1
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Wright MA, Surta TW, Evans JA, Lim J, Jo H, Hawkins CJ, Bahri M, Daniels LM, Chen R, Zanella M, Chagas LG, Cookson J, Collier P, Cibin G, Chadwick AV, Dyer MS, Browning ND, Claridge JB, Hardwick LJ, Rosseinsky MJ. Accessing Mg-Ion Storage in V 2PS 10 via Combined Cationic-Anionic Redox with Selective Bond Cleavage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400837. [PMID: 38446007 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Magnesium batteries attract interest as alternative energy-storage devices because of elemental abundance and potential for high energy density. Development is limited by the absence of suitable cathodes, associated with poor diffusion kinetics resulting from strong interactions between Mg2+ and the host structure. V2PS10 is reported as a positive electrode material for rechargeable magnesium batteries. Cyclable capacity of 100 mAh g-1 is achieved with fast Mg2+ diffusion of 7.2 × ${\times }$ 10-11-4 × ${\times }$ 10-14 cm2 s-1. The fast insertion mechanism results from combined cationic redox on the V site and anionic redox on the (S2)2- site; enabled by reversible cleavage of S-S bonds, identified by X-ray photoelectron and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Detailed structural characterisation with maximum entropy method analysis, supported by density functional theory and projected density of states analysis, reveals that the sulphur species involved in anion redox are not connected to the transition metal centres, spatially separating the two redox processes. This facilitates fast and reversible Mg insertion in which the nature of the redox process depends on the cation insertion site, creating a synergy between the occupancy of specific Mg sites and the location of the electrons transferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZD, Liverpool, UK
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZF, Liverpool, UK
| | - T Wesley Surta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZD, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jae A Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZD, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jungwoo Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZD, Liverpool, UK
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZF, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hongil Jo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZD, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cara J Hawkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZD, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mounib Bahri
- Albert Crewe Centre, University of Liverpool, Research Technology Building, Elisabeth Street, Pembroke Place, L69 3GE, Liverpool, UK
| | - Luke M Daniels
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZD, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ruiyong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZD, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marco Zanella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZD, Liverpool, UK
| | - Luciana G Chagas
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, Reading, UK
| | - James Cookson
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, Reading, UK
| | - Paul Collier
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, Reading, UK
| | - Giannantonio Cibin
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, UK
| | - Alan V Chadwick
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, CT2 7NH, Canterbury, UK
| | - Matthew S Dyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZD, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nigel D Browning
- Albert Crewe Centre, University of Liverpool, Research Technology Building, Elisabeth Street, Pembroke Place, L69 3GE, Liverpool, UK
- School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Liverpool, L69 3GH, Liverpool, UK
| | - John B Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZD, Liverpool, UK
| | - Laurence J Hardwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZD, Liverpool, UK
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZF, Liverpool, UK
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2
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Coke K, Johnson MJ, Robinson JB, Rettie AJE, Miller TS, Shearing PR. Illuminating Polysulfide Distribution in Lithium Sulfur Batteries; Tracking Polysulfide Shuttle Using Operando Optical Fluorescence Microscopy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16. [PMID: 38598420 PMCID: PMC11056927 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
High-energy-density lithium sulfur (Li-S) batteries suffer heavily from the polysulfide shuttle effect, a result of the dissolution and transport of intermediate polysulfides from the cathode, into the electrolyte, and onto the anode, leading to rapid cell degradation. If this primary mechanism of cell failure is to be overcome, the distribution, dynamics, and degree of polysulfide transport must first be understood in depth. In this work, operando optical fluorescence microscope imaging of optically accessible Li-S cells is shown to enable real-time qualitative visualization of the spatial distribution of lithium polysulfides, both within the electrolyte and porous cathode. Quantitative determinations of spatial concentration are also possible at a low enough concentration. The distribution throughout cycling is monitored, including direct observation of polysulfide shuttling to the anode and consequent dendrite formation. This was enabled through the optimization of a selective fluorescent dye, verified to fluoresce proportionally with concentration of polysulfides within Li-S cells. This ability to directly and conveniently track the spatial distribution of soluble polysulfide intermediates in Li-S battery electrolytes, while the cell operates, has the potential to have a widespread impact across the field, for example, by enabling the influence of a variety of polysulfide mitigation strategies to be assessed and optimized, including in this work the LiNO3 additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kofi Coke
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Michael J. Johnson
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - James B. Robinson
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 ORA, U.K.
- Advanced
Propulsion Lab, UCL East, University College
London, London E15 2JE, U.K.
| | - Alexander J. E. Rettie
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 ORA, U.K.
- Advanced
Propulsion Lab, UCL East, University College
London, London E15 2JE, U.K.
| | - Thomas S. Miller
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 ORA, U.K.
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 ORA, U.K.
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
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3
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Lyu D, Märker K, Zhou Y, Zhao EW, Gunnarsdóttir AB, Niblett SP, Forse AC, Grey CP. Understanding Sorption of Aqueous Electrolytes in Porous Carbon by NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9897-9910. [PMID: 38560816 PMCID: PMC11009947 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Ion adsorption at solid-water interfaces is crucial for many electrochemical processes involving aqueous electrolytes including energy storage, electrochemical separations, and electrocatalysis. However, the impact of the hydronium (H3O+) and hydroxide (OH-) ions on the ion adsorption and surface charge distributions remains poorly understood. Many fundamental studies of supercapacitors focus on non-aqueous electrolytes to avoid addressing the role of functional groups and electrolyte pH in altering ion uptake. Achieving microscopic level characterization of interfacial mixed ion adsorption is particularly challenging due to the complex ion dynamics, disordered structures, and hierarchical porosity of the carbon electrodes. This work addresses these challenges starting with pH measurements to quantify the adsorbed H3O+ concentrations, which reveal the basic nature of the activated carbon YP-50F commonly used in supercapacitors. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is used to study the uptake of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-imide (LiTFSI) aqueous electrolyte in the YP-50F carbon across the full pH range. The NMR data analysis highlights the importance of including the fast ion-exchange processes for accurate quantification of the adsorbed ions. Under acidic conditions, more TFSI- ions are adsorbed in the carbon pores than Li+ ions, with charge compensation also occurring via H3O+ adsorption. Under neutral and basic conditions, when the carbon's surface charge is close to zero, the Li+ and TFSI- ions exhibit similar but lower affinities toward the carbon pores. Our experimental approach and evidence of H3O+ uptake in pores provide a methodology to relate the local structure to the function and performance in a wide range of materials for energy applications and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxun Lyu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yuning Zhou
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Samuel P. Niblett
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander C. Forse
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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4
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Phelan CE, Björklund E, Singh J, Fraser M, Didwal PN, Rees GJ, Ruff Z, Ferrer P, Grinter DC, Grey CP, Weatherup RS. Role of Salt Concentration in Stabilizing Charged Ni-Rich Cathode Interfaces in Li-Ion Batteries. Chem Mater 2024; 36:3334-3344. [PMID: 38617803 PMCID: PMC11008099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) in Li-ion batteries plays a key role in suppressing undesired side reactions while facilitating Li-ion transport. Ni-rich layered cathode materials offer improved energy densities, but their high interfacial reactivities can negatively impact the cycle life and rate performance. Here we investigate the role of electrolyte salt concentration, specifically LiPF6 (0.5-5 m), in altering the interfacial reactivity of charged LiN0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) cathodes in standard carbonate-based electrolytes (EC/EMC vol %/vol % 3:7). Extended potential holds of NMC811/Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) cells reveal that the parasitic electrolyte oxidation currents observed are strongly dependent on the electrolyte salt concentration. X-ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopy (XPS/XAS) reveal that a thicker LixPOyFz-/LiF-rich CEI is formed in the higher concentration electrolytes. This suppresses reactions with solvent molecules resulting in a thinner, or less-dense, reduced surface layer (RSL) with lower charge transfer resistance and lower oxidation currents at high potentials. The thicker CEI also limits access of acidic species to the RSL suppressing transition-metal dissolution into the electrolyte, as confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). This provides insight into the main degradation processes occurring at Ni-rich cathode interfaces in contact with carbonate-based electrolytes and how electrolyte formulation can help to mitigate these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor
M. E. Phelan
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | - Erik Björklund
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Jasper Singh
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | - Michael Fraser
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Pravin N. Didwal
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Gregory J. Rees
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Zachary Ruff
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Pilar Ferrer
- Diamond
Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | | | - Clare P. Grey
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Robert S. Weatherup
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
- Diamond
Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
- Research
Complex at Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
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5
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Zhang Z, Said S, Lovett AJ, Jervis R, Shearing PR, Brett DJL, Miller TS. The Influence of Cathode Degradation Products on the Anode Interface in Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Nano 2024; 18:9389-9402. [PMID: 38507591 PMCID: PMC10993644 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Degradation of cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries results in the presence of transition metal ions in the electrolyte, and these ions are known to play a major role in capacity fade and cell failure. Yet, while it is known that transition metal ions migrate from the metal oxide cathode and deposit on the graphite anode, their specific influence on anode reactions and structures, such as the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), is still quite poorly understood due to the complexity in studying this interface in operational cells. In this work we combine operando electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM), electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements to probe the influence of a range of transition metal ions on the morphological, mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties of the SEI. By adding representative concentrations of Ni2+, Mn2+, and Co2+ ions into a commercially relevant battery electrolyte, the impacts of each on the formation and stability of the anode interface layer is revealed; all are shown to pose a threat to battery performance and stability. Mn2+, in particular, is shown to induce a thick, soft, and unstable SEI layer, which is known to cause severe degradation of batteries, while Co2+ and Ni2+ significantly impact interfacial conductivity. When transition metal ions are mixed, SEI degradation is amplified, suggesting a synergistic effect on the cell stability. Hence, by uncovering the roles these cathode degradation products play in operational batteries, we have provided a foundation upon which strategies to mitigate or eliminate these degradation products can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhang
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 ORA, U.K.
- Renewable
Energy Group, Department of Engineering, Faculty of Environment, Science
and Economy, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, U.K.
| | - Samia Said
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Adam J. Lovett
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 ORA, U.K.
| | - Rhodri Jervis
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 ORA, U.K.
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 ORA, U.K.
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, U.K.
| | - Daniel J. L. Brett
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 ORA, U.K.
| | - Thomas S. Miller
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 ORA, U.K.
