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Eain HS, Kawai H, Nakayama M, Oo MW, Ohara T, Fukuhara Y, Takabatake K, Shan Q, Soe Y, Ono K, Nakano K, Mizukawa N, Iida S, Nagatsuka H. Double-faced CX3CL1 enhances lymphangiogenesis-dependent metastasis in an aggressive subclone of oral squamous cell carcinoma. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e174618. [PMID: 38775151 PMCID: PMC11141908 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Because cancer cells have a genetically unstable nature, they give rise to genetically different variant subclones inside a single tumor. Understanding cancer heterogeneity and subclone characteristics is crucial for developing more efficacious therapies. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is characterized by high heterogeneity and plasticity. On the other hand, CX3C motif ligand 1 (CX3CL1) is a double-faced chemokine with anti- and pro-tumor functions. Our study reported that CX3CL1 functioned differently in tumors with different cancer phenotypes, both in vivo and in vitro. Mouse OSCC 1 (MOC1) and MOC2 cells responded similarly to CX3CL1 in vitro. However, in vivo, CX3CL1 increased keratinization in indolent MOC1 cancer, while CX3CL1 promoted cervical lymphatic metastasis in aggressive MOC2 cancer. These outcomes were due to double-faced CX3CL1 effects on different immune microenvironments indolent and aggressive cancer created. Furthermore, we established that CX3CL1 promoted cancer metastasis via the lymphatic pathway by stimulating lymphangiogenesis and transendothelial migration of lymph-circulating tumor cells. CX3CL1 enrichment in lymphatic metastasis tissues was observed in aggressive murine and human cell lines. OSCC patient samples with CX3CL1 enrichment exhibited a strong correlation with lower overall survival rates and higher recurrence and distant metastasis rates. In conclusion, CX3CL1 is a pivotal factor that stimulates the metastasis of aggressive cancer subclones within the heterogeneous tumors to metastasize, and our study demonstrates the prognostic value of CX3CL1 enrichment in long-term monitoring in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Htoo Shwe Eain
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, and
| | | | - Masaaki Nakayama
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - May Wathone Oo
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine
- Office of Innovative Medicine, Organization for Research Strategy and Development, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Yamin Soe
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine
| | - Kisho Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | - Seiji Iida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, and
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Seo GT, Greenberg L, Xing MH, Su V, Dowling E, Mundi N, Matloob A, Khorsandi AS, Chai RL, Urken ML, Brandwein-Weber M. Extratumoral invasion: A unique phenomenon of aggressive recurrent oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Otolaryngol 2023; 44:103756. [PMID: 36603379 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oropharyngeal squamous carcinomas cause significant morbidity and mortality. Poor prognosticators include lymphovascular and perineural invasion. Extratumoral phenotypes of these histologic findings confer worse prognoses. METHODS We report eight cases of recurrent oropharyngeal cancer with diffuse extratumoral lymphovascular invasion (ELVI) or extratumoral perineural invasion (EPNI) and review the existing literature. RESULTS On salvage resection for recurrence following primary radiation or chemoradiation, six patients manifested ELVI and two showed EPNI. These patterns conferred difficulty with complete surgical clearance; final pathologic analysis demonstrated positive margins for all eight patients. The six patients with ELVI were p16+ and the two with EPNI were p16-. Currently, two patients are deceased and six patients are alive at an average follow-up of 17.4 months. Of the six living patients, 2 have a new recurrence and are in hospice while 4 have no evidence of disease. CONCLUSIONS ELVI and EPNI have received little consideration in the literature as unique histopathologic features of oropharyngeal squamous carcinoma. We present the first series on these adverse extratumoral features in recurrent disease. We call attention to these unique histologic features in the setting of recurrent oropharyngeal cancer to encourage others to track the results of therapeutic intervention and to identify successful strategies for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella T Seo
- Thyroid, Head and Neck Cancer (THANC) Foundation, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5A, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Lily Greenberg
- Thyroid, Head and Neck Cancer (THANC) Foundation, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5A, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Monica H Xing
- Thyroid, Head and Neck Cancer (THANC) Foundation, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5A, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Vivian Su
- Thyroid, Head and Neck Cancer (THANC) Foundation, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5A, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5B, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Eric Dowling
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5B, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Neil Mundi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5B, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Ammar Matloob
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Azita S Khorsandi
- Department of Radiology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, 310 East 14th Street, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Raymond L Chai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5B, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Mark L Urken
- Thyroid, Head and Neck Cancer (THANC) Foundation, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5A, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5B, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Margaret Brandwein-Weber
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
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de Assis EM, Rodrigues M, Vieira JC, Pascoaloti MIM, Junior HM, Souto GR, Souza PEA, Horta MCR. Lymphatic Vascular Density, the Expression of Podoplanin and Tumor Budding in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Head Neck Pathol 2022:10.1007/s12105-022-01511-z. [PMID: 36480090 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-022-01511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Notwithstanding recent advances in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) management, its mortality rate is still high. It is imperative to investigate new parameters that are complementary to clinical staging for OSCC to provide better prognostic insight. The presence of isolated neoplastic cells or small clusters of up to four cells at the tumor's invasive front, called tumor budding, is a morphological marker of OSCC with prognostic value. Increased lymphatic vascular density (LVD) and a high expression of podoplanin in neoplastic cells have also been associated with worse prognosis in OSCC. To investigate these markers in OSCC, we evaluated differences in LVD and the expression of podoplanin in neoplastic cells between tumors with high-intensity tumor budding versus low-intensity or no tumor budding. In the samples of high-intensity budding, differences in those parameters between the budding area and the area outside the budding were also evaluated. Furthermore, the study assessed differences in LVD and in the expression of podoplanin in neoplastic cells concerning OSCC clinicopathological characteristics. METHODS To those ends, we subjected 150 samples of OSCC to immunohistochemistry to evaluate the intensity of tumor budding (via multi-cytokeratin immunostaining). Moreover, the 150 samples of OSCC and 15 specimens of normal oral mucosa (used as a control) were employed to assess LVD and the expression of podoplanin (in neoplastic cells of OSCC and in the lining epithelium of normal oral mucosa), both via podoplanin immunostaining. Data were processed into descriptive and analytical statistics. RESULTS No differences were observed neither in the LVD nor in the expression of podoplanin in neoplastic cells concerning sex, age, tobacco smoking, tumor location and tumor size. The LVD was greater in OSCC and in tumors with high-intensity budding than in normal mucosa but did not differ between normal mucosa and tumors with low-intensity or no tumor budding. The data analyses also revealed that LVD was greater in tumors with high-intensity tumor budding than in tumors with low-intensity or no budding and showed no difference in LVD between the budding area and the area outside the budding. When compared to the lining epithelium of the normal mucosa, the expression of podoplanin was greater in neoplastic cells of OSCC, tumors with high-intensity budding and tumors with low-intensity or no tumor budding. The expression of podoplanin in neoplastic cells was also greater in tumors with high-intensity budding and, within those tumors, greater in the budding area than in the area outside de budding. CONCLUSION Those findings support the hypothesis that tumor budding is a biological phenomenon associated with the progression and biological behavior of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliene Magda de Assis
