1
|
Thompson N, Ravagli E, Mastitskaya S, Challita R, Hadaya J, Iacoviello F, Shah Idil A, Shearing PR, Ajijola OA, Ardell JL, Shivkumar K, Holder D, Aristovich K. Anatomical and functional organization of cardiac fibers in the porcine cervical vagus nerve allows spatially selective efferent neuromodulation. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.09.574861. [PMID: 38260584 PMCID: PMC10802425 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.09.574861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac disease progression reflects the dynamic interaction between adversely remodeled neurohumoral control systems and an abnormal cardiac substrate. Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) is an attractive neuromodulatory option to dampen this dynamic interaction; however, it is limited by off-target effects. Spatially-selective VNS (sVNS) offers a promising solution to induce cardioprotection while mitigating off-target effects by specifically targeting pre-ganglionic parasympathetic efferent cardiac fibers. This approach also has the potential to enhance therapeutic outcomes by eliminating time-consuming titration required for optimal VNS. Recent studies have demonstrated the independent modulation of breathing rate, heart rate, and laryngeal contraction through sVNS. However, the spatial organization of afferent and efferent cardiac-related fibers within the vagus nerve remains unexplored. By using trial-and-error sVNS in vivo in combination with ex vivo micro-computed tomography fascicle tracing, we show the significant spatial separation of cardiac afferent and efferent fibers (179±55° SD microCT, p<0.05 and 200±137° SD, p<0.05 sVNS - degrees of separation across a cross-section of nerve) at the mid-cervical level. We also show that cardiac afferent fibers are located in proximity to pulmonary fibers consistent with recent findings of cardiopulmonary convergent neurons and circuits. We demonstrate the ability of sVNS to selectively elicit desired scalable heart rate decrease without stimulating afferent-related reflexes. By elucidating the spatial organization of cardiac-related fibers within the vagus nerve, our findings pave the way for more targeted neuromodulation, thereby reducing off-target effects and eliminating the need for titration. This, in turn, will enhance the precision and efficacy of VNS therapy in treating cardiac pathology, allowing for improved therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Thompson
- EIT and Neurophysiology Research Group, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Enrico Ravagli
- EIT and Neurophysiology Research Group, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Svetlana Mastitskaya
- EIT and Neurophysiology Research Group, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald Challita
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Program of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joseph Hadaya
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Program of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmad Shah Idil
- EIT and Neurophysiology Research Group, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olujimi A. Ajijola
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Program of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Ardell
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Program of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kalyanam Shivkumar
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Program of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Holder
- EIT and Neurophysiology Research Group, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirill Aristovich
- EIT and Neurophysiology Research Group, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu SP, De Jesus AMP, Berto F, Michopoulos JG, Iacoviello F, Wang Q. Preface to the theme issue 'Physics-informed machine learning and its structural integrity applications (Part 2)'. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2024; 382:20230248. [PMID: 37980930 PMCID: PMC10657746 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging research field, physics-informed machine learning and its structural integrity applications may bring new opportunities to the intelligent solution of engineering problems. Pure data-driven approaches have some limitations when solving engineering problems due to lack of interpretability and data hungry applications. Therefore, further unlocking the potential of machine learning will be an important research direction in the future. Knowledge-driven machine learning methods may have a profound impact on future engineering research. The theme of this special issue focuses on more specific physics-informed machine learning methods and case studies. This issue presents a series of practical ideas to demonstrate the huge potential of physics-informed machine learning for solving engineering problems with high precision and efficiency. This article is part of the theme issue 'Physics-informed machine learning and its structural integrity applications (Part 2)'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Peng Zhu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Filippo Berto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - John G. Michopoulos
- Computational Multiphysics Systems Lab, Center for Materials Physics and Technology, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Qingyuan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
- Advanced Research Institute, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bellini C, Di Cocco V, Iacoviello D, Iacoviello F. Temperature Influence on Brake Pad Friction Coefficient Modelisation. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:189. [PMID: 38204041 PMCID: PMC10779514 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Brake pad linings are an essential part of the correct functioning of braking systems based on the use of pads and discs. Generally, the compounds used to make the gaskets are characterised by the use of over 20 sintered components, which allow friction coefficients that vary between 0.2 and 0.6 at temperatures up to 200 °C. In this work, a traditional compound was investigated under close-to-real conditions in order to evaluate the tribological behaviour at different temperatures. Finally, a model based on the proportionality between temperature increase and relative variation of the friction coefficient was proposed. From the experimental test, it was evident that the friction coefficient increased with the temperature, passing from 0.4 to 0.6 in the temperature range of 100 °C to 180 °C; however, a further temperature increment until 350 °C caused a reduction in the friction coefficient to 0.2. The proposed model was able to anticipate the abovementioned trend, especially at high temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Costanzo Bellini
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via G. Di Biasio, 43, 03043 Cassino, Italy; (V.D.C.); (F.I.)
| | - Vittorio Di Cocco
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via G. Di Biasio, 43, 03043 Cassino, Italy; (V.D.C.); (F.I.)
