-dependent and TNAP-independent calcifying stimuli had distinct proteome profiles, both of which overlapped with that of the whole tissue. Network analysis of protein-protein interaction networks found a significant closeness to multiple inflammatory and fibrotic diseases.
Conclusions:
A spatially- and temporally-resolved multi-omics and systems biology strategy identifies the first molecular regulatory networks in CAVD, a cardiac condition without a pharmacological cure, and describes a strategy for endophenotype characterization that is broadly applicable to comprehensive omics studies of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schlotter
- Cntr for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Div of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA
| | - Arda Halu
- Cntr for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Div of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA
| | - Shinji Goto
- Cntr for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Div of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA
| | - Mark C Blaser
- Cntr for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Div of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA
| | - Simon C Body
- Dept of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Boston, MA
| | - Lang H Lee
- Cntr for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Div of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA
| | - Hideyuki Higashi
- Cntr for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Div of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Payal Vyas
- Cntr for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Div of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA
| | - Tan H Pham
- Cntr for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Div of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA
| | - Maximillian A Rogers
- Cntr for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Div of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA
| | - Amitabh Sharma
- Channing Div of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - Masanori Aikawa
- Cntr for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Div of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA
| | - Sasha A Singh
- Cntr for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Div of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Cntr for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Div of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA
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Pokhrel R, Gerstman BS, Hutcheson JD, Chapagain PP. In Silico Investigations of Calcium Phosphate Mineralization in Extracellular Vesicles. J Phys Chem B 2018. [PMID: 29519123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcification in bone, cartilage, and cardiovascular tissues involves the release of specialized extracellular vesicles (EVs) that promote mineral nucleation. The small size of the EVs, however, makes molecular level studies difficult, and consequently uncertainty exists on the role and function of these structures in directing mineralization. The lack of mechanistic understanding associated with the initiators of ectopic mineral deposition has severely hindered the development of potential therapeutic options. Here, we used multiscale molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the calcification within the EVs. Results show that Ca2+-HPO42- and phosphatidylserine complexes facilitate the early nucleation. Use of coarse-grained simulations allows investigations of Ca2+-PO43- nucleation and crystallization in the EVs. Systematic variation in the ion-to-water ratio shows that the crystallization and growth strongly depend on the enrichment of the ions and dehydration inside the EVs. Our investigations provide insights into the role of EVs on calcium phosphate mineral nucleation and growth in both physiological and pathological mineralization.
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Bakhshian Nik A, Hutcheson JD, Aikawa E. Extracellular Vesicles As Mediators of Cardiovascular Calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:78. [PMID: 29322046 PMCID: PMC5732140 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Involvement of cell-derived extracellular particles, coined as matrix vesicles (MVs), in biological bone formation was introduced by Bonucci and Anderson in mid-1960s. In 1983, Anderson et al. observed similar structures in atherosclerotic lesion calcification using electron microscopy. Recent studies employing new technologies and high- resolution microscopy have shown that although they exhibit characteristics similar to MVs, calcifying extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cardiovascular tissues are phenotypically distinct from their bone counterparts. EVs released from cells within cardiovascular tissues may contain either inhibitors of calcification in normal physiological conditions or promoters in pathological environments. Pathological conditions characterized by mineral imbalance (e.g., atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, diabetes) can