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Agostini BA, Sarkis-Onofre R, Ortiz FR, Correa MB, Peres MA, Peres KG, Santos IS, Matijasevich A, Barros FCLF, Demarco FF. Structural Relationships between Asthma and Dental Caries in Children: A Birth Cohort Study in Southern Brazil. Caries Res 2024; 58:63-71. [PMID: 38194934 DOI: 10.1159/000535953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an inconclusive causal association between asthma symptoms and dental caries in the primary dentition. This study aimed to investigate, using SEM (structural equation modeling), a possible causal relation between asthma and dental caries in the primary dentition. METHODS Using data from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study, a sub-sample of 1,303 individuals was selected. Dental caries was clinically evaluated at 5 years old based on decayed, missing, and filled tooth (dmft) index criteria. Asthma-related symptoms (wheezing and shortness of breath) at 1- and 4-year-olds composed a latent variable and were the main exposures to caries occurrence. SEM was used to identify possible direct, indirect, and mediated effects of asthma in primary dentition dental caries. RESULTS The general prevalence of caries at age 5 was 1.95 (SD: 3.56). When comparing the dmft values for children with asthma symptoms and those without, they presented similar values in both periods where asthma symptoms were evaluated (1- and 4-year-old). SEM analysis showed that asthma was neither directly nor indirectly related to dental caries. CONCLUSION Asthma, using a latent variable constructed based on asthma symptoms, showed no causal effect on dental caries occurrence in the primary dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernanda R Ortiz
- Post Graduate Program in Dentistry, ATITUS Educação, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Correa
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Marco A Peres
- National Dental Research Institute Singapore, National Dental Centre Singapore, Oral Health ACP, Health Services and Systems Research Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karen G Peres
- National Dental Research Institute Singapore, National Dental Centre Singapore, Oral Health ACP, Health Services and Systems Research Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Iná S Santos
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Alícia Matijasevich
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando C L F Barros
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Flávio F Demarco
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Ucuncu MY, Topcuoglu N, Kulekci G, Ucuncu MK, Erelel M, Gokce YB. A comparative evaluation of the effects of respiratory diseases on dental caries. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:13. [PMID: 38172821 PMCID: PMC10765908 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03781-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to evaluate the susceptibility of patients suffering from asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to dental caries by analyzing the physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics of saliva, which are influenced by the medications they use. METHODS A cohort of 104 individuals, spanning from 18 to 70 years of age, underwent a meticulous categorization based on their unique medical profiles and prescribed medication routines. Subsequently, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted to elucidate potential risk factors associated with dental caries. Alongside the assessment of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT index), decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (DMFS index), and Green and Vermillion Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (G&V OHI-S) values, measurements were performed to gauge salivary flow rate, buffering capacity, and the presence of S. mutans, L. casei, S. aureus, and C. albicans. The acquired data were then inputted into the Cariogram software, enabling the derivation of personalized caries risk profiles for each individual. RESULTS The diseased group exhibited significantly elevated levels of DMFT, DMFS, and G&V OHI-S values in comparison to the control group (p < 0.01). Moreover, the caries risk levels derived from the Cariogram were found to be significantly higher in patients diagnosed with asthma and COPD (p < 0.01). Notably, no substantial distinction was observed between these two experimental groups. Furthermore, it was discerned that COPD patients utilizing two or three distinct medications did not display any discernible variation in terms of their susceptibility to dental caries (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Asthma and COPD patients exhibit an increased susceptibility to dental caries as a result of their medication regimens. Hence, it is highly advisable for these individuals to demonstrate heightened vigilance in terms of oral hygiene practices and seek regular dental check-ups for continuous monitoring and preventive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Yildirim Ucuncu
- Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nursen Topcuoglu
- Faculty of Dentistry, Deparment of Basic Medical Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Guven Kulekci
- Faculty of Dentistry, Deparment of Basic Medical Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Musa Kazim Ucuncu