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6
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Choudhury D, Lam CC, Farag NL, Slaughter J, Bond AD, Goodman JM, Wright DS. Suppressing Cis/Trans 'Ring-Flipping' in Organoaluminium(III)-2-Pyridyl Dimers-Design Strategies Towards Lewis Acid Catalysts for Alkene Oligomerisation. Chemistry 2024:e202303872. [PMID: 38477400 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Owing to its high natural abundance compared to the commonly used transition (precious) metals, as well as its high Lewis acidity and ability to change oxidation state, aluminium has recently been explored as the basis for a range of single-site catalysts. This paper aims to establish the ground rules for the development of a new type of cationic alkene oligomerisation catalyst containing two Al(III) ions, with the potential to act co-operatively in stereoselective assembly. Five new dimers of the type [R2Al(2-py')]2 (R=Me, iBu; py'=substituted pyridyl group) with different substituents on the Al atoms and pyridyl rings have been synthesised. The formation of the undesired cis isomers can be suppressed by the presence of substituents on the 6-position of the pyridyl ring due to steric congestion, with DFT calculations showing that the selection of the trans isomer is thermodynamically controlled. Calculations show that demethylation of the dimers [Me2Al(2-py')]2 with Ph3C+ to the cations [{MeAl(2-py')}2(μ-Me)]+ is highly favourable and that the desired trans disposition of the 2-pyridyl ring units is influenced by steric effects. Preliminary experimental studies confirm that demethylation of [Me2Al(6-MeO-2-py)]2 can be achieved using [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjana Choudhury
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - Ching Ching Lam
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - Nadia L Farag
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - Jonathan Slaughter
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Bond
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - Jonathan M Goodman
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
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7
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Genreith-Schriever A, Alexiu A, Phillips GS, Coates CS, Nagle-Cocco LAV, Bocarsly JD, Sayed FN, Dutton SE, Grey CP. Jahn-Teller Distortions and Phase Transitions in LiNiO 2: Insights from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics and Variable-Temperature X-ray Diffraction. Chem Mater 2024; 36:2289-2303. [PMID: 38495898 PMCID: PMC10938510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The atomistic structure of lithium nickelate (LiNiO2), the parent compound of Ni-rich layered oxide cathodes for Li-ion batteries, continues to elude a comprehensive understanding. The common consensus is that the material exhibits local Jahn-Teller distortions that dynamically reorient, resulting in a time-averaged undistorted R3̅m structure. Through a combination of ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations and variable-temperature X-ray diffraction (VT-XRD), we explore Jahn-Teller distortions in LiNiO2 as a function of temperature. Static Jahn-Teller distortions are observed at low temperatures (T < 250 K) via AIMD simulations, followed by a broad phase transition that occurs between 250 and 350 K, leading to a highly dynamic, displacive phase at high temperatures (T > 350 K), which does not show the four short and two long bonds characteristic of local Jahn-Teller distortions. These transitions are followed in the AIMD simulations via abrupt changes in the calculated pair distribution function and the bond-length distortion index and in X-ray diffraction via the monoclinic lattice parameter ratio, amon/bmon, and δ angle, the fit quality of an R3̅m-based structural refinement, and a peak sharpening of the diffraction peaks on heating, consistent with the loss of distorted domains. Between 250 and 350 K, a mixed-phase regime is found via the AIMD simulations where distorted and undistorted domains coexist. The repeated change between the distorted and undistorted states in this mixed-phase regime allows the Jahn-Teller long axes to change direction. These pseudorotations of the Ni-O long axes are a side effect of the onset of the displacive phase transition. Antisite defects, involving Li ions in the Ni layer and Ni ions in the Li layer, are found to pin the undistorted domains at low temperatures, impeding cooperative ordering at a longer length scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalena
R. Genreith-Schriever
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Alexandra Alexiu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - George S. Phillips
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Chloe S. Coates
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Liam A. V. Nagle-Cocco
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Joshua D. Bocarsly
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United
States
- The
Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Farheen N. Sayed
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Siân E. Dutton
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
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8
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Yeo H, Gregory GL, Gao H, Yiamsawat K, Rees GJ, McGuire T, Pasta M, Bruce PG, Williams CK. Alternatives to fluorinated binders: recyclable copolyester/carbonate electrolytes for high-capacity solid composite cathodes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2371-2379. [PMID: 38362415 PMCID: PMC10866336 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05105f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Optimising the composite cathode for next-generation, safe solid-state batteries with inorganic solid electrolytes remains a key challenge towards commercialisation and cell performance. Tackling this issue requires the design of suitable polymer binders for electrode processability and long-term solid-solid interfacial stability. Here, block-polyester/carbonates are systematically designed as Li-ion conducting, high-voltage stable binders for cathode composites comprising of single-crystal LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 cathodes, Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte and carbon nanofibres. Compared to traditional fluorinated polymer binders, improved discharge capacities (186 mA h g-1) and capacity retention (96.7% over 200 cycles) are achieved. The nature of the new binder electrolytes also enables its separation and complete recycling after use. ABA- and AB-polymeric architectures are compared where the A-blocks are mechanical modifiers, and the B-block facilitates Li-ion transport. This reveals that the conductivity and mechanical properties of the ABA-type are more suited for binder application. Further, catalysed switching between CO2/epoxide A-polycarbonate (PC) synthesis and B-poly(carbonate-r-ester) formation employing caprolactone (CL) and trimethylene carbonate (TMC) identifies an optimal molar mass (50 kg mol-1) and composition (wPC 0.35). This polymer electrolyte binder shows impressive oxidative stability (5.2 V), suitable ionic conductivity (2.2 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 60 °C), and compliant viscoelastic properties for fabrication into high-performance solid composite cathodes. This work presents an attractive route to optimising polymer binder properties using controlled polymerisation strategies combining cyclic monomer (CL, TMC) ring-opening polymerisation and epoxide/CO2 ring-opening copolymerisation. It should also prompt further examination of polycarbonate/ester-based materials with today's most relevant yet demanding high-voltage cathodes and sensitive sulfide-based solid electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Yeo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Georgina L Gregory
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PH UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - Kanyapat Yiamsawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Gregory J Rees
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PH UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - Thomas McGuire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Mauro Pasta
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PH UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - Peter G Bruce
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PH UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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9
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Haworth AR, Johnston BIJ, Wheatcroft L, McKinney SL, Tapia-Ruiz N, Booth SG, Nedoma AJ, Cussen SA, Griffin JM. Structural Insight into Protective Alumina Coatings for Layered Li-Ion Cathode Materials by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:7171-7181. [PMID: 38306452 PMCID: PMC10875645 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials can exhibit high energy densities in Li-ion batteries, in particular, those with high Ni contents such as LiNiO2. However, the stability of these Ni-rich materials often decreases with increased nickel content, leading to capacity fade and a decrease in the resulting electrochemical performance. Thin alumina coatings have the potential to improve the longevity of LiNiO2 cathodes by providing a protective interface to stabilize the cathode surface. The structures of alumina coatings and the chemistry of the coating-cathode interface are not fully understood and remain the subject of investigation. Greater structural understanding could help to minimize excess coating, maximize conductive pathways, and maintain high capacity and rate capability while improving capacity retention. Here, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, paired with powder X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy, is used to provide insight into the structures of the Al2O3 coatings on LiNiO2. To do this, we performed a systematic study as a function of coating thickness and used LiCoO2, a diamagnetic model, and the material of interest, LiNiO2. 27Al magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra acquired for thick 10 wt % coatings on LiCoO2 and LiNiO2 suggest that in both cases, the coatings consist of disordered four- and six-coordinate Al-O environments. However, 27Al MAS NMR spectra acquired for thinner 0.2 wt % coatings on LiCoO2 identify additional phases believed to be LiCo1-xAlxO2 and LiAlO2 at the coating-cathode interface. 6,7Li MAS NMR and T1 measurements suggest that similar mixing takes place near the interface for Al2O3 on LiNiO2. Furthermore, reproducibility studies have been undertaken to investigate the effect of the coating method on the local structure, as well as the role of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby R. Haworth
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Beth I. J. Johnston
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Laura Wheatcroft
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Sarah L. McKinney
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Nuria Tapia-Ruiz
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Sam G. Booth
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Alisyn J. Nedoma
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Serena A. Cussen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - John M. Griffin
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
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10
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Thornton DB, Davies BJV, Scott SB, Aguadero A, Ryan MP, Stephens IEL. Probing Degradation in Lithium Ion Batteries with On-Chip Electrochemistry Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315357. [PMID: 38103255 PMCID: PMC10962541 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid uptake of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) for large scale electric vehicle and energy storage applications requires a deeper understanding of the degradation mechanisms. Capacity fade is due to the complex interplay between phase transitions, electrolyte decomposition and transition metal dissolution; many of these poorly understood parasitic reactions evolve gases as a side product. Here we present an on-chip electrochemistry mass spectrometry method that enables ultra-sensitive, fully quantified and time resolved detection of volatile species evolving from an operating LIB. The technique's electrochemical performance and mass transport is described by a finite element model and then experimentally used to demonstrate the variety of new insights into LIB performance. We show the versatility of the technique, including (a) observation of oxygen evolving from a LiNiMnCoO2 cathode and (b) the solid electrolyte interphase formation reaction on graphite in a variety of electrolytes, enabling the deconvolution of lithium inventory loss (c) the first direct evidence, by virtue of the improved time resolution of our technique, that carbon dioxide reduction to ethylene takes place in a lithium ion battery. The emerging insight will guide and validate battery lifetime models, as well as inform the design of longer lasting batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy B. Thornton
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7UK
- The Faraday InstitutionHarwell Science and Innovation CampusHarwellOX11 0RAUK
| | - Bethan J. V. Davies
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7UK
- The Faraday InstitutionHarwell Science and Innovation CampusHarwellOX11 0RAUK
| | - Soren B. Scott
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7UK
| | - Ainara Aguadero
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7UK
- The Faraday InstitutionHarwell Science and Innovation CampusHarwellOX11 0RAUK
| | - Mary P. Ryan
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7UK
- The Faraday InstitutionHarwell Science and Innovation CampusHarwellOX11 0RAUK
| | - Ifan E. L. Stephens
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7UK
- The Faraday InstitutionHarwell Science and Innovation CampusHarwellOX11 0RAUK
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11
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Fritzke JB, Ellison JHJ, Brazel L, Horwitz G, Menkin S, Grey CP. Spiers Memorial Lecture: Lithium air batteries - tracking function and failure. Faraday Discuss 2024; 248:9-28. [PMID: 38105743 PMCID: PMC10823487 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00154g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The lithium-air battery (LAB) is arguably the battery with the highest energy density, but also a battery with significant challenges to be overcome before it can be used commercially in practical devices. Here, we discuss experimental approaches developed by some of the authors to understand the function and failure of lithium-oxygen batteries. For example, experiments in which nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to quantify dissolved oxygen concentrations and diffusivity are described. 17O magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of electrodes extracted from batteries at different states of charge (SOC) allowed the electrolyte decomposition products at each stage to be determined. For instance, the formation of Li2CO3 and LiOH in a dimethoxyethane (DME) solvent and their subsequent removal on charging was followed. Redox mediators have been used to chemically reduce oxygen or to chemically oxidise Li2O2 in order to prevent electrode clogging by insulating compounds, which leads to lower capacities and rapid degradation; the studies of these mediators represent an area where NMR and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies could play a role in unravelling reaction mechanisms. Finally, recently developed coupled in situ NMR and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are used to characterise the charge transport mechanism in lithium symmetric cells and to distinguish between electronic and ionic transport, demonstrating the formation of transient (soft) shorts in common lithium-oxygen electrolytes. More stable solid electrolyte interphases are formed under an oxygen atmosphere, which helps stabilise the lithium anode on cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana B Fritzke
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - James H J Ellison
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Laurence Brazel
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Gabriela Horwitz
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Svetlana Menkin
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Clare P Grey
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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12
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Cabello G, Sazanovich IV, Siachos I, Bilton M, Mehdi BL, Neale AR, Hardwick LJ. Simultaneous Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering with a Kerr Gate for Fluorescence Suppression. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:608-615. [PMID: 38198646 PMCID: PMC10801684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The combination of surface-enhanced and Kerr-gated Raman spectroscopy for the enhancement of the Raman signal and suppression of fluorescence is reported. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active gold substrates were demonstrated for the expansion of the surface generality of optical Kerr-gated Raman spectroscopy, broadening its applicability to the study of analytes that show a weak Raman signal in highly fluorescent media under (pre)resonant conditions. This approach is highlighted by the well-defined spectra of rhodamine 6G, Nile red, and Nile blue. The Raman spectra of fluorescent dyes were obtained only when SERS-active substrates were used in combination with the Kerr gate. To achieve enhancement of the weaker Raman scattering, Au films with different roughnesses or Au-core-shell-isolated nanoparticles (SHINs) were used. The use of SHINs enabled measurement of fluorescent dyes on non-SERS-active, optically flat Au, Cu, and Al substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Cabello
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Igor V. Sazanovich
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell,
STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 OQX, U.K.
