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Ahmed MJ, Cuijpers R, Schollbach K, Van Der Laan S, Van Wijngaarden-Kroft M, Verhoeven T, Brouwers HJH. V and Cr substitution in dicalcium silicate under oxidizing and reducing conditions - Synthesis, reactivity, and leaching behavior studies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:130032. [PMID: 36166903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dicalcium silicate (C2S) is known to incorporate potentially hazardous metals (Cr and V) in a belite-rich cementitious system. The effect of the electrovalence nature of V and Cr on C2S polymorphs' (α´, β, γ) stability under oxidizing and reducing conditions as well as their reactivity are systematically investigated via analyzing oxidation states, phase composition, bonding system, and microstructure as well as oxide composition quantitively. It is shown that C2S can incorporate Cr (VI) and V(V) consequently leading to stabilization of α´, β-C2S. Instead, Cr (II, III) and V < (V) tend not to substitute in C2S. Despite reactive polymorphs (α´, β-C2S) stability due to Cr (VI) and V(V) incorporation, the early age (48-72 h) C2S reactivity is drastically reduced due to Cr (VI) and V (V) incorporation. Moreover, one batch leaching test revealed that the V (V) leaching is inversely proportional to aqueous Ca2+ ion at pH > 12 while Cr leaching is sensitive to its oxidation state, and dissolution of C2S. Even though C2S can incorporate Cr (VI) and V (V) ions, the final leaching is governed by the immobilization potential of C-S-H gel, pH as well as types of calcium chromate and vanadate complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jawad Ahmed
- Department of Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Remco Cuijpers
- Department of Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Katrin Schollbach
- Department of Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sieger Van Der Laan
- Tata Steel, R&D, Microstructure & Surface Characterization (MSC), IJmuiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tiny Verhoeven
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - H J H Brouwers
- Department of Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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Resisting spread of environmental-pollution diseases due to Portland-cement industries: green nanoclay applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:395. [PMID: 36624145 PMCID: PMC9829660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
New eco-friendly thermal-casting ductile CPNC-concrete and CPNC-mortar materials have been developed without Portland-cement or water-use. It needs three hours for thermal synthesis. It contains 5%, 10% or 15% green natural nanoclay-polymer nanocomposite CPNC as a bonding-agent instead of Portland-cement for mixing with sand and crushed-stones by heating at 250 °C in electric ovens. CPNC is a dry powder consisting of 5% montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay and 95% high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The study includes mixing, thermal synthesis, mechanical, fracture, and ductility property testing, and characterizations of the chemical composition, microstructure morphology and homogeneity using EDAX, SEM and XRD. It has new properties, such as a homogenous-microstructure with bonding, self-compaction abilities, no-cracks, ductility, good compressive and tensile strengths, and good fracture properties. It does not exhibit steel corrosion; it has rapid processing, no-water curing, low-density, no-shrinkage cracks, no-sudden failure, no-pollution utilizing a new manufacturing technique. CPNC-concrete is developed to stop the Portland-cement industry problems, to produce a clean and green environment without Portland-cement damage for human beings and to conserve drinking water. It has potential for different applications in construction, and it is suitable for 3D techniques with fast construction. Furthermore, this material requires new special codes for design and construction.
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Alvarez CC, Bravo Gómez ME, Hernández Zavala A. Hexavalent chromium: Regulation and health effects. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 65:126729. [PMID: 33610058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the knowledge about heavy metals toxicity on humans, its use is widely spread mainly for industrial processes. Chromium is an element that belongs to this group and although it is present in our daily diet, it can also be harmful for humans, causing skin allergies and increasing the risk of lung cancer, among other health effects reported. In this review, we highlight its nutritional role, its toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic in humans, its regulation in the industry and the biomonitoring proposal of this element in blood and urine samples with the aim to control the level of exposure of the workers in military industry and also of the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cedillo Alvarez
- Escuela Militar de Medicina, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico; Laboratorio de Morfología Celular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - María Elena Bravo Gómez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Química y Toxicología Forense, Ciencia Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Araceli Hernández Zavala
- Laboratorio de Morfología Celular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico.