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Altinbas University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Erelel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Benderli Gokce
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Moreira LV, Galvão EL, Mourão PS, Ramos-Jorge ML, Fernandes IB. Association between asthma and oral conditions in children and adolescents: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:45-67. [PMID: 36459238 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between asthma and oral conditions in children and adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS Observational studies that evaluated the association between asthma and oral conditions in children and/or adolescents were retrieved from five databases, grey literature and reference lists up to April 7th, 2022. Meta-analyses were performed, and I2 statistics were calculated. The mean difference was used as a measure of effect for continuous variables. Event frequencies were evaluated to determine odds ratios for dichotomous variables. Publication bias was investigated using Egger's test. The methodological quality (JBI) and certainty of the evidence (GRADE) were assessed. RESULTS Forty-two studies were eligible, and sixteen were included in the meta-analysis. Mean dmft (MD: 1.11, 95%CI: 0.48-1.73), DMFT (MD: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.45-1.56), dmfs (MD: 3.62, 95%CI: 2.60-4.63) and DMFS (MD: 4.47, 95%CI: 0.98-7.96) indices were significantly higher in asthmatic children and adolescents compared to those without asthma. In the analysis of biofilm, asthmatic children and adolescents had a higher Plaque Index compared to those without asthma (MD: 0.18, 95%CI: 0.03-0.33). CONCLUSION Asthmatic children and adolescents may be more likely to develop tooth decay and build up biofilm compared to those without asthma. It is suggested that there are no differences between asthmatic and non-asthmatic children and adolescents regarding gingivitis, developmental defects of enamel or erosive tooth wear. The certainty of the evidence was classified as 'very low'. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Knowledge of the risks that asthma and asthma medications for oral health can assist in counselling families of children and adolescents with this condition in terms of control and prevention measures for oral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Viviam Moreira
- Department of Dentistry, School of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha E Mucuri, Rua da Glória, 187, 39.100-000, Diamantina, MG, Brazil.
| | - Endi Lanza Galvão
- Department of Dentistry, School of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha E Mucuri, Rua da Glória, 187, 39.100-000, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Priscila Seixas Mourão
- Department of Dentistry, School of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha E Mucuri, Rua da Glória, 187, 39.100-000, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Letícia Ramos-Jorge
- Department of Dentistry, School of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha E Mucuri, Rua da Glória, 187, 39.100-000, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Izabella Barbosa Fernandes
- Department of Dentistry, School of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha E Mucuri, Rua da Glória, 187, 39.100-000, Diamantina, MG, Brazil.,Department of Child and Adolescent Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Universidade, Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Gani F, Caminati M, Bellavia F, Baroso A, Faccioni P, Pancera P, Batani V, Senna G. Oral health in asthmatic patients: a review : Asthma and its therapy may impact on oral health. Clin Mol Allergy 2020; 18:22. [PMID: 33292326 PMCID: PMC7648282 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-020-00137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Different drugs used to treat asthma, such as beta 2 agonists and inhaled steroids, may promote a higher risk of caries, dental erosion, periodontal disease and oral candidiasis. This article reviews the evidences of mechanisms involved in oral diseases in patients affected by asthma. The main mechanism involved is the reduction of salivary flow. Other mechanisms include: acid pH in oral cavity induced by inhaled drugs (particularly dry powder inhaled), lifestyle (bad oral hygiene and higher consumption of sweet and acidic drinks), gastroesophageal reflux, and the impairment of local immunity. In conclusion asthma is involved in the genesis of oral pathologies both directly and indirectly due to the effect of the drugs used to treat them. Other cofactors such as poor oral hygiene increase the risk of developing oral diseases in these patients. Preventive oral measures, therefore, should be part of a global care for patients suffering from asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Gani
- Allergy Service AOU San Luigi Gonzaga Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Caminati
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Bellavia
- Allergy Service AOU San Luigi Gonzaga Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Baroso
- Allergy Service AOU San Luigi Gonzaga Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Faccioni
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Pancera
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Veronica Batani
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro, Verona, Italy.