| | - Ioannis Siachos
- Department
of Mechanical Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GH, U.K.
| | - Matthew Bilton
- SEM
Shared Research Facility, University of
Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GH, U.K.
| | - Beata L. Mehdi
- Department
of Mechanical Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GH, U.K.
| | - Alex R. Neale
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Laurence J. Hardwick
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
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13
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Dawson JA. Going against the Grain: Atomistic Modeling of Grain Boundaries in Solid Electrolytes for Solid-State Batteries. ACS Mater Au 2024; 4:1-13. [PMID: 38221922 PMCID: PMC10786132 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Atomistic modeling techniques, including density functional theory and molecular dynamics, play a critical role in the understanding, design, discovery, and optimization of bulk solid electrolyte materials for solid-state batteries. In contrast, despite the fact that the atomistic simulation of microstructural inhomogeneities, such as grain boundaries, can reveal essential information regarding the performance of solid electrolytes, such simulations have so far only been limited to a relatively small selection of materials. In this Perspective, the fundamental properties of grain boundaries in solid electrolytes that can be determined and manipulated through state-of-the-art atomistic modeling are illustrated through recent studies in the literature. The insights and examples presented here will inspire future computational studies of grain boundaries with the aim of overcoming their often detrimental impact on ion transport and dendrite growth inhibition in solid electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Dawson
- Chemistry
− School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Energy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1
7RU, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, United
Kingdom
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14
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Bassey EN, Seymour ID, Bocarsly JD, Keen DA, Pintacuda G, Grey CP. Superstructure and Correlated Na + Hopping in a Layered Mg-Substituted Sodium Manganate Battery Cathode are Driven by Local Electroneutrality. Chem Mater 2023; 35:10564-10583. [PMID: 38162043 PMCID: PMC10753809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we present a variable-temperature 23Na NMR and variable-temperature and variable-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis of the local structure of a layered P2 Na-ion battery cathode material, Na0.67[Mg0.28Mn0.72]O2 (NMMO). For the first time, we elucidate the superstructure in this material by using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and total neutron scattering and show that this superstructure is consistent with NMR and EPR spectra. To complement our experimental data, we carry out ab initio calculations of the quadrupolar and hyperfine 23Na NMR shifts, the Na+ ion hopping energy barriers, and the EPR g-tensors. We also describe an in-house simulation script for modeling the effects of ionic mobility on variable-temperature NMR spectra and use our simulations to interpret the experimental spectra, available upon request. We find long-zigzag-type Na ordering with two different types of Na sites, one with high mobility and the other with low mobility, and reconcile the tendency toward Na+/vacancy ordering to the preservation of local electroneutrality. The combined magnetic resonance methodology for studying local paramagnetic environments from the perspective of electron and nuclear spins will be useful for examining the local structures of materials for devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan N. Bassey
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Ieuan D. Seymour
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Joshua D. Bocarsly
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - David A. Keen
- ISIS
Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Guido Pintacuda
- Centre
de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, UMR 5082 (CNRS/Université
Claude Bernard Lyon 1/Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon), University of Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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15
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Vema S, Berge AH, Nagendran S, Grey CP. Clarifying the Dopant Local Structure and Effect on Ionic Conductivity in Garnet Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Chem Mater 2023; 35:9632-9646. [PMID: 38047184 PMCID: PMC10687891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The high Li-ion conductivity and wide electrochemical stability of Li-rich garnets (Li7La3Zr2O12) make them one of the leading solid electrolyte candidates for solid-state batteries. Dopants such as Al and Ga are typically used to enable stabilization of the high Li+ ion-conductive cubic phase at room temperature. Although numerous studies exist that have characterized the electrochemical properties, structure, and lithium diffusion in Al- and Ga-LLZO, the local structure and site occupancy of dopants in these compounds are not well understood. Two broad 27Al or 69,71Ga resonances are often observed with chemical shifts consistent with tetrahedrally coordinated Al/Ga in the magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectra of both Al- and Ga-LLZO, which have been assigned to either Al and/or Ga occupying 24d and 96h/48g sites in the LLZO lattice or the different Al/Ga configurations that arise from different arrangements of Li around these dopants. In this work, we unambiguously show that the side products γ-LiAlO2 and LiGaO2 lead to the high frequency resonances observed by NMR spectroscopy and that both Al and Ga only occupy the 24d site in the LLZO lattice. Furthermore, it was observed that the excess Li often used during synthesis leads to the formation of these side products by consuming the Al/Ga dopants. In addition, the consumption of Al/Ga dopants leads to the tetragonal phase formation commonly observed in the literature, even after careful mixing of precursors. The side-products can exist even after sintering, thereby controlling the Al/Ga content in the LLZO lattice and substantially influencing the lithium-ion conductivity in LLZO, as measured here by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Vema
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Astrid H. Berge
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Supreeth Nagendran
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
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16
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Zhang B, Richards KD, Jones BE, Collins AR, Sanders R, Needham SR, Qian P, Mahadevegowda A, Ducati C, Botchway SW, Evans RC. Ultra-Small Air-Stable Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Nanoparticles for Anti-Stokes Time-Resolved Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308602. [PMID: 37647167 PMCID: PMC10952532 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Image contrast is often limited by background autofluorescence in steady-state bioimaging microscopy. Upconversion bioimaging can overcome this by shifting the emission lifetime and wavelength beyond the autofluorescence window. Here we demonstrate the first example of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) based lifetime imaging microscopy. A new class of ultra-small nanoparticle (NP) probes based on TTA-UC chromophores encapsulated in an organic-inorganic host has been synthesised. The NPs exhibit bright UC emission (400-500 nm) in aerated aqueous media with a UC lifetime of ≈1 μs, excellent colloidal stability and little cytotoxicity. Proof-of-concept demonstration of TTA-UC lifetime imaging using these NPs shows that the long-lived anti-Stokes emission is easily discriminable from typical autofluorescence. Moreover, fluctuations in the UC lifetime can be used to map local oxygen diffusion across the subcellular structure. Our TTA-UC NPs are highly promising stains for lifetime imaging microscopy, affording excellent image contrast and potential for oxygen mapping that is ripe for further exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge27 Charles Babbage RoadCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Kieran D. Richards
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge27 Charles Babbage RoadCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
| | - Beatrice E. Jones
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge27 Charles Babbage RoadCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
- Diamond Light SourceDidcotOxfordshireOX11 0QXUK
| | - Abigail R. Collins
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge27 Charles Babbage RoadCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
| | - Rosie Sanders
- Central Laser FacilityScience and Technology Facilities CouncilRutherford Appleton LaboratoryHarwell Science and Innovation CampusOxfordshireOX11 0QXUK
| | - Sarah R. Needham
- Central Laser FacilityScience and Technology Facilities CouncilRutherford Appleton LaboratoryHarwell Science and Innovation CampusOxfordshireOX11 0QXUK
| | - Pu Qian
- Materials and Structural AnalysisThermo Fisher ScientificAchtseweg Noord 55651 GGEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Amoghavarsha Mahadevegowda
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge27 Charles Babbage RoadCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
- The Faraday InstitutionQuad OneHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotUK
| | - Caterina Ducati
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge27 Charles Babbage RoadCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
- The Faraday InstitutionQuad OneHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotUK
| | - Stanley W. Botchway
- Central Laser FacilityScience and Technology Facilities CouncilRutherford Appleton LaboratoryHarwell Science and Innovation CampusOxfordshireOX11 0QXUK
| | - Rachel C. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge27 Charles Babbage RoadCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
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17
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Zante G, Elgar CE, George K, Abbott AP, Hartley JM. Concentrated Ionic Fluids: Is There a Difference Between Chloride-Based Brines and Deep Eutectic Solvents? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311140. [PMID: 37753796 PMCID: PMC10953321 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) have been lauded as novel solvents, but is there really a difference between them and concentrated aqueous brines? They provide a method of adjusting the activity of water and chloride ions which can affect mass transport, speciation and reactivity. This study proposes a continuum of properties across concentrated ionic fluids and uses metal processing as an example. Charge transport is shown to be governed by fluidity and there is no discontinuity between molar conductivity and fluidity irrespective of cation, charge density or ionic radius. Diffusion coefficients of iron(III) and copper(II) chloride in numerous concentrated ionic fluids show the same linear correlation between diffusion coefficient and fluidity. These oxidising agents were used to etch copper, silver and nickel and while the etching rate increased with fluidity for copper, etching of silver and nickel only occurred at high chloride and low water activity as passivation occurred when water activity increased. Overall, brines provide a high chloride content at a lower viscosity than DESs, but unlike DESs, brines are unable to prevent passivation due to their high water content. The results show how selective etching of mixed metal waste streams can be achieved by tuning chloride and water activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Zante
- University of LeicesterCollege of Science and EngineeringLeicesterLE1 7RHUK
| | | | - Katherine George
- University of LeicesterCollege of Science and EngineeringLeicesterLE1 7RHUK
| | - Andrew P. Abbott
- University of LeicesterCollege of Science and EngineeringLeicesterLE1 7RHUK
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18
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Pujari A, Kim BM, Sayed FN, Sanders K, Dose WM, Mathieson A, Grey CP, Greenham NC, De Volder M. Does Heat Play a Role in the Observed Behavior of Aqueous Photobatteries? ACS Energy Lett 2023; 8:4625-4633. [PMID: 37969251 PMCID: PMC10644369 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Light-rechargeable photobatteries have emerged as an elegant solution to address the intermittency of solar irradiation by harvesting and storing solar energy directly through a battery electrode. Recently, a number of compact two-electrode photobatteries have been proposed, showing increases in capacity and open-circuit voltage upon illumination. Here, we analyze the thermal contributions to this increase in capacity under galvanostatic and photocharging conditions in two promising photoactive cathode materials, V2O5 and LiMn2O4. We propose an improved cell and experimental design and perform temperature-controlled photoelectrochemical measurements using these materials as photocathodes. We show that the photoenhanced capacities of these materials under 1 sun irradiation can be attributed mostly to thermal effects. Using operando reflection spectroscopy, we show that the spectral behavior of the photocathode changes as a function of the state of charge, resulting in changing optical absorption properties. Through this technique, we show that the band gap of V2O5 vanishes after continued zinc ion intercalation, making it unsuitable as a photocathode beyond a certain discharge voltage. These results and experimental techniques will enable the rational selection and testing of materials for next-generation photo-rechargeable systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Pujari
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Institute
for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FE, U.K.
| | - Byung-Man Kim
- Institute
for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FE, U.K.
| | - Farheen N. Sayed
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Kate Sanders
- Institute
for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FE, U.K.
| | - Wesley M. Dose
- Institute
for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Angus Mathieson
- Institute
for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FE, U.K.