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Meirun T, Mihardjo LW, Haseeb M, Khan SAR, Jermsittiparsert K. The dynamics effect of green technology innovation on economic growth and CO 2 emission in Singapore: new evidence from bootstrap ARDL approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 28:4184-4194. [PMID: 32935214 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10760-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For an economy to excel in growth, there is usually a trade-off between financial development and environment deterioration. For a country like Singapore, which has shown a radical growth and is known for its population density, it is important to explore the role of green technology innovation in the pursuit of economic excellence with the least possible cost to the environment. By employing the novel bootstrap autoregressive-distributed lag (BARDL) technique using a time series data from 1990 to 2018, the results reported a positive and significant relationship of green technology innovation with economic growth and negative and significant relationship with carbon emissions in both long run and short run. Based on the findings, several managerial implications were discussed, whereas based on the limitations, directions for future researchers are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Meirun
- School of Management, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Leonardus Ww Mihardjo
- Bina Nusantara University, Jalan Hang Lekir I no. 6, Senayan, Jakarta, 10270, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Haseeb
- Taylor's Business School (TBS), Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Kittisak Jermsittiparsert
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. .,Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Hedberg YS, Wei Z, Moncada F. Release of hexavalent chromium from cement collected in Honduras and Sweden. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:122-124. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda S. Hedberg
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion ScienceKTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden
| | - Zheng Wei
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion ScienceKTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden
| | - Federico Moncada
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medical SciencesNational Autonomous University of Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduras
- Central American Network of Information and Advice Centers in Toxicology (RedCIATOX) Tegucigalpa Honduras
- Center for Research and Development in Health, Labor and Environment (CIDSTA) Tegucigalpa Honduras
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Thyssen JP, Ahlström MG, Bruze M, Rustemeyer T, Lidén C. Metals. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_35-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Cement and concrete are products used widely in the construction sector, with a traditional perception that any hazards that they have are limited to dermatitis in a small number of workers. In some cases, employers and builders do not think that concrete is a chemical. However, contact dermatitis is one of the most frequently reported health problems among construction workers. A review of the available literature suggests that cement has constituents that produce both irritant contact dermatitis and corrosive effects (from alkaline ingredients such as lime) and sensitization, leading to allergic contact dermatitis (from ingredients such as chromium). These findings indicate that cement and concrete should be treated as hazardous materials, and that workers handling such products should reduce exposure wherever possible. Initiatives to reduce the chromium content of cement have been shown to be successful in reducing the incidence of allergic dermatitis, although the irritant form remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Winder
- School of Safety Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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L’application du décret interdisant l’utilisation de ciments à forte teneur en chrome VI, a-t-il entraîné une diminution des dermatoses professionnelles au ciment chez les travailleurs salariés du bâtiment et des travaux publics ? Presse Med 2013; 42:e78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2012.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Chen YL, Chang JE, Lai YC, Ko MS. Effects of sintering atmosphere on cement clinkers produced from chromium-bearing sludge. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2012; 62:587-593. [PMID: 22696808 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2012.665012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sintering atmosphere (oxidizing and reducing) on the polymorphs of dicalcium silicates (Ca2SiO4, C2S) and on the chromium leaching of the belite-rich clinkers made from a chromium-bearing sludge. This sludge was generated in an electroplating factory, and in addition to chromium, it contained nickel, copper and zinc. In the clinker production, air was used as the oxidizing atmosphere, and carbon monoxide, which was produced by burning graphite with an insufficient amount of oxygen, was employed as the reducing atmosphere. Dicalcium silicates were substantially formed under both kinds of sintering atmosphere, but there was some nonhydraulic gamma-C2S in the clinkers produced under the oxidizing atmosphere. In addition, the amount of gamma-C2S decreased with the chromium-bearing sludge addition, whereas that of beta-C2S increased. The clinkers produced under the reducing atmosphere had less residual chromium, a finding that shows that more chromium was evaporated. However, the reducing atmosphere can decrease the proportion of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in the resulting clinkers. For other heavy metals, the residual amounts of nickel and copper generally increased with the sludge addition, but zinc was absent in most of the clinkers produced under the reducing atmosphere. This implies that the evaporation of zinc is much more significant than that of the other heavy metals under a reducing atmosphere. In the leaching tests, the concentrations of nickel, copper, and zinc were below the detection limits in all the leachates. In terms of chromium, the total leaching concentration was highly related to Cr(VI). The clinkers produced under the oxidizing atmosphere had high leaching concentrations of chromium, and thus failed to meet the regulatory limit. In contrast, the reducing atmosphere was effective in decreasing the chromium leaching, and it therefore makes the resulting cement clinkers more environmentally sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Liang Chen