| | - Daniela Iacoviello
- Department of Computer, Control and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Ariosto, 25, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via G. Di Biasio, 43, 03043 Cassino, Italy; (V.D.C.); (F.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Z, Coote JM, Subburaman S, Iacoviello F, Page K, Alles EJ, Prokopovich P, Parkin IP, Desjardins AE, Noimark S. Low-Field Actuating Magnetic Elastomer Membranes Characterized using Fibre-Optic Interferometry. Adv Funct Mater 2023; 33:2301857. [PMID: 38495320 PMCID: PMC10941700 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202301857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Smart robotic devices remotely powered by magnetic field have emerged as versatile tools for wide biomedical applications. Soft magnetic elastomer (ME) composite membranes with high flexibility and responsiveness are frequently incorporated to enable local actuation for wireless sensing or cargo delivery. However, the fabrication of thin ME membranes with good control in geometry and uniformity remains challenging, as well as the optimization of their actuating performances under low fields (milli-Tesla). In this work, the development of ME membranes comprising of low-cost magnetic powder and highly soft elastomer through a simple template-assisted doctor blading approach, is reported. The fabricated ME membranes are controllable in size (up to centimetre-scale), thickness (tens of microns) and high particle loading (up to 70 wt.%). Conflicting trade-off effects of particle concentration upon magnetic responsiveness and mechanical stiffness are investigated and found to be balanced off as it exceeds 60 wt.%. A highly sensitive fibre-optic interferometric sensing system and a customized fibre-ferrule-membrane probe are first proposed to enable dynamic actuation and real-time displacement characterization. Free-standing ME membranes are magnetically excited under low field down to 2 mT, and optically monitored with nanometer accuracy. The fast and consistent responses of ME membranes showcase their promising biomedical applications in nanoscale actuation and sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonW1W 7TYUK
| | - Joanna. M. Coote
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonW1W 7TYUK
| | - Swathika Subburaman
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3NBUK
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation LabDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Kristopher Page
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College LondonLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Erwin J. Alles
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonW1W 7TYUK
| | - Polina Prokopovich
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3NBUK
| | - Ivan P. Parkin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College LondonLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Adrien E. Desjardins
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonW1W 7TYUK
| | - Sacha Noimark
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonW1W 7TYUK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu SP, De Jesus AMP, Berto F, Michopoulos JG, Iacoviello F, Wang Q. Preface to the theme issue 'physics-informed machine learning and its structural integrity applications'. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2023; 381:20230176. [PMID: 37742706 PMCID: PMC10518223 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The issue focuses on physics-informed machine learning and its applications for structural integrity and safety assessment of engineering systems/facilities. Data science and data mining are fields in fast development with a high potential in several engineering research communities; in particular, advances in machine learning (ML) are undoubtedly enabling significant breakthroughs. However, purely ML models do not necessarily carry physical meaning, nor do they generalize well to scenarios on which they have not been trained on. This is an emerging field of research that potentially will raise a huge impact in the future for designing new materials and structures, and then for their proper final assessment. This issue aims to update the current research state of the art, incorporating physics into ML models, and providing tools when dealing with material science, fatigue and fracture, including new and sophisticated algorithms based on ML techniques to treat data in real-time with high accuracy and productivity. This article is part of the theme issue 'Physics-informed machine learning and its structural integrity applications (Part 1)'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Peng Zhu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Filippo Berto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - John G. Michopoulos
- Computational Multiphysics Systems Lab, Center for Materials Physics and Technology, Naval Research Laboratory, USA
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Qingyuan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
- Advanced Research Institute, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Johnson TF, Conti M, Iacoviello F, Shearing PR, Pullen J, Dimartino S, Bracewell DG. Evaluating 3D-printed bioseparation structures using multi-length scale tomography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5961-5971. [PMID: 37522918 PMCID: PMC10556175 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
X-ray computed tomography was applied in imaging 3D-printed gyroids used for bioseparation in order to visualize and characterize structures from the entire geometry down to individual nanopores. Methacrylate prints were fabricated with feature sizes of 500 µm, 300 µm, and 200 µm, with the material phase exhibiting a porous substructure in all cases. Two X-ray scanners achieved pixel sizes from 5 µm to 16 nm to produce digital representations of samples across multiple length scales as the basis for geometric analysis and flow simulation. At the gyroid scale, imaged samples were visually compared to the original computed-aided designs to analyze printing fidelity across all feature sizes. An individual 500 µm feature, part of the overall gyroid structure, was compared and overlaid between design and imaged volumes, identifying individual printed layers. Internal subvolumes of all feature sizes were segmented into material and void phases for permeable flow analysis. Small pieces of 3D-printed material were optimized for nanotomographic imaging at a pixel size of 63 nm, with all three gyroid samples exhibiting similar geometric characteristics when measured. An average porosity of 45% was obtained that was within the expected design range, and a tortuosity factor of 2.52 was measured. Applying a voidage network map enabled the size, location, and connectivity of pores to be identified, obtaining an average pore size of 793 nm. Using Avizo XLAB at a bulk diffusivity of 7.00 × 10-11 m2s-1 resulted in a simulated material diffusivity of 2.17 × 10-11 m2s-1 ± 0.16 × 10-11 m2s-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Johnson
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Mariachiara Conti
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL UK
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
| | - James Pullen
- Fujifilm Diosynth Technologies, Belasis Avenue, Billingham, TS23 1LH UK
| | - Simone Dimartino
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL UK
| | - Daniel G. Bracewell
