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Pletcher JS, Zimmer JL, Liu CC, Beierschmitt A, Lewin AC. Ocular examination findings and selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). Vet Ophthalmol 2024; 27:158-169. [PMID: 37442802 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document ocular lesions and establish ophthalmic diagnostic test reference values in a colony of African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). ANIMALS STUDIED Fifty one geriatric (GAGM, 19-30 years old), 10 adult (AAGM, 5-9 years old) and 10 juvenile (JAGM, <2 years old) African green monkeys housed in a single Caribbean research colony. PROCEDURES Ocular biomicroscopy, indirect fundoscopy, Schirmer tear test (STT), rebound tonometry (TonoVet®) and corneal fluorescein staining were performed. Mixed ANCOVA tests were performed to compare STT and IOP between groups. RESULTS Common ocular lesions in GAGM included vitreal degeneration (27/51, 51/102 eyes) and cataracts (21/51, 32/102 eyes). Vitreal degeneration was also common in AAGM (8/10, 16/20 eyes) and infrequent in JAGM (3/10, 6/20 eyes). Cataracts were not present in any JAGM or AAGM. All eyes in all three groups had perilimbal corneal pigmentation and faint lace-like anterior corneal stromal opacification. Median (range) STT values were 16.0 (18) mm/min in GAGM. Mean (SD) STT values were 14.2 (4.6) mm/min in AAGM, and 8.9 (3.4) mm/min in JAGM. Median (range) IOP values were 16.5 (27) mmHg in GAGM. Mean (SD) IOP values were 18.0 (2.8) mmHg in AAGM, and 14.1 (2.2) mmHg in JAGM. JAGM had significantly lower STT and IOP values compared to AAGM (p = .0449, .0057, respectively) and GAGM (p = .0002, .0130, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Spontaneous ocular lesions were common in geriatric monkeys in this research colony. IOP and STT values were lower in juvenile African green monkeys relative to adult or geriatric animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklin S Pletcher
- Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer L Zimmer
- Oakland Veterinary Referral Services, Bloomfield Township, Michigan, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Amy Beierschmitt
- Behavioural Science Foundation, Estridge Estate, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Granat FA, Trumel C, Braun JPD, Bourgès-Abella NH. Quality of hematology and clinical chemistry results in laboratory and zoo nonhuman primates: Effects of the preanalytical phase. A review. J Med Primatol 2023; 52:414-427. [PMID: 37612808 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Most errors in clinical pathology originate in the preanalytical phase, which includes all steps from the preparation of animals and equipment to the collection of the specimen and its management until analyzed. Blood is the most common specimen collected in nonhuman primates. Other specimens collected include urine, saliva, feces, and hair. The primary concern is the variability of blood hematology and biochemistry results due to sampling conditions with the effects of capture, restraint, and/or anesthesia. Housing and diet have fewer effects, with the exception of food restriction to reduce obesity. There has been less investigation regarding the impact of sampling conditions of nonblood specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny A Granat
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Inserm U1037, CNRS U5077, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire central de biologie médicale, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Trumel
- Laboratoire central de biologie médicale, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- CREFRE, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Corewyn LC, Kelaita MA, Nollman J, Hagnauer I, Blanco-Peña K, Lessnau RG, Clayton JB, Shields-Cutler R, Stoos KB. Hematology and blood biochemistry in a declining population of mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata palliata) at La Pacifica, Costa Rica. J Med Primatol 2023; 52:353-360. [PMID: 37655719 PMCID: PMC10841258 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alouatta palliata palliata are an ecologically flexible howler monkey subspecies that has recently been relisted as Endangered. Populations are declining through much of the subspecies' range, including at our study site at La Pacifica, Costa Rica. Our objectives were to screen blood hematology and biochemistry samples collected from this wild population to elucidate their baseline health. METHODS We collected blood samples from 38 adult individuals from across the study site and analyzed 13 hematology and 14 biochemistry parameters. RESULTS Most hematology and blood biochemistry parameter values were similar between males and females. However, mean hemoglobin was significantly lower, and mean white blood cell count was significantly higher in females; and mean calcium and mean creatinine were significantly lower in females compared to males. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the La Pacifica population appeared healthy based on the blood parameters analyzed from sampled individuals. Our results were also largely consistent with published data available from other populations of A. p. palliata, and with reference values for captive Alouatta caraya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Corewyn
- Department of Biology, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Mary A Kelaita
- Department of Natural Sciences, St. Philip's College, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jenny Nollman
- The Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Kinndle Blanco-Peña
- Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | | | - Jonathan B Clayton
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Nebraska, Omaha, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Primate Microbiome Project, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Kari Brossard Stoos
- Department of Health Sciences & Public Health, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Rho J, Lee JY, Yang MJ. Reference value of hematologic, urologic, and organ weights of 2- to 4-year-old long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis) in the context of toxicological studies. J Med Primatol 2021; 50:281-290. [PMID: 34632579 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis) is an Old World species, which is one among the most commonly used monkeys for pharmaceutical research. However, most of the available background data are not suitable for good laboratory practice (GLP)-regulated drug safety tests because the current reverence value covers fewer indices than necessary. Therefore, in this study, historical data for preclinical safety test were collected and managed. METHODS Twenty-five hematology, 20 clinical chemistry, 19 urine analysis, and 16 organ weights were evaluated in a drug safety test of 228 male and 140 female 2- to 4-year-old long-tailed macaques at the Korea Institute of Toxicology under GLP regulations. RESULTS The absolute and relative count of lymphocyte, basophil, and large unstained cell were higher, whereas neutrophil was lower in male than in female monkeys. In serum biochemistry, IP, GGT, ALP, and TCHO of male were higher than female. CONCLUSION Historical data suitable for preclinical safety analysis were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyung Rho
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Yang
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
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Effect of High Protein Diet and Probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota Supplementation in Aflatoxin B 1-Induced Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9568351. [PMID: 29951550 PMCID: PMC5989301 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9568351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) is a potential decontaminating agent of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). However, few studies have investigated the influence of diet, especially a high protein (HP) diet, on the binding of AFB1 by probiotics. This research was conducted to determine the effect of HP diet on the ability of LcS to bind AFB1 and reduce aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in AFB1-induced rats. Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: A (HP only), B (HP + 108 CFU LcS + 25 μg AFB1/kg BW), and C (HP + 25 μg AFB1/kg BW). Levels of AST and ALP were higher in all groups but other liver function's biomarkers were in the normal range, and the liver's histology showed no structural changes. The urea level of rats in group B (10.02 ± 0.73 mmol/l) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of rats in group A (10.82 ± 0.26 mmol/l). The presence of carcinoma in the small intestine and colon was more obvious in group C than in group B. Moreover, rats in group B had significantly (p < 0.05) lower AFM1 concentration (0.39 ± 0.01 ng/ml) than rats in group C (5.22 ± 0.28 ng/ml). Through these findings, LcS supplementation with HP diet alleviated the adverse effects of AFB1 by preventing AFB1 absorption in the small intestine and reducing urinary AFM1.
