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Inoue O, Goten C, Hashimuko D, Yamaguchi K, Takeda Y, Nomura A, Ootsuji H, Takashima S, Iino K, Takemura H, Halurkar M, Lim HW, Hwa V, Sanchez-Gurmaches J, Usui S, Takamura M. Single-cell transcriptomics identifies adipose tissue CD271 + progenitors for enhanced angiogenesis in limb ischemia. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101337. [PMID: 38118404 PMCID: PMC10772587 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis using mesenchymal stem/stromal cell grafts have shown modest and controversial effects in preventing amputation for patients with critical limb ischemia. Through single-cell transcriptomic analysis of human tissues, we identify CD271+ progenitors specifically from subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) as having the most prominent pro-angiogenic gene profile distinct from other stem cell populations. AT-CD271+ progenitors demonstrate robust in vivo angiogenic capacity over conventional adipose stromal cell grafts, characterized by long-term engraftment, augmented tissue regeneration, and significant recovery of blood flow in a xenograft model of limb ischemia. Mechanistically, the angiogenic capacity of CD271+ progenitors is dependent on functional CD271 and mTOR signaling. Notably, the number and angiogenic capacity of CD271+ progenitors are strikingly reduced in insulin-resistant donors. Our study highlights the identification of AT-CD271+ progenitors with in vivo superior efficacy for limb ischemia. Furthermore, we showcase comprehensive single-cell transcriptomics strategies for identification of suitable grafts for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oto Inoue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chiaki Goten
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Daiki Hashimuko
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kosei Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ayano Nomura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ootsuji
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Takashima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Iino
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Takemura
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Manasi Halurkar
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hee-Woong Lim
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Premium Research Institute for Human Medicine (WPI-PRIMe), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joan Sanchez-Gurmaches
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Soichiro Usui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Takamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Mohamad Yusoff F, Higashi Y. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells for Therapeutic Angiogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:2162. [PMID: 37681894 PMCID: PMC10486439 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are known to possess medicinal properties to facilitate vascular regeneration. Recent advances in the understanding of the utilities of MSCs in physiological/pathological tissue repair and technologies in isolation, expansion, and enhancement strategies have led to the use of MSCs for vascular disease-related treatments. Various conditions, including chronic arterial occlusive disease, diabetic ulcers, and chronic wounds, cause significant morbidity in patients. Therapeutic angiogenesis by cell therapy has led to the possibilities of treatment options in promoting angiogenesis, treating chronic wounds, and improving amputation-free survival. Current perspectives on the options for the use of MSCs for therapeutic angiogenesis in vascular research and in medicine, either as a monotherapy or in combination with conventional interventions, for treating patients with peripheral artery diseases are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farina Mohamad Yusoff
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan;
| | - Yukihito Higashi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan;
- Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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Han JX, Luo LL, Wang YC, Miyagishi M, Kasim V, Wu SR. SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin promotes revascularization in diabetic mouse hindlimb ischemia by inhibiting ferroptosis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 44:1161-1174. [PMID: 36509902 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-01031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliflozins are known as SGLT2 inhibitors, which are used to treat diabetic patients by inhibiting glucose reabsorption in kidney proximal tubules. Recent studies show that gliflozins may exert other effects independent of SGLT2 pathways. In this study we investigated their effects on skeletal muscle cell viability and paracrine function, which were crucial for promoting revascularization in diabetic hindlimb ischemia (HLI). We showed that treatment with empagliflozin (0.1-40 μM) dose-dependently increased high glucose (25 mM)-impaired viability of skeletal muscle C2C12 cells. Canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, ertugliflozin, ipragliflozin and tofogliflozin exerted similar protective effects on skeletal muscle cells cultured under the hyperglycemic condition. Transcriptomic analysis revealed an enrichment of pathways related to ferroptosis in empagliflozin-treated C2C12 cells. We further demonstrated that empagliflozin and other gliflozins (10 μM) restored GPX4 expression in high glucose-treated C2C12 cells, thereby suppressing ferroptosis and promoting cell viability. Empagliflozin (10 μM) also markedly enhanced the proliferation and migration of blood vessel-forming cells by promoting paracrine function of skeletal muscle C2C12 cells. In diabetic HLI mice, injection of empagliflozin into the gastrocnemius muscle of the left hindlimb (10 mg/kg, every 3 days for 21 days) significantly enhanced revascularization and blood perfusion recovery. Collectively, these results reveal a novel effect of empagliflozin, a clinical hypoglycemic gliflozin drug, in inhibiting ferroptosis and enhancing skeletal muscle cell survival and paracrine function under hyperglycemic condition via restoring the expression of GPX4. This study highlights the potential of intramuscular injection of empagliflozin for treating diabetic HLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xuan Han
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.,The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Lai-Liu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.,The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.,The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Makoto Miyagishi
- Molecular Composite Medicine Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Vivi Kasim
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China. .,The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China. .,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Shou-Rong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China. .,The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China. .,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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4
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Tan L, Long LZ, Li HZ, Yang WW, Peng YX, Lu JM, Liao FF, Ma XC, Qu H, Fu CG, Zhang SS. Growth factor for therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic heart disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1095623. [PMID: 36568984 PMCID: PMC9780500 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1095623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study was designed to systematically evaluate the effects of growth factor (GF) for therapeutic angiogenesis on ischemic heart disease (IHD) by pooling the results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods and Results: PubMed, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases were searched from inception to October 2022. RCTs, investigating the effects of GF therapy on IHD, were included. The risk bias of included study was assessed according to Cochrane tool. Weighted mean difference (WMD), calculated with fixed effect model or random effect model, was used to evaluate the effects of GF therapy on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) angina class. Relative risk (RR) was used to evaluate the effects of GF therapy on all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and revascularization. Meta-analysis, meta-regression analysis and publication bias analysis were performed by RevMan 5.3 or Stata 15.1 software. Twenty-nine studies involving 2899 IHD patients (1,577 patients in GF group and 1,322 patients in control group) were included. Compared with the control group, GF therapy did not reduce all-cause mortality (RR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.54-1.24; p = 0.341), MACE [(RR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.61-1.12; p = 0.227), revascularization (RR: 1.27, 95% CI: 0.82-1.96, p = 0.290) and CCS angina class (WMD: -0.08, 95% CI: -0.36 to 0.20, p = 0.560). However, GF therapy could increase LVEF during short-term follow-up (<1 year). Conclusion: GF for therapeutic angiogenesis was beneficial for increasing LVEF during short-term follow-up (<1 year), however, the therapy was not efficacious in decreasing all-cause mortality, MACE and revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tan
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Zi Long
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Zheng Li
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Wen Yang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Peng
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jie-Ming Lu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fei-Fei Liao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Chang Ma
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,National Cardiovascular Clinical Medical Research Center of TCM, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Qu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,National Cardiovascular Clinical Medical Research Center of TCM, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Hua Qu, ; Chang-Geng Fu, ; Shan-Shan Zhang,
| | - Chang-Geng Fu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,National Cardiovascular Clinical Medical Research Center of TCM, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Hua Qu, ; Chang-Geng Fu, ; Shan-Shan Zhang,
| | - Shan-Shan Zhang
- Beijing Xibeiwang Town Community Health Service Center, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Hua Qu, ; Chang-Geng Fu, ; Shan-Shan Zhang,
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He S, Singh D, Yusefi H, Helfield B. Stable Cavitation-Mediated Delivery of miR-126 to Endothelial Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14. [PMID: 36559150 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In endothelial cells, microRNA-126 (miR-126) promotes angiogenesis, and modulating the intracellular levels of this gene could suggest a method to treat cardiovascular diseases such as ischemia. Novel ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles offer a means to deliver therapeutic payloads to target cells and sites of disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of gene delivery by stimulating miR-126-decorated microbubbles using gentle acoustic conditions (stable cavitation). A cationic DSTAP microbubble was formulated and characterized to carry 6 µg of a miR-126 payload per 109 microbubbles. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated at 20−40% duty cycle with miR-126-conjugated microbubbles in a custom ultrasound setup coupled with a passive cavitation detection system. Transfection efficiency was assessed by RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and endothelial tube formation assay, while HUVEC viability was monitored by MTT assay. With increasing duty cycle, the trend observed was an increase in intracellular miR-126 levels, up to a 2.3-fold increase, as well as a decrease in SPRED1 (by 33%) and PIK3R2 (by 46%) expression, two salient miR-126 targets. Under these ultrasound parameters, HUVECs maintained >95% viability after 96 h. The present work describes the delivery of a proangiogenic miR-126 using an ultrasound-responsive cationic microbubble with potential to stimulate therapeutic angiogenesis while minimizing endothelial damage.