cause smooth muscle cells, valvular interstitial cells, and macrophages to release calcifying EVs, which contain specific mineralization-promoting cargo. These EVs can arise from either direct budding of the cell plasma membrane or through the release of exosomes from multivesicular bodies. In contrast, MVs are germinated from specific sites on osteoblast, chondrocyte, or odontoblast membranes. Much like MVs, calcifying EVs in the fibrillar collagen extracellular matrix of cardiovascular tissues serve as calcification foci, but the mineral that forms appears different between the tissues. This review highlights recent studies on mechanisms of calcifying EV formation, release, and mineralization in cardiovascular calcification. Furthermore, we address the MV–EV relationship, and offer insight into therapeutic implications to consider for potential targets for each type of mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirala Bakhshian Nik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Rogers MA, Maldonado N, Hutcheson JD, Goettsch C, Goto S, Yamada I, Faits T, Sesaki H, Aikawa M, Aikawa E. Dynamin-Related Protein 1 Inhibition Attenuates Cardiovascular Calcification in the Presence of Oxidative Stress. Circ Res 2017; 121:220-233. [PMID: 28607103 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mitochondrial changes occur during cell differentiation and cardiovascular disease. DRP1 (dynamin-related protein 1) is a key regulator of mitochondrial fission. We hypothesized that DRP1 plays a role in cardiovascular calcification, a process involving cell differentiation and a major clinical problem with high unmet needs. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of osteogenic promoting conditions on DRP1 and whether DRP1 inhibition alters the development of cardiovascular calcification. METHODS AND RESULTS DRP1 was enriched in calcified regions of human carotid arteries, examined by immunohistochemistry. Osteogenic differentiation of primary human vascular smooth muscle cells increased DRP1 expression. DRP1 inhibition in human smooth muscle cells undergoing osteogenic differentiation attenuated matrix mineralization, cytoskeletal rearrangement, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduced type 1 collagen secretion and alkaline phosphatase activity. DRP1 protein was observed in calcified human aortic valves, and DRP1 RNA interference reduced primary human valve interstitial cell calcification. Mice heterozygous for Drp1 deletion did not exhibit altered vascular pathology in a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 gain-of-function atherosclerosis model. However, when mineralization was induced via oxidative stress, DRP1 inhibition attenuated mouse and human smooth muscle cell calcification. Femur bone density was unchanged in mice heterozygous for Drp1 deletion, and DRP1 inhibition attenuated oxidative stress-mediated dysfunction in human bone osteoblasts. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a new function of DRP1 in regulating collagen secretion and cardiovascular calcification, a novel area of exploration for the potential development of new therapies to modify cellular fibrocalcific response in cardiovascular diseases. Our data also support a role of mitochondrial dynamics in regulating oxidative stress-mediated arterial calcium accrual and bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximillian A Rogers
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (M.A.R., N.M., J.D.H., C.G., S.G., I.Y., T.F., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.S.)
| | - Natalia Maldonado
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (M.A.R., N.M., J.D.H., C.G., S.G., I.Y., T.F., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.S.)
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (M.A.R., N.M., J.D.H., C.G., S.G., I.Y., T.F., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.S.)
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (M.A.R., N.M., J.D.H., C.G., S.G., I.Y., T.F., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.S.)
| | - Shinji Goto
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (M.A.R., N.M., J.D.H., C.G., S.G., I.Y., T.F., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.S.)
| | - Iwao Yamada
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (M.A.R., N.M., J.D.H., C.G., S.G., I.Y., T.F., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.S.)
| | - Tyler Faits
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (M.A.R., N.M., J.D.H., C.G., S.G., I.Y., T.F., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.S.)
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (M.A.R., N.M., J.D.H., C.G., S.G., I.Y., T.F., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.S.)
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (M.A.R., N.M., J.D.H., C.G., S.G., I.Y., T.F., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.S.)
| | - Elena Aikawa
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (M.A.R., N.M., J.D.H., C.G., S.G., I.Y., T.F., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.S.).