- Oral Pathology Section and Graduate Program in Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC Minas), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Faculdade Pitágoras de Ipatinga, Ipatinga, MG, Brazil
| | - Mayara Rodrigues
- Oral Pathology Section and Graduate Program in Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC Minas), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Campos Vieira
- Oral Pathology Section and Graduate Program in Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC Minas), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Mantuani Pascoaloti
- Oral Pathology Section and Graduate Program in Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC Minas), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Helvécio Marangon Junior
- Oral Pathology Section and Graduate Program in Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC Minas), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Centro Universitário de Patos de Minas (UNIPAM), Patos de Minas, MG, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Ribeiro Souto
- Oral Pathology Section and Graduate Program in Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC Minas), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Departamento de Odontologia - Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Avenida Dom José Gaspar 500, Prédio 46, Sala 101, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 30535-901, Brasil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Alencar Souza
- Oral Pathology Section and Graduate Program in Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC Minas), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Departamento de Odontologia - Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Avenida Dom José Gaspar 500, Prédio 46, Sala 101, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 30535-901, Brasil
| | - Martinho Campolina Rebello Horta
- Oral Pathology Section and Graduate Program in Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC Minas), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Departamento de Odontologia - Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Avenida Dom José Gaspar 500, Prédio 46, Sala 101, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 30535-901, Brasil.
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Tandon A, Sandhya K, Singh NN, Kumar A. Prognostic Relevance of Lymphatic Vessel Density in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Oral Cavity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Head Neck Pathol 2022; 16:1185-1194. [PMID: 35904748 PMCID: PMC9729525 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-022-01474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC), a major debilitating illness demands focus in recent times due to a constant upsurge in cases and poor prognostic implications. An urgent mandate upon finding evidence of relevant prognostic markers is the need of the hour. This systematic review and meta-analysis, therefore, elect an objective assessment of Lymphatic Vessel Density (LVD) as a pertinent parameter governing OSCC prognosis. METHODS The study protocol was registered at the International Prospective Register Of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). Databases were searched using the MeSH keywords for all study types following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The exposure under consideration was the evaluation of LVD in patients of OSCC. The outcome was measured as pooled Hazard/Odd's/Risk ratios in survived versus non-survived OSCC population. The risk of bias assessment was performed using the QUIPS tool. Heterogeneity was assessed by Chi-square and I2 statistics whereas publication bias was investigated using Egger's test of significance. All the statistical analysis was conducted using STATA version 13.0. RESULTS The initial search of 226 records were screened and filtered through the inclusion and exclusion criteria to achieve an outcome of 15 studies for qualitative synthesis out of which seven studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Pooled Hazard of enhanced Lymphatic Vessel Density was not found to be statistically significant (HR = 1.98, p = 0.553); contrary to the pooled Odd's/Risk for patient survival which was statistically significant (RR = 1.33, p = 0.046). The I2 test of heterogeneity was also significant (58.8%, p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis helps to generate pathfinding evidence for a noteworthy role of Lymphatic Vessel Density evaluation in suggesting OSCC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Tandon
- Department of Oral Pathology, Microbiology, and Forensic Odontology, Dental Institute, RIMS, Ranchi, India
| | | | - Narendra Nath Singh
- Department of Oral Pathology, Microbiology, and Forensic Odontology, Dental Institute, RIMS, Ranchi, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Lab Medicine, RIMS, Ranchi, India
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Abstract
The lymphatic system, composed of initial and collecting lymphatic vessels as well as lymph nodes that are present in almost every tissue of the human body, acts as an essential transport system for fluids, biomolecules and cells between peripheral tissues and the central circulation. Consequently, it is required for normal body physiology but is also involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, most notably cancer. The important role of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels and lymphangiogenesis in the formation of lymph node metastasis has been elucidated during the last two decades, whereas the underlying mechanisms and the relation between lymphatic and peripheral organ dissemination of cancer cells are incompletely understood. Lymphatic vessels are also important for tumor-host communication, relaying molecular information from a primary or metastatic tumor to regional lymph nodes and the circulatory system. Beyond antigen transport, lymphatic endothelial cells, particularly those residing in lymph node sinuses, have recently been recognized as direct regulators of tumor immunity and immunotherapy responsiveness, presenting tumor antigens and expressing several immune-modulatory signals including PD-L1. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries in this rapidly evolving field and highlight strategies and challenges of therapeutic targeting of lymphatic vessels or specific lymphatic functions in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar C Dieterich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlotta Tacconi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Ducoli
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Varghese JR, Saranya D, Kalyanasundaram S, Kalyanaraman S. Role of podoplanin, E-cadherin, Ki-67 in the dissemination of tumor cells in ovarian surface epithelial carcinoma-An immunohistochemical study. Ann Diagn Pathol 2022; 60:151984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2022.151984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Fujimoto N, Dieterich LC. Mechanisms and Clinical Significance of Tumor Lymphatic Invasion. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102585. [PMID: 34685565 PMCID: PMC8533989 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated lymphatic vessels play an important role in tumor progression, mediating lymphatic dissemination of malignant cells to tumor-draining lymph nodes and regulating tumor immunity. An early, necessary step in the lymphatic metastasis cascade is the invasion of lymphatic vessels by tumor cell clusters or single tumor cells. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, which include tumor-specific as well as normal, developmental and immunological processes “hijacked” by tumor cells to gain access to the lymphatic system. Furthermore, we summarize the prognostic value of lymphatic invasion, discuss its relationship with local recurrence, lymph node and distant metastasis, and highlight potential therapeutic options and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriki Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan;
| | - Lothar C. Dieterich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Jardim JF, Galvis MM, Fabelo IR, Soares FA, Pinto CAL, Kowalski LP. Intratumoral lymphatic vascular density is an independent factor for disease-free and overall survival in advanced stage oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2021; 132:580-588. [PMID: 34509400 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The presence of lymphatic and blood vessels in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) should play a key role in progression and dissemination. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between the lymphatic and blood vessel densities with prognostic outcomes in advanced stage OSCC. STUDY DESIGN Immunohistochemical reactions for D-240, CD34, and CD105 were performed in 88 advanced stage OSCC cases located at the oral tongue and the floor of the mouth. The lymphatic vascular density (LVD), blood vascular density (BVD), and neoformed vascular density (NVD) were assessed by counting positive reactions in 4 hotspot areas, both intratumoral (IT) and peritumoral (PT), at high magnification (× 40). RESULTS High IT LVD was associated with extracapsular spread of lymph node metastasis (P = .03). Recurrence rates were correlated with IT LVD (P < .0001), IT BVD (P = .036), and IT NVD (P = .047), and overall survival was associated with high IT LVD (P = .0016) and IT NVD (P = .009). Yet, IT LVD was an independent factor for disease-free survival and for overall survival based on the Cox proportional hazards model. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that high IT LVD has a strong impact on survival outcomes in advanced stage OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juscelino Freitas Jardim