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6
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Rocker AJ, Cavasin M, Johnson NR, Shandas R, Park D. Sulfonated Thermoresponsive Injectable Gel for Sequential Release of Therapeutic Proteins to Protect Cardiac Function after Myocardial Infarction. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3883-3898. [PMID: 35950643 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction causes cardiomyocyte death and persistent inflammatory responses, which generate adverse pathological remodeling. Delivering therapeutic proteins from injectable materials in a controlled-release manner may present an effective biomedical approach for treating this disease. A thermoresponsive injectable gel composed of chitosan, conjugated with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and sulfonate groups, was developed for spatiotemporal protein delivery to protect cardiac function after myocardial infarction. The thermoresponsive gel delivered vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in a sequential and sustained manner in vitro. An acute myocardial infarction mouse model was used to evaluate polymer biocompatibility and to determine therapeutic effects from the delivery system on cardiac function. Immunohistochemistry showed biocompatibility of the hydrogel, while the controlled delivery of the proteins reduced macrophage infiltration and increased vascularization. Echocardiography showed an improvement in ejection fraction and fractional shortening after injecting the thermal gel and proteins. A factorial design of experimental study was implemented to optimize the delivery system for the best combination and doses of proteins for further increasing stable vascularization and reducing inflammation using a subcutaneous injection mouse model. The results showed that VEGF, IL-10, and FGF-2 demonstrated significant contributions toward promoting long-term vascularization, while PDGF's effect was minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Rocker
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Maria Cavasin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Noah R Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Robin Shandas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Daewon Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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7
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Han J, Luo L, Marcelina O, Kasim V, Wu S. Therapeutic angiogenesis-based strategy for peripheral artery disease. Theranostics 2022; 12:5015-5033. [PMID: 35836800 PMCID: PMC9274744 DOI: 10.7150/thno.74785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) poses a great challenge to society, with a growing prevalence in the upcoming years. Patients in the severe stages of PAD are prone to amputation and death, leading to poor quality of life and a great socioeconomic burden. Furthermore, PAD is one of the major complications of diabetic patients, who have higher risk to develop critical limb ischemia, the most severe manifestation of PAD, and thus have a poor prognosis. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop an effective therapeutic strategy to treat this disease. Therapeutic angiogenesis has raised concerns for more than two decades as a potential strategy for treating PAD, especially in patients without option for surgery-based therapies. Since the discovery of gene-based therapy for therapeutic angiogenesis, several approaches have been developed, including cell-, protein-, and small molecule drug-based therapeutic strategies, some of which have progressed into the clinical trial phase. Despite its promising potential, efforts are still needed to improve the efficacy of this strategy, reduce its cost, and promote its worldwide application. In this review, we highlight the current progress of therapeutic angiogenesis and the issues that need to be overcome prior to its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Han
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Lailiu Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Olivia Marcelina
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Vivi Kasim
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Chongqing 400044, China.,The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Vivi Kasim, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Phone: +86-23-65112672, Fax: +86-23-65111802, ; Shourong Wu, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Phone: +86-23-65111632, Fax: +86-23-65111802,
| | - Shourong Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Chongqing 400044, China.,The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Vivi Kasim, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Phone: +86-23-65112672, Fax: +86-23-65111802, ; Shourong Wu, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Phone: +86-23-65111632, Fax: +86-23-65111802,
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8
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Venkatesh P. Hypo-angiogenesis: a possible pathological factor in the development of dry age-related macular degeneration and a novel therapeutic target. Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol 2022; 10:185-190. [PMID: 37641652 PMCID: PMC10460233 DOI: 10.51329/mehdiophthal1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis causes severe vision loss in patients with exudative or wet forms of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The pathogenesis involves upregulation of several proangiogenic factors, particularly the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Contrary to the pathogenesis of exudative AMD, molecular events leading to the development of dry AMD remain unclear. Dry AMD is characterized by loss of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The mechanism that triggers RPE cell loss remains unclear. Choriocapillaris development is absent in mice with RPE-specific deletion of VEGF. Moreover, in later life, background VEGF secretion promotes the survival of the RPE and maintains choriocapillaris integrity. Hypothesis We hypothesized that reduced synthesis of VEGF (hypo-angiogenesis) or abnormalities in its receptors, VEGF receptor-1 (VEGFR1) and VEGFR2, may be involved in the pathogenesis of non-exudative AMD or dry AMD. If the concept of hypo-angiogenesis as a driver for dry AMD is proven, treatment with VEGF or induction of angiogenesis could be considered. Similar attempts at therapeutic angiogenesis have been actively investigated in cardiac and limb ischemia. Conclusions The reasons for a patient developing exudative AMD or dry AMD remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, targeting increased VEGF production in patients with exudative AMD using anti-VEGF drugs is highly efficacious in preserving vision. Similarly, dry AMD may be a manifestation of reduced VEGF synthesis (hypo-angiogenesis) and subsequent decreased RPE cell survival. Experimental studies exploring the possibility of reduced VEGF secretion and/or increased receptor resistance/abnormality could pave the way for clinical trials of angiogenesis to treat dry AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Venkatesh
- Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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9
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Ribieras AJ, Ortiz YY, Liu ZJ, Velazquez OC. Therapeutic angiogenesis in Buerger's disease: reviewing the treatment landscape. Ther Adv Rare Dis 2022; 3:26330040211070295. [PMID: 37180424 PMCID: PMC10032470 DOI: 10.1177/26330040211070295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Thromboangiitis obliterans, also known as Buerger's disease, is a rare inflammatory vasculitis that predominantly develops in smokers and characteristically affects the small- and medium-sized peripheral arteries and veins. Patients typically present with extremity claudication, but symptoms may progress to rest pain and tissue loss, especially in those unable to abstain from tobacco use. Unfortunately, traditional medical treatments are largely ineffective and due to the small caliber of affected vessels and lack of suitable distal targets or venous conduits, endovascular and open surgical approaches are often not possible. Eventually, a significant number of patients require major amputation. For these reasons, much research effort has been made in developing techniques of therapeutic angiogenesis to improve limb perfusion, both for atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease and the smaller subset of patients with critical limb ischemia due to Buerger's disease. Neovascularization in response to ischemia relies on a complex interplay between the local tissue microenvironment and circulating stem and progenitor cells. To date, studies of therapeutic angiogenesis have therefore focused on exploiting known angiogenic factors and stem cells to induce neovascularization in ischemic tissues. This review summarizes the available clinical data regarding the safety and efficacy of various angiogenic therapies, notably injection of naked DNA plasmids, viral gene constructs, and cell-based preparations, and describes techniques for potentiating in vivo efficacy of gene- and cell-based therapies as well as ongoing developments in exosome-based cell-free approaches for therapeutic angiogenesis. Plain Language Title and Summary A review of available and emerging treatments for improving blood flow and wound healing in patients with Buerger's disease, a rare disorder of blood vessels Buerger's disease is a rare disorder of the small- and medium-sized blood vessels in the arms and legs that almost exclusively develops in young smokers. Buerger's disease causes inflammation in arteries and veins, which leads to blockage of these vessels and reduces blood flow to and from the extremities. Decreased blood flow to the arms and legs can lead to development of nonhealing wounds and infection for which some patients may eventually require amputation. Unfortunately, traditional medical and surgical treatments are not effective in Buerger's disease, so other methods for improving blood flow are needed for these patients. There are several different ways to stimulate new blood vessel formation, both in humans and animal models. The most common treatments involve injection of DNA or viruses that express genes related to blood vessel formation or, alternatively, stem cell-based treatments that help regenerate blood vessels and repair wound tissue. This review explores how safe and effective these various treatments are and describes recent research developments that may lead to better therapies for patients with Buerger's disease and other vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine J. Ribieras
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery,
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yulexi Y. Ortiz
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery,
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Zhao-Jun Liu
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery,
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, RMSB 1046, 1600 NW 10th
Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA. Vascular Biology Institute, University of
Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Omaida C. Velazquez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery,
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami,
FL 33136, USA. Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami Miller School
of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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10
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Kim Y, Kim S, Im G, Kim YH, Jeong G, Jeon HR, Kim D, Lee H, Park SY, Cho SM, Bhang SH. Area light source-triggered latent angiogenic molecular mechanisms intensify therapeutic efficacy of adult stem cells. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 7:e10255. [PMID: 35079630 PMCID: PMC8780080 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-based therapy such as photobiomodulation (PBM) reportedly produces beneficial physiological effects in cells and tissues. However, most reports have focused on the immediate and instant effects of light. Considering the physiological effects of natural light exposure in living organisms, the latent reaction period after irradiation should be deliberated. In contrast to previous reports, we examined the latent reaction period after light exposure with optimized irradiating parameters and validated novel therapeutic molecular mechanisms for the first time. we demonstrated an organic light-emitting diode (OLED)-based PBM (OPBM) strategy that enhances the angiogenic efficacy of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) via direct irradiation with red OLEDs of optimized wavelength, voltage, current, luminance, and duration, and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results revealed that the angiogenic paracrine effect, viability, and adhesion of hADSCs were significantly intensified by our OPBM strategy. Following OPBM treatment, significant changes were observed in HIF-1α expression, intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase, and glycolytic pathways in hADSCs. In addition, transplantation of OLED-irradiated hADSCs resulted in significantly enhanced limb salvage ratio in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia. Our OPBM might serve as a new paradigm for stem cell culture systems to develop cell-based therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Jin Kim
- School of Chemical EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Sung‐Won Kim
- School of Chemical EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Gwang‐Bum Im
- School of Chemical EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Yeong Hwan Kim
- School of Chemical EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Gun‐Jae Jeong
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Samsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hye Ran Jeon
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHSTSungkyunkwan UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Dong‐Ik Kim
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Samsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Haeshin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nature‐Inspired Technology (CNiT)Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)DaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Sung Young Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringKorea National University of TransportationChungjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Cho
- School of Chemical EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Suk Ho Bhang
- School of Chemical EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonRepublic of Korea
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11
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Fan D, Liu C, Guo Z, Huang K, Peng M, Li N, Luo H, Wang T, Cen Z, Cai W, Gu L, Chen S, Li Z. Resveratrol Promotes Angiogenesis in a FoxO1-Dependent Manner in Hind Limb Ischemia in Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247528. [PMID: 34946610 PMCID: PMC8707225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a severe form of peripheral artery diseases (PAD) and seriously endangers the health of people. Therapeutic angiogenesis represents an important treatment strategy for CLI; various methods have been applied to enhance collateral circulation. However, the current development drug therapy to promote angiogenesis is limited. Resveratrol (RSV), a polyphenol compound extracted from plants, has various properties such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Whether RSV exerts protective effects on CLI remains elusive. In the current study, we demonstrated that oral intake of RSV significantly improved hind limb ischemia in mice, and increased the expression of phosphorylated Forkhead box class-O1 (FoxO1). RSV treatment in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) could increase the phosphorylation of FoxO1 and its cytoplasmic re-localization to promote angiogenesis. Then we manipulated FoxO1 in HUVECs to further verify that the effect of RSV on angiogenesis is in a FoxO1-dependent manner. Furthermore, we performed metabolomics to screen the metabolic pathways altered upon RSV intervention. We found that the pathways of pyrimidine metabolism, purine metabolism, as well as alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, were highly correlated with the beneficial effects of RSV on the ischemic muscle. This study provides a novel direction for the medical therapy to CLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Fan
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (D.F.); (C.L.); (K.H.); (N.L.)
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Chenshu Liu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (D.F.); (C.L.); (K.H.); (N.L.)
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Zeling Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Kan Huang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (D.F.); (C.L.); (K.H.); (N.L.)
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Meixiu Peng
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Na Li
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (D.F.); (C.L.); (K.H.); (N.L.)
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Hengli Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (H.L.); (T.W.); (Z.C.)
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Tengyao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (H.L.); (T.W.); (Z.C.)
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zhipeng Cen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (H.L.); (T.W.); (Z.C.)
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Weikang Cai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA;
| | - Lei Gu
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research and Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany;
| | - Sifan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (H.L.); (T.W.); (Z.C.)