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bakhshian Nik A, Ng HH, Ashbrook SK, Sun P, Iacoviello F, Shearing PR, Bertazzo S, Mero D, Khomtchouk BB, Hutcheson JD. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition prevents vascular calcifying extracellular vesicle biogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 324:H553-H570. [PMID: 36827229 PMCID: PMC10042607 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00280.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, including vascular calcification, leading to higher mortality. The release of calcifying extracellular vesicles (EVs) by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) promotes ectopic mineralization of vessel walls. Caveolin-1 (CAV1), a structural protein in the plasma membrane, plays a major role in calcifying EV biogenesis in VSMCs. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) colocalizes with and influences the intracellular trafficking of CAV1. Using a diet-induced mouse model of CKD followed by a high-phosphate diet to promote vascular calcification, we assessed the potential of EGFR inhibition to prevent vascular calcification. Furthermore, we computationally analyzed 7,651 individuals in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and Framingham cohorts to assess potential correlations between coronary artery calcium and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with elevated serum levels of EGFR. Mice with CKD developed widespread vascular calcification, associated with increased serum levels of EGFR. In both the CKD mice and human VSMC culture, EGFR inhibition significantly reduced vascular calcification by mitigating the release of CAV1-positive calcifying EVs. EGFR inhibition also increased bone mineral density in CKD mice. Individuals in the MESA and Framingham cohorts with SNPs associated with increased serum EGFR exhibit elevated coronary artery calcium. Given that EGFR inhibitors exhibit clinical safety and efficacy in other pathologies, the current data suggest that EGFR may represent an ideal target to prevent pathological vascular calcification in CKD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we investigate the potential of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition to prevent vascular calcification, a leading indicator of and contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. EGFR interacts and affects the trafficking of the plasma membrane scaffolding protein caveolin-1. Previous studies reported a key role for caveolin-1 in the development of specialized extracellular vesicles that mediate vascular calcification; however, no role of EGFR has been reported. We demonstrated that EGFR inhibition modulates caveolin-1 trafficking and hinders calcifying extracellular vesicle formation, which prevents vascular calcification. Given that EGFR inhibitors are clinically approved for other indications, this may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for vascular calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amirala Bakhshian Nik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Hooi Hooi Ng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Sophie K Ashbrook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Patrick Sun
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Shearing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Bertazzo
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deniel Mero
- Dock Therapeutics, Inc., Middletown, Delaware, United States
| | - Bohdan B Khomtchouk
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bellini C, Borrelli R, Di Caprio F, Di Cocco V, Franchitti S, Iacoviello F, Sorrentino L. An Innovative Method to Analyse the Geometrical Accuracy of Ti6Al4V Octet-Truss Lattice Structures. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2372. [PMID: 36984252 PMCID: PMC10054826 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal lattice structures manufactured utilising additive techniques are attracting increasing attention thanks to the high structural efficiency they can offer. Although many studies exist on the characterisation of massive parts in Ti6Al4V processed by Electron Beam Melting (EBM), several investigations are necessary to characterise the Ti6Al4V lattice structures made by the EBM process. The objective of this paper is to develop a measurement method to assess the dimensional accuracy of Ti6Al4V octet truss lattice structures manufactured by EBM technology. Beam specimens with a 2 mm diameter and different growth orientations with respect to the build direction were analysed. The geometry differences between the designed and the manufactured beam specimens were highlighted. Two effects were identified: (i) The EBM-manufactured beams are generally thinner than the designed ones, and (ii) the shape of the section was found to be almost circular for the beam specimens oriented at 45° and 90°; on the contrary, the section of the horizontal beam (0°) cannot be considered circular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Costanzo Bellini
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - Rosario Borrelli
- CIRA—Italian Aerospace Research Centre, Via Maiorise, snc, 81043 Capua, CE, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Caprio
- CIRA—Italian Aerospace Research Centre, Via Maiorise, snc, 81043 Capua, CE, Italy
| | - Vittorio Di Cocco
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - Stefania Franchitti
- CIRA—Italian Aerospace Research Centre, Via Maiorise, snc, 81043 Capua, CE, Italy
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - Luca Sorrentino
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, FR, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Du W, Zhang Z, Iacoviello F, Zhou S, Owen RE, Jervis R, Brett DJL, Shearing PR. Observation of Zn Dendrite Growth via Operando Digital Microscopy and Time-Lapse Tomography. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15. [PMID: 36892017 PMCID: PMC10037236 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The zinc-ion battery is one of the promising candidates for next-generation energy storage devices beyond lithium technology due to the earth's abundance of Zn materials and their high volumetric energy density (5855 mA h cm-3). To date, the formation of Zn dendrites during charge-discharge cycling still hinders the practical application of zinc-ion batteries. It is, therefore, crucial to understand the formation mechanism of the zinc dendritic structure before effectively suppressing its growth. Here, the application of operando digital optical microscopy and in situ lab-based X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) is demonstrated to probe and quantify the morphologies of zinc electrodeposition/dissolution under multiple galvanostatic plating/stripping conditions in symmetric Zn||Zn cells. With the combined microscopy approaches, we directly observed the dynamic nucleation and subsequent growth of Zn deposits, the heterogeneous transportation of charged clusters/particles, and the evolution of 'dead' Zn particles via partial dissolution. Zn electrodeposition at the early stage is mainly attributed to activation, while the subsequent dendrite growth is driven by diffusion. The high current not only facilitates the formation of sharp dendrites with a larger mean curvature at their tips but also leads to dendritic tip splitting and the creation of a hyper-branching morphology. This approach offers a direct opportunity to characterize dendrite formation in batteries with a metal anode in the laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Du
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Shangwei Zhou
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Rhodri E. Owen
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Rhodri Jervis
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Dan J. L. Brett
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang YD, Meyer Q, Tang K, McClure JE, White RT, Kelly ST, Crawford MM, Iacoviello F, Brett DJL, Shearing PR, Mostaghimi P, Zhao C, Armstrong RT. Large-scale physically accurate modelling of real proton exchange membrane fuel cell with deep learning. Nat Commun 2023; 14:745. [PMID: 36788206 PMCID: PMC9929041 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells, consuming hydrogen and oxygen to generate clean electricity and water, suffer acute liquid water challenges. Accurate liquid water modelling is inherently challenging due to the multi-phase, multi-component, reactive dynamics within multi-scale, multi-layered porous media. In addition, currently inadequate imaging and modelling capabilities are limiting simulations to small areas (<1 mm2) or simplified architectures. Herein, an advancement in water modelling is achieved using X-ray micro-computed tomography, deep learned super-resolution, multi-label segmentation, and direct multi-phase simulation. The resulting image is the most resolved domain (16 mm2 with 700 nm voxel resolution) and the largest direct multi-phase flow simulation of a fuel cell. This generalisable approach unveils multi-scale water clustering and transport mechanisms over large dry and flooded areas in the gas diffusion layer and flow fields, paving the way for next generation proton exchange membrane fuel cells with optimised structures and wettabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Da Wang
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432School of Minerals and Energy Resources Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Quentin Meyer
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Kunning Tang