- Sustainable Environment Research Center/Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Thyssen JP, Giménez-Arnau E, Lepoittevin JP, Menné T, Boman A, Schnuch A. The critical review of methodologies and approaches to assess the inherent skin sensitization potential (skin allergies) of chemicals Part III. Contact Dermatitis 2012; 66 Suppl 1:53-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.02004_4.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mälkönen T, Alanko K, Jolanki R, Luukkonen R, Aalto-Korte K, Lauerma A, Susitaival P. Long-term follow-up study of occupational hand eczema. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:999-1006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mälkönen T, Jolanki R, Alanko K, Luukkonen R, Aalto-korte K, Lauerma A, Susitaival P. A 6-month follow-up study of 1048 patients diagnosed with an occupational skin disease. Contact Dermatitis 2009; 61:261-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Hogan DJ, Miller L, Neal M. Pilot Analysis of Presentations at Meetings of the American Contact Dermatitis Society and the European Society of Contact Dermatitis. Dermatitis 2009. [DOI: 10.2310/6620.2008.08031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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White JML, Gilmour NJ, Jeffries D, Duangdeeden I, Kullavanijaya P, Basketter DA, McFadden JP. A general population from Thailand: incidence of common allergens with emphasis on para-phenylenediamine. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:1848-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Macedo MS, de Avelar Alchorne AO, Costa EB, Montesano FT. Contact allergy in male construction workers in Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2000?2005. Contact Dermatitis 2007; 56:232-4. [PMID: 17343626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are no recent data on allergens in the construction industry in Brazil; apparently there were no changes in allergenic substances. The objective of this study was to identify sensitization to allergens in adult males working in the construction industry. A cross-sectional study with adult males submitted to patch tests from May 2000 to December 2005. Out of 169 male patients, 83 were construction workers. The five most frequent allergens among the construction workers were potassium dichromate (57%), carba-mix (34.9%), cobalt chloride (30.2%), thiuram-mix (27.9%) and neomycin (19.8%). There is a significant sensitization to potassium dichromate, cobalt, carba-mix, and thiuram-mix, demonstrating that cement and rubber gloves of personal protection equipment still account for allergic contact dermatitis in construction industry workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Silva Macedo
- Department of Dermatology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vigan
- UF Allergologie, Hôpital Saint Jacques, Besançon.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Construction workers have a substantial risk of developing irritant and/or allergic contact dermatitis. Unfortunately, however, there is little population-based epidemiological data relating to occupational skin diseases (OSD) in the European construction industry that allow assessment of preventive measures. OBJECTIVES In this investigation, the yearly incidence rates and causes of OSD in the construction industry were analysed on the basis of our register in Northern Bavaria. METHODS From 1990 until 1999, all incidences of OSD in the construction industry were recorded prospectively. This enables the calculation of incidence rates of OSD in relation to the employed population in Northern Bavaria as recorded by the German Federal Employment Office. RESULTS In the construction industry, a total of 335 OSD were registered. These comprise 9.0% of all OSD in the register. We classified them into four relevant groups: (A) tile setters and terrazzo workers (incidence per 10 000 employees = 19.9); (B) painters (7.8); (C) construction and cement workers (5.2); and (D) wood processors (2.6). The overall incidence was 5.1 per 10 000 employees over 10 years, which is a little below average for the entire register (6.7). Of these, 43.6% were at least 40 years old. Allergic contact dermatitis (61.5%) occurred more often than irritant contact dermatitis (44.5%). Potassium dichromate caused roughly half of all cases of sensitization found to be occupationally relevant in the construction industry (152 cases) followed by epoxy resin (40) and cobalt chloride (32). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that potassium dichromate is still the most important allergen in the construction industry of Northern Bavaria; there has been no significant decline during the 1990s. This contrasts with the Scandinavian countries, where the prevalence of potassium dichromate sensitization declined following the reduction of chromium VI levels resulting from the addition of ferrous sulphate to cement. Within the construction industry, tile setters and terrazzo workers have a strikingly high incidence of OSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bock