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zilun Li
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (D.F.); (C.L.); (K.H.); (N.L.)
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (Z.L.)
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12
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Shen J, Rossato FA, Cano I, Ng YSE. Novel engineered, membrane-tethered VEGF-A variants promote formation of filopodia, proliferation, survival, and cord or tube formation by endothelial cells via persistent VEGFR2/ERK signaling and activation of CDC42/ROCK pathways. FASEB J 2021; 35:e22036. [PMID: 34793603 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100448rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis would be clinically valuable in situations such as peripheral vascular disease in diabetic patients and tissue reperfusion following ischemia or injury, but approaches using traditional isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) have had little success. The isoform VEGF165 is both soluble and matrix-associated, but can cause pathologic vascular changes. Freely diffusible VEGF121 is not associated with pathologic angiogenesis, but its failure to remain in the vicinity of the targeted area presents therapeutic challenges. In this study, we evaluate the cellular effects of engineered VEGF variants that tether extracellular VEGF121 to the cell membrane with the goal of activating VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in a sustained, autologous fashion in endothelial cells. When expressed by primary human retinal endothelial cells (hRECs), the engineered, membrane-tethered variants eVEGF-38 and eVEGF-53 provide a lasting VEGF signal that induces cell proliferation and survival, increases endothelial permeability, promotes the formation of a cord/tube network, and stimulates the formation of elongated filopodia on the endothelial cells. The engineered VEGF variants activate VEGFR2, MAPK/ERK, and the Rho GTPase mediators CDC42 and ROCK, activities that are required for the formation of the elongated filopodia. The sustained, pro-angiogenic activities induced by eVEGF-38 and eVEGF-53 support the potential of engineered VEGF variants-overexpressing endothelial cells as a novel combination of gene and cell-based therapeutic strategy for stimulating endothelial cell-autologous therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Shen
- Harvard Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Franco Aparecido Rossato
- Harvard Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Issahy Cano
- Harvard Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yin Shan Eric Ng
- Harvard Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Abdel-Hamed AR, Mehanna ET, Hazem RM, Badr JM, Abo-Elmatty DM, Abdel-Kader MS, Goda MS. Plicosepalus acacia Extract and Its Major Constituents, Methyl Gallate and Quercetin, Potentiate Therapeutic Angiogenesis in Diabetic Hind Limb Ischemia: HPTLC Quantification and LC-MS/MS Metabolic Profiling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1701. [PMID: 34829572 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plicosepalus acacia (Fam. Loranthaceae) has been reported to possess hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. Liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed the presence of a high content of polyphenolic compounds that are attributed to the therapeutic effects of the crude extract. In addition, methyl gallate and quercetin were detected as major phytomedicinal agents at concentrations of 1.7% and 0.062 g%, respectively, using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The present study investigated the effect of the P. acacia extract and its isolated compounds, methyl gallate and quercetin, on hind limb ischemia induced in type 1 diabetic rats. Histopathological examination revealed that treatment with P. acacia extract, methyl gallate, and quercetin decreased degenerative changes and inflammation in the ischemic muscle. Further biochemical assessment of the hind limb tissue showed decreased oxidative stress, increased levels of nitric oxide and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and enhancement of the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the groups treated with methyl gallate and quercetin. Expression levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), VEGF, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and miR-146a were upregulated in the muscle tissue of methyl gallate- and quercetin-treated groups along with downregulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). In conclusion, P. acacia extract and its isolated compounds, methyl gallate and quercetin, mediated therapeutic angiogenesis in diabetic hind limb ischemia.
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14
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Kato T, Kato K, Shimizu Y, Takefuji M, Murohara T. Treatment with adipose-derived regenerative cells enhances ischemia-induced angiogenesis via exosomal microRNA delivery in mice. Nagoya J Med Sci 2021; 83:465-476. [PMID: 34552283 PMCID: PMC8438007 DOI: 10.18999/nagjms.83.3.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Adipose-derived regenerative cells (ADRCs), mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells from subcutaneous adipose tissue, have been shown to stimulate angiogenesis in hind limb ischemia, an effect attributed to paracrine action on endothelial cells (ECs) in mice. Despite promising therapeutic effects, the relevant molecules promoting neovascularization in this setting have not been fully elucidated. Extracellular vesicles, crucial mediators of intercellular communication, are recognized as a new therapeutic modality for regenerative medicine. Here, we found that GW4869, an exosome biogenesis inhibitor targeting neutral sphingomyelinase, impaired ADRCs-mediated angiogenesis and improvement of blood perfusion in a murine hind limb ischemia model. In addition, while the supernatant of ADRCs induced murine EC migration, this effect was attenuated by pre-treatment with GW4869. RNA analysis revealed that treatment of ADRCs with GW4869 reduced the expression of microRNA-21 (miR-21), miR-27b, miR-322, and let-7i in ADRCs-derived exosomes. Furthermore, the exosomes derived from GW4869-treated ADRCs induced the expression of the miR-21 targets Smad7 and Pten, and the miR-322 target Cul2, in ECs. These findings suggest that several miRNAs in ADRCs-derived exosomes contribute to angiogenesis and improvement of blood perfusion in a murine hind limb ischemia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kato
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kato
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuuki Shimizu
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mikito Takefuji
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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15
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Kim Y, Zharkinbekov Z, Sarsenova M, Yeltay G, Saparov A. Recent Advances in Gene Therapy for Cardiac Tissue Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9206. [PMID: 34502115 PMCID: PMC8431496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are responsible for enormous socio-economic impact and the highest mortality globally. The standard of care for CVDs, which includes medications and surgical interventions, in most cases, can delay but not prevent the progression of disease. Gene therapy has been considered as a potential therapy to improve the outcomes of CVDs as it targets the molecular mechanisms implicated in heart failure. Cardiac reprogramming, therapeutic angiogenesis using growth factors, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic therapies are the modalities of cardiac gene therapy that have led to promising results in preclinical studies. Despite the benefits observed in animal studies, the attempts to translate them to humans have been inconsistent so far. Low concentration of the gene product at the target site, incomplete understanding of the molecular pathways of the disease, selected gene delivery method, difference between animal models and humans among others are probable causes of the inconsistent results in clinics. In this review, we discuss the most recent applications of the aforementioned gene therapy strategies to improve cardiac tissue regeneration in preclinical and clinical studies as well as the challenges associated with them. In addition, we consider ongoing gene therapy clinical trials focused on cardiac regeneration in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Arman Saparov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.K.); (Z.Z.); (M.S.); (G.Y.)
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16
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Narasimhan B, Narasimhan H, Lorente-Ros M, Romeo FJ, Bhatia K, Aronow WS. Therapeutic angiogenesis in coronary artery disease: a review of mechanisms and current approaches. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:947-963. [PMID: 34346802 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1964471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite tremendous advances, the shortcomings of current therapies for coronary disease are evidenced by the fact that it remains the leading cause of death in many parts of the world. There is hence a drive to develop novel therapies to tackle this disease. Therapeutic approaches to coronary angiogenesis have long been an area of interest in lieu of its incredible, albeit unrealized potential. AREAS COVERED This paper offers an overview of mechanisms of native angiogenesis and a description of angiogenic growth factors. It progresses to outline the advances in gene and stem cell therapy and provides a brief description of other investigational approaches to promote angiogenesis. Finally, the hurdles and limitations unique to this particular area of study are discussed. EXPERT OPINION An effective, sustained, and safe therapeutic option for angiogenesis truly could be the paradigm shift for cardiovascular medicine. Unfortunately, clinically meaningful therapeutic options remain elusive because promising animal studies have not been replicated in human trials. The sheer complexity of this process means that numerous major hurdles remain before therapeutic angiogenesis truly makes its way from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Narasimhan
- Department Of Medicine, Mount Sinai St.Lukes-Roosevelt, Icahn School Of Medicine At Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Marta Lorente-Ros
- Department Of Medicine, Mount Sinai St.Lukes-Roosevelt, Icahn School Of Medicine At Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francisco Jose Romeo
- Department Of Medicine, Mount Sinai St.Lukes-Roosevelt, Icahn School Of Medicine At Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kirtipal Bhatia
- Department Of Medicine, Mount Sinai St.Lukes-Roosevelt, Icahn School Of Medicine At Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wilbert S Aronow
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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17
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Such a widespread diffusion makes the conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels a primary medical and economic burden. It, therefore, becomes mandatory to identify effective treatments that can alleviate this global problem. Among the different solutions brought to the attention of the medical-scientific community, therapeutic angiogenesis is one of the most promising. However, this approach, which aims to treat cardiovascular diseases by generating new blood vessels in ischemic tissues, has so far led to inadequate results due to several issues. In this perspective, we will discuss cutting-edge approaches and future perspectives to alleviate the potentially lethal impact of cardiovascular diseases. We will focus on the consolidated role of resident endothelial progenitor cells, particularly endothelial colony forming cells, as suitable candidates for cell-based therapy demonstrating the importance of targeting intracellular Ca2+ signaling to boost their regenerative outcome. Moreover, we will elucidate the advantages of physical stimuli over traditional approaches. In particular, we will critically discuss recent results obtained by using optical stimulation, as a novel strategy to drive endothelial colony forming cells fate and its potential in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Moccia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Lodola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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18
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Suzuki J, Shimizu Y, Tsuzuki K, Pu Z, Narita S, Yamaguchi S, Katagiri T, Iwata E, Masutomi T, Fujikawa Y, Shibata R, Murohara T. No influence on tumor growth by intramuscular injection of adipose-derived regenerative cells: safety evaluation of therapeutic angiogenesis with cell therapy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H447-H457. [PMID: 33185457 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00564.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis with autologous stem/progenitor cells is a promising novel strategy for treatment of severe ischemic diseases. Human clinical trials utilizing autologous adipose-derived regenerative cells (ADRCs) have not reported treatment-related critical adverse effects thus far. However, there is still a large knowledge gap regarding whether treatment of ischemic diseases with angiogenic therapy using ADRCs would promote unfavorable angiogenesis associated with tumors in vivo. Herein, we addressed this clinical question using a mouse hindlimb ischemia (HLI) and simultaneous remote tumor implantation model. C57BL/6J background wild-type mice were injected with murine B16F10 melanoma cells on their back, 1 day before ischemic surgery. These mice were subjected to surgical unilateral hindlimb ischemia, followed by ADRC implantation or PBS injection into the hindlimb ischemic muscles on the next day. Intramuscular implantation of ADRCs enhanced tissue capillary density and blood flow examined by a laser Doppler blood perfusion analysis in hind limb. However, this therapeutic regimen for ischemic limb using ADRCs did not affect remote melanoma growth nor the density of its feeder artery, angiogenesis, and lymphatic vessels compared with the PBS group. In addition, no distant metastases were detected in any of the mice regardless of the group. In conclusion, local implantation of ADRCs promotes angiogenesis in response to tissue ischemia in the hindlimb without promoting remote tumor growth and related angio/lymphangiogenesis. Therapeutic angiogenesis to the ischemic hindlimb using ADRCs seems to be safe regarding remote tumor growth.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we demonstrated that local injection of ADRCs can promote angiogenesis in response to tissue ischemia without promoting remote tumor growth in a mouse model. Our findings indicate that therapeutic angiogenesis to the ischemic hindlimb using ADRCs seems to be safe regarding remote tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Suzuki