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Neil C. Greenham
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Michael De Volder
- Institute
for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FE, U.K.
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19
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Holland J, Demeyere T, Bhandari A, Hanke F, Milman V, Skylaris CK. A Workflow for Identifying Viable Crystal Structures with Partially Occupied Sites Applied to the Solid Electrolyte Cubic Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10257-10262. [PMID: 37939005 PMCID: PMC10686666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
To date, experimental and theoretical works have been unable to uncover the ground-state configuration of the solid electrolyte cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 (c-LLZO). Computational studies rely on an initial low-energy structure as a reference point. Here, we present a methodology for identifying energetically favorable configurations of c-LLZO for a crystallographically predicted structure. We begin by eliminating structures that involve overlapping Li atoms based on nearest neighbor counts. We further reduce the configuration space by eliminating symmetry images from all remaining structures. Then, we perform a machine learning-based energetic ordering of all remaining structures. By considering the geometrical constraints that emerge from this methodology, we determine that a large portion of previously reported structures may not be feasible or stable. The method developed here could be extended to other ion conductors. We provide a database containing all of the generated structures with the aim of improving accuracy and reproducibility in future c-LLZO research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Holland
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11, U.K.
| | - Tom Demeyere
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Arihant Bhandari
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11, U.K.
| | - Felix Hanke
- BIOVIA, 22 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0FJ, U.K.
| | - Victor Milman
- BIOVIA, 22 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0FJ, U.K.
| | - Chris-Kriton Skylaris
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11, U.K.
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20
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Lain MJ, Apachitei G, Dogaru DE, Widanage WD, Marco J, Copley M. Measurement of anisotropic volumetric resistivity in lithium ion electrodes. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33437-33445. [PMID: 38025862 PMCID: PMC10644285 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06412c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Measurements of the electronic conductivity of lithium ion coatings are an important part of electrode development, particularly for thicker electrodes and in high power applications. A resistance measurement system with 46 probes has been used to characterise lithium ion electrodes, with different formulations and coat weights. The results show that the total through plane resistance is dominated by the interface resistance between the coating and the metal foil, rather than the volumetric resistivity of the coating. For coatings containing carbon nano-tubes, the in plane resistivities in the coating and perpendicular directions are different. A finite volume model was developed to help analyse and interpret the resistivity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lain
- WMG, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - G Apachitei
- WMG, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - D-E Dogaru
- WMG, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - J Marco
- WMG, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - M Copley
- WMG, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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21
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Moharana S, West G, Menon AS, da Silva WL, Walker M, Loveridge MJ. Combined Stabilizing of the Solid-Electrolyte Interphase with Suppression of Graphite Exfoliation via Additive-Solvent Optimization in Li-Ion Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:50185-50195. [PMID: 37851950 PMCID: PMC10623506 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Propylene carbonate (PC) is a promising solvent for extending the operating temperature range for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high dielectric constant and wide temperature range stability. However, PC can cause graphite exfoliation through cointercalation, leading to electrolyte decomposition and subsequent irreversible capacity loss. This work reports the formulation of a ternary electrolyte with the introduction of an inorganic salt additive, potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6), to address the aforementioned concerns. We demonstrate the cumulative effect of solvent and additive on delivering multiple performance benefits and safety of the battery. The faster diffusion rate of K + solvation shell decreases the rate of PC decomposition, thereby reducing its cointercalation. Additionally, the optimum concentration of KPF6, i.e., 0.1 M constructs a robust and insoluble LiF-rich electrode/electrolyte interphase, further suppressing graphite exfoliation and Li dendrite formation. The stable cyclability is achieved by enhanced Li + transportation through the LiF-rich interphase, enabling an exfoliation-free and dendrite-free graphite anode in the ternary electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghamitra Moharana
- Warwick
Manufacturing Group (WMG), University of
Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Geoff West
- Warwick
Manufacturing Group (WMG), University of
Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Ashok S. Menon
- Warwick
Manufacturing Group (WMG), University of
Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Wilgner Lima da Silva
- Warwick
Manufacturing Group (WMG), University of
Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Marc Walker
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Melanie J. Loveridge
- Warwick
Manufacturing Group (WMG), University of
Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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22
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Mercadier B, Coles SW, Duttine M, Legein C, Body M, Borkiewicz OJ, Lebedev O, Morgan BJ, Masquelier C, Dambournet D. Dynamic Lone Pairs and Fluoride-Ion Disorder in Cubic-BaSnF 4. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23739-23754. [PMID: 37844155 PMCID: PMC10623577 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Introducing compositional or structural disorder within crystalline solid electrolytes is a common strategy for increasing their ionic conductivity. (M,Sn)F2 fluorites have previously been proposed to exhibit two forms of disorder within their cationic host frameworks: occupational disorder from randomly distributed M and Sn cations and orientational disorder from Sn(II) stereoactive lone pairs. Here, we characterize the structure and fluoride-ion dynamics of cubic BaSnF4, using a combination of experimental and computational techniques. Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data confirms an average fluorite structure with {Ba,Sn} cation disorder, and the 119Sn Mössbauer spectrum demonstrates the presence of stereoactive Sn(II) lone pairs. X-ray total-scattering PDF analysis and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations reveal a complex local structure with a high degree of intrinsic fluoride-ion disorder, where 1/3 of fluoride ions occupy octahedral "interstitial" sites: this fluoride-ion disorder is a consequence of repulsion between Sn lone pairs and fluoride ions that destabilizes Sn-coordinated tetrahedral fluoride-ion sites. Variable-temperature 19F NMR experiments and analysis of our molecular dynamics simulations reveal highly inhomogeneous fluoride-ion dynamics, with fluoride ions in Sn-rich local environments significantly more mobile than those in Ba-rich environments. Our simulations also reveal dynamical reorientation of the Sn lone pairs that is biased by the local cation configuration and coupled to the local fluoride-ion dynamics. We end by discussing the effect of host-framework disorder on long-range diffusion pathways in cubic BaSnF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briséïs Mercadier
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie, RS2E, FR CNRS
3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes
Interfaciaux, UMR CNRS 8234, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire
de Réactivité et de Chimie du Solides, UMR CNRS 7314, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Samuel W. Coles
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Quad
One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, The Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Duttine
- Institut
de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux, UMR CNRS
5026, 33608 Pessac, France
| | - Christophe Legein
- Institut
des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR CNRS 6283, Le
Mans Université, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - Monique Body
- Institut
des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR CNRS 6283, Le
Mans Université, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - Olaf J. Borkiewicz
- X-ray
Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Oleg Lebedev
- Laboratoire
de Cristallographie et Sciences des Matériaux, CRISMAT, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Benjamin J. Morgan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Quad
One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, The Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Masquelier
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie, RS2E, FR CNRS
3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
- Laboratoire
de Réactivité et de Chimie du Solides, UMR CNRS 7314, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Damien Dambournet
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie, RS2E, FR CNRS
3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes
Interfaciaux, UMR CNRS 8234, 75005 Paris, France
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23
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Dong H, Hu X, Liu R, Ouyang M, He H, Wang T, Gao X, Dai Y, Zhang W, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Brett DJL, Parkin IP, Shearing PR, He G. Bio-Inspired Polyanionic Electrolytes for Highly Stable Zinc-Ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311268. [PMID: 37615518 PMCID: PMC10962557 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
For zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), the non-uniform Zn plating/stripping results in a high polarization and low Coulombic efficiency (CE), hindering the large-scale application of ZIBs. Here, inspired by biomass seaweed plants, an anionic polyelectrolyte alginate acid (SA) was used to initiate the in situ formation of the high-performance solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the Zn anode. Attribute to the anionic groups of -COO- , the affinity of Zn2+ ions to alginate acid induces a well-aligned accelerating channel for uniform plating. This SEI regulates the desolvation structure of Zn2+ and facilitates the formation of compact Zn (002) crystal planes. Even under high depth of discharge conditions (DOD), the SA-coated Zn anode still maintains a stable Zn stripping/plating behavior with a low potential difference (0.114 V). According to the classical nucleation theory, the nucleation energy for SA-coated Zn is 97 % less than that of bare Zn, resulting in a faster nucleation rate. The Zn||Cu cell assembled with the SA-coated electrode exhibits an outstanding average CE of 99.8 % over 1,400 cycles. The design is successfully demonstrated in pouch cells, where the SA-coated Zn exhibits capacity retention of 96.9 % compared to 59.1 % for bare Zn anode, even under the high cathode mass loading (>10 mg/cm2 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Dong
- Electrochemical Innovation LabDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Xueying Hu
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Ruirui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient UtilLaboratory of Salt Lake Resources Chemistry of Qinghai ProvinceChinese Academy of SciencesXiningQinghai810008China
| | - Mengzheng Ouyang
- Department of Earth Science and EngineeringImperial CollegeLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Hongzhen He
- Electrochemical Innovation LabDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Tianlei Wang
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Xuan Gao
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Yuhang Dai
- Electrochemical Innovation LabDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Wei Zhang
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Electrochemical Innovation LabDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Yongquan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient UtilLaboratory of Salt Lake Resources Chemistry of Qinghai ProvinceChinese Academy of SciencesXiningQinghai810008China
| | - Dan J. L. Brett
- Electrochemical Innovation LabDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Ivan P. Parkin
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation LabDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Guanjie He
- Electrochemical Innovation LabDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
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24
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Chen Y, Huang C. Realising higher capacity and stability for disordered rocksalt oxyfluoride cathode materials for Li ion batteries. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29343-29353. [PMID: 37818276 PMCID: PMC10560877 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05684h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Disordered rocksalt (DRX) materials are an emerging class of cathode materials for Li ion batteries. Their advantages include better sustainability through wider choices of transition metal (TM) elements in the materials and higher theoretical capacities due to the redox reaction contributions from both the TM and O elements compared with state-of-the-art cathode materials. However, the realisable capacities of the DRX materials need to be improved as their charge transport kinetics and cycling stability are still poor. Here, Li1.2Mn0.4Ti0.4O2 (LMTO) and Li1.3Mn0.4Ti0.3O1.7F0.3 (LMTOF) are synthesised with abundant TMs of Mn and Ti only. Three approaches of partial substitution of O with F, reducing particle size and C coating on the particle surface are used simultaneously to improve realisable capacity, rate capability and stability. We rationalise that the improved electrochemical performance is due to the improved short and long range Li+ diffusion kinetics, electrical conductivity and reduced O loss. These strategies can also be applicable to a variety of DRX materials to improve performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Chun Huang
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Becquerel Ave, Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot OX11 0FA UK
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25
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Dutra AC, Dawson JA. Computational Design of Antiperovskite Solid Electrolytes. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2023; 127:18256-18270. [PMID: 37752904 PMCID: PMC10518865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c04953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
In the face of the current climate emergency and the performance, safety, and cost limitations current state-of-art Li-ion batteries present, solid-state batteries are widely anticipated to revolutionize energy storage. The heart of this technology lies in the substitution of liquid electrolytes with solid counterparts, resulting in potential critical advantages, such as higher energy density and safety profiles. In recent years, antiperovskites have become one of the most studied solid electrolyte families for solid-state battery applications as a result of their salient advantages, which include high ionic conductivity, structural versatility, low cost, and stability against metal anodes. This Review highlights the latest progress in the computational design of Li- and Na-based antiperovskite solid electrolytes, focusing on critical topics for their development, including high-throughput screening for novel compositions, synthesizability, doping, ion transport mechanisms, grain boundaries, and electrolyte-electrode interfaces. Moreover, we discuss the remaining challenges facing these materials and provide our perspective on their possible future advances and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C.