| | - Gianenrico Senna
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro, Verona, Italy.,Allergy Unit and Asthma Center, Verona University Hospital, Piazzale Scuro, Verona, Italy
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Hatipoğlu Ö, Pertek Hatipoğlu F. Association between asthma and caries-related salivary factors: a meta-analysis. J Asthma 2020; 59:38-53. [PMID: 32946317 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2020.1826045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This meta-analysis aimed to examine the comprehensive conclusive evidence of association between asthma and caries-related salivary factors including salivary pH (SpH), salivary flow rate (SFR), salivary buffer capacity (SBC), and other salivary components. METHODS Electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Open Gray databases) were searched for relevant studies. After screening, studies were selected and data were collected from each study. The risk of bias in individual studies and across studies was evaluated. Mean differences (MD) were used to measure the effect estimates in the comparisons of SFR, SpH, SBC, and other salivary components. Additional analyses, namely sensitivity, subgroup, and Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation analyses, were also conducted. RESULTS Eighteen and fourteen studies were included in the qualitative and quantitative synthesis, respectively. Significantly higher SFR (MD = -0.3, 95% CI [-0.39, -0.2], p < 0.001) and SpH (MD = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.05], p = 0.01) were found in the reference group compared to the group with asthma. A significant difference in SBC was found only for unstimulated saliva (MD = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.24, -0.15], p < 0.001). No significant associations were found between asthma and other salivary components (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Notwithstanding the limitations of this study, the evidence showed that SFR whether stimulated or unstimulated was significantly reduced in asthma patients. SBC and SpH were significantly reduced in asthma patients only when saliva was unstimulated. No evidence was found regarding the association between asthma and other salivary components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Hatipoğlu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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Bairappan S, Puranik MP, R SK. Impact of asthma and its medication on salivary characteristics and oral health in adolescents: A cross-sectional comparative study. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2020; 40:227-237. [PMID: 32357265 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess and compare the salivary characteristics and oral health and to evaluate the impact of asthma and its medication on dental caries among adolescents with and without asthma. METHODS A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 50 asthmatic and 50 nonasthmatic adolescents aged 12-15 years in Bangalore City. Data were acquired using a structured questionnaire. Salivary samples were collected to determine the flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli counts. Oral health assessment was performed using WHO 2013 proforma. Inferential statistics such as chi-square, student's t-test, spearman's correlation, multinomial logistic. and stepwise linear regression were applied with P < .05 considered as significant. RESULTS Asthmatic participants had significantly higher mean number of teeth with dental caries, gingival bleeding, and dental erosion than nonasthmatics (P < .05). The prevalence of fluorosis, traumatic dental injuries, and oral mucosal lesions in asthmatics were 34.0%, 38.0%, and 28.0%, respectively. Most of the asthmatic participants required preventive or routine (18.0%) and prompt treatment (30.0%). Statistically significant difference was found in the flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, S. mutans and Lactobacilli counts, and Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) index between asthmatic and nonasthmatic participants. Severity of asthma, medication use, and dental caries experience significantly correlated with low salivary flow rate, pH and buffering capacity, and higher levels of S. mutans and Lactobacilli (P < .001). Asthmatic participants had significantly higher odds of having very low unstimulated salivary flow rate (odds ratio [OR] = 3.2), buffering capacity (OR = 2.94), highly acidic pH (OR = 3.65), high risk of S. mutans (OR = 6.02), and DMFT ≥ 1 (OR = 2.06) than nonasthmatics (P < .05). CONCLUSION Salivary characteristics and oral health were significantly poor in asthmatic adolescents. Asthma and its medications had significant impact on salivary characteristics and dental caries among asthmatic adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhiya Bairappan
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Manjunath P Puranik
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Sowmya K R
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
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Zahid W, Rozi S, Khan FR, Zahid N, Kadir M. Association between Asthma and Dental Caries amongst 12 - 15 Years Old Children: A School-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Karachi, Pakistan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/ojepi.2019.91010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hossny E, Rosario N, Lee BW, Singh M, El-Ghoneimy D, SOH JY, Le Souef P. The use of inhaled corticosteroids in pediatric asthma: update. World Allergy Organ J 2016; 9:26. [PMID: 27551328 PMCID: PMC4982274 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-016-0117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of several formulations of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and delivery devices for treatment of childhood asthma and despite the development of evidence-based guidelines, childhood asthma control remains suboptimal. Improving uptake of asthma management plans, both by families and practitioners, is needed. Adherence to daily ICS therapy is a key determinant of asthma control and this mandates that asthma education follow a repetitive pattern and involve literal explanation and physical demonstration of the optimal use of inhaler devices. The potential adverse effects of ICS need to be weighed against the benefit of these drugs to control persistent asthma especially that its safety profile is markedly better than oral glucocorticoids. This article reviews the key mechanisms of inhaled corticosteroid action; recommendations on dosage and therapeutic regimens; potential optimization of effectiveness by addressing inhaler technique and adherence to therapy; and updated knowledge on the real magnitude of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hossny