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuuki Shimizu
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsuzuki
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Zhongyue Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shingo Narita
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shukuro Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Katagiri
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Etsuo Iwata
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Masutomi
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fujikawa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Rei Shibata
- Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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19
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Slobodkina E, Boldyreva M, Karagyaur M, Eremichev R, Alexandrushkina N, Balabanyan V, Akopyan Z, Parfyonova Y, Tkachuk V, Makarevich P. Therapeutic Angiogenesis by a "Dynamic Duo": Simultaneous Expression of HGF and VEGF165 by Novel Bicistronic Plasmid Restores Blood Flow in Ischemic Skeletal Muscle. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121231. [PMID: 33353116 PMCID: PMC7766676 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis is a promising strategy for relief of ischemic conditions, and gene delivery was used to stimulate blood vessels’ formation and growth. We have previously shown that intramuscular injection of a mixture containing plasmids encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)165 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) leads to restoration of blood flow in mouse ischemic limb, and efficacy of combined delivery was superior to each plasmid administered alone. In this work, we evaluated different approaches for co-expression of HGF and VEGF165 genes in a panel of candidate plasmid DNAs (pDNAs) with internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs), a bidirectional promoter or two independent promoters for each gene of interest. Studies in HEK293T culture showed that all plasmids provided synthesis of HGF and VEGF165 proteins and stimulated capillary formation by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), indicating the biological potency of expressed factors. Tests in skeletal muscle explants showed a dramatic difference and most plasmids failed to express HGF and VEGF165 in a significant quantity. However, a bicistronic plasmid with two independent promoters (cytomegalovirus (CMV) for HGF and chicken b-actin (CAG) for VEGF165) provided expression of both grow factors in skeletal muscle at an equimolar ratio. Efficacy tests of bicistronic plasmid were performed in a mouse model of hind limb ischemia. Intramuscular administration of plasmid induced significant restoration of perfusion compared to an empty vector and saline. These findings were supported by increased CD31+ capillary density in animals that received pHGF/VEGF. Overall, our study reports a first-in-class candidate gene therapy drug to deliver two pivotal angiogenic growth factors (HGF and VEGF165) with properties that provide basis for future development of treatment for an unmet medical need—peripheral artery disease and associated limb ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Slobodkina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Boldyreva
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Russian Ministry of Health, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), 109028 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Karagyaur
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Roman Eremichev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Natalia Alexandrushkina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vadim Balabanyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Zhanna Akopyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Yelena Parfyonova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Russian Ministry of Health, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vsevolod Tkachuk
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Russian Ministry of Health, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Pavel Makarevich
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
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20
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Faris P, Negri S, Perna A, Rosti V, Guerra G, Moccia F. Therapeutic Potential of Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells in Ischemic Disease: Strategies to Improve their Regenerative Efficacy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7406. [PMID: 33036489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) comprises a range of major clinical cardiac and circulatory diseases, which produce immense health and economic burdens worldwide. Currently, vascular regenerative surgery represents the most employed therapeutic option to treat ischemic disorders, even though not all the patients are amenable to surgical revascularization. Therefore, more efficient therapeutic approaches are urgently required to promote neovascularization. Therapeutic angiogenesis represents an emerging strategy that aims at reconstructing the damaged vascular network by stimulating local angiogenesis and/or promoting de novo blood vessel formation according to a process known as vasculogenesis. In turn, circulating endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) represent truly endothelial precursors, which display high clonogenic potential and have the documented ability to originate de novo blood vessels in vivo. Therefore, ECFCs are regarded as the most promising cellular candidate to promote therapeutic angiogenesis in patients suffering from CVD. The current briefly summarizes the available information about the origin and characterization of ECFCs and then widely illustrates the preclinical studies that assessed their regenerative efficacy in a variety of ischemic disorders, including acute myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, ischemic brain disease, and retinopathy. Then, we describe the most common pharmacological, genetic, and epigenetic strategies employed to enhance the vasoreparative potential of autologous ECFCs by manipulating crucial pro-angiogenic signaling pathways, e.g., extracellular-signal regulated kinase/Akt, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and Ca2+ signaling. We conclude by discussing the possibility of targeting circulating ECFCs to rescue their dysfunctional phenotype and promote neovascularization in the presence of CVD.
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21
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Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease and critical limb ischemia are common symptoms of cardiovascular disease. Vascular surgery is used to create a bypass around occluded blood vessels to improve blood flow to ischemic muscle, thus avoiding the need for amputation. Attempts to vascularize tissues by therapeutic angiogenesis using delivery of exogenous angiogenic agents are underwhelming. A material-based approach that provides an endogenous stimulus capable of promoting angiogenesis and increased tissue perfusion would provide a paradigm shift in treatment options available. It is reported here that microporous biodegradable films produced using thermally induced phase separation provide a localized biophysical stimulus of proangiogenic genes in vivo that is associated with increased blood vessel density and restoration of blood flow to ischemic tissue. These findings show, for the first time, that acellular, nonfunctionalized biodegradable biomaterials can provide an innovative, material-based approach for therapeutic angiogenesis to enhance tissue reperfusion in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eseelle K Hendow
- Centre for Precision Healthcare, UCL Division of Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mehran Moazen
- UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, UCL Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Laurent Bozec
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edwards Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Caroline Pellet-Many
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, 4 Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Richard M Day
- Centre for Precision Healthcare, UCL Division of Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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22
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Nugrahaningrum DA, Marcelina O, Liu C, Wu S, Kasim V. Dapagliflozin Promotes Neovascularization by Improving Paracrine Function of Skeletal Muscle Cells in Diabetic Hindlimb Ischemia Mice Through PHD2/HIF-1α Axis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1104. [PMID: 32848736 PMCID: PMC7424065 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with a high risk of hindlimb ischemia (HLI) progression and an inevitably poor prognosis, including worse limb salvage and mortality. Skeletal muscle cells can secrete angiogenic factors, which could promote neovascularization and blood perfusion recovery. Thus, paracrine function of skeletal muscle cells, which is aberrant in diabetic conditions, is crucial for therapeutic angiogenesis in diabetic HLI. Dapagliflozin is a well-known anti-hyperglycemia and anti-obesity drug; however, its role in therapeutic angiogenesis is unknown. Herein, we found that dapagliflozin could act as an angiogenesis stimulator in diabetic HLI. We showed that dapagliflozin enhances the viability, proliferation, and migration potentials of skeletal muscle cells and promotes the secretion of multiple angiogenic factors from skeletal muscle cells, most plausibly through PHD2/HIF-1α axis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that conditioned medium from dapagliflozin-treated skeletal muscle cells enhances the proliferation and migration potentials of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, which are two fundamental cells of functional mature vessels. Finally, an in vivo study demonstrated that intramuscular administration of dapagliflozin effectively enhances the formation of mature blood vessels and, subsequently, blood perfusion recovery in diabetic HLI mice. Hence, our results suggest a novel function of dapagliflozin as a potential therapeutic angiogenesis agent for diabetic HLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyah Ari Nugrahaningrum
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Olivia Marcelina
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Caiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shourong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Vivi Kasim
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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23
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Negri S, Faris P, Rosti V, Antognazza MR, Lodola F, Moccia F. Endothelial TRPV1 as an Emerging Molecular Target to Promote Therapeutic Angiogenesis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061341. [PMID: 32471282 PMCID: PMC7349285 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis represents an emerging strategy to treat ischemic diseases by stimulating blood vessel growth to rescue local blood perfusion. Therefore, injured microvasculature may be repaired by stimulating resident endothelial cells or circulating endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) or by autologous cell-based therapy. Endothelial Ca2+ signals represent a crucial player in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis; indeed, several angiogenic stimuli induce neovessel formation through an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Several members of the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channel superfamily are expressed and mediate Ca2+-dependent functions in vascular endothelial cells and in ECFCs, the only known truly endothelial precursor. TRP Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a polymodal cation channel, is emerging as an important player in endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and tubulogenesis, through the integration of several chemical stimuli. Herein, we first summarize TRPV1 structure and gating mechanisms. Next, we illustrate the physiological roles of TRPV1 in vascular endothelium, focusing our attention on how endothelial TRPV1 promotes angiogenesis. In particular, we describe a recent strategy to stimulate TRPV1-mediated pro-angiogenic activity in ECFCs, in the presence of a photosensitive conjugated polymer. Taken together, these observations suggest that TRPV1 represents a useful target in the treatment of ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Negri
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.N.); (P.F.)
| | - Pawan Faris
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.N.); (P.F.)
| | - Vittorio Rosti
- Center for the Study of Myelofibrosis, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Advanced Diagnosis, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.R.A.); (F.L.)
| | - Francesco Lodola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.R.A.); (F.L.)