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432School of Minerals and Energy Resources Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - James E. McClure
- grid.438526.e0000 0001 0694 4940National Security Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Robin T. White
- Carl Zeiss X-ray Microscopy, ZEISS Innovation Center California, Dublin, CA 94568 USA
| | - Stephen T. Kelly
- Carl Zeiss X-ray Microscopy, ZEISS Innovation Center California, Dublin, CA 94568 USA
| | | | - Francesco Iacoviello
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Dan J. L. Brett
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Peyman Mostaghimi
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432School of Minerals and Energy Resources Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Chuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Ryan T. Armstrong
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432School of Minerals and Energy Resources Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thompson N, Ravagli E, Mastitskaya S, Iacoviello F, Stathopoulou TR, Perkins J, Shearing PR, Aristovich K, Holder D. Organotopic organization of the porcine mid-cervical vagus nerve. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:963503. [PMID: 37205051 PMCID: PMC10185768 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.963503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite detailed characterization of fascicular organization of somatic nerves, the functional anatomy of fascicles evident in human and large mammal cervical vagus nerve is unknown. The vagus nerve is a prime target for intervention in the field of electroceuticals due to its extensive distribution to the heart, larynx, lungs, and abdominal viscera. However, current practice of the approved vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) technique is to stimulate the entire nerve. This produces indiscriminate stimulation of non-targeted effectors and undesired side effects. Selective neuromodulation is now a possibility with a spatially-selective vagal nerve cuff. However, this requires the knowledge of the fascicular organization at the level of cuff placement to inform selectivity of only the desired target organ or function. Methods and results We imaged function over milliseconds with fast neural electrical impedance tomography and selective stimulation, and found consistent spatially separated regions within the nerve correlating with the three fascicular groups of interest, suggesting organotopy. This was independently verified with structural imaging by tracing anatomical connections from the end organ with microCT and the development of an anatomical map of the vagus nerve. This confirmed organotopic organization. Discussion Here we show, for the first time, localized fascicles in the porcine cervical vagus nerve which map to cardiac, pulmonary and recurrent laryngeal function (N = 4). These findings pave the way for improved outcomes in VNS as unwanted side effects could be reduced by targeted selective stimulation of identified organ-specific fiber-containing fascicles and the extension of this technique clinically beyond the currently approved disorders to treat heart failure, chronic inflammatory disorders, and more.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Thompson
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Nicole Thompson,
| | - Enrico Ravagli
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Svetlana Mastitskaya
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovations Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Justin Perkins
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovations Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirill Aristovich
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Holder
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bakhshian Nik A, Ng HH, Garcia Russo M, Iacoviello F, Shearing PR, Bertazzo S, Hutcheson JD. The Time-Dependent Role of Bisphosphonates on Atherosclerotic Plaque Calcification. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9060168. [PMID: 35735797 PMCID: PMC9225625 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9060168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque calcification directly contributes to the leading cause of morbidity and mortality by affecting plaque vulnerability and rupture risk. Small microcalcifications can increase plaque stress and promote rupture, whereas large calcifications can stabilize plaques. Drugs that target bone mineralization may lead to unintended consequences on ectopic plaque calcification and cardiovascular outcomes. Bisphosphonates, common anti-osteoporotic agents, have elicited unexpected cardiovascular events in clinical trials. Here, we investigated the role of bisphosphonate treatment and timing on the disruption or promotion of vascular calcification and bone minerals in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. We started the bisphosphonate treatment either before plaque formation, at early plaque formation times associated with the onset of calcification, or at late stages of plaque development. Our data indicated that long-term bisphosphonate treatment (beginning prior to plaque development) leads to higher levels of plaque calcification, with a narrower mineral size distribution. When given later in plaque development, we measured a wider distribution of mineral size. These morphological alterations might be associated with a higher risk of plaque rupture by creating stress foci. Yet, bone mineral density positively correlated with the duration of the bisphosphonate treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amirala Bakhshian Nik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (A.B.N.); (H.H.N.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Hooi Hooi Ng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (A.B.N.); (H.H.N.); (M.G.R.)
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Manuel Garcia Russo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (A.B.N.); (H.H.N.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (F.I.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (F.I.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Sergio Bertazzo
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (A.B.N.); (H.H.N.); (M.G.R.)
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-305-348-0157
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thompson N, Ravagli E, Mastitskaya S, Iacoviello F, Perkins J, Shearing P, Aristovich K, Holder D. Fascicular Organisation and Neuroanatomy of the Porcine and Human Vagus Nerves: Allowing for Spatially Selective Vagus Nerve Stimulation. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r3366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Thompson
- Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondon
| | - Enrico Ravagli
- Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondon
| | | | | | - Justin Perkins
- Clinical Sciences and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfield
| | | | - Kirill Aristovich
- Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondon
| | - David Holder
- Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondon
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dinges GF, Bockemühl T, Iacoviello F, Shearing PR, Büschges A, Blanke A. Ultra high-resolution biomechanics suggest that substructures within insect mechanosensors decisively affect their sensitivity. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220102. [PMID: 35506211 PMCID: PMC9065962 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect load sensors, called campaniform sensilla (CS), measure strain changes within the cuticle of appendages. This mechanotransduction provides the neuromuscular system with feedback for posture and locomotion. Owing to their diverse morphology and arrangement, CS can encode different strain directions. We used nano-computed tomography and finite-element analysis to investigate how different CS morphologies within one location—the femoral CS field of the leg in the fruit fly Drosophila—interact under load. By investigating the influence of CS substructures' material properties during simulated limb displacement with naturalistic forces, we could show that CS substructures (i.e. socket and collar) influence strain distribution throughout the whole CS field. Altered socket and collar elastic moduli resulted in 5% relative differences in displacement, and the artificial removal of all sockets caused differences greater than 20% in cap displacement. Apparently, CS sockets support the distribution of distal strain to more proximal CS, while collars alter CS displacement more locally. Harder sockets can increase or decrease CS displacement depending on sensor location. Furthermore, high-resolution imaging revealed that sockets are interconnected in subcuticular rows. In summary, the sensitivity of individual CS is dependent on the configuration of other CS and their substructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gesa F Dinges
- Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Till Bockemühl
- Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, WC1DE 6BT London, UK
| | - Paul R Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, WC1DE 6BT London, UK
| | - Ansgar Büschges
- Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Blanke
- Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Papineau D, She Z, Dodd MS, Iacoviello F, Slack JF, Hauri E, Shearing P, Little CTS. Metabolically diverse primordial microbial communities in Earth's oldest seafloor-hydrothermal jasper. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabm2296. [PMID: 35417227 PMCID: PMC9007518 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The oldest putative fossils occur as hematite filaments and tubes in jasper-carbonate banded iron formations from the 4280- to 3750-Ma Nuvvuagittuq Supracrustal Belt, Québec. If biological in origin, these filaments might have affinities with modern descendants; however, if abiotic, they could indicate complex prebiotic forms on early Earth. Here, we report images of centimeter-size, autochthonous hematite filaments that are pectinate-branching, parallel-aligned, undulated, and containing Fe2+-oxides. These microstructures are considered microfossils because of their mineral associations and resemblance to younger microfossils, modern Fe-bacteria from hydrothermal environments, and the experimental products of heated Fe-oxidizing bacteria. Additional clusters of irregular hematite ellipsoids could reflect abiotic processes of silicification, producing similar structures and thus yielding an uncertain origin. Millimeter-sized chalcopyrite grains within the jasper-carbonate rocks have 34S- and 33S-enrichments consistent with microbial S-disproportionation and an O2-poor atmosphere. Collectively, the observations suggest a diverse microbial ecosystem on the primordial Earth that may be common on other planetary bodies, including Mars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Papineau
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Planetary Sciences, University College London & Birkbeck College London, London, UK
| | - Zhenbing She
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Matthew S. Dodd
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | - John F. Slack
- U.S. Geological Survey National Center, Reston, VA, USA
- Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Erik Hauri
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul Shearing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Carew RM, Iacoviello F, Rando C, Moss RM, Speller R, French J, Morgan RM. A multi-method assessment of 3D printed micromorphological osteological features. Int J Legal Med 2022; 136:1391-1406. [PMID: 35141777 PMCID: PMC9375746 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-022-02789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of 3D printed osteological materials has highlighted the difficulties associated with accurately representing fine surface details on printed bones. Moreover, there is an increasing need for reconstructions to be demonstrably accurate and reliable for use in the criminal justice system. The aim of this study was to assess the surface quality of 3D prints (n = 9) that presented with micromorphological alterations from trauma, taphonomy and pathology processes. The archaeological bones were imaged using micro-CT scanning and 3D printed with selective laser sintering (SLS) printing. A multi-method experimental approach subsequently identified: (1) the 3D printed bones to be metrically accurate to within 1.0 mm; (2) good representation of micromorphological surface features overall, albeit with some loss of intricate details, depths, and fine textures that can be important for visual processing; (3) five of the nine 3D printed bones were quantitatively scored as accurate using the visual comparison method; and, (4) low mesh comparison distances (± 0.2 mm) between the original models and the digitised 3D print models. The findings offer empirical data that can be used to underpin 3D printed reconstructions of exhibits for use in courts of law. In addition, an adaptable pathway was presented that can be used to assess 3D print accuracy in future reconstructions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Carew
- UCL Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK. .,UCL Centre for the Forensic Sciences, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK.
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- The Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Carolyn Rando
- UCL Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY, UK
| | - Robert M Moss
- UCL Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Robert Speller
- UCL Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James French
- UCL Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK.,UCL Centre for the Forensic Sciences, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK
| | - Ruth M Morgan
- UCL Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK.,UCL Centre for the Forensic Sciences, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Johnson TF, Jones K, Iacoviello F, Turner S, Jackson NB, Zourna K, Welsh JH, Shearing PR, Hoare M, Bracewell DG. Liposome Sterile Filtration Characterization via X-ray Computed Tomography and Confocal Microscopy. Membranes (Basel) 2021; 11:membranes11110905. [PMID: 34832134 PMCID: PMC8620169 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two high resolution, 3D imaging techniques were applied to visualize and characterize sterilizing grade dual-layer filtration of liposomes, enabling membrane structure to be related with function and performance. Two polyethersulfone membranes with nominal retention ratings of 650 nm and 200 nm were used to filter liposomes of an average diameter of 143 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.1. Operating conditions including differential pressure were evaluated. X-ray computed tomography at a pixel size of 63 nm was capable of resolving the internal geometry of each membrane. The respective asymmetry and symmetry of the upstream and downstream membranes could be measured, with pore network modeling used to identify pore sizes as a function of distance through the imaged volume. Reconstructed 3D digital datasets were the basis of tortuous flow simulation through each porous structure. Confocal microscopy visualized liposome retention within each membrane using fluorescent dyes, with bacterial challenges also performed. It was found that increasing pressure drop from 0.07 MPa to 0.21 MPa resulted in differing fluorescent retention profiles in the upstream membrane. These results highlighted the capability for complementary imaging approaches to deepen understanding of liposome sterilizing grade filtration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Johnson
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (T.F.J.); (M.H.)
| | - Kyle Jones
- Pall Corporation 5 Harbourgate Business Park, Southampton Road, Portsmouth PO6 4BQ, UK; (K.J.); (S.T.); (N.B.J.); (K.Z.); (J.H.W.)
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (F.I.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Stephen Turner
- Pall Corporation 5 Harbourgate Business Park, Southampton Road, Portsmouth PO6 4BQ, UK; (K.J.); (S.T.); (N.B.J.); (K.Z.); (J.H.W.)
| | - Nigel B. Jackson
- Pall Corporation 5 Harbourgate Business Park, Southampton Road, Portsmouth PO6 4BQ, UK; (K.J.); (S.T.); (N.B.J.); (K.Z.); (J.H.W.)
| | - Kalliopi Zourna
- Pall Corporation 5 Harbourgate Business Park, Southampton Road, Portsmouth PO6 4BQ, UK; (K.J.); (S.T.); (N.B.J.); (K.Z.); (J.H.W.)
| | - John H. Welsh
- Pall Corporation 5 Harbourgate Business Park, Southampton Road, Portsmouth PO6 4BQ, UK; (K.J.); (S.T.); (N.B.J.); (K.Z.); (J.H.W.)
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (F.I.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Mike Hoare
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (T.F.J.); (M.H.)