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Wanji S, Eyong EE, Tendongfor N, Ngwa C, Esuka E, Kengne-Ouafo A, Datchoua-Poutcheu F, Enyong P, Hopkins A, Mackenzie CD. Parasitological, Hematological and Biochemical Characteristics of a Model of Hyper-microfilariaemic Loiasis (Loa loa) in the Baboon (Papio anubis). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004202. [PMID: 26555070 PMCID: PMC4640546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loiasis, a filarial infection caused by Loa loa usually thought to cause relatively minor morbidity, can cause serious and often fatal reactions in patients carrying very high levels of circulating Loa loa microfilariae (mf) following administration of microfilaricidal drugs. An experimental model of this condition would greatly aid the definition of the optimal management of this important clinical presentation. Methodology/Principle Findings Fifteen baboons (Papio anubis) were infected with 600 infective larvae (L3) isolated from Chrysops vector flies. Animals were observed for any clinical changes; blood samples were collected every 1–2 months for 22 months, and analysed for parasitological, hematological and biochemical profiles using standard techniques. All animals became patent but remained clinically normal throughout the study. The parasitological pre-patent period was between 4–8 months, with a majority (60%) of animals becoming patent by 5 months post infection (MPI); all animals were patent by 8 MPI. Microfilarial loads increased steadily in all animals and reached a peak at 18 MPI. By 10 MPI >70% of animals had mf >8,000 mf/mL, and at 18 MPI >70% of animals had mf >30,000mf/mL with 50% of these animals with mf >50,000mf/mL. Absolute eosinophil, creatinine, Ca2+ and K+ levels were generally above normal values (NV). Positive associations were seen between microfilariaemia and eosinophilia, Hb, Ca2+, and gamma-GT values, whilst significant negative associations were seen between microfilariaemia and potassium, glucose and mononuclear leukocyte levels. Conclusions Infection of splenectomised baboons with L. loa can induce levels of circulating microfilariae, and corresponding haematological profiles, which parallel those seen in those humans in danger of the severe post-microfilariacide clinical responses. Utilization of this experimental model could contribute to the improved management of the loiasis related adverse responses in humans. Loiasis is a filarial infection of humans that, in addition to causing severe direct clinical effects, is of concern to the global community’s efforts to eliminate the important filarial diseases, onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis, through causing interruption to mass drug distribution activities. Hyper-microfilariaemia has been seen to be the characteristic parameter in patients suffering from post ivermectin encephalopathy, a condition which sometimes leads to death. Understanding and developing appropriate approaches to the treatment and prevention of these severe adverse reactions has been difficult due to the lack of suitable models. As primates can be infected with human L. loa, and can develop hyper-microfilariaemia, it is likely that they therefore can serve as suitable models for the investigation of this syndrome in humans. This current study shows that following splenectomy the circulating microfilarial loads are similar to those seen in humans, and that the clinical pathology profile following infection also appears to be similar. The consistent ability to induce microfilariae levels of above 30,000 mf/ml in more than 70% of the tested animals suggests that this is indeed a practical model for investigating the adverse events occurring in hyper-loiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Wanji
- Parasites and Vectors Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, South West Region, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), South West Region, Cameroon
- * E-mail:
| | - Ebanga-Echi Eyong
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), South West Region, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, North West Region, Cameroon
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, South West Region, Cameroon
| | - Nicholas Tendongfor
- Parasites and Vectors Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, South West Region, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), South West Region, Cameroon
| | - Che Ngwa
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), South West Region, Cameroon
| | - Elive Esuka
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), South West Region, Cameroon
| | - Arnaud Kengne-Ouafo
- Parasites and Vectors Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, South West Region, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), South West Region, Cameroon
| | - Fabrice Datchoua-Poutcheu
- Parasites and Vectors Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, South West Region, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), South West Region, Cameroon
| | - Peter Enyong
- Parasites and Vectors Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, South West Region, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), South West Region, Cameroon
| | - Adrian Hopkins
- Mectizan Donation Programme, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Charles D. Mackenzie