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.N.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Yanishi K, Shoji K, Fujioka A, Hori Y, Yukawa A, Matoba S. Impact of Therapeutic Angiogenesis Using Autologous Bone Marrow-derived Mononuclear Cell Implantation in Patients with No-option Critical Limb Ischemia. Ann Vasc Dis 2020; 13:13-22. [PMID: 32273917 PMCID: PMC7140169 DOI: 10.3400/avd.ra.20-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the limb salvage rate of patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) has been improved due to the development of revascularization and wound care treatment. However, many patients with CLI are refractory to standard treatments, including revascularization such as endovascular treatment or surgical bypass. Establishment of a new cell therapy is required to improve the limb salvage rate and prognosis in patients with CLI. In 1997, endothelial progenitor cells were found to be derived from the bone marrow to circulate as CD34 surface antigen positive cells in peripheral blood and to affect therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic tissues. Later, therapeutic angiogenesis using autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell (BM-MNC) implantation was performed for patients with no-option CLI in clinical practice. Several reports showed the safety and efficacy of the BM-MNC implantation in patients with CLI caused by arteriosclerosis obliterans, thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO), and collagen diseases. In particular, in patients with CLI caused by TAO, limb salvage rate was significantly improved compared with standard treatments. The BM-MNC implantation may be feasible and safe in patients with no-option CLI. Here, we review the efficacy of BM-MNC implantation in no-option CLI, with a focus on therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yanishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shoji
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayumu Fujioka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hori
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Arito Yukawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
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25
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Medina RJ, Smadja DM. Editorial: Recent Advances in Endothelial Progenitor Cells Toward Their Use in Clinical Translation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 6:290. [PMID: 31970157 PMCID: PMC6960121 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold J Medina
- School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - David M Smadja
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, Paris, France.,Service d'Hématologie et Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirugicales (Fondation Carpentier), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
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26
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Rocker AJ, Lee DJ, Shandas R, Park D. Injectable Polymeric Delivery System for Spatiotemporal and Sequential Release of Therapeutic Proteins To Promote Therapeutic Angiogenesis and Reduce Inflammation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:1217-1227. [PMID: 33464833 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) causes cardiac cell death, induces persistent inflammatory responses, and generates harmful pathological remodeling, which leads to heart failure. Biomedical approaches to restore blood supply to ischemic myocardium, via controlled delivery of angiogenic and immunoregulatory proteins, may present an efficient treatment option for coronary artery disease (CAD). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is necessary to initiate neovessel formation, while platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is needed later to recruit pericytes, which stabilizes new vessels. Anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 (IL-10) can help optimize cardiac repair and limit the damaging effects of inflammation following MI. To meet these angiogenic and anti-inflammatory needs, an injectable polymeric delivery system composed of encapsulating micelle nanoparticles embedded in a sulfonated reverse thermal gel was developed. The sulfonate groups on the thermal gel electrostatically bind to VEGF and IL-10, and their specific binding affinities control their release rates, while PDGF-loaded micelles are embedded in the gel to provide the sequential release of the growth factors. An in vitro release study was performed, which demonstrated the sequential release capabilities of the delivery system. The ability of the delivery system to induce new blood vessel formation was analyzed in vivo using a subcutaneous injection mouse model. Histological assessment was used to quantify blood vessel formation and an inflammatory response, which showed that the polymeric delivery system significantly increased functional and mature vessel formation while reducing inflammation. Overall, the results demonstrate the effective delivery of therapeutic proteins to promote angiogenesis and limit inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Rocker
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver
- Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - David J Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver
- Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Robin Shandas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver
- Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Daewon Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver
- Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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27
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Zhang J, Nugrahaningrum DA, Marcelina O, Ariyanti AD, Wang G, Liu C, Wu S, Kasim V. Tyrosol Facilitates Neovascularization by Enhancing Skeletal Muscle Cells Viability and Paracrine Function in Diabetic Hindlimb Ischemia Mice. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:909. [PMID: 31474865 PMCID: PMC6702659 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most severe manifestations of diabetes, vascular complications are the main causes of diabetes-related morbidity and mortality. Hyperglycemia induces systemic abnormalities, including impaired angiogenesis, causing diabetic patients to be highly susceptible in suffering hindlimb ischemia (HLI). Despite its severe prognosis, there is currently no effective treatment for diabetic HLI. Skeletal muscle cells secrete multiple angiogenic factors, hence, recently are reported to be critical for angiogenesis; however, hyperglycemia disrupted the paracrine function in skeletal muscle cells, leading to the impaired angiogenesis potential observed in diabetic patients. The present study showed that tyrosol, a phenylethanoid compound, suppresses accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by hyperglycemia, most plausibly by promoting heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in skeletal muscle cells. Consequently, tyrosol exerts cytoprotective function against hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells, increases their proliferation vigorously, and simultaneously suppresses apoptosis. Furthermore, tyrosol grossly increases the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) from skeletal muscle cells. This leads to enhanced proliferation and migration capabilities of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, two types of cells that are responsible in forming blood vessels, through cell-cell communication. Finally, in vivo experiment using the diabetic HLI mouse model showed that tyrosol injection into the gastrocnemius muscle of the ischemic hindlimb significantly enhances the formation of functional blood vessels and subsequently leads to significant recovery of blood perfusion. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of the pharmacological application of tyrosol as a small molecule drug for therapeutic angiogenesis in diabetic HLI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqi Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Chongqing, China
| | - Dyah Ari Nugrahaningrum
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Chongqing, China
| | - Olivia Marcelina
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Chongqing, China
| | - Agnes Dwi Ariyanti
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Chongqing, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Chongqing, China
| | - Caiping Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Chongqing, China
| | - Shourong Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Chongqing, China.,The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Vivi Kasim
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Chongqing, China.,The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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28
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Akai A, Shigematsu H, Miyata T, Maeda H, Onohara T, Sato O, Obitsu Y, Nishibe T, Ohta T, Tanemoto K, Izumi Y, Shibuya T, Inoue Y, Sasajima T, Endo M, Okamura T, Ichiki M, Sakakibara K, Shindo S. Increased Incidence of Cancer in Japanese Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia. Ann Vasc Dis 2019; 12:182-186. [PMID: 31275471 PMCID: PMC6600109 DOI: 10.3400/avd.oa.18-00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This multicenter observational study was conducted in order to investigate the incidence of cancer in patients with critical limb ischemia. Materials and Methods: We prospectively investigated the incidence of cancer in 68 patients with critical limb ischemia over a two-year period. Patients underwent an intensive examination at enrollment, which included tumor marker levels and chest and abdominal computed tomography, as well as one- and two-year follow-up examinations. We compared the observed incidence of cancer with the expected incidence calculated from national cancer rates by the standardized incidence ratio (SIR). Results: The majority (83.6%) of the patients were men, and 92.5% of the patients had a peripheral arterial disease that was classified as Fontaine stage III or IV. During enrollment, newly diagnosed cancers were detected in seven patients. Four additional cancers were detected during the follow-up period. All of the detected cancers were asymptomatic. We observed an increased risk of cancer (SIR, 4.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.31-9.42) in patients with critical limb ischemia. Conclusion: This study suggests that critical limb ischemia is associated with an increased risk of cancer. Our findings should be taken into serious consideration by future investigators considering the use of therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Akai
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shigematsu
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hideaki Maeda
- Vascular Surgery, Nihon University Itabashi Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Onohara
- Department of Vascular Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kyusyu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Osamu Sato
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yukio Obitsu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, IUHW Mita Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Nishibe
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohta
- Vascular Surgery, Daiyukai Daiichi Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanemoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Izumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nayoro City General Hospital, Nayoro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Shibuya
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Masamitsu Endo
- Cardiovascular Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takao Okamura
- Vascular Surgery, Okamura Hospital, Kochi, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masataka Ichiki
- Sendai Hospital of East Railway Company, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakakibara
- Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Yamanashi Hospital, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shunya Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Rust R, Grönnert L, Gantner C, Enzler A, Mulders G, Weber RZ, Siewert A, Limasale YDP, Meinhardt A, Maurer MA, Sartori AM, Hofer AS, Werner C, Schwab ME. Nogo-A targeted therapy promotes vascular repair and functional recovery following stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14270-9. [PMID: 31235580 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905309116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of serious disability due to the brain's limited capacity to regenerate damaged tissue and neuronal circuits. After ischemic injury, a multiphasic degenerative and inflammatory response is coupled with severely restricted vascular and neuronal repair, resulting in permanent functional deficits. Although clinical evidence indicates that revascularization of the ischemic brain regions is crucial for functional recovery, no therapeutics that promote angiogenesis after cerebral stroke are currently available. Besides vascular growth factors, guidance molecules have been identified to regulate aspects of angiogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS) and may provide targets for therapeutic angiogenesis. In this study, we demonstrate that genetic deletion of the neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo-A or one of its corresponding receptors, S1PR2, improves vascular sprouting and repair and reduces neurological deficits after cerebral ischemia in mice. These findings were reproduced in a therapeutic approach using intrathecal anti-Nogo-A antibodies; such a therapy is currently in clinical testing for spinal cord injury. These results provide a basis for a therapeutic blockage of inhibitory guidance molecules to improve vascular and neural repair after ischemic CNS injuries.