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Goettsch C, Iwata H, Hutcheson JD, O'Donnell CJ, Chapurlat R, Cook NR, Aikawa M, Szulc P, Aikawa E. Serum Sortilin Associates With Aortic Calcification and Cardiovascular Risk in Men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1005-1011. [PMID: 28279970 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genome-wide association studies and preclinical studies demonstrated a role of sortilin in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and vascular calcification-all cardiovascular risk factors. We evaluated the association of serum sortilin levels with the risk of major adverse cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events (MACCE) and the severity of abdominal aortic calcification (AAC). APPROACH AND RESULTS A cohort of community-dwelling men aged ≥50 years (n=830) was assessed. At baseline, sortilin levels were measured by ELISA, and AAC was assessed on lateral spine scans obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Men aged ≥60 years (n=745) were followed up prospectively for the incidence of MACCE. During the median follow-up of 7.9 years, 76 MACCE occurred. The unadjusted incidence of MACCE across increasing sortilin quartiles was 8.0, 7.4, 19.8, and 20.3 per 1000 person-years. In multivariate-adjusted analysis, sortilin associated with increased risk of MACCE (hazard ratio, 1.70 per SD; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-2.20; P<0.001). The third and fourth quartiles associated with 3.42-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.61-7.25; P<0.005) and 3.82-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.77-8.26; P<0.001) higher risk of MACCE compared with the first quartile. High sortilin also predicted MACCE independent of traditional Framingham risk factors. Higher sortilin associated with higher odds of severe AAC (score>5) after adjustment for confounders (odds ratio, 1.43 per SD; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.85; P<0.01). The highest sortilin quartile associated with 2-fold higher odds of severe AAC (versus 3 lower quartiles combined). After adjustment for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the odds of severe AAC remained significant. CONCLUSIONS In older men, higher serum sortilin levels associated with higher MACCE risk and severe AAC independently of relevant confounders, including C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This finding, however, needs to be validated in other cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Goettsch
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (C.G., H.I., J.D.H., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Boston VA Healthcare, Department of Cardiology, MA (C.J.O.); INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Department of Rheumatology and Bone Pathology, France (R.C., P.S.); and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C.)
| | - Hiroshi Iwata
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (C.G., H.I., J.D.H., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Boston VA Healthcare, Department of Cardiology, MA (C.J.O.); INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Department of Rheumatology and Bone Pathology, France (R.C., P.S.); and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C.)
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (C.G., H.I., J.D.H., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Boston VA Healthcare, Department of Cardiology, MA (C.J.O.); INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Department of Rheumatology and Bone Pathology, France (R.C., P.S.); and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C.)
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (C.G., H.I., J.D.H., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Boston VA Healthcare, Department of Cardiology, MA (C.J.O.); INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Department of Rheumatology and Bone Pathology, France (R.C., P.S.); and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C.)
| | - Roland Chapurlat
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (C.G., H.I., J.D.H., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Boston VA Healthcare, Department of Cardiology, MA (C.J.O.); INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Department of Rheumatology and Bone Pathology, France (R.C., P.S.); and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C.)
| | - Nancy R Cook
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (C.G., H.I., J.D.H., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Boston VA Healthcare, Department of Cardiology, MA (C.J.O.); INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Department of Rheumatology and Bone Pathology, France (R.C., P.S.); and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C.)
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (C.G., H.I., J.D.H., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Boston VA Healthcare, Department of Cardiology, MA (C.J.O.); INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Department of Rheumatology and Bone Pathology, France (R.C., P.S.); and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C.)
| | - Pawel Szulc
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (C.G., H.I., J.D.H., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Boston VA Healthcare, Department of Cardiology, MA (C.J.O.); INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Department of Rheumatology and Bone Pathology, France (R.C., P.S.); and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C.)
| | - Elena Aikawa
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (C.G., H.I., J.D.H., M.A., E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (M.A., E.A.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Boston VA Healthcare, Department of Cardiology, MA (C.J.O.); INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Department of Rheumatology and Bone Pathology, France (R.C., P.S.); and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C.).