- Department of Clinical Social Medicine, Centre of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Thibautstrasse 3, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
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Ko D, Leow YH, Goh CL. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis in Singapore. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2001; 270:97-101. [PMID: 11327405 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Singapore has a resident population of 3,000,000 and a workforce of 1,780,000. Most are employed in manufacturing, services and commerce (245,000). From 1996 to 1998, 3472 cases were notified to the Ministry of Manpower and confirmed as occupational diseases. Noise-induced hearing loss accounted for 82% of cases, while only 11% of cases were industrial dermatitis. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis was not common, comprising approximately one third of the 369 cases of industrial dermatitis that were notified. However, we believe that the majority of cases are not notified to the authorities. The main occupational contact allergens were chromates, nickel, rubber chemicals, cutting fluids and resins. Most affected workers were from the construction, electronics and metalworking industries. Case series of occupational dermatoses among electronics and metal workers have been published. Of the cases of occupational dermatoses among electronics workers seen at a tertiary dermatological centre, 41% of 149 had allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). The commonest allergens were nickel, resins and rubber chemicals. In another case series of 252 metalworkers seen at the same dermatological centre, 23% suffered from ACD. The common allergens were metals and cutting fluids. Besides the common causes of ACD, unusual allergens have also been described. One example is ACD to grasses, which is seen mainly among military personnel. Population studies have been conducted in several industries. A survey of 2567 electronics workers revealed a 2% point prevalence of ACD. Of the occupationally relevant cases, 46 were nickel sensitive, 7 reacted to colophony, and 1 case to epoxy resin. A study of 272 prefabrication construction workers showed a 14% prevalence rate of occupational dermatitis. Of the 38 cases, 42% were ACD to chromates and rubber chemicals. Occupational ACD in Singapore is not as uncommon as the reported statistics suggest. Population-based reports, which overcome the problem of under-notification, show that the prevalence is variable in different industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ko
- Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (MD3), National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Abstract
Chromium occurs primarily in the trivalent state (III), which is the most stable form, or in the hexavalent state (VI), which is a strong oxidizing agent. Elemental chromium (0) does not occur naturally on earth. Trivalent chromium (III) is an essential trace metal necessary for the formation of glucose tolerance factor and for the metabolism of insulin. Commercial applications of chromium compounds include tanning (III), corrosion inhibition, plating, glassware-cleaning solutions, wood preservatives (VI), manufacture of safety matches, metal finishing (VI), and the production of pigments (III, VI). Hexavalent chromium (VI) contaminated local soil when chromium waste slag was part of the fill material present in residential, public, and industrial areas. In some urban areas, about two-thirds of the chromium in air results from the emission of hexavalent chromium from fossil fuel combustion and steel production. The remaining chromium in air is the trivalent form. The residence time of chromium in air is < 10 days, depending on the particle size. Trivalent compounds generally have low toxicity and the gastrointestinal tract poorly absorbs these compounds. Hexavalent chromium is a skin and mucous membrane irritant and some of these hexavalent compounds are strong corrosive agents. Hexavalent chromium compounds also produce an allergic contact dermatitis characterized by eczema. Sensitivity to trivalent compounds is much less frequent, but some workers may react to high concentrations of these compounds. Hexavalent chromium is recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and by the US Toxicology Program as a pulmonary carcinogen. The increased risk of lung cancer occurs primarily in workers exposed to hexavalent chromium dust during the refining of chromite ore and the production of chromate pigments. Although individual studies suggest the possibility of an excess incidence of cancer at sites outside the lung, the results from these studies are inconsistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Koh
- Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Goh
- National Skin Centre, Institute of Dermatology, Singapore
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Goh
- National Skin Centre, Singapore, Singapore
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Burrows DD. Contact allergens--what's new? Metals. Clin Dermatol 1997; 15:505-9. [PMID: 9255457 DOI: 10.1016/s0738-081x(97)00054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D D Burrows
- Department of Dermatology, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Abstract
The field of cutaneous allergy has enjoyed dynamic research advances in epidemiology and clinical contact dermatitis. Studies regarding outcomes analysis, validity, predictive value, and sensitivity have allowed clinicians to better understand the importance of patch test results. In the clinical arena, new and clinically relevant allergens are being discovered, such as corticosteroids, metals, preservatives, surfactants, and glues. Continued epidemiologic surveillance of new allergens will enable manufacturers to develop safer products for patients to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, New York University Medical Center, New York, USA
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