| | - Daniel G. Bracewell
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (T.F.J.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-20-7679-2374
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tagliaferri S, Nagaraju G, Panagiotopoulos A, Och M, Cheng G, Iacoviello F, Mattevi C. Aqueous Inks of Pristine Graphene for 3D Printed Microsupercapacitors with High Capacitance. ACS Nano 2021; 15:15342-15353. [PMID: 34491713 PMCID: PMC8482754 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is gaining importance as a sustainable route for the fabrication of high-performance energy storage devices. It enables the streamlined manufacture of devices with programmable geometry at different length scales down to micron-sized dimensions. Miniaturized energy storage devices are fundamental components for on-chip technologies to enable energy autonomy. In this work, we demonstrate 3D printed microsupercapacitor electrodes from aqueous inks of pristine graphene without the need of high temperature processing and functional additives. With an intrinsic electrical conductivity of ∼1370 S m-1 and rationally designed architectures, the symmetric microsupercapacitors exhibit an exceptional areal capacitance of 1.57 F cm-2 at 2 mA cm-2 which is retained over 72% after repeated voltage holding tests. The areal power density (0.968 mW cm-2) and areal energy density (51.2 μWh cm-2) outperform the ones of previously reported carbon-based supercapacitors which have been either 3D or inkjet printed. Moreover, a current collector-free interdigitated microsupercapacitor combined with a gel electrolyte provides electrochemical performance approaching the one of devices with liquid-like ion transport properties. Our studies provide a sustainable and low-cost approach to fabricate efficient energy storage devices with programmable geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tagliaferri
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Goli Nagaraju
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mauro Och
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Cecilia Mattevi
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bellini C, Di Cocco V, Iacoviello F, Sorrentino L. Numerical model development to predict the process-induced residual stresses in fibre metal laminates. Forces in Mechanics 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2021.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
20
|
Du W, Hao Z, Iacoviello F, Sheng L, Guan S, Zhang Z, Brett DJL, Wang FR, Shearing PR. A Multiscale X-Ray Tomography Study of the Cycled-Induced Degradation in Magnesium-Sulfur Batteries. Small Methods 2021; 5:e2001193. [PMID: 34928101 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202001193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable Mg/S batteries have the potential to provide a compelling battery for a range of applications owing to their high capacity and gravimetric energy density, safety, and low-cost construction. However, the Mg/S energy storage is not widely developed and deployed due to technical challenges, which include short cycle lifespan and lack of suitable electrolyte. To study the microstructure degradation of Mg/S batteries, multiscale X-ray tomography, an inherently nondestructive method, is performed on dismantled Swagelok Mg/S cells comprising a graphene-sulfur cathode and a super-P separator. For the first time, 3D microstructure visualization and quantification reveal the dissolution (volume fraction decreases from 13.5% to 0.7%, surface area reduces from 2.91 to 1.74 µm2 µm-3 ) and agglomeration of sulfur particles, and the carbon binder densification after 10 cycles. Using tomography data, the image-based simulations are then performed. The results show that the insoluble polysulfides can inevitably block the Mg2+ transportation via shuttle effect. The representative volume should exceed 8200 µm3 to represent bulk cathode. This work elucidates that the Mg/S cell performance is significantly affected by microstructural degradation, and moreover demonstrates how multiscale and multimodal characterization can play an indispensable role in developing and optimizing the Mg/S electrode design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Du
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Zhangxiang Hao
- Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Lin Sheng
- Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Shaoliang Guan
- HarwellXPS, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Daniel J L Brett
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Feng Ryan Wang
- Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Paul R Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Picton LD, Bertuzzi M, Pallucchi I, Fontanel P, Dahlberg E, Björnfors ER, Iacoviello F, Shearing PR, El Manira A. A spinal organ of proprioception for integrated motor action feedback. Neuron 2021; 109:1188-1201.e7. [PMID: 33577748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proprioception is essential for behavior and provides a sense of our body movements in physical space. Proprioceptor organs are thought to be only in the periphery. Whether the central nervous system can intrinsically sense its own movement remains unclear. Here we identify a segmental organ of proprioception in the adult zebrafish spinal cord, which is embedded by intraspinal mechanosensory neurons expressing Piezo2 channels. These cells are late-born, inhibitory, commissural neurons with unique molecular and physiological profiles reflecting a dual sensory and motor function. The central proprioceptive organ locally detects lateral body movements during locomotion and provides direct inhibitory feedback onto rhythm-generating interneurons responsible for the central motor program. This dynamically aligns central pattern generation with movement outcome for efficient locomotion. Our results demonstrate that a central proprioceptive organ monitors self-movement using hybrid neurons that merge sensory and motor entities into a unified network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence D Picton
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Bertuzzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irene Pallucchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pierre Fontanel
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Dahlberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul R Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ravagli E, Mastitskaya S, Thompson N, Iacoviello F, Shearing PR, Perkins J, Gourine AV, Aristovich K, Holder D. Imaging fascicular organization of rat sciatic nerves with fast neural electrical impedance tomography. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6241. [PMID: 33288760 PMCID: PMC7721735 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging compound action potentials (CAPs) in peripheral nerves could help avoid side effects in neuromodulation by selective stimulation of identified fascicles. Existing methods have low resolution, limited imaging depth, or are invasive. Fast neural electrical impedance tomography (EIT) allows fascicular CAP imaging with a resolution of <200 µm, <1 ms using a non-penetrating flexible nerve cuff electrode array. Here, we validate EIT imaging in rat sciatic nerve by comparison to micro-computed tomography (microCT) and histology with fluorescent dextran tracers. With EIT, there are reproducible localized changes in tissue impedance in response to stimulation of individual fascicles (tibial, peroneal and sural). The reconstructed EIT images correspond to microCT scans and histology, with significant separation between the fascicles (p < 0.01). The mean fascicle position is identified with an accuracy of 6% of nerve diameter. This suggests fast neural EIT can reliably image the functional fascicular anatomy of the nerves and so aid selective neuromodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ravagli
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Svetlana Mastitskaya
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Nicole Thompson
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul R Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Justin Perkins
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, UK
| | - Alexander V Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kirill Aristovich
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Holder
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hendow EK, Moazen M, Iacoviello F, Bozec L, Pellet‐Many C, Day RM. Biodegradable Films: Microporous Biodegradable Films Promote Therapeutic Angiogenesis (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 17/2020). Adv Healthc Mater 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202070059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
24
|