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Yabusaki K, Hutcheson JD, Vyas P, Bertazzo S, Body SC, Aikawa M, Aikawa E. Quantification of Calcified Particles in Human Valve Tissue Reveals Asymmetry of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease Development. Front Cardiovasc Med 2016; 3:44. [PMID: 27867942 PMCID: PMC5095138 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2016.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicated that small calcified particles observable by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) may initiate calcification in cardiovascular tissues. We hypothesized that if the calcified particles precede gross calcification observed in calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), they would exhibit a regional asymmetric distribution associated with CAVD development, which always initiates at the base of aortic valve leaflets adjacent to the aortic outflow in a region known as the fibrosa. Testing this hypothesis required counting the calcified particles in histological sections of aortic valve leaflets. SEM images, however, do not provide high contrast between components within images, making the identification and quantification of particles buried within tissue extracellular matrix difficult. We designed a new unique pattern-matching based technique to allow for flexibility in recognizing particles by creating a gap zone in the detection criteria that decreased the influence of non-particle image clutter in determining whether a particle was identified. We developed this flexible pattern particle-labeling (FpPL) technique using synthetic test images and human carotid artery tissue sections. A conventional image particle counting method (preinstalled in ImageJ) did not properly recognize small calcified particles located in noisy images that include complex extracellular matrix structures and other commonly used pattern-matching methods failed to detect the wide variation in size, shape, and brightness exhibited by the particles. Comparative experiments with the ImageJ particle counting method demonstrated that our method detected significantly more (p < 2 × 10-7) particles than the conventional method with significantly fewer (p < 0.0003) false positives and false negatives (p < 0.0003). We then applied the FpPL technique to CAVD leaflets and showed a significant increase in detected particles in the fibrosa at the base of the leaflets (p < 0.0001), supporting our hypothesis. The outcomes of this study are twofold: (1) development of a new image analysis technique that can be adapted to a wide range of applications and (2) acquisition of new insight on potential early mediators of calcification in CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Yabusaki
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (CICS), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (CICS), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Payal Vyas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (CICS), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Sergio Bertazzo
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London , London , UK
| | - Simon C Body
- Center for Perioperative Genomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (CICS), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (CICS), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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Kramann R, Goettsch C, Wongboonsin J, Iwata H, Schneider RK, Kuppe C, Kaesler N, Chang-Panesso M, Machado FG, Gratwohl S, Madhurima K, Hutcheson JD, Jain S, Aikawa E, Humphreys BD. Adventitial MSC-like Cells Are Progenitors of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Drive Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 19:628-642. [PMID: 27618218 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like cells reside in the vascular wall, but their role in vascular regeneration and disease is poorly understood. Here, we show that Gli1+ cells located in the arterial adventitia are progenitors of vascular smooth muscle cells and contribute to neointima formation and repair after acute injury to the femoral artery. Genetic fate tracing indicates that adventitial Gli1+ MSC-like cells migrate into the media and neointima during athero- and arteriosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice with chronic kidney disease. Our data indicate that Gli1+ cells are a major source of osteoblast-like cells during calcification in the media and intima. Genetic ablation of Gli1+ cells before induction of kidney injury dramatically reduced the severity of vascular calcification. These findings implicate Gli1+ cells as critical adventitial progenitors in vascular remodeling after acute and during chronic injury and suggest that they may be relevant therapeutic targets for mitigation of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kramann
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Janewit Wongboonsin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hiroshi Iwata
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebekka K Schneider
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02138, USA; Division of Hematology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kuppe
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nadine Kaesler
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Monica Chang-Panesso