C. Dutra
- Chemistry
− School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - James A. Dawson
- Chemistry
− School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
- Centre
for Energy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1
7RU, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
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26
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Vadhva P, Boyce AM, Patel A, Shearing PR, Offer G, Rettie AJE. Silicon-Based Solid-State Batteries: Electrochemistry and Mechanics to Guide Design and Operation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:42470-42480. [PMID: 37646541 PMCID: PMC10510101 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are promising alternatives to the incumbent lithium-ion technology; however, they face a unique set of challenges that must be overcome to enable their widespread adoption. These challenges include solid-solid interfaces that are highly resistive, with slow kinetics, and a tendency to form interfacial voids causing diminished cycle life due to fracture and delamination. This modeling study probes the evolution of stresses at the solid electrolyte (SE) solid-solid interfaces, by linking the chemical and mechanical material properties to their electrochemical response, which can be used as a guide to optimize the design and manufacture of silicon (Si) based SSBs. A thin-film solid-state battery consisting of an amorphous Si negative electrode (NE) is studied, which exerts compressive stress on the SE, caused by the lithiation-induced expansion of the Si. By using a 2D chemo-mechanical model, continuum scale simulations are used to probe the effect of applied pressure and C-rate on the stress-strain response of the cell and their impacts on the overall cell capacity. A complex concentration gradient is generated within the Si electrode due to slow diffusion of Li through Si, which leads to localized strains. To reduce the interfacial stress and strain at 100% SOC, operation at moderate C-rates with low applied pressure is desirable. Alternatively, the mechanical properties of the SE could be tailored to optimize cell performance. To reduce Si stress, a SE with a moderate Young's modulus similar to that of lithium phosphorous oxynitride (∼77 GPa) with a low yield strength comparable to sulfides (∼0.67 GPa) should be selected. However, if the reduction in SE stress is of greater concern, then a compliant Young's modulus (∼29 GPa) with a moderate yield strength (1-3 GPa) should be targeted. This study emphasizes the need for SE material selection and the consideration of other cell components in order to optimize the performance of thin film solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Vadhva
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Adam M. Boyce
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
- School
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Anisha Patel
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 1AY, United
Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One Becquerel Avenue Harwell, Didcot OX11 0RA, United
Kingdom
| | - Gregory Offer
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 1AY, United
Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One Becquerel Avenue Harwell, Didcot OX11 0RA, United
Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. E. Rettie
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
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27
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Jones RS, Gonzalez-Munoz S, Griffiths I, Holdway P, Evers K, Luanwuthi S, Maciejewska BM, Kolosov O, Grobert N. Thermal Conductivity of Carbon/Boron Nitride Heteronanotube and Boron Nitride Nanotube Buckypapers: Implications for Thermal Management Composites. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2023; 6:15374-15384. [PMID: 37706066 PMCID: PMC10496026 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
To date, there has been limited reporting on the fabrication and properties of macroscopic sheet assemblies (specifically buckypapers) composed of carbon/boron nitride core-shell heteronanotubes (MWCNT@BNNT) or boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Herein we report the synthesis of MWCNT@BNNTs via a facile method involving Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (APCVD) and the safe h-BN precursor ammonia borane. These MWCNT@BNNTs were used as sacrificial templates for BNNT synthesis by thermal oxidation of the core carbon. Buckypaper fabrication was facilitated by facile sonication and filtration steps. To test the thermal conductivity properties of these new buckypapers, in the interest of thermal management applications, we have developed a novel technique of advanced scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) that we call piercing SThM (pSThM). Our measurements show a 14% increase in thermal conductivity of the MWCNT@BNNT buckypaper relative to a control multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) buckypaper. Meanwhile, our BNNT buckypaper exhibited approximately half the thermal conductivity of the MWCNT control, which we attribute to the turbostratic quality of our BNNTs. To the best of our knowledge, this work achieves the first thermal conductivity measurement of a MWCNT@BNNT buckypaper and of a BNNT buckypaper composed of BNNTs not synthesized by high energy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Sang Jones
- University
of Oxford, Department of Materials, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian Griffiths
- University
of Oxford, Department of Materials, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Holdway
- University
of Oxford, Department of Materials, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Koen Evers
- University
of Oxford, Department of Materials, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Santamon Luanwuthi
- University
of Oxford, Department of Materials, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Oleg Kolosov
- University
of Lancaster, Department of Physics, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Grobert
- University
of Oxford, Department of Materials, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
- Williams
Advanced Engineering, Grove, Oxfordshire OX12 0DQ, United Kingdom
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28
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Vema S, Sayed FN, Nagendran S, Karagoz B, Sternemann C, Paulus M, Held G, Grey CP. Understanding the Surface Regeneration and Reactivity of Garnet Solid-State Electrolytes. ACS Energy Lett 2023; 8:3476-3484. [PMID: 37588018 PMCID: PMC10425971 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Garnet solid-electrolyte-based Li-metal batteries can be used in energy storage devices with high energy densities and thermal stability. However, the tendency of garnets to form lithium hydroxide and carbonate on the surface in an ambient atmosphere poses significant processing challenges. In this work, the decomposition of surface layers under various gas environments is studied by using two surface-sensitive techniques, near-ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. It is found that heating to 500 °C under an oxygen atmosphere (of 1 mbar and above) leads to a clean garnet surface, whereas low oxygen partial pressures (i.e., in argon or vacuum) lead to additional graphitic carbon deposits. The clean surface of garnets reacts directly with moisture and carbon dioxide below 400 and 500 °C, respectively. This suggests that additional CO2 concentration controls are needed for the handling of garnets. By heating under O2 along with avoiding H2O and CO2, symmetric cells with less than 10 Ωcm2 interface resistance are prepared without the use of any interlayers; plating currents of >1 mA cm-2 without dendrite initiation are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Vema
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Farheen N. Sayed
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Supreeth Nagendran
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Burcu Karagoz
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 ODE, United
Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Paulus
- Fakultät
Physik/DELTA, Technische Universität
Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Georg Held
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 ODE, United
Kingdom
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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29
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Lovett AJ, Daramalla V, Sayed FN, Nayak D, de h-Óra M, Grey CP, Dutton SE, MacManus-Driscoll JL. Low Temperature Epitaxial LiMn 2O 4 Cathodes Enabled by NiCo 2O 4 Current Collector for High-Performance Microbatteries. ACS Energy Lett 2023; 8:3437-3442. [PMID: 37588016 PMCID: PMC10425970 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial cathodes in lithium-ion microbatteries are ideal model systems to understand mass and charge transfer across interfaces, plus interphase degradation processes during cycling. Importantly, if grown at <450 °C, they also offer potential for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatible microbatteries for the Internet of Things, flexible electronics, and MedTech devices. Currently, prominent epitaxial cathodes are grown at high temperatures (>600 °C), which imposes both manufacturing and scale-up challenges. Herein, we report structural and electrochemical studies of epitaxial LiMn2O4 (LMO) thin films grown on a new current collector material, NiCo2O4 (NCO). We achieve this at the low temperature of 360 °C, ∼200 °C lower than existing current collectors SrRuO3 and LaNiO3. Our films achieve a discharge capacity of >100 mAh g-1 for ∼6000 cycles with distinct LMO redox signatures, demonstrating long-term electrochemical stability of our NCO current collector. Hence, we show a route toward high-performance microbatteries for a range of miniaturized electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Lovett
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Venkateswarlu Daramalla
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Farheen N. Sayed
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
- Yusef
Hamied Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Rd., Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Muireann de h-Óra
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Clare P. Grey
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
- Yusef
Hamied Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Rd., Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Siân E. Dutton
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Judith L. MacManus-Driscoll
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
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30
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Insinna T, Bassey EN, Märker K, Collauto A, Barra AL, Grey CP. Graphite Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries: An Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Investigation. Chem Mater 2023; 35:5497-5511. [PMID: 37521744 PMCID: PMC10373490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Graphite is the most commercially successful anode material for lithium (Li)-ion batteries: its low cost, low toxicity, and high abundance make it ideally suited for use in batteries for electronic devices, electrified transportation, and grid-based storage. The physical and electrochemical properties of graphite anodes have been thoroughly characterized. However, questions remain regarding their electronic structures and whether the electrons occupy localized states on Li, delocalized states on C, or an admixture of both. In this regard, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is an invaluable tool for characterizing the electronic states generated during electrochemical cycling as it measures the properties of the unpaired electrons in lithiated graphites. In this work, ex situ variable-temperature (10-300 K), variable-frequency (9-441 GHz) EPR was carried out to extract the g tensors and line widths and understand the effect of metallicity on the observed EPR spectra of electrochemically lithiated graphites at four different states of lithiation. We show that the increased resolution offered by EPR at high frequencies (>300 GHz) enables up to three different electron environments of axial symmetry to be observed, revealing heterogeneity within the graphite particles and the presence of hyperfine coupling to Li nuclei. Importantly, our work demonstrates the power of EPR spectroscopy to investigate the local electronic structure of graphite at different lithiation stages, paving the way for this technique as a tool for screening and investigating novel materials for use in Li-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Insinna
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Euan N. Bassey
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Katharina Märker
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Collauto
- Centre
for Pulse EPR (PEPR), Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Laure Barra
- LNCMI-CNRS,
EMFL, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, 25 Rue des Martyrs, B.P. 166, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- LNCMI-CNRS,
EMFL, Univ. Toulouse 3, Insa Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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31
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Ruff Z, Coates CS, Märker K, Mahadevegowda A, Xu C, Penrod ME, Ducati C, Grey CP. O3 to O1 Phase Transitions in Highly Delithiated NMC811 at Elevated Temperatures. Chem Mater 2023; 35:4979-4987. [PMID: 37456596 PMCID: PMC10339451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes such as NMC811 (LixNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2) currently have the highest practical capacities of cathodes used commercially, approaching 200 mAh/g. Lithium is removed from NMC811 via a solid-solution behavior when delithiated to xLi > 0.10, maintaining the same layered (O3 structure) throughout as observed via operando diffraction measurements. Although it is possible to further delithiate NMC811, it is kinetically challenging, and there are significant side reactions between the electrolyte and cathode surface. Here, small format, NMC811-graphite pouch cells were charged to high voltages at elevated temperatures and held for days to access high states of delithiation. Rietveld refinements on high-resolution diffraction data and indexing of selected area electron diffraction patterns, both acquired ex situ, show that NMC811 undergoes a partial and reversible transition from the O3 to the O1 phase under these conditions. The O1 phase fraction depends not only on the concentration of intercalated lithium but also on the hold temperature and hold time, indicating that the phase transition is kinetically controlled. 1H NMR spectroscopy shows that the proton concentration decreases with O1 phase fraction and is not, therefore, likely to be driving the O3-O1 phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Ruff
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell
Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11
0RA, U.K.
| | - Chloe S. Coates
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Katharina Märker
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell
Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11
0RA, U.K.
| | - Amoghavarsha Mahadevegowda
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles
Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Chao Xu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell
Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11
0RA, U.K.
| | - Megan E. Penrod
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell
Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11
0RA, U.K.
| | - Caterina Ducati
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles
Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell
Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11
0RA, U.K.