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil; Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisol Miranda Galvis
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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9
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Faustino SES, Tjioe KC, Assao A, Pereira MC, Carvalho AL, Kowalski LP, Oliveira DT. Association of lymph vessel density with occult lymph node metastasis and prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:114. [PMID: 33706734 PMCID: PMC7948342 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aims of this study were to determine intra (ILVD) and peritumoral (PLVD) lymphatic vessel density (LVD), and to investigate the relationship of LVD with occult metastasis and prognosis. Methods Eighty-seven oral squamous cell carcinomas, in clinical stages I or II, arising in the tongue or floor of the mouth were stained with podoplanin. Lymphatic vessels were quantified in intra and peritumoral areas by sequential analysis and hot spot evaluation. Associations of the ILVD and PLVD with clinicopathologic parameters were determined by Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. The 5 and 10-year survival rates were calculated by the Kaplan–Meier and compared using the log-rank test. Results No significant association was observed between ILVD or PLDV and clinicopathologic variables including occult lymph node metastasis, or clinical follow-up. However, ILVD showed a significant association with regional recurrence (p = 0.040). The perineural invasion was associated with PLVD (p = 0.041). Disease-specific (p = 0.044) and disease-free survivals (p = 0.016) had significant association with PLVD. Conclusions The intra or peritumoral lymphatic vessel density had no predictive value for occult lymph node metastasis in the early stages of oral cancer arising in the tongue or floor of mouth. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01459-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone E S Faustino
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology, and Radiology, Area of Pathology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Kellen C Tjioe
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology, and Radiology, Area of Pathology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil.,Oral Oncology Center, Aracatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Aracatuba, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Agnes Assao
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology, and Radiology, Area of Pathology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Michele C Pereira
- Federal University of São João Del Rei - Midwest Campus Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André L Carvalho
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz P Kowalski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, A.C. Camargo Hospital, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise T Oliveira
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology, and Radiology, Area of Pathology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil.
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10
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Pilborough AE, Lambert DW, Khurram SA. Extranodal extension in oral cancer: A role for the nodal microenvironment? J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:863-870. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice E. Pilborough
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Daniel W. Lambert
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Syed A. Khurram
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
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11
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Morphometric analysis of tumor stromal lymphatic vessels and lymphangiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY MEDICINE AND PATHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Mafra RP, Serpa MS, Lima KCD, Silveira ÉJDD, Souza LBD, Pinto LP. Immunohistochemical analysis of lymphatic vessel density and mast cells in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2018; 46:2234-2239. [PMID: 30482715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze lymphangiogenesis and the presence of mast cells in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC), correlating the findings with clinicopathological parameters (clinical stage, tumor size, nodal metastasis, histological grade of malignancy, local recurrence, and clinical outcome). Fifty-six cases of primary OTSCC were selected. Lymphatic vessels and mast cells were identified by immunostaining with anti-podoplanin (D2-40) and anti-tryptase antibody, respectively. Lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and mast cell density (MCD) were determined in the intratumoral and peritumoral areas. Intratumoral LVD was higher in advanced clinical stages (III/IV) when compared to early-stage (p = 0.017) and in metastatic cases compared to non-metastatic tumors (p = 0.013). Peritumoral LVD and intratumoral or peritumoral MCD did not differ significantly according to the clinicopathological parameters of OTSCCs (p > 0.05). No significant correlations between LVD and MCD were observed at the intratumoral (r = -0.014; p = 0.918) or peritumoral level (r = 0.156; p = 0.251). Our findings suggest that intratumoral lymphatic vessels, compared to peritumoral lymphatic vessels, appear to be more related to the progression of OTSCC. MCD alone does not seem to be determinant for lymphangiogenesis or for the biological behavior of OTSCC, indicating multiple pro- and antitumor effects of these inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Porpino Mafra
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Marianna Sampaio Serpa
- Postgraduate Program in Sciences, International Research Center/CIPE, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kenio Costa de Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Lélia Batista de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Leão Pereira Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Parmar P, Marwah N, Parshad S, Yadav T, Batra A, Sen R. Clinicopathological Significance of Tumor Lymphatic Vessel Density in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 70:102-110. [PMID: 29456952 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-017-1216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Various studies have demonstrated that the lymphatic system is the additional route for solid tumor metastasis. Lymph nodes metastasis in Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a major prognostic indicator for disease progression and a guide for therapeutic strategies. We conducted a study to compare intratumoral (IT) and peritumoral (PT) lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in HNSCC using lymphatic marker D2-40 and its correlation with lymph node metastasis, histological grading and other clinicopathological parameters. Fifty specimen of HNSCC with modified radical neck dissection tissue were included in the study group. Tissue from tumor, peritumoral tissue, tumor margin and all the lymph nodes were processed for paraffin wax blocks and histopathological diagnosis. Immunohistochemical profile of lymphatic vessels in intratumoral and peritumoral tissue was assessed by subjecting one section each from the tumor and peritumoral tissue to D2-40 immunostain. To determine LVD, four fields with the highest LVD (hot spots) were identified. The mean values were calculated by taking an average of all the measurements. The comparison of LVD between peritumoral and intratumoral area revealed significantly higher PT-LVD (P = 0.001). No significant association was seen between LVD, IT-LVD and PT-LVD and different age groups, gender, site of tumor, risk factors, size of tumor, tumor inflammation, pushing/infiltrating margin and stage of tumors. Significantly higher LVD, IT-LVD and PT-LVD was seen in association with lymph node metastasis. Both high intratumoral and peritumoral LVD were found significantly associated with the presence of lymph node metastasis, however lymphatic vessels were found to be significantly more numerous and larger in peritumoral areas as compared to intratumoral lymphatics. The specificity of D2-40 as a lymphatic endothelial marker was also confirmed. The results of our study support the possibility of using the determination of tumor lymphangiogenesis to identify patients of HNSCC who are at risk of developing the lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padam Parmar