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30
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Forget A, Gianni-Barrera R, Uccelli A, Sarem M, Kohler E, Fogli B, Muraro MG, Bichet S, Aumann K, Banfi A, Shastri VP. Mechanically Defined Microenvironment Promotes Stabilization of Microvasculature, Which Correlates with the Enrichment of a Novel Piezo-1 + Population of Circulating CD11b + /CD115 + Monocytes. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1808050. [PMID: 30924979 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vascularization is a critical step in the restoration of cellular homeostasis. Several strategies including localized growth factor delivery, endothelial progenitor cells, genetically engineered cells, gene therapy, and prevascularized implants have been explored to promote revascularization. But, long-term stabilization of newly induced vessels remains a challenge. It has been shown that fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells can stabilize newly induced vessels. However, whether an injected biomaterial alone can serve as an instructive environment for angiogenesis remains to be elucidated. It is reported here that appropriate vascular branching, and long-term stabilization can be promoted simply by implanting a hydrogel with stiffness matching that of fibrin clot. A unique subpopulation of circulating CD11b+ myeloid and CD11b+ /CD115+ monocytes that express the stretch activated cation channel Piezo-1, which is enriched prominently in the clot-like hydrogel, is identified. These findings offer evidence for a mechanobiology paradigm in angiogenesis involving an interplay between mechanosensitive circulating cells and mechanics of tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien Forget
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roberto Gianni-Barrera
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Uccelli
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Melika Sarem
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Esther Kohler
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Fogli
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Manuele G Muraro
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Bichet
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Aumann
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Banfi
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - V Prasad Shastri
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Moccia F, Berra-Romani R, Rosti V. Manipulating Intracellular Ca2+ Signals to Stimulate Therapeutic Angiogenesis in Cardiovascular Disorders. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 19:686-699. [PMID: 30091405 DOI: 10.2174/1389201019666180808165309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are mobilized in peripheral blood to rescue blood perfusion in ischemic tissues. Several approaches were, therefore, designed to inject autologous EPCs and induce therapeutic angiogenesis in patients affected by cardiovascular disorders. Endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) represent the only truly endothelial precursors and are regarded as the most suitable substrate for cell based therapy of ischemic diseases. Intracellular Ca2+ signalling drives ECFC proliferation, migration, homing and neovessel formation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) triggers repetitive oscillations in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in peripheral blood- and umbilical cord blood-derived ECFCs by initiating a dynamic interplay between inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3)-dependent Ca2+ release and store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). SOCE, in turn, is mediated by Stim1, Orai1 and Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Canonical 1 (TRPC1). Intriguingly, intracellular Ca2+ oscillations are triggered by TRPC3 in umbilical cord blood-derived ECFCs, which display higher proliferative potential. Additionally, stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) triggers a biphasic increase in [Ca2+]i in ECFCs which is mediated by InsP3 receptors (InsP3Rs) and SOCE. Finally, arachidonic acid (AA) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) stimulate ECFC proliferation by stimulating two-pore channel 1 (TPC1), thereby promoting Ca2+ release from the endolysosomal Ca2+ compartment. AA-evoked Ca2+ signals are further supported by InsP3Rs and TRP Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). In this article, we describe how genetic manipulation of the Ca2+ toolkit (i.e. TRPC3, SOCE, TPC1) endowed to circulating ECFCs could rejuvenate or restore their reparative phenotype for therapeutic angiogenesis purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Berra-Romani
- School of Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Vittorio Rosti
- Center for the Study of Myelofibrosis, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Advanced Diagnosis, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Zhang J, Zhang H, Chen Y, Fu J, Lei Y, Sun J, Tang B. Platelet‑derived growth factor D promotes the angiogenic capacity of endothelial progenitor cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:125-132. [PMID: 30483778 PMCID: PMC6297765 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascularization and re-endothelialization rely on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). However, the recruitment and angiogenic roles of EPCs are subject to regulation through the vascular microenvironment, which remains largely unknown. Platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGF-D) is a new member of the PDGF family that binds the PDGFR-β homodimer. However, it remains unknown whether and how it affects the angiogenic capacity of EPCs and participates in tube-like formation. EPCs were derived from rat bone marrow cells, and the gain-of-function approach was used to study the effects of PDGF-D on the biological activities of EPCs. EPCs that stably express PDGF-D were generated by lentiviral-mediated transduction, and the expression levels were evaluated by western blotting and reverse transcription, followed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The biological activities of EPCs evaluated in the present study included proliferation, adhesion, migration, tube formation and senescence. Furthermore, the downstream signaling of PDGF-D was explored by western blot analysis. The results revealed that the lentiviral-mediated expression of PDGF-D in the microenvironment promoted the migration, proliferation, adhesion and tube formation of EPCs. In addition, PDGF-D suppressed the senescence of EPCs. Mechanistically, PDGF-D induced the phosphorylation of several signaling molecules, including STAT3, AKT, ERK1/2, mTOR and GSK-3β, suggesting that PDGF-D enhanced the angiogenic function of EPCs through PDGF receptor-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. In conclusion, PDGF-D promotes the angiogenic capacity of EPCs, including proliferation, migration, adhesion and tube formation, and thereby contributes to angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Haolong Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Yikuan Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Jian Fu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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Lee DJ, Rocker AJ, Bardill JR, Shandas R, Park D. A sulfonated reversible thermal gel for the spatiotemporal control of VEGF delivery to promote therapeutic angiogenesis. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:3053-3064. [PMID: 30295997 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite medical and surgical advancements for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, mortality and morbidity remain high. Therapeutic angiogenesis has been one approach to address the major clinical need for a more effective treatment to restoring blood flow in ischemic organs and tissues, but current progress in angiogenic drug delivery is inadequate at providing sufficient bioavailability without causing safety concerns. An injectable sulfonated reversible thermal gel composed of a polyurea conjugated with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and sulfonate groups has been developed for the delivery of angiogenic factors. The thermal gel allowed for the spatiotemporal control of vascular endothelial growth factor release with a decreased initial burst release and reduced release rate in vitro. A subcutaneous injection mouse model was used to evaluate efficacious vascularization and assess the inflammatory response due to a foreign body. Thermal gel injections showed substantial vascularization properties by inducing vessel formation, recruitment and differentiation of vascular endothelial cells, and vessel stabilization by perivascular cells, while infiltrating macrophages due to the thermal gel injections decreased over time. These results demonstrated effective localization and delivery of angiogenic factors for therapeutic angiogenesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 3053-3064, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - Adam J Rocker
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - James R Bardill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - Robin Shandas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - Daewon Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
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Deev R, Plaksa I, Bozo I, Mzhavanadze N, Suchkov I, Chervyakov Y, Staroverov I, Kalinin R, Isaev A. Results of 5-year follow-up study in patients with peripheral artery disease treated with PL-VEGF165 for intermittent claudication. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 12:237-246. [PMID: 29996720 PMCID: PMC6116753 DOI: 10.1177/1753944718786926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effective treatment of chronic lower limb ischemia is one of the most challenging issues confronting vascular surgeons. Current pharmacological therapies play an auxiliary role and cannot prevent disease progression, and new treatment methods are needed. In 2011, a plasmid VEGF65-gene therapy drug was approved in Russia for the treatment of chronic lower limb ischemia ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03068585). The objective of this follow-up study was to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of gene therapy in patients with limb ischemia of atherosclerotic genesis. AIMS To evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of the therapeutic angiogenesis, 36 patients in the treatment group (pl- VEGF165) and 12 patients in the control group participated in a 5-year follow-up study. Planned examinations were carried out annually for 5 years after pl- VEGF165 administration. RESULTS Differences in the frequency of major cardiovascular events (pl- VEGF165 5/36 versus control 2/12; p = 0.85), malignancies (pl- VEGF165 1/36 versus control 0/12; p = 0.38) and impaired vision (there was none in either group) over the 5-year follow-up period did not achieve statistical significance. The target limb salvage was 95% ( n = 36) and 67% ( n = 12) in the pl- VEGF165 and control groups, respectively. The pain-free walking distance value increased by 288% from 105.7 ± 16.5 m to 384 ± 39 m in the treatment group by the end of the fifth year, with a peak of 410.6 ± 86.1 m achieved by the end of the third year. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) increased from 0.47 ± 0.01 to 0.56 ± 0.02 by the end of the first year, with a subsequent slight decrease to 0.51 ± 0.02 by the fifth year. The maximum increment of transcutaneous oximetry test (tcoO2) by 36%, from 66.6 ± 3.7 mm Hg to 90.7 ± 4.9 mm Hg, was observed by the end of the second year. CONCLUSION The therapeutic effect of angiogenesis induction by gene therapy persists for 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Deev
- Human Stem Cells Institute, Moscow, Russia Ryazan I.P. Pavlov State Medical University, Ryazan, Russia
| | - Igor Plaksa
- Human Stem Cells Institute, Moscow, Russia Moscow City Oncology Hospital No 62, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilia Bozo
- Human Stem Cells Institute, Moscow, Russia A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Igor Suchkov
- Ryazan I.P. Pavlov State Medical University, Ryazan, Russia
| | | | | | - Roman Kalinin
- Ryazan I.P. Pavlov State Medical University, Ryazan, Russia
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Monteforte A, Lam B, Sherman MB, Henderson K, Sligar AD, Spencer A, Tang B, Dunn AK, Baker AB. * Glioblastoma Exosomes for Therapeutic Angiogenesis in Peripheral Ischemia. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 23:1251-1261. [PMID: 28699397 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral ischemia as a result of occlusive vascular disease is a widespread problem in patients older than the age of 65. Angiogenic therapies that can induce microvascular growth have great potential for providing a long-lasting solution for patients with ischemia and would provide an appealing alternative to surgical and percutaneous interventions. However, many angiogenic therapies have seen poor efficacy in clinical trials, suggesting that patients with long-term peripheral ischemia have considerable therapeutic resistance to angiogenic stimuli. Glioblastoma is one of the most angiogenic tumor types, inducing robust vessel growth in the area surrounding the tumor. One major angiogenic mechanism used by the tumor cells to induce blood vessel growth is the production of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles that can carry pro-angiogenic and immunomodulatory signals. Here, we explored whether the pro-angiogenic aspects of glioblastoma-derived exosomes could be harnessed to promote angiogenesis and healing in the context of peripheral ischemic disease. We demonstrate that the exosomes derived from glioblastoma markedly enhance endothelial cell proliferation and increase endothelial tubule formation in vitro. An analysis of the microRNA expression using next generation sequencing identified that exosomes contained a high concentration of miR-221. In addition, we found that glioblastoma exosomes contained significant amounts of the proteoglycans glypican-1 and syndecan-4, which can serve as co-receptors for angiogenic factors, including fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). In a hindlimb ischemia model in mice, we found that the exosomes promoted enhanced revascularization in comparison to control alginate gels and FGF-2 treatment alone. Taken together, our results support the fact that glioblastoma-derived exosomes have powerful effects in increasing revascularization in the context of peripheral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Monteforte
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Texas
| | - Brian Lam
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Texas
| | - Michael B Sherman
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Kayla Henderson
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Texas
| | - Andrew D Sligar
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Texas
| | - Adrianne Spencer
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Texas
| | - Brian Tang
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Texas