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32
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Coles SW, Falkowski V, Geddes HS, Pérez GE, Booth SG, Squires AG, O'Rourke C, McColl K, Goodwin AL, Cussen SA, Clarke SJ, Islam MS, Morgan BJ. Anion-polarisation-directed short-range-order in antiperovskite Li 2FeSO. J Mater Chem A Mater 2023; 11:13016-13026. [PMID: 37346739 PMCID: PMC10281337 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta10037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Short-range ordering in cation-disordered cathodes can have a significant effect on their electrochemical properties. Here, we characterise the cation short-range order in the antiperovskite cathode material Li2FeSO, using density functional theory, Monte Carlo simulations, and synchrotron X-ray pair-distribution-function data. We predict partial short-range cation-ordering, characterised by favourable OLi4Fe2 oxygen coordination with a preference for polar cis-OLi4Fe2 over non-polar trans-OLi4Fe2 configurations. This preference for polar cation configurations produces long-range disorder, in agreement with experimental data. The predicted short-range-order preference contrasts with that for a simple point-charge model, which instead predicts preferential trans-OLi4Fe2 oxygen coordination and corresponding long-range crystallographic order. The absence of long-range order in Li2FeSO can therefore be attributed to the relative stability of cis-OLi4Fe2 and other non-OLi4Fe2 oxygen-coordination motifs. We show that this effect is associated with the polarisation of oxide and sulfide anions in polar coordination environments, which stabilises these polar short-range cation orderings. We propose that similar anion-polarisation-directed short-range-ordering may be present in other heterocationic materials that contain cations with different formal charges. Our analysis illustrates the limitations of using simple point-charge models to predict the structure of cation-disordered materials, where other factors, such as anion polarisation, may play a critical role in directing both short- and long-range structural correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Coles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down BA2 7AY UK
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - Viktoria Falkowski
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Harry S Geddes
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Gabriel E Pérez
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Samuel G Booth
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Alexander G Squires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down BA2 7AY UK
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- Department of Chemistry, University College London London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Conn O'Rourke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down BA2 7AY UK
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - Kit McColl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down BA2 7AY UK
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - Andrew L Goodwin
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Serena A Cussen
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Simon J Clarke
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - M Saiful Islam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down BA2 7AY UK
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PH UK
| | - Benjamin J Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down BA2 7AY UK
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
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33
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Westhead O, Spry M, Bagger A, Shen Z, Yadegari H, Favero S, Tort R, Titirici M, Ryan MP, Jervis R, Katayama Y, Aguadero A, Regoutz A, Grimaud A, Stephens IEL. Correction: The role of ion solvation in lithium mediated nitrogen reduction. J Mater Chem A Mater 2023; 11:13039. [PMID: 37346741 PMCID: PMC10281331 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta90009f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/D2TA07686A.].
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Affiliation(s)
- O Westhead
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
- Solid-State Chemistry and Energy Laboratory, UMR8260, CNRS, Collège de France France
| | - M Spry
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
| | - A Bagger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London UK
| | - Z Shen
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
| | - H Yadegari
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
| | - S Favero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London UK
| | - R Tort
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London UK
| | - M Titirici
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - M P Ryan
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - R Jervis
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London UK
| | | | - A Aguadero
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid ICMM-CSIC Spain
| | - A Regoutz
- Department of Chemistry, University College London UK
| | - A Grimaud
- Solid-State Chemistry and Energy Laboratory, UMR8260, CNRS, Collège de France France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459 80039 Amiens Cedex 1 France
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College Chestnut Hill MA USA
| | - I E L Stephens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
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34
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Westhead O, Spry M, Bagger A, Shen Z, Yadegari H, Favero S, Tort R, Titirici M, Ryan MP, Jervis R, Katayama Y, Aguadero A, Regoutz A, Grimaud A, Stephens IEL. The role of ion solvation in lithium mediated nitrogen reduction. J Mater Chem A Mater 2023; 11:12746-12758. [PMID: 37346742 PMCID: PMC10281334 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta07686a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Since its verification in 2019, there have been numerous high-profile papers reporting improved efficiency of lithium-mediated electrochemical nitrogen reduction to make ammonia. However, the literature lacks any coherent investigation systematically linking bulk electrolyte properties to electrochemical performance and Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) properties. In this study, we discover that the salt concentration has a remarkable effect on electrolyte stability: at concentrations of 0.6 M LiClO4 and above the electrode potential is stable for at least 12 hours at an applied current density of -2 mA cm-2 at ambient temperature and pressure. Conversely, at the lower concentrations explored in prior studies, the potential required to maintain a given N2 reduction current increased by 8 V within a period of 1 hour under the same conditions. The behaviour is linked more coordination of the salt anion and cation with increasing salt concentration in the electrolyte observed via Raman spectroscopy. Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal a more inorganic, and therefore more stable, SEI layer is formed with increasing salt concentration. A drop in faradaic efficiency for nitrogen reduction is seen at concentrations higher than 0.6 M LiClO4, which is attributed to a combination of a decrease in nitrogen solubility and diffusivity as well as increased SEI conductivity as measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Westhead
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
- Solid-State Chemistry and Energy Laboratory, UMR8260, CNRS, Collège de France France
| | - M Spry
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
| | - A Bagger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London UK
| | - Z Shen
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
| | - H Yadegari
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
| | - S Favero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London UK
| | - R Tort
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London UK
| | - M Titirici
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - M P Ryan
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - R Jervis
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- Eletrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London UK
| | | | - A Aguadero
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid ICMM-CSIC Spain
| | - A Regoutz
- Department of Chemistry, University College London UK
| | - A Grimaud
- Solid-State Chemistry and Energy Laboratory, UMR8260, CNRS, Collège de France France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459 80039 Amiens Cedex 1 France
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College Chestnut Hill MA USA
| | - I E L Stephens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
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35
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Jung T, Wang AA, Monroe CW. Overpotential from Cosolvent Imbalance in Battery Electrolytes: LiPF 6 in EMC:EC. ACS Omega 2023; 8:21133-21144. [PMID: 37323419 PMCID: PMC10268269 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Most liquid lithium-ion-battery electrolytes incorporate cosolvent blends, but the dominant electrochemical transport models adopt a single-solvent approximation, which assumes in part that nonuniform cosolvent ratios do not affect cell voltage. For the popular electrolyte formulation based on ethyl-methyl carbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and LiPF6, we perform measurements with fixed-reference concentration cells, finding appreciable liquid-junction potentials when only the cosolvent ratio is polarized. A previously reported junction-potential correlation for EMC:LiPF6 is extended to cover much of the ternary composition space. We propose a transport model for EMC:EC:LiPF6 solutions grounded in irreversible thermodynamics. Thermodynamic factors and transference numbers are entwined in liquid-junction potentials, but concentration-cell measurements determine observable material properties we call junction coefficients, which appear in the extended form of Ohm's law that accounts for how composition changes induce voltage drops. Junction coefficients of EC and LiPF6 are reported and illustrate the extent to which ionic current induces solvent migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeho Jung
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Andrew A. Wang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Charles W. Monroe
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, U.K.
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36
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McClelland I, Booth SG, Anthonisamy NN, Middlemiss LA, Pérez GE, Cussen EJ, Baker PJ, Cussen SA. Direct Observation of Dynamic Lithium Diffusion Behavior in Nickel-Rich, LiNi 0.8Mn 0.1Co 0.1O 2 (NMC811) Cathodes Using Operando Muon Spectroscopy. Chem Mater 2023; 35:4149-4158. [PMID: 37332678 PMCID: PMC10268956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Ni-rich layered oxide cathode materials such as LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) are widely tipped as the next-generation cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. The NMC class offers high capacities but suffers an irreversible first cycle capacity loss, a result of slow Li+ diffusion kinetics at a low state of charge. Understanding the origin of these kinetic hindrances to Li+ mobility inside the cathode is vital to negate the first cycle capacity loss in future materials design. Here, we report on the development of operando muon spectroscopy (μSR) to probe the Å-length scale Li+ ion diffusion in NMC811 during its first cycle and how this can be compared to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). Volume-averaged muon implantation enables measurements that are largely unaffected by interface/surface effects, thus providing a specific characterization of the fundamental bulk properties to complement surface-dominated electrochemical methods. First cycle measurements show that the bulk Li+ mobility is less affected than the surface Li+ mobility at full depth of discharge, indicating that sluggish surface diffusion is the likely cause of first cycle irreversible capacity loss. Additionally, we demonstrate that trends in the nuclear field distribution width of the implanted muons during cycling correlate with those observed in differential capacity, suggesting the sensitivity of this μSR parameter to structural changes during cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innes McClelland
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council,
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel G. Booth
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Nirmalesh N. Anthonisamy
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence A. Middlemiss
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel E. Pérez
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council,
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund J. Cussen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Baker
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council,
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Serena A. Cussen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
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37
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Soni R, Spadoni D, Shearing PR, Brett DJL, Lekakou C, Cai Q, Robinson JB, Miller TS. Deploying Proteins as Electrolyte Additives in Li-S Batteries: The Multifunctional Role of Fibroin in Improving Cell Performance. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2023; 6:5671-5680. [PMID: 37323207 PMCID: PMC10266332 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.2c04131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the commercial application of lithium-sulfur batteries is inhibited by their short cycle life, which is primarily caused by a combination of Li dendrite formation and active material loss due to polysulfide shuttling. Unfortunately, while numerous approaches to overcome these problems have been reported, most are unscalable and hence further hinder Li-S battery commercialization. Most approaches suggested also only tackle one of the primary mechanisms of cell degradation and failure. Here, we demonstrate that the use of a simple protein, fibroin, as an electrolyte additive can both prevent Li dendrite formation and minimize active material loss to enable high capacity and long cycle life (up to 500 cycles) in Li-S batteries, without inhibiting the rate performance of the cell. Through a combination of experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, it is demonstrated that the fibroin plays a dual role, both binding to polysulfides to hinder their transport from the cathode and passivating the Li anode to minimize dendrite nucleation and growth. Most importantly, as fibroin is inexpensive and can be simply introduced to the cell via the electrolyte, this work offers a route toward practical industrial applications of a viable Li-S battery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roby Soni