- 1Department of Pathology, PT BDS PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
| | - Nisha Marwah
- 1Department of Pathology, PT BDS PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
| | | | - Taruna Yadav
- 3Department of Radiodiagnosis, PT BDS PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana India
| | - Ashima Batra
- 1Department of Pathology, PT BDS PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
| | - Rajeev Sen
- 1Department of Pathology, PT BDS PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
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Ohata Y, Tsuchiya M, Hirai H, Yamaguchi S, Akashi T, Sakamoto K, Yamaguchi A, Ikeda T, Kayamori K. Leukemia inhibitory factor produced by fibroblasts within tumor stroma participates in invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191865. [PMID: 29444110 PMCID: PMC5812599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between cancer cells and the cancer stroma plays a crucial role in tumor progression and metastasis in diverse malignancies, including oral cancer. However, the mechanism underlying this interaction remains incompletely elucidated. Here, to investigate the interaction between oral cancer cells and fibroblasts, which are major cellular components of the tumor stroma, we conducted an in vitro study by using human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines and normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). The results of transwell assays revealed that the migration and invasion of 2 OSCC cell lines, HO1-N-1 and HSC3, were markedly stimulated upon coculturing with NHDFs. To investigate the factors that promote tumor invasion, we isolated NHDFs from cocultures prepared with HO1-N-1 cells and performed microarray analysis. Among the various genes that were upregulated, we identified the gene encoding leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and we focused on LIF in further analyses. We confirmed that all OSCC-derived conditioned media potently upregulated LIF expression in NHDFs, and the results of our transwell analysis demonstrated that NHDF-induced OSCC migration and invasion were inhibited by LIF-neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of patient samples revealed that in 44 out of 112 OSCC cases, LIF was expressed in the tumor stroma, particularly in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and, notably, clinicopathological analyses confirmed that LIF expression in CAFs was significantly correlated with increased depth of tumor invasion. Collectively, our results suggest that OSCC stimulates fibroblasts to produce LIF, which, in turn, participates in cancer-cell invasion. Our finding offers a potential therapeutic strategy targeting the cancer stroma for the treatment of OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yae Ohata
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maiko Tsuchiya
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hirai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Akashi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Ikeda
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kou Kayamori
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Immunohistochemical Expression of Podoplanin in Clinical Variants of Oral Leukoplakia and Its Correlation With Epithelial Dysplasia. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2018; 26:132-139. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Immunoexpression of VEGFR-3, but not the immunoexpression of VEGF-C or lymphatic density, is correlated with metastasis in lower lip squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 46:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Marinho Bezerra de Oliveira Moura J, de Souza Martins Câmara AC, Weege Nonaka CF, Pinto LP, de Souza LB. Immunohistochemical comparative analysis of lymphatic vessel density and VEGF-C expression in squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue between young and old patients. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:1095-1101. [PMID: 27876236 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity is a malignant epithelial tumor that most commonly involves the tongue, and mainly affects men between the fifth and seventh decades of life. This study compared the lymphatic vessel density and VEGF-C expression in SCCs of the tongue between young and old patients. METHODS Thirty-four SCCs of the tongue, 17 diagnosed in young patients (≤40y) and 17 diagnosed in old patients (>50y), were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Lymphatic microdensity was determined based on the number of vessels immunoreactive to anti-D2-40 antibody. The percentage of neoplastic cells exhibiting cytoplasmic staining for VEGF-C was established for each case. RESULTS Assessment of intratumoral lymphatic microdensity (ILMD) disclosed a median number of 6.20 lymphatic vessels in young patients and of 6.60 in old patients (p=0.809). Analysis of peritumoral lymphatic microdensity (PLMD) revealed a median number of 3.60 lymphatic vessels in young patients and of 3.40 in old patients (p=0.769). In the tumor core, analysis of the percentage of immunopositive cells for VEGF-C revealed a median number of 95.95% in young patients and of 55.48% in old patients (p<0.001). In the deep invasive front, the median number of immunopositive cells for VEGF-C was 97.93% in young patients and 66.09% in old patients (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that the more aggressive biological behavior of SCC of the tongue in young patients may be related to a higher expression of VEGF-C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Leão Pereira Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Lélia Batista de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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18
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Lin NN, Wang P, Zhao D, Zhang FJ, Yang K, Chen R. Significance of oral cancer-associated fibroblasts in angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and tumor invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 46:21-30. [PMID: 27229731 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are recognized as a pivotal promoter in cancer initiation and development. However, the role of CAFs in the progression and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been fully elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and microvessel density (MVD) and the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 86 cases of OSCC. The correlations between α-SMA expression and MMP-9 expression, LVD, MVD, and other clinicopathological parameters were analyzed. In vitro invasion assay was performed to assess the effect of CAFs on the invasion of OSCC cells. We also investigated the effect of CAFs on the angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by inoculating CAFs with OSCC cells into nude mice subcutaneously. RESULTS Positive expression of α-SMA protein was detected in 69.8% of the tumors. Increased α-SMA expression was correlated strongly with enhanced tumor invasion, higher tumor grade, increased risk of recurrence, lymph node involvement, and higher peritumoral lymphatic vessel density and microvessel density (P < 0.05). CAFs induced more cancer cells to invade relative to normal fibroblasts (NFs) (P < 0.05). Compared with co-injection of OSCC cells and NFs or injection of tumor cells alone, co-injection of OSCC cells and CAFs resulted in earlier tumor formation and bigger tumor volume accompanied with increased angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION CAFs may play critical roles in OSCC progression as an inducer of tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. Therapeutic strategies targeting CAFs against OSCC is promising and need further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fu-Jun Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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19
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Dieterich LC, Detmar M. Tumor lymphangiogenesis and new drug development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 99:148-160. [PMID: 26705849 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, tumor-associated lymphatic vessels have been regarded as passive by-standers, serving simply as a drainage system for interstitial fluid generated within the tumor. However, with growing evidence that tumors actively induce lymphangiogenesis, and that the number of lymphatic vessels closely correlates with metastasis and clinical outcome in various types of cancer, this picture has changed dramatically in recent years. Tumor-associated lymphatic vessels have now emerged as a valid therapeutic target to control metastatic disease, and the first specific anti-lymphangiogenic drugs have recently entered clinical testing. Furthermore, we are just beginning to understand the whole functional spectrum of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels, which not only concerns transport of fluid and metastatic cells, but also includes the regulation of cancer stemness and specific inhibition of immune responses, opening new venues for therapeutic applications. Therefore, we predict that specific targeting of lymphatic vessels and their function will become an important tool for future cancer treatment.