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Children’s Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
| | | | - Bee Wah Lee
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Meenu Singh
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Dalia El-Ghoneimy
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Children’s Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
| | - Jian Yi SOH
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter Le Souef
- Winthrop Professor of Paediatrics & Child Health, School of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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Brigic A, Kobaslija S, Zukanovic A. Cariogenic Potential of Inhaled Antiasthmatic Drugs. Med Arch 2015; 69:247-50. [PMID: 26543312 PMCID: PMC4610653 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2015.69.247-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The organism of children with asthma is exposed to the effects of the disease but also the drugs for its treatment. Antiasthmatic drugs have different modes that promote the caries formation which varies according to their basic pharmacological composition. Namely, these drugs have a relatively low pH (5.5), can contain sweeteners such as lactose monohydrate in order to improve the drug taste or both. Frequent consumption of these inhalers in combination with reduced secretion of saliva increases the risk of caries. Material and methods: The study sample consisted of 200 patients, age from 7-14 years, divided into two groups: control group (n1 = 100) consisted of healthy children and the experimental group consisted of children suffering from asthma (n2 = 100). In both groups of respondents are determined the DMFT index, plaque index value and hygienic-dietary habits using the questionnaire. The subjects in the control group had significantly higher DMFT index than subjects in the experimental group (p = 0.004). It is determined that there are no significant differences in the values of plaque index (p>0.05). Conclusion: The effect of different diseases or medications from their treatment, diet and fermentable carbohydrates in the etiology of dental caries cannot be observed outside the living conditions of subjects, their social epidemiologic status, age, habits, oral hygiene, fluoride use, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amela Brigic
- Pediatric Clinic, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sedin Kobaslija
- Pediatric Clinic, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amila Zukanovic
- Pediatric Clinic, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Abstract
Inhalation therapy has been employed as the mainstay of the treatment in chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Beta-2 agonists, anticholinergic bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, and sodium cromoglycate are often used alone or in combination in an inhaled form. Studies have shown that inhaled drugs used in the treatment have some adverse effects on the oral health based on their dosage, frequency, and duration of use. Several oral conditions such as xerostomia, dental caries, candidiasis, ulceration, gingivitis, periodontitis, and taste changes have been associated with inhalation therapy. Since the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases is rising, it is important to provide optimal oral care to the individuals receiving inhalation therapy. This article will review the influence of inhaled drugs on the oral health of individuals and adequate management and prevention of the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Godara
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Jaipur Dental College, Dhand, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Wogelius P, Poulsen S, Sørensen HT. Validity of parental-reported questionnaire data on Danish children's use of asthma-drugs: a comparison with a population-based prescription database. Eur J Epidemiol 2005; 20:17-22. [PMID: 15756900 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-004-1501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the validity--estimated as the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values--of questionnaire-based parental reporting on Danish children's use of asthma drugs. Within a population-based cross-sectional study on the association between asthma and dental anxiety, we compared parental answers on their children's use of asthma drugs during the past 12 months with National Health Service (NHS) data from a prescription database on prescriptions of inhaled beta 2-agonists, inhaled corticosteroids, or both for a period of 14 months preceding the date of posting the parental questionnaires. In four municipalities in North Jutland County, Denmark, in 2001, parents of 1273 children between the ages of 6 and 8 years completed the questionnaire. For frequency of use, the sensitivity increased from 57.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 47.8-67.3%) for the answer 'Every day' to 91.6% (95% CI: 84.3-95.7%) when the answers 'Every day', 'Often', and 'Sometimes' were combined. The specificity exceeded 95.9% (95% CI: 94.6-96.9%) for all answers. The positive predictive value (PPV) increased from 64.4% (95% CI: 56.1-72.0%) when the answers 'Every day', 'Often', and 'Sometimes' were combined to 94.8% (95% CI: 85.9-98.2%) for the answer 'Every day'. The negative predictive value (NPV) both exceeded 96.7% (95% CI: 95.5-97.6%) for all answers. Questionnaire-based parental reporting on children's one-year asthma-drug use appears to be valid in epidemiological research depending on the study question and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Wogelius
- Department of Community Oral Health and Paediatric Dentistry, Dental School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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