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease and critical limb ischemia are common symptoms of cardiovascular disease. Vascular surgery is used to create a bypass around occluded blood vessels to improve blood flow to ischemic muscle, thus avoiding the need for amputation. Attempts to vascularize tissues by therapeutic angiogenesis using delivery of exogenous angiogenic agents are underwhelming. A material-based approach that provides an endogenous stimulus capable of promoting angiogenesis and increased tissue perfusion would provide a paradigm shift in treatment options available. It is reported here that microporous biodegradable films produced using thermally induced phase separation provide a localized biophysical stimulus of proangiogenic genes in vivo that is associated with increased blood vessel density and restoration of blood flow to ischemic tissue. These findings show, for the first time, that acellular, nonfunctionalized biodegradable biomaterials can provide an innovative, material-based approach for therapeutic angiogenesis to enhance tissue reperfusion in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eseelle K Hendow
- Centre for Precision Healthcare, UCL Division of Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mehran Moazen
- UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, UCL Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Laurent Bozec
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edwards Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Caroline Pellet-Many
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, 4 Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Richard M Day
- Centre for Precision Healthcare, UCL Division of Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Thompson N, Ravagli E, Mastitskaya S, Iacoviello F, Aristovich K, Perkins J, Shearing PR, Holder D. MicroCT optimisation for imaging fascicular anatomy in peripheral nerves. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 338:108652. [PMID: 32179090 PMCID: PMC7181190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the lack of understanding of the fascicular organisation, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) leads to unwanted off-target effects. Micro-computed tomography (microCT) can be used to trace fascicles from periphery and image fascicular anatomy. NEW METHOD In this study, we present a simple and reproducible method for imaging fascicles in peripheral nerves with iodine staining and microCT for the determination of fascicular anatomy and organisation. RESULTS At the determined optimal pre-processing steps and scanning parameters, the microCT protocol allowed for segmentation and tracking of fascicles within the nerves. This was achieved after 24 hours and 120 hours of staining with Lugol's solution (1% total iodine) for rat sciatic and pig vagus nerves, respectively, and the following scanning parameters: 4 μm voxel size, 35 kVp energy, 114 μA current, 4 W power, 0.25 fps in 4 s exposure time, 3176 projections and a molybdenum target. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) This optimised method for imaging fascicles provides high-resolution, three-dimensional images and full imaging penetration depth not obtainable with methods typically used such as histology, magnetic resonance imaging and optical coherence tomography whilst obviating time-consuming pre-processing methods, the amount of memory required, destruction of the samples and the cost associated with current microCT methods. CONCLUSION The optimised microCT protocol facilitates segmentation and tracking of the fascicles within the nerve. The resulting segmentation map of the functional anatomical organisation of the vagus nerve will enable selective VNS ultimately allowing for the avoidance of the off-target effects and improving its therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Thompson
- EIT and Neurophysiology Lab, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Enrico Ravagli
- EIT and Neurophysiology Lab, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Svetlana Mastitskaya
- EIT and Neurophysiology Lab, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Chemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Kirill Aristovich
- EIT and Neurophysiology Lab, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Perkins
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Chemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - David Holder
- EIT and Neurophysiology Lab, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Iacoviello F, Kirby AC, Javanmardi Y, Moeendarbary E, Shabanli M, Tsolaki E, Sharp AC, Hayes MJ, Keevend K, Li JH, Brett DJL, Shearing PR, Olivo A, Herrmann IK, Evans SE, Moazen M, Bertazzo S. The multiscale hierarchical structure of Heloderma suspectum osteoderms and their mechanical properties. Acta Biomater 2020; 107:194-203. [PMID: 32109598 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteoderms are hard tissues embedded in the dermis of vertebrates and have been suggested to be formed from several different mineralized regions. However, their nano architecture and micro mechanical properties had not been fully characterized. Here, using electron microscopy, µ-CT, atomic force microscopy and finite element simulation, an in-depth characterization of osteoderms from the lizard Heloderma suspectum, is presented. Results show that osteoderms are made of three different mineralized regions: a dense apex, a fibre-enforced region comprising the majority of the osteoderm, and a bone-like region surrounding the vasculature. The dense apex is stiff, the fibre-enforced region is flexible and the mechanical properties of the bone-like region fall somewhere between the other two regions. Our finite element analyses suggest that when combined into the osteoderm structure, the distinct tissue regions are able to shield the body of the animal by bearing the external forces. These findings reveal the structure-function relationship of the Heloderma suspectum osteoderm in unprecedented detail. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The structures of bone and teeth have been thoroughly investigated. They provide a basis not only for understanding the mechanical properties and functions of these hard tissues, but also for the de novo design of composite materials. Osteoderms, however, are hard tissues that must possess mechanical properties distinct from teeth and bone to function as a protective armour. Here we provide a detailed analysis of the nanostructure of vertebrate osteoderms from Heloderma suspectum, and show that their mechanical properties are determined by their multiscale hierarchical tissue. We believe this study contributes to advance the current knowledge of the structure-function relationship of the hierarchical structures in the Heloderma suspectum osteoderm. This knowledge might in turn provide a source of inspiration for the design of bioinspired and biomimetic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Alexander C Kirby
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yousef Javanmardi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Emad Moeendarbary
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Murad Shabanli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Elena Tsolaki
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alana C Sharp
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Matthew J Hayes
- Department of Ophthalmology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kerda Keevend
- Department of Materials, Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jian-Hao Li
- Department of Materials, Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J L Brett
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Paul R Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Alessandro Olivo
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Inge K Herrmann
- Department of Materials, Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Susan E Evans
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mehran Moazen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Sergio Bertazzo
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Thompson N, Ravagli E, Mastitskaya S, Iacoviello F, Aristovich K, Perkins J, Shearing PR, Holder D. Determining the Fascicular Anatomy of the Porcine Vagus Nerve with MicroCT. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.06750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
28
|
Johnson T, Iacoviello F, Hayden D, Welsh J, Levison P, Shearing P, Bracewell D. Packed bed compression visualisation and flow simulation using an erosion-dilation approach. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1611:460601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
29
|
Berto F, Karalekas D, Triantis D, Ferro G, Iacoviello F, Kourkoulis S. Preface. Procedia Structural Integrity 2020. [PMCID: PMC7324316 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Berto