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20
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Pak KH, Jo A, Choi HJ, Choi Y, Kim H, Cheong JH. The different role of intratumoral and peritumoral lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer progression and prognosis. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:498. [PMID: 26141595 PMCID: PMC4491256 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis plays a crucial role in metastasis and tumor progression. However, the significance of intratumoral lymphovascular density (I-LVD) and peritumoral lymphovascular density (P-LVD) has been controversial in gastric cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of clinicopathologic characteristics with respect to I-LVD and P-LVD in gastric cancer. Methods Samples of I-LVD and P-LVD from 66 patients who had undergone radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer were assessed after staining with D2-40, an immunostaining marker for lymphatic endothelium. The mean number of lymphatic vessels in three hotspots was calculated in intratumoral and peritumoral areas. Results The peritumoral lymphatics were enlarged with dilated lumens compared to the intratumoral lymphatics. I-LVD was positively correlated with diffuse gastric cancer subtype, tumor stage, lymphovascular invasion, tumor node metastasis stage, and overall survival (P <0.05). P-LVD was associated with lymphovascular invasion, node stage, and disease-free survival (P <0.05). Conclusions We conclude that P-LVD had an important role in lymph node metastasis, while I-LVD was more associated with depth of tumor invasion. However, both LVDs contributed to gastric cancer progression and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ho Pak
- Department of Surgery, Hallym University Medical Center, Hwasung, South Korea.
| | - Ara Jo
- Depatment of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 120-752, Seoul, South Korea. .,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hye Ji Choi
- Depatment of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 120-752, Seoul, South Korea. .,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Younghee Choi
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hwasung, South Korea.
| | - Hyunki Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 120-752, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Ho Cheong
- Depatment of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 120-752, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 120-752, Seoul, South Korea. .,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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21
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Shirako Y, Taya Y, Sato K, Chiba T, Imai K, Shimazu Y, Aoba T, Soeno Y. Heterogeneous tumor stromal microenvironments of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells in tongue and nodal metastatic lesions in a xenograft mouse model. J Oral Pathol Med 2015; 44:656-68. [PMID: 25765182 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma exhibits a poor prognosis, caused by aggressive progression and early-stage metastasis to cervical lymph nodes. Here, we developed a xenograft mouse model to explore the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment that may govern local invasion and nodal metastasis of tumor cells. METHODS We transplanted five oral carcinoma cell lines into the tongues of nude mice and determined tongue tumor growth and micrometastatic dissemination by serially sectioning the tongue and lymph node lesions in combination with immunohistochemistry and computer-assisted image analysis. Our morphometric analysis enabled a quantitative assessment of blood and lymphatic endothelial densities in the intratumoral and host stromal regions. RESULTS All cell lines tested were tumorigenic in mouse tongue. The metastatic lesion-derived carcinoma cell lines (OSC19, OSC20, and HSC2) yielded a 100% nodal metastasis rate, whereas the primary tumor-derived cell lines (KOSC2 and HO-1-u-1) showed <40% metastatic potential. Immunohistochemistry showed that the individual cell lines gave rise to heterogeneous tumor architecture and phenotypes and that their micrometastatic lesions assimilated the immunophenotypic properties of the corresponding tongue tumors. Notably, OSC19 and OSC20 cells shared similar aggressive tumorigenicity in both the tongue and lymph node environments but displayed markedly diverse immunophenotypes and gene expression profiles. CONCLUSIONS Our model facilitated comparing the tumor microenvironments in tongue and lymph node lesions. The results support that tumorigenicity and tumor architecture in the host tongue environment depend on the origin and properties of the carcinoma cell lines and that metastatic progression may take place through heterogeneous tumor-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Shirako
- Department of Pathology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Taya
- Department of Pathology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Sato
- Department of Pathology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashige Chiba
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushi Imai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shimazu
- Department of Pathology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Food and Life Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takaaki Aoba
- Department of Pathology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuuichi Soeno
- Department of Pathology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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de Vicente JC, Santamarta TR, Rodrigo JP, García-Pedrero JM, Allonca E, Blanco-Lorenzo V. Expression of podoplanin in the invasion front of oral squamous cell carcinoma is not prognostic for survival. Virchows Arch 2015; 466:549-58. [PMID: 25726183 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Podoplanin is involved in actin remodeling of the cytoskeleton of tumor cells and may promote tumor cell invasion by increasing cell motility and formation of filopodia-like membrane protrusions. Podoplanin is expressed in a variety of tumors, but its role in head and neck cancer, particularly in oral squamous cell carcinoma, remains unclear. We studied podoplanin expression by immunohistochemistry in 92 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) using a monoclonal antibody against an epitope of podoplanin (D2-40). In terms of the number of stained cells, 34 OSCC (38 %) had low podoplanin expression (less than 33 % of cells), 33 (36 %) showed moderate expression (between 34 and 66 % of cells), and 21 (22 %) showed high expression. The intensity of immunostaining was strong in 26 (28 %) cases, moderate in 36 (40 %), and weak or negative in the remaining 30 tumors (32 %). Immunohistochemical expression of podoplanin was associated with a tumor histological grade. A diffuse pattern of podoplanin expression significantly decreased in moderately differentiated (37 %) and poorly differentiated (20 %) carcinomas compared to well-differentiated (43 %) carcinomas. In addition, the focal expression of podoplanin in the invasion front of the tumor, without expression in the tumor center, was observed in 72 % of well-differentiated tumors, 27 % of moderate tumors, and 0 % of poorly differentiated tumors. Moreover, a trend was found toward an association of diffuse podoplanin staining with the development of second primary carcinomas (13 %), in contrast to its expression in the invasion front (3 %). No association was observed between podoplanin expression and nodal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos de Vicente