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Electrochemical Innovation Lab, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Damiano Spadoni
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
- School
of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Electrochemical Innovation Lab, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Dan J. L. Brett
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Electrochemical Innovation Lab, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Constantina Lekakou
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
- School
of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Qiong Cai
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - James B. Robinson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Electrochemical Innovation Lab, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Thomas S. Miller
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Electrochemical Innovation Lab, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
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38
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Allen J, O’Keefe CA, Grey CP. Quantifying Dissolved Transition Metals in Battery Electrolyte Solutions with NMR Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2023; 127:9509-9521. [PMID: 37255924 PMCID: PMC10226131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal dissolution is an important contributor to capacity fade in lithium-ion cells. NMR relaxation rates are proportional to the concentration of paramagnetic species, making them suitable to quantify dissolved transition metals in battery electrolytes. In this work, 7Li, 31P, 19F, and 1H longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates were measured to study LiPF6 electrolyte solutions containing Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+, or Cu2+ salts and Mn dissolved from LiMn2O4. Sensitivities were found to vary by nuclide and by transition metal. 19F (PF6-) and 1H (solvent) measurements were more sensitive than 7Li and 31P measurements due to the higher likelihood that the observed species are in closer proximity to the metal center. Mn2+ induced the greatest relaxation enhancement, yielding a limit of detection of ∼0.005 mM for 19F and 1H measurements. Relaxometric analysis of a sample containing Mn dissolved from LiMn2O4 at ∼20 °C showed good sensitivity and accuracy (suggesting dissolution of Mn2+), but analysis of a sample stored at 60 °C showed that the relaxometric quantification is less accurate for heat-degraded LiPF6 electrolytes. This is attributed to degradation processes causing changes to the metal solvation shell (changing the fractions of PF6-, EC, and EMC coordinated to Mn2+), such that calibration measurements performed with pristine electrolyte solutions are not applicable to degraded solutions-a potential complication for efforts to quantify metal dissolution during operando NMR studies of batteries employing widely-used LiPF6 electrolytes. Ex situ nondestructive quantification of transition metals in lithium-ion battery electrolytes is shown to be possible by NMR relaxometry; further, the method's sensitivity to the metal solvation shell also suggests potential use in assessing the coordination spheres of dissolved transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer
P. Allen
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Christopher A. O’Keefe
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
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39
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Clark C, O'Keefe CA, Wright DS, Grey CP. Single-source formation and assessment of nitrogen-doped graphitic spheres for lithium- and sodium-ion batteries. RSC Adv 2023; 13:15918-15925. [PMID: 37250222 PMCID: PMC10214001 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01409f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimisation of the annealing time for the fabrication of nitrogen-doped graphitic-spheres (NDGSs), formed from a nitrogen-functionalised aromatic precursor at 800 °C, to give high nitrogen doping has been performed. Thorough analysis of the NDGSs, approximately 3 μm in diameter, pinpointed an optimum annealing time of 6 to 12 hours to obtain highest nitrogen content at the surface of the spheres (reaching a stoichiometry of around C3N at the surface and C9N in the bulk), with the quantity of sp2 and sp3 surface nitrogen varying with annealing time. The results suggest that changes in the nitrogen dopant level occur through slow diffusion of the nitrogen throughout the NDGSs, along with reabsorption of nitrogen-based gases produced during annealing. A stable bulk nitrogen dopant level of 9% was revealed in the spheres. The NDGSs performed well as anodes in lithium-ion batteries, providing a capacity of up to 265 mA h g-1 at a charging rate of C/20, but did not perform well in sodium-ion batteries without the use of diglyme, consistent with the presence of graphitic regions, but with low internal porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassius Clark
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Cambridge Graphene Centre 9 JJ Thompson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0FA UK
| | - Christopher A O'Keefe
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One Harwell, Science and Innovation Campus Didcot UK
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One Harwell, Science and Innovation Campus Didcot UK
| | - Clare P Grey
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Cambridge Graphene Centre 9 JJ Thompson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0FA UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One Harwell, Science and Innovation Campus Didcot UK
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40
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Wang A, Persa D, Helin S, Smith KP, Raymond JL, Monroe CW. Compressibility of Lithium Hexafluorophosphate Solutions in Two Carbonate Solvents. J Chem Eng Data 2023; 68:805-812. [PMID: 37084176 PMCID: PMC10108564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.2c00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Speed-of-sound measurements are performed to establish how the isentropic bulk modulus K s of the electrolyte system comprising lithium hexafluorophospate (LiPF6) in blends of propylene carbonate (PC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) varies with salt molality m, mass fraction of PC in the PC:EMC cosolvent f, and temperature T. Bulk moduli are calculated by combining acoustic time-of-flight data between parallel walls of a liquid-filled cuvette with densitometric data for a sequence of binary and ternary salt solutions. Correlations are presented to yield K s (m, f, T) accurately for nine compositions spanning the range m = 0-2 mol kg-1 and f = 0-1, at temperatures T ranging from 283.15 to 313.15 K. Electrolyte compressibility varies most with solvent ratio, followed by salt content and temperature, with K s ranging from 1 to 3 GPa. Composition-dependent acoustical properties elucidate the nature of speciation and solvation states in bulk electrolytes, and could be useful to identify the features of individual phases within solution-permeated porous electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
A. Wang
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Delia Persa
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
| | - Sara Helin
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
| | - Kirk P. Smith
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
| | - Jason L. Raymond
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
| | - Charles W. Monroe
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
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41
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Dong S, Maciejewska BM, Lißner M, Thomson D, Townsend D, Millar R, Petrinic N, Grobert N. Unveiling the Mechanism of the in Situ Formation of 3D Fiber Macroassemblies with Controlled Properties. ACS Nano 2023; 17:6800-6810. [PMID: 36988309 PMCID: PMC10100559 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning technique is well-known for the generation of different fibers. While it is a "simple" technique, it lies in the fact that the fibers are typically produced in the form of densely packed two-dimensional (2D) mats with limited thickness, shape, and porosity. The highly demanded three-dimensional (3D) fiber assemblies have been explored by time-consuming postprocessing and/or complex setup modifications. Here, we use a classic electrospinning setup to directly produce 3D fiber macrostructures only by modulating the spinning solution. Increasing solution conductivity modifies electrodynamic jet behavior and fiber assembling process; both are observed in situ using a high-speed camera. More viscous solutions render thicker fibers that own enhanced mechanical stiffness as examined by finite element analysis. We reveal the correlation between the universal solution parameters and the dimensionality of fiber assemblies, thereof, enlightening the design of more "3D spinnable" solutions that are compatible with any commercial electrospinning equipment. After a calcination step, ultralightweight ceramic fiber assemblies are generated. These inexpensive materials can clean up exceptionally large fractions of oil spillages and provide high-performance thermal insulation. This work would drive the development and scale-up production of next-generation 3D fiber materials for engineering, biomedical, and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiling Dong
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | | | - Maria Lißner
- Department
of Engineering, University of Oxford; Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
| | - Daniel Thomson
- Department
of Engineering, University of Oxford; Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
| | - David Townsend
- Department
of Engineering, University of Oxford; Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
| | - Robert Millar
- WAE
Technologies Ltd, Grove, Wantage, Oxfordshire OX12 0DQ, U.K.
| | - Nik Petrinic
- Department
of Engineering, University of Oxford; Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
| | - Nicole Grobert
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- WAE
Technologies Ltd, Grove, Wantage, Oxfordshire OX12 0DQ, U.K.
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42
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Said S, Zhang Z, Shutt RRC, Lancaster HJ, Brett DJL, Howard CA, Miller TS. Black Phosphorus Degradation during Intercalation and Alloying in Batteries. ACS Nano 2023; 17:6220-6233. [PMID: 36972510 PMCID: PMC10100570 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous layered materials are being recognized as promising candidates for high-performance alkali-ion battery anodes, but black phosphorus (BP) has received particular attention. This is due to its high specific capacity, due to a mixed alkali-ion storage mechanism (intercalation-alloying), and fast alkali-ion transport within its layers. Unfortunately, BP based batteries are also commonly associated with serious irreversible losses and poor cycling stability. This is known to be linked to alloying, but there is little experimental evidence of the morphological, mechanical, or chemical changes that BP undergoes in operational cells and thus little understanding of the factors that must be mitigated to optimize performance. Here the degradation mechanisms of BP alkali-ion battery anodes are revealed through operando electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) and ex situ spectroscopy. Among other phenomena, BP is observed to wrinkle and deform during intercalation but suffers from complete structural breakdown upon alloying. The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is also found to be unstable, nucleating at defects before spreading across the basal planes but then disintegrating upon desodiation, even above alloying potentials. By directly linking these localized phenomena with the whole-cell performance, we can now engineer stabilizing protocols for next-generation high-capacity alkali-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Said
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 ORA, U.K.
| | - Rebecca R. C. Shutt
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University College
London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Hector J. Lancaster
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University College
London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Dan J. L. Brett
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 ORA, U.K.
| | - Christopher A. Howard
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University College
London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Thomas S. Miller
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 ORA, U.K.
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43
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Chen G, Chen J, Zhao S, He G, Miller TS. Pseudohexagonal Nb 2O 5 Anodes for Fast-Charging Potassium-Ion Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:16664-16672. [PMID: 36943902 PMCID: PMC10080539 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High-rate batteries will play a vital role in future energy storage systems, yet while good progress is being made in the development of high-rate lithium-ion batteries, there is less progress with post-lithium-ion chemistry. In this study, we demonstrate that pseudohexagonal Nb2O5(TT-Nb2O5) can offer a high specific capacity (179 mAh g-1 ∼ 0.3C), good lifetime, and an excellent rate performance (72 mAh g-1 at ∼15C) in potassium-ion batteries (KIBs), when it is composited with a highly conductive carbon framework; this is the first reported investigation of TT-Nb2O5 for KIBs. Specifically, multiwalled carbon nanotubes are strongly tethered to Nb2O5 via glucose-derived carbon (Nb2O5@CNT) by a one-step hydrothermal method, which results in highly conductive and porous needle-like structures. This work therefore offers a route for the scalable production of a viable KIB anode material and hence improves the feasibility of fast-charging KIBs for future applications.