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Flavia G Machado
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Susannah Gratwohl
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kaushal Madhurima
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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42
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Goettsch C, Hutcheson JD, Hagita S, Rogers MA, Creager MD, Pham T, Choi J, Mlynarchik AK, Pieper B, Kjolby M, Aikawa M, Aikawa E. A single injection of gain-of-function mutant PCSK9 adeno-associated virus vector induces cardiovascular calcification in mice with no genetic modification. Atherosclerosis 2016; 251:109-118. [PMID: 27318830 PMCID: PMC4983246 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studying atherosclerotic calcification in vivo requires mouse models with genetic modifications. Previous studies showed that injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus vector (AAV) encoding a gain-of-function mutant PCSK9 into mice promotes atherosclerosis. We aimed to study cardiovascular calcification induced by PCSK9 AAV in C57BL/6J mice. METHODS 10 week-old C57BL/6J mice received a single injection of AAV encoding mutant mPCSK9 (rAAV8/D377Y-mPCSK9). Ldlr(-/-) mice served as positive controls. Mice consumed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 15 or 20 weeks. Aortic calcification was assessed by fluorescence reflectance imaging (FRI) of a near-infrared calcium tracer. RESULTS Serum levels of PCSK9 (0.14 μg/mL to 20 μg/mL, p < 0.01) and total cholesterol (82 mg/dL to 820 mg/dL, p < 0.01) increased within one week after injection and remained elevated for 20 weeks. Atherosclerotic lesion size was similar between PCSK9 AAV and Ldlr(-/-) mice. Aortic calcification was 0.01% ± 0.01 in PCSK9 AAV mice and 15.3% ± 6.1 in Ldlr(-/-) mice at 15 weeks (p < 0.01); by 20 weeks, the PCSK9 AAV mice aortic calcification grew to 12.4% ± 4.9. Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase activity was similar in PCSK9 AAV mice and Ldlr(-/-) mice at 15 and 20 weeks, respectively. As example of the utility of this model in testing modulators of calcification in vivo, PCSK9 AAV injection to sortilin-deficient mice demonstrated reduced aortic calcification by 46.3% (p < 0.05) compared to littermate controls. CONCLUSIONS A single injection of gain-of-function PCSK9 AAV into C57BL/6J mice is a useful tool to study cardiovascular calcification in mice with no genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sumihiko Hagita
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maximillian A Rogers
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael D Creager
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tan Pham
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jung Choi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew K Mlynarchik
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brett Pieper
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mads Kjolby
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Danish Diabetes Academy, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Denmark
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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43
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Krohn JB, Hutcheson JD, Martínez-Martínez E, Aikawa E. Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular calcification: expanding current paradigms. J Physiol 2016; 594:2895-903. [PMID: 26824781 PMCID: PMC4887674 DOI: 10.1113/jp271338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a major contributor to the progression of cardiovascular disease, one of the leading causes of death in industrialized countries. New evidence on the mechanisms of mineralization identified calcification-competent extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from smooth muscle cells, valvular interstitial cells and macrophages as the mediators of calcification in diseased heart valves and atherosclerotic plaques. However, the regulation of EV release and the mechanisms of interaction between EVs and the extracellular matrix leading to the formation of destabilizing microcalcifications remain unclear. This review focuses on current limits in our understanding of EVs in cardiovascular disease and opens up new perspectives on calcific EV biogenesis, release and functions within and beyond vascular calcification. We propose that, unlike bone-derived matrix vesicles, a large population of EVs implicated in cardiovascular calcification are of exosomal origin. Moreover, the milieu-dependent loading of EVs with microRNA and calcification inhibitors fetuin-A and matrix Gla protein suggests a novel role for EVs in intercellular communication, adding a new mechanism to the pathogenesis of vascular mineralization. Similarly, the cell type-dependent enrichment of annexins 2, 5 or 6 in calcifying EVs posits one of several emerging factors implicated in the regulation of EV release and calcifying potential. This review aims to emphasize the role of EVs as essential mediators of calcification, a major determinant of cardiovascular mortality. Based on recent findings, we pinpoint potential targets for novel therapies to slow down the progression and promote the stability of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jona B Krohn