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), C/Carretera de Rubín, s/n, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain,
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23
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Agarwal D, Pardhe N, Bajpai M, Gupta S, Mathur N, Vanaki SS, Puranik RS, Mittal M. Characterization, Localization and Patterning of Lymphatics and Blood Vessels in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Comparative Study Using D2-40 and CD-34 IHC Marker. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:ZC86-9. [PMID: 25478456 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/10311.5072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lymphatic metastasis has always been regarded as a major prognostic indicator for disease progression and as a guide for therapeutic strategies to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Differentiating lymphatic vessels from blood vessels is difficult, partly due to lack of specific method for identifying lymphatics. A new lymphatic vessel reactive antibody D2-40 has been introduced recently. Here we examined immunohistochemical localization of lymphatic vessels and blood vessels using D2-40 and CD-34 respectively in different histological grades of OSCC. Their expression in intra-tumoural and peri-tumoural region was also compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty two formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of excised specimens of OSCC were immunohistochemically evaluated using D2-40 and CD-34 antibodies. Lymphatic vessel density (LVD) (D2-40 positivity) and micro vessel density (MVD) (CD34 positivity) in both intratumoural and peritumoural areas were assessed by hot spot method. RESULTS Regardless of histopathological differentiation, LVD-- and MVD in peritumoural areas were found greater than intratumoural areas (p>0.05). Interestingly, other than lymphatic vessels, D2-40 positivity was also detected in tumour cells as well as in basal layer of epithelium adjacent to OSCC. Two patterns of distribution of CD34 positive vessel - circumscribing type and penetrating type were also observed in the cancer nest area. CONCLUSION D2-40 can be used as a marker to differentiate lymphatic vessels from blood vessels. Lymphatic and blood vessel proliferation might be much more extensive in the peritumoural area. D2-40 expression in epithelium adjacent to tumour indicates its role in the process of differentiation. Further, its expression in potential malignant disorder may provide better insight in predicting prognosis and pathogenesis of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshant Agarwal
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, NIMS Dental College and Hospital , Jaipur, India
| | - Nilesh Pardhe
- Professor & Head, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, NIMS Dental College & Hospital , Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manas Bajpai
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, NIMS Dental College and Hospital , Jaipur, India
| | - Shailendra Gupta
- Professor & Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, RKDF Dental College , Bhopal, India
| | - Nikunj Mathur
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Government Dental College , Jaipur, India
| | - S S Vanaki
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, PMNM Dental College and Hospital , Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| | - R S Puranik
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, PMNM Dental College and Hospital , Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| | - Manoj Mittal
- Professor & Head, Department of Periodontics, RKDF Dental College , Bhopal, India
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de Sousa EA, Lourenço SV, de Moraes FPP, Vartanian JG, Gonçalves-Filho J, Kowalski LP, Soares FA, Coutinho-Camillo CM. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma lymphatic spread and survival: Relevance of vascular endothelial growth factor family for tumor evaluation. Head Neck 2014; 37:1410-6. [PMID: 24824527 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is primarily a locoregional disease in which the cervical lymph nodes are the chief site of metastasis. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between lymphangiogenesis and clinicopathological aspects of HNSCC and its metastasis. METHODS Fifty-two patients with HNSCC and metastatic lymph nodes from 21 of these subjects were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The HNSCC samples were predominantly negative for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, VEGF-D, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)3. There was an association between the density of lymph vessels (measured by D2-40 staining) in the lymph nodes and advanced-stage tumors. There was no link between the expression of these proteins and survival rates. CONCLUSION Although lymphatic spread is a significant event in the progression of HNSCC, the expression of VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and VEGFR3 does not correlate with clinicopathological characteristics, suggesting that other signaling pathways mediate lymphangiogenesis in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José Guilherme Vartanian
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Gonçalves-Filho
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Soares
- Department of Pathology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of General Pathology, Dental School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Podoplanin—a novel marker in oral carcinogenesis. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:8407-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Abstract
Despite the tremendous number of studies of prognostic molecular markers in cancer, only a few such markers have entered clinical practise. The lack of clinical prognostic markers clearly reflects limitations in or an inappropriate approach to prognostic studies. This situation should be of great concern for the research community, clinicians and patients. In the present review, we evaluate immunohistochemical prognostic marker studies in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) from 2006 to 2012. We comment upon general issues such as study design, assay methods and statistical methods, applicable to prognostic marker studies irrespective of cancer type. The three most frequently studied markers in OSCC are reviewed. Our analysis revealed that most new molecular markers are reported only once. To draw conclusions of clinical relevance based on the few markers that appeared in more than one study was problematic due to between-study heterogeneity. Currently, much valuable tissue material, time and money are wasted on irrelevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine M Søland
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo