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Marinov AD, Bravo Priegue L, Shah AR, Miller TS, Howard CA, Hinds G, Shearing PR, Cullen PL, Brett DJL. Ex Situ Characterization of 1T/2H MoS 2 and Their Carbon Composites for Energy Applications, a Review. ACS Nano 2023; 17:5163-5186. [PMID: 36926849 PMCID: PMC10062033 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in the development of next-generation net zero energy systems has led to the expansion of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) research in this area. This activity has resulted in a wide range of manufacturing/synthesis methods, controllable morphologies, diverse carbonaceous composite structures, a multitude of applicable characterization techniques, and multiple energy applications for MoS2. To assess the literature trends, 37,347 MoS2 research articles from Web of Science were text scanned to classify articles according to energy application research and characterization techniques employed. Within the review, characterization techniques are grouped under the following categories: morphology, crystal structure, composition, and chemistry. The most common characterization techniques identified through text scanning are recommended as the base fingerprint for MoS2 samples. These include: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. Similarly, XPS and Raman spectroscopy are suggested for 2H or 1T MoS2 phase confirmation. We provide guidance on the collection and presentation of MoS2 characterization data. This includes how to effectively combine multiple characterization techniques, considering the sample area probed by each technique and their statistical significance, and the benefit of using reference samples. For ease of access for future experimental comparison, key numeric MoS2 characterization values are tabulated and major literature discrepancies or currently debated characterization disputes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandar D Marinov
- Electrochemical Innovation Laboratory (EIL), Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London (UCL), Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | | | - Ami R Shah
- Electrochemical Innovation Laboratory (EIL), Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London (UCL), Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Thomas S Miller
- Electrochemical Innovation Laboratory (EIL), Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London (UCL), Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Christopher A Howard
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London (UCL), Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Gareth Hinds
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Paul R Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Laboratory (EIL), Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London (UCL), Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Patrick L Cullen
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Dan J L Brett
- Electrochemical Innovation Laboratory (EIL), Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London (UCL), Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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45
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Pramanik A, Manche AG, Sougrati MT, Chadwick AV, Lightfoot P, Armstrong AR. K 2Fe(C 2O 4) 2: An Oxalate Cathode for Li/Na-Ion Batteries Exhibiting a Combination of Multielectron Cation and Anion Redox. Chem Mater 2023; 35:2600-2611. [PMID: 37008407 PMCID: PMC10061677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of multielectron redox-active cathode materials is a top priority for achieving high energy density with long cycle life in the next-generation secondary battery applications. Triggering anion redox activity is regarded as a promising strategy to enhance the energy density of polyanionic cathodes for Li/Na-ion batteries. Herein, K2Fe(C2O4)2 is shown to be a promising new cathode material that combines metal redox activity with oxalate anion (C2O4 2-) redox. This compound reveals specific discharge capacities of 116 and 60 mAh g-1 for sodium-ion batterie (NIB) and lithium-ion batterie (LIB) cathode applications, respectively, at a rate of 10 mA g-1, with excellent cycling stability. The experimental results are complemented by density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the average atomic charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atin Pramanik
- School
of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Fife, St. Andrews KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis G. Manche
- School
of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Fife, St. Andrews KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United
Kingdom
| | - Moulay Tahar Sougrati
- Université
de Montpellier, 2 Place Eugène Bataillon - CC 1502, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- ALISTORE-ERI, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Alan V. Chadwick
- ALISTORE-ERI, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Lightfoot
- School
of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Fife, St. Andrews KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - A. Robert Armstrong
- School
of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Fife, St. Andrews KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
- ALISTORE-ERI, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United
Kingdom
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46
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McNulty RC, Penston K, Amin SS, Stal S, Lee JY, Samperi M, Pérez‐García L, Cameron JM, Johnson LR, Amabilino DB, Newton GN. Self-Assembled Surfactant-Polyoxovanadate Soft Materials as Tuneable Vanadium Oxide Cathode Precursors for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216066. [PMID: 36637995 PMCID: PMC10962574 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mixing of [V10 O28 ]6- decavanadate anions with a dicationic gemini surfactant (gem) leads to the spontaneous self-assembly of surfactant-templated nanostructured arrays of decavanadate clusters. Calcination of the material under air yields highly crystalline, sponge-like V2 O5 (gem-V2 O5 ). In contrast, calcination of the amorphous tetrabutylammonium decavanadate allows isolation of a more agglomerated V2 O5 consisting of very small crystallites (TBA-V2 O5 ). Electrochemical analysis of the materials' performance as lithium-ion intercalation electrodes highlights the role of morphology in cathode performance. The large crystallites and long-range microstructure of the gem-V2 O5 cathode deliver higher initial capacity and superior capacity retention than TBA-V2 O5 . The smaller crystallite size and higher surface area of TBA-V2 O5 allow faster lithium insertion and superior rate performance to gem-V2 O5 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory C. McNulty
- Nottingham Applied Materials and Interfaces (NAMI) GroupSchool of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad OneHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0RAUK
| | - Keir Penston
- Nottingham Applied Materials and Interfaces (NAMI) GroupSchool of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
| | - Sharad S. Amin
- Nottingham Applied Materials and Interfaces (NAMI) GroupSchool of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
| | - Sandro Stal
- Nottingham Applied Materials and Interfaces (NAMI) GroupSchool of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
| | - Jie Yie Lee
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistrySchool of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
| | - Mario Samperi
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistrySchool of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
- CNR-ITAEVia Salita Santa Lucia Sopra Contesse 598126MessinaItaly
| | - Lluïsa Pérez‐García
- Departament de Farmacologia i Química TerapèuticaUniversitat de BarcelonaAv. Joan XXIII, 27–3108028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Jamie M. Cameron
- Nottingham Applied Materials and Interfaces (NAMI) GroupSchool of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
| | - Lee R. Johnson
- Nottingham Applied Materials and Interfaces (NAMI) GroupSchool of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad OneHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0RAUK
| | - David B. Amabilino
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistrySchool of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasCampus Universitari de Bellaterra8193Cerdanyola del VallèsSpain
| | - Graham N. Newton
- Nottingham Applied Materials and Interfaces (NAMI) GroupSchool of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad OneHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0RAUK
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47
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Allen J, Grey CP. Solution NMR of Battery Electrolytes: Assessing and Mitigating Spectral Broadening Caused by Transition Metal Dissolution. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2023; 127:4425-4438. [PMID: 36925561 PMCID: PMC10009815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c08274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool that is commonly used to assess the degradation of lithium-ion battery electrolyte solutions. However, dissolution of paramagnetic Ni2+ and Mn2+ ions from cathode materials may affect the NMR spectra of the electrolyte solution, with the unpaired electron spins in these paramagnetic solutes inducing rapid nuclear relaxation and spectral broadening (and often peak shifts). This work establishes how dissolved Ni2+ and Mn2+ in LiPF6 electrolyte solutions affect 1H, 19F, and 31P NMR spectra of pristine and degraded electrolyte solutions, including whether the peaks from degradation species are at risk of being lost and whether the spectral broadening can be mitigated. Mn2+ is shown to cause far greater peak broadening than Ni2+, with the effect of Mn2+ observable at just 10 μM. Generally, 19F peaks from PF6 - degradation species are most affected by the presence of the paramagnetic metals, followed by 31P and 1H peaks. Surprisingly, when NMR solvents are added to acquire the spectra, the degree of broadening is heavily solvent-dependent, following the trend of solvent donor number (increased broadening with lower solvent donicity). Severe spectral broadening is shown to occur whether Mn is introduced via the salt Mn(TFSI)2 or is dissolved from LiMn2O4. We show that the weak 19F and 31P peaks in spectra of electrolyte samples containing micromolar levels of dissolved Mn2+ are broadened to an extent that they are no longer visible, but this broadening can be minimized by diluting electrolyte samples with a suitably coordinating NMR solvent. Li3PO4 addition to the sample is also shown to return 19F and 31P spectral resolution by precipitating Mn2+ out of electrolyte samples, although this method consumes any HF in the electrolyte solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer
P. Allen
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
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48
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Du W, Zhang Z, Iacoviello F, Zhou S, Owen RE, Jervis R, Brett DJL, Shearing PR. Observation of Zn Dendrite Growth via Operando Digital Microscopy and Time-Lapse Tomography. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15. [PMID: 36892017 PMCID: PMC10037236 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The zinc-ion battery is one of the promising candidates for next-generation energy storage devices beyond lithium technology due to the earth's abundance of Zn materials and their high volumetric energy density (5855 mA h cm-3). To date, the formation of Zn dendrites during charge-discharge cycling still hinders the practical application of zinc-ion batteries. It is, therefore, crucial to understand the formation mechanism of the zinc dendritic structure before effectively suppressing its growth. Here, the application of operando digital optical microscopy and in situ lab-based X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) is demonstrated to probe and quantify the morphologies of zinc electrodeposition/dissolution under multiple galvanostatic plating/stripping conditions in symmetric Zn||Zn cells. With the combined microscopy approaches, we directly observed the dynamic nucleation and subsequent growth of Zn deposits, the heterogeneous transportation of charged clusters/particles, and the evolution of 'dead' Zn particles via partial dissolution. Zn electrodeposition at the early stage is mainly attributed to activation, while the subsequent dendrite growth is driven by diffusion. The high current not only facilitates the formation of sharp dendrites with a larger mean curvature at their tips but also leads to dendritic tip splitting and the creation of a hyper-branching morphology. This approach offers a direct opportunity to characterize dendrite formation in batteries with a metal anode in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Du
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Shangwei Zhou
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Rhodri E. Owen
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Rhodri Jervis
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Dan J. L. Brett
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
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49
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Vadhva P, Gill TE, Cruddos JH, Said S, Siniscalchi M, Narayanan S, Pasta M, Miller TS, Rettie AJE. Engineering Solution-Processed Non-Crystalline Solid Electrolytes for Li Metal Batteries. Chem Mater 2023; 35:1168-1176. [PMID: 36818586 PMCID: PMC9933431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-crystalline Li-ion solid electrolytes (SEs), such as lithium phosphorus oxynitride, can uniquely enable high-rate solid-state battery operation over thousands of cycles in thin film form. However, they are typically produced by expensive and low throughput vacuum deposition, limiting their wide application and study. Here, we report non-crystalline SEs of composition Li-Al-P-O (LAPO) with ionic conductivities > 10-7 S cm-1 at room temperature made by spin coating from aqueous solutions and subsequent annealing in air. Homogenous, dense, flat layers can be synthesized with submicrometer thickness at temperatures as low as 230 °C. Control of the composition is shown to significantly affect the ionic conductivity, with increased Li and decreased P content being optimal, while higher annealing temperatures result in decreased ionic conductivity. Activation energy analysis reveals a Li-ion hopping barrier of ≈0.4 eV. Additionally, these SEs exhibit low room temperature electronic conductivity (< 10-11 S cm-1) and a moderate Young's modulus of ≈54 GPa, which may be beneficial in preventing Li dendrite formation. In contact with Li metal, LAPO is found to form a stable but high impedance passivation layer comprised of Al metal, Li-P, and Li-O species. These findings should be of value when engineering non-crystalline SEs for Li-metal batteries with high energy and power densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Vadhva
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, LondonWC1E 6DH,United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E. Gill
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, LondonWC1E 6DH,United Kingdom
| | - Joshua H. Cruddos
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, LondonWC1E 6DH,United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, DidcotOX11 0RA,United
Kingdom
| | - Samia Said
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, LondonWC1E 6DH,United Kingdom
| | - Marco Siniscalchi
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, OX1 3PHOxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sudarshan Narayanan
- The
Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, DidcotOX11 0RA,United
Kingdom
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, OX1 3PHOxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Pasta
- The
Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, DidcotOX11 0RA,United
Kingdom
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, OX1 3PHOxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas S. Miller
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, LondonWC1E 6DH,United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, DidcotOX11 0RA,United
Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. E. Rettie
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, LondonWC1E 6DH,United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, DidcotOX11 0RA,United
Kingdom
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50
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Spry M, Westhead O, Tort R, Moss B, Katayama Y, Titirici MM, Stephens IEL, Bagger A. Water Increases the Faradaic Selectivity of Li-Mediated Nitrogen Reduction. ACS Energy Lett 2023; 8:1230-1235. [PMID: 36816776 PMCID: PMC9926485 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The lithium-mediated system catalyzes nitrogen to ammonia under ambient conditions. Herein we discover that trace amount of water as an electrolyte additive-in contrast to prior reports from the literature-can effect a dramatic improvement in the Faradaic selectivity of N2 reduction to NH3. We report that an optimal water concentration of 35.9 mM and LiClO4 salt concentration of 0.8 M allows a Faradaic efficiency up to 27.9 ± 2.5% at ambient pressure. We attribute the increase in Faradaic efficiency to the incorporation of Li2O in the solid electrolyte interphase, as suggested by our X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Our results highlight the extreme sensitivity of lithium-mediated N2 reduction to small changes in the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Spry
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Olivia Westhead
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Romain Tort
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, Imperial College Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Benjamin Moss
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Yu Katayama
- SANKEN
(Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Maria-Magdalena Titirici
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, Imperial College Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Ifan E. L. Stephens
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Alexander Bagger
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, Imperial College Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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