| | - Andrew K Dunn
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Texas
| | - Aaron B Baker
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Texas.,3 Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas.,4 Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas.,5 Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas
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36
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Guo D, Murdoch CE, Liu T, Qu J, Jiao S, Wang Y, Wang W, Chen X. Therapeutic Angiogenesis of Chinese Herbal Medicines in Ischemic Heart Disease: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:428. [PMID: 29755358 PMCID: PMC5932161 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is one of the primary causes of death around the world. Therapeutic angiogenesis is a promising innovative approach for treating IHD, improving cardiac function by promoting blood perfusion to the ischemic myocardium. This treatment is especially important for targeting patients that are unable to undergo angioplasty or bypass surgery. Chinese herbal medicines have been used for more than 2,500 years and they play an important role alongside contemporary medicines in China. Growing evidence in animal models show Chinese herbal medicines can provide therapeutic effect on IHD by targeting angiogenesis. Identifying the mechanism in which Chinese herbal medicines can promote angiogenesis in IHD is a major topic in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, and has the potential for advancing therapeutic treatment. This review summarizes the progression of research and highlights potential pro-angiogenic mechanisms of Chinese herbal medicines in IHD. In addition, an outline of the limitations of Chinese herbal medicines and challenges they face will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Colin E Murdoch
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Tianhua Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shihong Jiao
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
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Abstract
Several lines of evidence have revealed that the angiogenic response to ischemic injury declines with age, which might account for the increased morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among the elderly. While impairment of angiogenesis with aging leads to delayed wound healing or exacerbation of atherosclerotic ischemic diseases, it also inhibits the progression of cancer. Age-related changes of angiogenesis have been considered to at least partly result from vascular aging or endothelial cell senescence. There is considerable evidence supporting the hypothesis that vascular cell senescence contributes to the pathogenesis of age-related CVD, suggesting that vascular aging could be an important therapeutic target. Since therapeutic angiogenesis is now regarded as a promising concept for patients with ischemic CVD, it has become even more important to understand the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying impairment of angiogenesis in older patients. To improve the usefulness of therapeutic angiogenesis, approaches are needed that can compensate for impaired angiogenic capacity in the elderly while not promoting the development or progression of malignancy. In this review, we briefly outline the mechanisms of angiogenesis and vascular aging, followed by a description of how vascular aging leads to impairment of angiogenesis. We also examine potential therapeutic approaches that could enhance angiogenesis and/or vascular function in the elderly, as well as discussing the possibility of anti-senescence therapy or reversal of endothelial cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Moriya
- Office of Cellular and Tissue-Based Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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38
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Chervyakov YV, Vlasenko ON. [Quality of life in patients with lower extremity atherosclerosis during standard treatment and therapeutic angiogenesis]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2017; 89:87-92. [PMID: 29039835 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh201789987-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the impact of standard conservative treatment (SCT) and its combination with therapeutic angiogenesis for 3 to 5 years on quality of life in patients with Stage II (according to the classification developed by A.V. Pokrovsky-Fontaine) lower extremity atherosclerosis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS 92 patients (69 men and 23 women) (mean age 65.2±7.7 years) were examined and divided into 2 groups of 46 people each. Only SCT (statins at an individually adjusted dose, antiaggregants, and graded exercise walking 3 to 5 km daily were used in Group 1; while Group 2 received SCT in combination with double injection of a plasmid-based VEGF165 gene drug (1.2 mg) into the ischemic limb muscles. The Russian version of the standard SF-36 questionnaire was applied; pain-free walking distances were measured before treatment and then every year; limb preservation and survival rates were determined in the patients. RESULTS It was determined that standard treatment did not significantly affect patients' quality of life throughout the follow-up period. Addition of gene therapy leads to a significant improvement in both physical (p=0.00001) and psychological (p=0.00002) health components just in the first year of the follow-up. This is achieved through a significant (500%) increase in the average leg pain-free walking distance; p=0.007). CONCLUSION The obtained result is consistently high throughout the subsequent period. There was no statistically significant difference in survival rates between the groups; limb preservation remained comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu V Chervyakov
- Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Ministry of Health of Russia, Yaroslavl, Russia; OOO 'Diagnosis and Prevention Plus' Medical Centеr, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - O N Vlasenko
- Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Ministry of Health of Russia, Yaroslavl, Russia
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Moccia F, Lucariello A, Guerra G. TRPC3-mediated Ca 2+ signals as a promising strategy to boost therapeutic angiogenesis in failing hearts: The role of autologous endothelial colony forming cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3901-3917. [PMID: 28816358 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are a sub-population of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells that are released in circulation to restore damaged endothelium during its physiological turnover or rescue blood perfusion after an ischemic insult. Additionally, they may be mobilized from perivascular niches located within larger arteries' wall in response to hypoxic conditions. For this reason, EPCs have been regarded as an effective tool to promote revascularization and functional recovery of ischemic hearts, but clinical application failed to exploit the full potential of patients-derived cells. Indeed, the frequency and biological activity of EPCs are compromised in aging individuals or in subjects suffering from severe cardiovascular risk factors. Rejuvenating the reparative phenotype of autologous EPCs through a gene transfer approach has, therefore, been put forward as an alternative approach to enhance their therapeutic potential in cardiovascular patients. An increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration constitutes a pivotal signal for the activation of the so-called endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs), the only known truly endothelial EPC subset. Studies from our group showed that the Ca2+ toolkit differs between peripheral blood- and umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived ECFCs. In the present article, we first discuss how VEGF uses repetitive Ca2+ spikes to regulate angiogenesis in ECFCs and outline how VEGF-induced intracellular Ca2+ oscillations differ between the two ECFC subtypes. We then hypothesize about the possibility to rejuvenate the biological activity of autologous ECFCs by transfecting the cell with the Ca2+ -permeable channel Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 3, which selectively drives the Ca2+ response to VEGF in UCB-derived ECFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angela Lucariello
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, Universy of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Kanayasu-Toyoda T, Ishii-Watabe A, Kikuchi Y, Kitagawa H, Suzuki H, Tamura H, Tada M, Suzuki T, Mizuguchi H, Yamaguchi T. Occludin as a functional marker of vascular endothelial cells on tube-forming activity. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1700-1711. [PMID: 28681912 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapy using endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is a promising strategy for the treatment of ischemic diseases. Two types of EPCs have been identified: early EPCs and late EPCs. Late EPCs are able to form tube structure by themselves, and have a high proliferative ability. The functional marker(s) of late EPCs, which relate to their therapeutic potential, have not been fully elucidated. Here we compared the gene expression profiles of several human cord blood derived late EPC lines which exhibit different tube formation activity, and we observed that the expression of occludin (OCLN) in these lines correlated with the tube formation ability, suggesting that OCLN is a candidate functional marker of late EPCs. When OCLN was knocked down by transfecting siRNA, the tube formation on Matrigel, the S phase + G2 /M phase in the cell cycle, and the spheroid-based sprouting of late EPCs were markedly reduced, suggesting the critical role of OCLN in tube formation, sprouting, and proliferation. These results indicated that OCLN plays a novel role in neovascularization and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Kanayasu-Toyoda
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Komuro, Inamachi, Kita-adachigun, Saitama, Japan.,Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kikuchi
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kitagawa
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Suzuki
- The Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Tamura
- The Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuo Suzuki
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Teruhide Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Komuro, Inamachi, Kita-adachigun, Saitama, Japan.,Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Patel DB, Gray KM, Santharam Y, Lamichhane TN, Stroka KM, Jay SM. Impact of cell culture parameters on production and vascularization bioactivity of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Bioeng Transl Med 2017; 2:170-179. [PMID: 28932818 PMCID: PMC5579732 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as potential therapeutic agents for numerous applications. EVs offer potential advantages over cell-based therapies with regard to safety, stability and clearance profiles, however production and potency limitations must be addressed to enable eventual translation of EV-based approaches. Thus, we sought to examine the role of specific cell culture parameters on MSC EV production and bioactivity toward informing rational design parameters for scalable EV biomanufacturing. We report significantly reduced MSC EV vascularization bioactivity, as measured by an endothelial cell gap closure assay, with increasing passage in culture by trypsinization, especially beyond passage 4. We further show that increased frequency of EV collection yielded higher numbers of EVs from the same initial number of MSCs over a 24 hr period. Finally, we demonstrate that decreased cell seeding density in culture flasks resulted in increased production of EVs per cell in MSCs and other cell types. Overall, these studies highlight the need for careful consideration of the parameters of cell passage number and cell seeding density in the production of therapeutic EVs at laboratory scale and for rational design of large-scale EV biomanufacturing schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya B Patel
- Fischell Dept. of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742
| | - Kelsey M Gray
- Fischell Dept. of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742
| | | | - Tek N Lamichhane
- Fischell Dept. of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742
| | - Kimberly M Stroka
- Fischell Dept. of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742.,Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Maryland - Baltimore Baltimore MD 21201.,Biophysics Program University of Maryland College Park MD 20742.,Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine University of Maryland - Baltimore Baltimore MD 21201
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Dept. of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742.,Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Maryland - Baltimore Baltimore MD 21201.,Program in Molecular and Cell Biology University of Maryland College Park MD 20742
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Logue OC, McGowan JWD, George EM, Bidwell GL. Therapeutic angiogenesis by vascular endothelial growth factor supplementation for treatment of renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2016; 25:404-9. [PMID: 27367910 PMCID: PMC4974125 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) influence renal function through angiogenesis, with VEGF-A being the most potent inducer of vascular formation. In the normal glomerulus, tight homeostatic balance is maintained between the levels of VEGF-A isoforms produced by podocyte cells, and the VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) expressed by glomerular endothelial, mesangial, and podocyte cells. Renal disease occurs when this homeostatic balance is lost, manifesting in the abnormal autocrine and paracrine VEGF-A/VEGFR signaling, ultrastructural glomerular and tubular damage, and impaired filtration. RECENT FINDINGS Preclinical disease models of ischemic renal injury, including acute ischemia/reperfusion, thrombotic microangiopathy, and chronic renovascular disease, treated with exogenous VEGF supplementation demonstrated therapeutic efficacy. These results suggest a therapeutic VEGF-A paracrine effect on endothelial cells in the context of acute or chronic obstructive ischemia. Conversely, renal dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy appears to occur through an upregulated VEGF autocrine effect on podocyte cells, which is exacerbated by hyperglycemia. Therefore, VEGF supplementation therapy may be contraindicated for treatment of diabetic nephropathy, but specific results will depend on dose and on the specific site of VEGF delivery. A drug delivery system that demonstrates cell specificity for glomerular or peritubular capillaries could be employed to restore balance to VEGF-A/VEGFR2 signaling, and by doing so, prevent the progression to end-stage renal disease. SUMMARY The review discusses the preclinical data available for VEGF supplementation therapy in models of renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar C. Logue