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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44
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O'Rourke C, Shelton G, Hutcheson JD, Burke MF, Martyn T, Thayer TE, Shakartzi HR, Buswell MD, Tainsh RE, Yu B, Bagchi A, Rhee DK, Wu C, Derwall M, Buys ES, Yu PB, Bloch KD, Aikawa E, Bloch DB, Malhotra R. Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27284788 DOI: 10.3791/54017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Atherosclerotic plaques, consisting of lipid-laden macrophages and calcification, develop in the coronary arteries, aortic valve, aorta, and peripheral conduit arteries and are the hallmark of cardiovascular disease. In humans, imaging with computed tomography allows for the quantification of vascular calcification; the presence of vascular calcification is a strong predictor of future cardiovascular events. Development of novel therapies in cardiovascular disease relies critically on improving our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis. Advancing our knowledge of atherosclerotic mechanisms relies on murine and cell-based models. Here, a method for imaging aortic calcification and macrophage infiltration using two spectrally distinct near-infrared fluorescent imaging probes is detailed. Near-infrared fluorescent imaging allows for the ex vivo quantification of calcification and macrophage accumulation in the entire aorta and can be used to further our understanding of the mechanistic relationship between inflammation and calcification in atherosclerosis. Additionally, a method for isolating and culturing animal aortic vascular smooth muscle cells and a protocol for inducing calcification in cultured smooth muscle cells from either murine aortas or from human coronary arteries is described. This in vitro method of modeling vascular calcification can be used to identify and characterize the signaling pathways likely important for the development of vascular disease, in the hopes of discovering novel targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin O'Rourke
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Georgia Shelton
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Megan F Burke
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Trejeeve Martyn
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Timothy E Thayer
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Hannah R Shakartzi
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Mary D Buswell
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Robert E Tainsh
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Binglan Yu
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Aranya Bagchi
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - David K Rhee
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Connie Wu
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Matthias Derwall
- Department of Anesthesiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University
| | - Emmanuel S Buys
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Paul B Yu
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Kenneth D Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Donald B Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Anesthesiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School;
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45
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Hutcheson JD, Goettsch C, Pieper B, Pham T, Choi J, Mlynarchik A, Aikawa M, Aikawa E. Abstract 452: Longitudinal Visualization of Calcification Genesis and Growth
in vivo
: Novel Implications for Plaque Vulnerability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.36.suppl_1.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Clinical evidence links arterial calcification and cardiovascular risk. Fibrous cap microcalcifications can promote atherosclerotic plaque failure, and large calcifications can stabilize the plaque. Therefore, calcification morphology can determine cardiovascular morbidity, but temporal patterns of calcific mineral deposition and growth remain unknown.
Results:
Apolipoprotein E-deficient (
Apoe-/-
) mice on an atherogenic diet develop plaque calcification. Longitudinal studies were performed using two different fluorescent calcium tracers injected intravenously into
Apoe-/-
mice: calcein injection following 18 weeks of atherogenic diet (n=7) and alizarin red S injection into the same mice 1 (n=4) or 3 (n=3) weeks later. Imaging green (calcein) and red (alizarin red S) fluorescence provided snapshots of aortic calcification at 18, 19, and 21 weeks. Observations within histological sections revealed green microcalcifications at 18 weeks embedded within alizarin red stained larger calcifications that were formed by 19 weeks (a). These data demonstrate that microcalcifications present at the start of calcification become the core of the larger calcifications that develop over time. Serial histological sections from aortic root to arch (b) were digitally reconstructed into 3D volumes (c) to reveal total calcific burden and localization within the aortic wall (d). Total calcification volume increased at a significant rate of 6.0x10
6
μm
3
per week (R
2
=0.99, p=0.007) and progressed from aortic arch to aortic root over time (p<0.001). Observations closely match calcification morphologies found by micro-computed tomography of human coronary arteries.