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Yu M, Liu L, Liang C, Li P, Ma X, Zhang Q, Wei Y. Intratumoral vessel density as prognostic factors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of literature. Head Neck 2013; 36:596-602. [PMID: 23780885 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to comprehensively and quantitatively summarize the prognostic value of microvessel density (MVD) and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) for the survival of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS Relevant literatures were identified using Medline and EMBASE. A meta-analysis was performed to clarify the prognostic role of MVD and LVD. RESULTS A total of 18 articles (13 for MVD and 5 for LVD; n = 1279 and n = 408) were pooled for the global meta-analysis. The mortality was 1.23-fold higher for patients whose MVD counts were above the cutoff (risk ratio [RR], 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99-1.52), compared with those below it, and this result was on a borderline (p = .06). The mortality of patients with high LVD counts was 2.07-fold higher (RR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.16-3.71; p = .01). CONCLUSION High counts of LVD, not MVD, are associated with worse 5-year overall survival (OS) in patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
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Lymphangiogenesis and podoplanin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma and the associated lymph nodes. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2013; 20:588-94. [PMID: 22495364 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e31824bb3ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate lymphangiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma and in the associated lymph nodes and podoplanin expression in neoplastic cells at the invasive front. In addition, the association of the above parameters with lymph node metastasis was also investigated. We used immunohistochemistry to examine primary tumors and lymph nodes, regardless of metastasis. Lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and microvessel density (MVD) were assessed by antibodies D2-40 and CD105, respectively, in intratumoral and peritumoral areas and in lymph node regions. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 expression was evaluated in tumor cells and D2-40 (podoplanin) expression in parenchymal cells found at the invasive front. The majority of cases with nodal involvement presented a high peritumoral LVD. In addition, a strong association of LVD with size and site of primary tumors could also be identified. MVD was statistically associated with metastasis, and a significant association between the lymphangiogenic factors and the density of vessels in the intratumoral region was also seen. The well-differentiated tumors did not express podoplanin. LVD and MVD were higher in metastatic lymph nodes than in nonmetastatic lymph nodes. The enhanced vascular network in metastatic lymph nodes reinforces the previous reports of lymphangiogenesis occurrence in lymph nodes. Moreover, the expression of podoplanin by more undifferentiated tumor cells suggests that this protein could be an indicator of tumor aggressiveness.
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Koontongkaew S. The tumor microenvironment contribution to development, growth, invasion and metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. J Cancer 2013; 4:66-83. [PMID: 23386906 PMCID: PMC3564248 DOI: 10.7150/jca.5112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a complex tissue that contains tumor cells and the surrounding stroma, which is populated by different types of mesenchymal cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Collectively, they are referred to as the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent studies have shown that TME has a more profound influence on the growth and metastasis of HNSCC than was previously appreciated. Because carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are frequently observed in the stroma of the tumor, this review focuses on the potential role of tumor-CAFs interactions in progression of HNSCC. Tumor-CAFs crosstalk enhances the production of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and inflammatory mediators, which eventually facilitates tumor growth. In fact, factors and cells that do not support tumor growth are usually down regulated or mitigated in TME. Therefore TME may determine the fate of the tumors at the site of invasion and metastasis. For tumor cells that survive at these sites, stromal activation may serve to establish a supportive tumor stroma, fostering the outgrowth of the metastatic cells. The concept of tumor-stromal interactions and microenvironmental niche has profound consequences in tumor growth and metastasis and therefore, it's understanding will open up new strategies for the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sittichai Koontongkaew
- 1. Oral Biology Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Klong Luang, Prathumtani 12121, Thailand ; 2. Medicinal Herb Research Unit, Thammasat University, Thailand
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Prognostic value of clinicopathological parameters and outcome in 484 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma: microvascular invasion (V+) is an independent prognostic factor for OSCC. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 14:870-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0867-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Over-expression of integrin-linked kinase correlates with aberrant expression of Snail, E-cadherin and N-cadherin in oral squamous cell carcinoma: implications in tumor progression and metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:957-69. [PMID: 22638656 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK), an intracellular protein with serine/threonine protein kinase activities, plays a key role in integrin mediated cell-excellular matrix interactions, regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and migration. ILK has been implicated in the development and progression in several malignancies. However, the role of ILK and ILK-mediated epithelial-mensenchymal transition (EMT) in the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been well understood. Here, by immunohistochemistry, we studied the expression of ILK, Snail, E-cadherin and N-cadherin in 98 primary OSCC specimens and analyzed their correlations with clinicopathologic profiles and clinical outcome. We also investigated the expression of ILK in 42 corresponding lymph node metastases. Positive expression of ILK protein was detected in 87.8 % of the primary tumors and 100 % of metastatic lesions. Increased ILK expression was correlated strongly with enhanced tumor invasion, higher tumor grade, advanced clinical stage, positive lymph node status and increased risk of recurrence. Higher ILK expression was also observed in lymph node metastases in comparison with the corresponding primary tumor. Moreover, up-regulation of Snail and N-cadherin and down-regulation of E-cadherin correlated significantly with both ILK over-expression and tumor invasion. Patients with higher ILK expression exhibited shorter disease-free survival while those with absent E-cadherin expression exhibited shorter overall and disease-free survival. Taken together, our results suggest that ILK may have an important role in progression and metastasis of OSCC, possibly through EMT involving up-regulation of Snail and consequent aberrant expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin. ILK should be considered as a critical prognostic indicator for patients with OSCC.