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hothi H, Dall'Ava L, Henckel J, Di Laura A, Iacoviello F, Shearing P, Hart A. Evidence of structural cavities in 3D printed acetabular cups for total hip arthroplasty. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:1779-1789. [PMID: 31769198 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of three-dimensional (3D) printing to manufacture off-the-shelf titanium acetabular cups for hip arthroplasty has increased; however, the impact of this manufacturing technology is yet not fully understood. Although several studies have described the presence of structural cavities in 3D printed parts, there has been no analysis of full postproduction acetabular components. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 3D printing on the material structure of acetabular implants, first comparing different designs of 3D printed cups, second comparing 3D printed with conventionally manufactured cups. Two of the 3D printed cups were produced using electron beam melting (EBM), one using laser rapid manufacturing (LRM). The investigation was performed using X-ray microcomputed tomography, imaging both the entire cups and samples sectioned from different regions of each cup. All 3D printed cups showed evidence of structural cavities; these were uniformly distributed in the volume of the samples and exhibited a prevalent spherical shape. The LRM-manufactured cup had significantly higher cavity density (p = .0286), with a median of 21 cavities/mm3 compared to 3.5 cavities/mm3 for EBM cups. However, the cavity size was similar, with a median of 20 μm (p = .7385). The conventional cups showed a complete absence of distinguishable cavities. The presence of cavities is a known limitation of the 3D printing technology; however, it is noteworthy that we found them in orthopedic implants used in patients. Although this may impact their mechanical properties, to date, 3D printed cups have not been reported to encounter such failures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry Hothi
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London and the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Lorenzo Dall'Ava
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London and the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Johann Henckel
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London and the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Anna Di Laura
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London and the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alister Hart
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London and the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Di Lecce D, Levchenko S, Iacoviello F, Brett DJL, Shearing PR, Hassoun J. X-ray Nano-computed Tomography of Electrochemical Conversion in Lithium-ion Battery. ChemSusChem 2019; 12:3550-3561. [PMID: 31169357 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a nanometric CuO anode for lithium-ion batteries was investigated by combining electrochemical measurements and ex situ X-ray computed tomography (CT) at the nanoscale. The electrode reacted by conversion at about 1.2 and 2.4 V versus Li+ /Li during discharge and charge, respectively, to deliver a capacity ranging from 500 mAh g-1 to over 600 mAh g-1 . Three-dimensional nano-CT imaging revealed substantial reorganization of the CuO particles and precipitation of a Li+ -conducting film suitable for a possible application in the battery. A lithium-ion cell, exploiting the high capacity of the conversion process, was assembled by using a high-performance LiNi0.33 Co0.33 Mn0.33 O2 cathode reacting at 3.9 V versus Li+ /Li. The cell was proposed as an energy-storage system with an average working voltage of about 2.5 V, specific capacity of 170 mAh gcathode -1 , and efficiency exceeding 99 % with a very stable cycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Di Lecce
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Stanislav Levchenko
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Dan J L Brett
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Paul R Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Jusef Hassoun
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), University of Ferrara Research Unit, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Backeberg NR, Iacoviello F, Rittner M, Mitchell TM, Jones AP, Day R, Wheeler J, Shearing PR, Vermeesch P, Striolo A. Author Correction: Quantifying the anisotropy and tortuosity of permeable pathways in clay-rich mudstones using models based on X-ray tomography. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4313. [PMID: 29511264 PMCID: PMC5840430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22646-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
33
|
Pakzad A, Iacoviello F, Ramsey A, Speller R, Griffiths J, Freeth T, Gibson A. Improved X-ray computed tomography reconstruction of the largest fragment of the Antikythera Mechanism, an ancient Greek astronomical calculator. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207430. [PMID: 30412625 PMCID: PMC6226198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Antikythera Mechanism is an extraordinarily complex ancient Greek astronomical calculating device whose mode of operation is now relatively well understood particularly since imaging studies in 2005 revealed gears and inscriptions which were previously illegible. Unfortunately, the highest resolution X-ray computed tomography image of the largest fragment had some errors which meant that the reconstructed images were not as clear as had been expected. Here, the original X-ray data have been reanalysed and reconstructed. The new X-ray computed tomography images have improved contrast and resolution, leading to better clarity and legibility. The improvement in image quality is characterised and some examples of writing on the Mechanism which can now be read with increased confidence are given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Pakzad
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Ramsey
- Nikon Metrology Inc, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robert Speller
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tony Freeth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Gibson
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Meyer Q, Mansor N, Iacoviello F, Cullen P, Jervis R, Finegan D, Tan C, Bailey J, Shearing P, Brett D. Investigation of Hot Pressed Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Assemblies via X-ray Computed Tomography. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
35
|
Endrizzi M, Vittoria FA, Rigon L, Dreossi D, Iacoviello F, Shearing PR, Olivo A. X-ray Phase-Contrast Radiography and Tomography with a Multiaperture Analyzer. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:243902. [PMID: 28665636 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.243902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a multiaperture analyzer setup for performing x-ray phase contrast imaging in planar and three-dimensional modalities. The method is based on strongly structuring the x-ray beam with an amplitude modulator, before it reaches the sample, and on a multiaperture analyzing element before detection. A multislice representation of the sample is used to establish a quantitative relation between projection images and the corresponding three-dimensional distributions, leading to successful tomographic reconstruction. Sample absorption, phase, and scattering are retrieved from the measurement of five intensity projections. The method is tested on custom-built phantoms with synchrotron radiation: sample absorption and phase can be reliably retrieved also in combination with strong scatterers, simultaneously attaining high sensitivity and dynamic range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Endrizzi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - F A Vittoria
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - L Rigon
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nulceare, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D Dreossi
- Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34012 Basovizza Trieste, Italy
| | - F Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - P R Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - A Olivo
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bailey JJ, Heenan TMM, Finegan DP, Lu X, Daemi SR, Iacoviello F, Backeberg NR, Taiwo OO, Brett DJL, Atkinson A, Shearing PR. Laser-preparation of geometrically optimised samples for X-ray nano-CT. J Microsc 2017; 267:384-396. [PMID: 28504417 PMCID: PMC6849567 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A robust and versatile sample preparation technique for the fabrication of cylindrical pillars for imaging by X‐ray nano‐computed tomography (nano‐CT) is presented. The procedure employs simple, cost‐effective laser micro‐machining coupled with focused‐ion beam (FIB) milling, when required, to yield mechanically robust samples at the micrometre length‐scale to match the field‐of‐view (FOV) for nano‐CT imaging. A variety of energy and geological materials are exhibited as case studies, demonstrating the procedure can be applied to a variety of materials to provide geometrically optimised samples whose size and shape are tailored to the attenuation coefficients of the constituent phases. The procedure can be implemented for the bespoke preparation of pillars for both lab‐ and synchrotron‐based X‐ray nano‐CT investigations of a wide range of samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Bailey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K
| | - T M M Heenan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K
| | - D P Finegan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K
| | - X Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K
| | - S R Daemi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K
| | - F Iacoviello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K
| | - N R Backeberg
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, U.K
| | - O O Taiwo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K
| | - D J L Brett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K
| | - A Atkinson
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - P R Shearing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
|