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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Liddie S, Goody RJ, Valles R, Lawrence MS. Clinical chemistry and hematology values in a Caribbean population of African green monkeys. J Med Primatol 2011; 39:389-98. [PMID: 20524957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2010.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematology and clinical chemistry (HCC) reference values are critical in veterinary practice and in vivo pre-clinical research, enabling detection of health abnormalities, response to therapeutic intervention or adverse toxicological effects, as well as monitoring of clinical management. METHODS In this report, reference ranges for 46 HCC parameters were characterized in 331 wild-caught and colony-bred African green monkeys. Effects of sex, weight and duration of captivity were determined by one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS Significant sex differences were observed for several HCC parameters. Significant differences were also observed for select HCC variables between newly caught animals and those held in captivity for 1-12 months or longer. CONCLUSIONS Comparison of this data with other non-human primate species and humans highlights similarities and disparities between species. Potential causes of interpopulation variability and relevance to the use of the African green monkey as a non-human primate model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Liddie
- St. Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St. Kitts, West Indies
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Casacó A, Beausoleil I, Gonzalez B, Luaces P, León A, Arteaga ME, Prado P, Rodríguez V, Pérez A, Guevara G, Bada AM, Ledón N, Fuentes D, González C, Hernandez O, Orphee R, Blanco D, García-Osuma M, Ballester-Labrada A. Hematological, biochemical, respiratory, cardiovascular and electroneurophysiological parameters in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). Its use in non-clinical toxicological studies. J Med Primatol 2010; 39:177-86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2010.00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bonfanti U, Lamparelli D, Colombo P, Bernardi C. Hematology and serum chemistry parameters in juvenile cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) of Mauritius origin: comparison between purpose-bred and captured animals. J Med Primatol 2009; 38:228-35. [PMID: 19236562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vast majority of non-human primates used for experimental activities are purpose-bred. However, in case of particular procedures or specific projects, it may still be necessary to use animals captured in the wild. METHODS Sixty cynomolgus monkeys were randomly selected on the basis of breeding origin, and assigned to two groups, each of fifteen males and fifteen females. Analyses included the most frequently investigated parameters for hematology, coagulation, and biochemistry. RESULTS Differences were observed in some parameters, particularly in eosinophils, basophils and monocytes, and in fibrinogen, total protein, globulins, alanine amino-transferase, creatinine, aspartate amino-transferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, iron, potassium, and phosphorus. CONCLUSIONS Some values in the cynomolgus monkey may show significant differences according to the breeding background of the animals. Only data obtained from animals of similar origin have to be compared, to avoid misinterpretation during the evaluation of the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Bonfanti
- Accelera - Nerviano Medical Sciences, Nerviano (Milano), Italy.
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Imaoka M, Kato M, Tamanaka M, Hattori H, Manabe S. Aggravation of Galactosamine Hepatotoxicity by Albumin in Rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2008. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.21.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masako Imaoka
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, DAIICHI SANKYO CO., LTD
| | - Michiyuki Kato
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, DAIICHI SANKYO CO., LTD
| | - Megumi Tamanaka
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, DAIICHI SANKYO CO., LTD
| | | | - Sunao Manabe
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, DAIICHI SANKYO CO., LTD
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Kagira JM, Ngotho M, Thuita JK, Maina NW, Hau J. Hematological changes in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) during eight months' adaptation to captivity. Am J Primatol 2007; 69:1053-63. [PMID: 17294427 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated fluctuations in hematological values of 50 wild-caught vervet monkeys (African green monkeys, grivets, Chlorocebus aethiops) during habituation to captivity. The monkeys were categorized into four groups according to age and sex viz adult males, adult females, juvenile males, and juvenile females. The erythrocyte values were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the adult males than in the other animals. There was an increase in most of the erythrocyte parameters studied during the monitoring period with the most significant being hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume. However, the red cell distribution widths, which were higher in adult females, declined. The total white blood cell (WBC) counts, which were higher in adult females than in the other animals, were closely correlated with granulocytes counts. The WBC levels decreased in all the animals throughout the 8 months study, indicating gradually decreasing stress, but they were relatively stable in males. The platelet counts declined significantly (P<0.05) and at 8 months post capture the counts were higher in females than in males. The juvenile female platelet counts were relatively stable during the monitoring period. The maintenance of the monkeys on an improved stable diet and in environment-controlled housing combined with progressing psycho-physiological adaptation may be important factors for the gradual improvements of the hematological values recorded. There were wide variations in these between individual animals emphasizing the need for long adaptation combined with establishment of individual baseline values before experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kagira
- Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya
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POST DM, SNYDER MV, FINCK EJ, SAUNDERS DK. Caching as a strategy for surviving periods of resource scarcity; a comparative study of two species of Neotoma. Funct Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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