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Lee SW, Park YW. Expression of endoglin and podoplanin in early and advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2012.38.3.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Woon Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Young-Wook Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
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Zhao D, Wang SH, Feng Y, Hua CG, Zhao J, Tang XF. Intratumoral c-Met expression is associated with vascular endothelial growth factor C expression, lymphangiogenesis, and lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma: implications for use as a prognostic marker. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:1514-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Dong Z, Wei F, Zhou C, Sumida T, Hamakawa H, Hu Y, Liu S. Silencing Id-1 inhibits lymphangiogenesis through down-regulation of VEGF-C in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2010; 47:27-32. [PMID: 21111670 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that overexpression of Id-1 (inhibitor of differentiation/DNA binding) was associated with lymphatic metastasis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In this study, we further unveiled the association of Id-1 with vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and peritumoral lymphatic vessel density (PLVD), and the effect of silencing Id-1 on inhibiting lymphangiogenesis in OSCC. We found that Id-1 was associated with VEGF-C (r=0.569, p<0.001) and PLVD (r=0.240, p<0.001) in OSCC. Lentivirus-mediated RNA interference targeting Id-1 in an OSCC cell line Tca8113 resulted in down-regulation of VEGF-C (p=0.003, 0.007). Moreover, when Id-1 was suppressed by injecting Id-1-siRNA-lentivirus into the transplanted tumors in nude mice, VEGF-C was down-regulated (p=0.018) and the PLVD decreased (p=0.001). Our results suggest that Id-1 was correlated with lymphangiogenesis in OSCC. Silencing Id-1 could inhibit lymphangiogenesis through down-regulation of VEGF-C and it might be a promising treatment modality for the lymphatic metastasis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoqing Dong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital, and Stamatology Research Center, Shandong University, 107#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
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Cha JD, Li S, Cha IH. Association between expression of embryonic lethal abnormal vision-like protein HuR and cyclooxygenase-2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2010; 33:627-37. [PMID: 20960565 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased cytoplasmic HuR expression has been noted in several cancer types, where it may contribute to the increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression observed during tumorigenesis and metastasis. METHODS To assess the correlation between COX-2 and HuR in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the expression patterns of HuR and COX-2 were assessed via immunohistochemistry analyses of 103 OSCC samples. RESULTS Cytoplasmic HuR expression was significantly associated with COX-2 expression (p < .025) and lymph node metastasis (p < .050) and distant metastasis (p < .025). In multivariate analysis, cytoplasmic HuR expression was identified as an independent prognostic parameter for reduced overall survival. The inhibition of HuR expression by siRNA or leptomycin B (LMB) caused a reduction in the inducibility of COX-2 in oral cancer cells. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the cytoplasmic expression of HuR is associated with COX-2 expression in OSCCs and HuR can regulate COX-2 expression in oral cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Dan Cha
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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Stromal impact on tumor growth and lymphangiogenesis in human carcinoma xenografts. Virchows Arch 2010; 457:677-92. [PMID: 20890764 PMCID: PMC2995317 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-010-0980-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) arising in the oral cavity are associated with poor survival, mainly due to metastatic disease. In contrast, skin SCCs rarely metastasize and are usually curable. To study influence of tongue and skin stroma on cancer growth and induction of lymphangiogenesis, xenograft tumors of human carcinoma cells were established either in tongue or skin of BALB/c nude mice. Two oral and two skin SCC cell lines were used, as well as an endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line. Tongue tumors established from all cell lines were larger than corresponding skin tumors. Peritumoral lymphatic vessel density was up to five times higher in tongue than in corresponding skin tumors, and mRNA level of the lymphangiogenic growth factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C was twice as high in tongue tumors compared with corresponding skin tumors. Contrary to lymphatic vessel density, blood vessel density was higher in skin tumors than in tongue tumors. In a cohort of patient samples, lymphatic vessel density was found to be higher in tongue SCCs compared with skin SCCs, supporting a clinical relevance of our findings. Our results show that the tumor stroma has a profound impact on cancer growth and induction of lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis. The difference in lymphatic vessel density between tongue and skin tumors may be important in directing metastatic potential of tumors arising in these organs.
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The Probable Role of Tumor Stem Cells for Lymph Node Metastasis in Supraglottic Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2010; 17:33-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-010-9271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Palomba A, Gallo O, Brahimi A, Franchi A. Evaluation of lymphangiogenesis in premalignant conditions of the head and neck mucosa. Head Neck 2010; 32:1681-5. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.21388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Ishii H, Chikamatsu K, Sakakura K, Miyata M, Furuya N, Masuyama K. Primary tumor induces sentinel lymph node lymphangiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:373-8. [PMID: 20308006 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The main factor that affects the prognosis of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is regional lymph node metastases, which usually spreads first to the sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). Recent studies have demonstrated that tumor cells in several malignancies can induce lymphangiogenesis in SLNs before metastasizing. To elucidate the mechanisms of tumor dissemination of OSCC, we investigated whether primary tumors induce lymphangiogenesis within SLNs in patients with OSCC. The mRNA expression of lymphatic-specific markers, including VEGFR-3, Prox-1, and LYVE-1 in 23 metastasis-negative SLNs obtained from 10 patients with OSCC, was investigated using a quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay, and compared with control lymph nodes from patients with non-cancerous diseases. In addition, VEGF-C and VEGF-D expressions of the primary tumor were examined by immunohistochemistry. In SLNs, there were highly significant correlations between the three lymphatic markers examined. Interestingly, the level of LYVE-1 expression in SLNs, despite the absence of metastasis, was significantly higher than in control lymph nodes. Moreover, SLNs from patients with VEGF-C-positive tumor showed a significantly higher expression of VEGFR-3 than those from patients with VEGF-C-negative tumor. Our findings suggest that in OSCC, the primary tumor actively induces lymphangiogenesis in SLNs prior to the onset of metastases, and where tumor-derived VEGF-C plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishii
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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Lee K, Park DJ, Choe G, Kim HH, Kim WH, Lee HS. Increased intratumoral lymphatic vessel density correlates with lymph node metastasis in early gastric carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 17:73-80. [PMID: 19777179 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prediction of lymph node metastasis in early gastric carcinoma (EGC) is important for management and follow-up of EGC patients. Increased lymphangiogenesis has been suggested to correlate with lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis in various tumors. METHODS Lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and microvessel density (MVD) of 141 EGCs were determined by double immunohistochemical staining for D2-40 and CD31. The mean values of three to five hotspots were calculated in intratumoral and peritumoral areas in digital images. RESULTS The mean value of intratumoral LVD in a lymph-node-positive EGC group was 28.24/field, which was significantly higher than in a lymph-node-negative EGC group (19.43/field, P = 0.005). Peritumoral LVD, intratumoral MVD, and peritumoral MVD did not correlate with lymph node metastasis in EGCs (P > 0.05). Intratumoral LVD did not show significant differences according to lymphatic invasion and differentiation, which were positive predictors for lymph node metastasis in EGC. Using multivariate logistic regression, intratumoral LVD was an independent factor, with the above two factors and depth of invasion, for the prediction of lymph node metastasis in EGC with a relative risk of 3.570 in high-intratumoral-LVD group compared with low-intratumoral-LVD group (P = 0.022). CONCLUSION Intratumoral LVD may be a useful, independent predictor for lymph node metastasis, especially in combination with previously established predictors in EGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungbun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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