Conclusion:
Temporal and spatial understanding arterial calcification growth is crucial given the link between mineral morphology and cardiovascular risk, and these techniques provide a method for testing therapeutic approaches to control calcification morphology over time
in situ
.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tan Pham
- Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Boston, MA
| | - Jung Choi
- Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Boston, MA
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46
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Ruiz JL, Weinbaum S, Aikawa E, Hutcheson JD. Zooming in on the genesis of atherosclerotic plaque microcalcifications. J Physiol 2016; 594:2915-27. [PMID: 27040360 DOI: 10.1113/jp271339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence conclusively demonstrates that calcium burden is a significant predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. These observations have challenged the previously held notion that calcification serves to stabilize the atherosclerotic plaque. Recent studies have shown that microcalcifications that form within the fibrous cap of the plaques lead to the accrual of plaque-destabilizing mechanical stress. Given the association between calcification morphology and cardiovascular outcomes, it is important to understand the mechanisms leading to calcific mineral deposition and growth from the earliest stages. We highlight the open questions in the field of cardiovascular calcification and include a review of the proposed mechanisms involved in extracellular vesicle-mediated mineral deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Ruiz
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheldon Weinbaum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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47
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Ruiz JL, Hutcheson JD, Aikawa E. Abstract 658: Unraveling the Controversy of Bisphosphonates as Vascular Calcification Therapy Using a Nanoanalytical Approach. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.36.suppl_1.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification significantly predicts atherosclerotic plaque rupture and cardiovascular events. Retrospective studies of women taking bisphosphonates, a proposed therapy for vascular calcification, paradoxically indicated increased risk in patients with prior acute events. We recently demonstrated that calcifying extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cells within the plaque aggregate and nucleate calcific mineral, but the underlying mechanism and the potential for pharmacological intervention remain poorly understood. We hypothesize that bisphosphonates block EV aggregation and arrest existing mineral growth, freezing calcifications in a high-risk morphology that hastens plaque rupture. This study visualized for the first time EV aggregation and calcification at single-EV resolution, via scanning electron microscopy. Three-dimensional (3-D) collagen hydrogels incubated with calcifying EVs modeled fibrous cap calcification, serving as an in vitro platform to image mineral nucleation and test candidate drugs for the potential to inhibit or reverse vascular calcification. EVs aggregated along and between collagen fibrils. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed that EV aggregates contained calcium and phosphorous, the building blocks of calcific mineral (vs. internal collagen control, p<0.001). The addition of the bisphosphonate ibandronate decreased the EDS-detected amount of calcium (4.32% by weight (wt%) vs. 2.36 wt%, p<0.001) and phosphorous (4.26 wt% vs. 1.94 wt%, p<0.001) comprising EV aggregates. Further, ibandronate reduced the size (21.5 μm
2
vs. 14.2 μm
2
, p=0.012) and changed the morphology of calcific EV aggregates (Figure). These findings agree with our hypothesis that bisphosphonates alter EV-driven calcification, and confirm that our 3-D collagen hydrogel system is a viable platform to study EV-mediated mineral nucleation and evaluate potential therapies for cardiovascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Ruiz
- Cntr for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Boston, MA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Cntr for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Boston, MA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Cntr for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hosp, Boston, MA
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48
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Hjortnaes J, Goettsch C, Hutcheson JD, Camci-Unal G, Lax L, Scherer K, Body S, Schoen FJ, Kluin J, Khademhosseini A, Aikawa E. Simulation of early calcific aortic valve disease in a 3D platform: A role for myofibroblast differentiation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 94:13-20. [PMID: 26996755 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most prevalent valve disease in the Western world. Recent difficulty in translating experimental results on statins to beneficial clinical effects warrants the need for understanding the role of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) in CAVD. In two-dimensional culture conditions, VICs undergo spontaneous activation similar to pathological differentiation, which intrinsically limits the use of in vitro models to study CAVD. Here, we hypothesized that a three-dimensional (3D) culture system based on naturally derived extracellular matrix polymers, mimicking the microenvironment of native valve tissue, could serve as a physiologically relevant platform to study the osteogenic differentiation of VICs. PRINCIPAL RESULTS Aortic VICs loaded into 3D hydrogel constructs maintained a quiescent phenotype, similar to healthy human valves. In contrast, osteogenic environment induced an initial myofibroblast differentiation (hallmarked by increased alpha smooth muscle actin [α-SMA] expression), followed by an osteoblastic differentiation, characterized by elevated Runx2 expression, and subsequent calcific nodule formation recapitulating CAVD conditions. Silencing of α-SMA under osteogenic conditions diminished VIC osteoblast-like differentiation and calcification, indicating that a VIC myofibroblast-like phenotype may precede osteogenic differentiation in CAVD. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Using a 3D hydrogel model, we simulated events that occur during early CAVD in vivo and provided a platform to investigate mechanisms of CAVD. Differentiation of valvular interstitial cells to myofibroblasts was a key mechanistic step in the process of early mineralization. This novel approach can provide important insight into valve pathobiology and serve as a promising tool for drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Hjortnaes
- Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gulden Camci-Unal
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lilian Lax
- Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrin Scherer
- Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon Body
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Frederick J Schoen
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jolanda Kluin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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49
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Goettsch C, Hutcheson JD, Aikawa M, Iwata H, Pham T, Nykjaer A, Kjolby M, Rogers M, Michel T, Shibasaki M, Hagita S, Kramann R, Rader DJ, Libby P, Singh SA, Aikawa E. Sortilin mediates vascular calcification via its recruitment into extracellular vesicles. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1323-36. [PMID: 26950419 DOI: 10.1172/jci80851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a common feature of major cardiovascular diseases. Extracellular vesicles participate in the formation of microcalcifications that are implicated in atherosclerotic plaque rupture; however, the mechanisms that regulate formation of calcifying extracellular vesicles remain obscure. Here, we have demonstrated that sortilin is a key regulator of smooth muscle cell (SMC) calcification via its recruitment to extracellular vesicles. Sortilin localized to calcifying vessels in human and mouse atheromata and participated in formation of microcalcifications in SMC culture. Sortilin regulated the loading of the calcification protein tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) into extracellular vesicles, thereby conferring its calcification potential. Furthermore, SMC calcification required Rab11-dependent trafficking and FAM20C/casein kinase 2-dependent C-terminal phosphorylation of sortilin. In a murine model, Sort1-deficiency reduced arterial calcification but did not affect bone mineralization. Additionally, transfer of sortilin-deficient BM cells to irradiated atherosclerotic mice did not affect vascular calcification, indicating a primary role of SMC-derived sortilin. Together, the results of this study identify sortilin phosphorylation as a potential therapeutic target for ectopic calcification/microcalcification and may clarify the mechanism that underlies the genetic association between the SORT1 gene locus and coronary artery calcification.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism
- Alkaline Phosphatase/biosynthesis
- Alkaline Phosphatase/genetics
- Animals
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Casein Kinase I/genetics
- Casein Kinase I/metabolism
- Casein Kinase II/metabolism
- Cell-Derived Microparticles/genetics
- Cell-Derived Microparticles/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- Protein Transport
- Vascular Calcification/genetics
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
- rab GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- rab GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
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50
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Hutcheson JD, Goettsch C, Bertazzo S, Maldonado N, Ruiz JL, Goh W, Yabusaki K, Faits T, Bouten C, Franck G, Quillard T, Libby P, Aikawa M, Weinbaum S, Aikawa E. Genesis and growth of extracellular-vesicle-derived microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaques. Nat Mater 2016; 15:335-43. [PMID: 26752654 PMCID: PMC4767675 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Clinical evidence links arterial calcification and cardiovascular risk. Finite-element modelling of the stress distribution within atherosclerotic plaques has suggested that subcellular microcalcifications in the fibrous cap may promote material failure of the plaque, but that large calcifications can stabilize it. Yet the physicochemical mechanisms underlying such mineral formation and growth in atheromata remain unknown. Here, by using three-dimensional collagen hydrogels that mimic structural features of the atherosclerotic fibrous cap, and high-resolution microscopic and spectroscopic analyses of both the hydrogels and of calcified human plaques, we demonstrate that calcific mineral formation and maturation results from a series of events involving the aggregation of calcifying extracellular vesicles, and the formation of microcalcifications and ultimately large calcification areas. We also show that calcification morphology and the plaque's collagen content-two determinants of atherosclerotic plaque stability-are interlinked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sergio Bertazzo
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Natalia Maldonado
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica L. Ruiz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wilson Goh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katsumi Yabusaki
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler Faits
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlijn Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory Franck
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thibaut Quillard
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheldon Weinbaum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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