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | | | - Eric M. George
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Gene L. Bidwell
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
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Das S, Monteforte AJ, Singh G, Majid M, Sherman MB, Dunn AK, Baker AB. Syndecan-4 Enhances Therapeutic Angiogenesis after Hind Limb Ischemia in Mice with Type 2 Diabetes. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1008-13. [PMID: 26891081 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Delivering syndecan-4 with FGF-2 improves the effectiveness of FGF-2 therapy for ischemia in the diabetic disease state. The syndecan-4 proteoliposomes significantly enhance in vitro tubule formation as well as blood perfusion and vessel density in the ischemic hind limbs of diseased ob/ob mice. Syndecan-4 therapy also induces a marked immunomodulation in the tissues, increasing the polarization of macrophages toward the M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhamoy Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | | | - Gunjan Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - Marjan Majid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - Michael B. Sherman
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Galveston TX USA
| | - Andrew K. Dunn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - Aaron B. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
- Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences (ICES) University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Regenerative Medicine University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
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Li Z, Ren W, Zeng Q, Chen S, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Cheng J, Wang X. Effects of survivin on angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:270-283. [PMID: 27158325 PMCID: PMC4846882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, the effects of survivin (SVV) on angiogenesis were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The adenovirus (Ad)-mediated murine SVV gene was transfected into rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs). RAECs expressing green fluorescent protein after transfection with Ad served as a negative control and those without transfection as a blank control. Then, the SVV mRNA was detected by quantitative real time RT-PCR. The SVV protein, cell cycle and apoptosis related proteins, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) were detected by western blot assay. Immunofluorescence staining was conducted for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and MTT assay for cell viability. Transwell and matrigel chamber assay were employed to assess the migration and invasion of cells after transfection. TUNEL staining and flow cytometry were performed to detect the apoptotic REACs after treatment with anti-Fas antibody. Tube formation in matrigel membranes and matrigel plugs assay in nude mice were employed to confirm the angiogenic capacity in vitro and in vivo, respectively. RESULTS The mRNA and protein expressions of SVV increased significantly in SVV transfected cells. The SVV transfected cells showed increased cell proliferation, up-regulated expressions of cell cycle proteins, enhanced invasiveness and migration activities and increased expressions of MMP-2, 7 and 9. In addition, SVV protected against apoptosis of RAECs by inactivating caspase-3, 8 and 9. The tube formation and matrigel plugs assays showed SVV significantly increased blood vessels in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION SVV may act as an angiogenic factor and used for therapeutic angiogenesis in peripheral arterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhui Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qiu Zeng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Mao Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xuehu Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
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Abstract
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is one of the most prevalent vascular diseases in the U.S. afflicting an estimated 8 million people. Obstruction of peripheral arteries leads to insufficient nutrients and oxygen supply to extremities, which, if not treated properly, can potentially give rise to a severe condition called critical limb ischemia (CLI). CLI is associated with extremely high morbidities and mortalities. Conventional treatments such as angioplasty, atherectomy, stent implantation and bypass surgery have achieved some success in treating localized macrovascular disease but are limited by their invasiveness. An emerging alternative is the use of growth factor (delivered as genes or proteins) and cell therapy for PVD treatment. By delivering growth factors or cells to the ischemic tissue, one can stimulate the regeneration of functional vasculature network locally, re-perfuse the ischemic tissue, and thus salvage the limb. Here we review recent advance in nanomaterials, and discuss how their application can improve and facilitate growth factor or cell therapies. Specifically, nanoparticles (NPs) can serve as drug carrier and target to ischemic tissues and achieve localized and sustained release of pro-angiogenic proteins. As nonviral vectors, NPs can greatly enhance the transfection of target cells with pro-angiogenic genes with relatively fewer safety concern. Further, NPs may also be used in combination with cell therapy to enhance cell retention, cell survival and secretion of angiogenic factors. Lastly, nano/micro fibrous vascular grafts can be engineered to better mimic the structure and composition of native vessels, and hopefully overcome many complications/limitations associated with conventional synthetic grafts.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION More than 20 million people in Europe suffer from peripheral arterial disease and nearly 3% develop critical limb ischemia (CLI). Without any medical treatment, CLI has poor prognosis, resulting in limb loss and high mortality rate. Until today, no systemic drug is available for the treatment of CLI and the gold standard method of treatment includes risk factor modification and open surgical or endovascular revascularization. Endovascular local drug delivery devices and novel antithrombotic agents, currently under investigation, aim to improve outcomes of revascularization procedures. The pioneering concept of therapeutic angiogenesis induced by gene and stem cell therapy has been proposed, in an attempt to increase ischemic tissue perfusion. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes local and systemic pharmacological treatment of CLI using endovascular or pharmaco-biological therapy and focuses on Phase II trials available for these drugs. EXPERT OPINION Novel endovascular technologies combining angioplasty and local drug-delivery continuously improve and will come to be standard of practice for the management of limb ischemia, while new antithrombotic agents will further improve outcomes. Therapeutic angiogenesis represents a safe and promising treatment option. The combination of revascularization with microcirculation improvement induced by gene or stem cell therapy could enhance limb salvage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Spiliopoulos
- a 1 Patras University Hospital, Department of Interventional Radiology , Patras 26504, Greece +30 2613 603 219;
| | - Panagiotis Kitrou
- a 1 Patras University Hospital, Department of Interventional Radiology , Patras 26504, Greece +30 2613 603 219;
| | - Konstantinos Katsanos
- b 2 Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Interventional Radiology , London, UK
| | - Dimitris Karnabatidis
- a 1 Patras University Hospital, Department of Interventional Radiology , Patras 26504, Greece +30 2613 603 219;
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Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) refers to noncoronary vascular disease affecting the peripheral arteries. Most commonly the term is applied to occlusive arterial disease affecting the limb arteries, typically due to atherosclerosis. Preclinical studies indicate that a variety of stem cell therapies provide growth factors and cytokines for therapeutic angiogenesis. Small clinical trials with bone marrow mononuclear cells, as well as other cell types, have shown promise. However, mechanisms of therapeutic effect, if any, are not understood. Definitive clinical trials are needed to determine if there are any beneficial effects on functional capacity or morbidity.
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Kudo T, Kubo M, Katsura S, Nishimoto A, Ueno K, Samura M, Fujii Y, Hosoyama T, Hamano K. Hypoxically preconditioned human peripheral blood mononuclear cells improve blood flow in hindlimb ischemia xenograft model. Am J Transl Res 2014; 6:570-579. [PMID: 25360221 PMCID: PMC4212931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of hindlimb ischemia. However, insufficient angiogenesis in ischemic hindlimb after cell transplantation reduces the importance and practicality of this approach. Previously, we demonstrated using mouse models that hypoxic preconditioning augmented the cellular functions of rodent PBMNCs, such as increased cell adhesion capacity and accelerated neovascularization in ischemic hindlimb. To test the clinical application of this therapeutic strategy in this study, we investigated whether the protocol of hypoxic preconditioning, which was established in a condition of 2% O2 for 24 h, can be made available for human PBMNCs (hPBMNCs). In addition, we grafted preconditioned hPBMNCs in a hindlimb ischemia mouse model. Hypoxic preconditioning enhanced cell adhesion capacity and oxidative stress resistance in hPBMNCs. We also observed an up-regulation of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) in hPBMNCs by hypoxic preconditioning. Furthermore, preconditioned hPBMNCs significantly recovered limb blood flow in ischemic mice after transplantation. These results indicate that our established preconditioning protocol is available for hPBMNCs to effectively reinforce multiple cellular functions. Taken together with our series of study, we believe that this simple but powerful therapeutic strategy will be helpful in curing patients with severe hindlimb ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Kudo
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
| | - Masayuki Kubo
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesJapan
| | - Shunsaku Katsura
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
| | - Arata Nishimoto
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
| | - Koji Ueno
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
| | - Makoto Samura
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
| | - Yasuhiko Fujii
- Department of Blood Transfusion Regeneration and Cell Therapy Center, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
| | - Tohru Hosoyama
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
| | - Kimikazu Hamano
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
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Sanada F, Taniyama Y, Azuma J, Yuka II, Kanbara Y, Iwabayashi M, Rakugi H, Morishita R. Therapeutic Angiogenesis by Gene Therapy for Critical Limb Ischemia: Choice of Biological Agent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 14:32-39. [PMID: 26005508 PMCID: PMC4435566 DOI: 10.2174/1871522213999131231105139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is caused by atherosclerosis, hardening and narrowing arteries over time due to buildup of fatty deposit in vascular bed called plaque. Severe blockage of an artery of the lower extremity markedly reduce blood flow, resulting in critical limb ischemia (CLI) manifested by a variety of clinical syndromes including rest pain in the feet or toes, ulcer and gangrene with infection. Despite significant advances in clinical care and interventions for revascularization, patients with CLI remain at high risk for amputation and cardiovascular death. To overcome this unmet need, therapeutic angiogenesis using angiogenic growth factors has evolved in an attempt to increase blood flow in ischemic limb. Initial animal studies and phase I clinical trials with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or fibroblast growth factor (FGF) demonstrated promising results, inspiring scientists to progress forward. However, more rigorous phase II and III clinical trials have failed to demonstrate beneficial effects of these angiogenic growth factors to date. Recently, two multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials in Japan (phase III) and US (phase II) demonstrated that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene therapy for CLI significant improved primary end points and tissue oxygenation up to two years in comparison to placebo. These clinical results implicate a distinct action of HGF on cellular processes involved in vascular remodeling under pathological condition. This review presents data from phase I-III clinical trials of therapeutic angiogenesis by gene therapy in patients with PAD. Further, we discuss the potential explanation for the success or failure of clinical trials in the context of the biological mechanisms underlying angiogenesis and vascular remodeling, including cellular senescence, inflammation, and tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshiaki Taniyama
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy ; Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junya Azuma
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy ; Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a severe form of peripheral artery disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. The primary therapeutic goals in treating CLI are to reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular events, relieve ischemic pain, heal ulcers, prevent major amputation, and improve quality of life (QoL) and survival. These goals may be achieved by medical therapy, endovascular intervention, open surgery, or amputation and require a multidisciplinary approach including pain management, wound care, risk factors reduction, and treatment of comorbidities. No-option patients are potential candidates for the novel angiogenic therapies. The application of genetic, molecular, and cellular-based modalities, the so-called therapeutic angiogenesis, in the treatment of arterial obstructive diseases has not shown consistent efficacy. This article summarizes the current status related to the management of patients with CLI and discusses the current findings of the emerging modalities for therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey O. Ouma
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Vascular Medicine Section, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Barak Zafrir
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel
| | - Emile R. Mohler
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Vascular Medicine Section, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Moshe Y. Flugelman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel
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