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Roberts MD, McCarthy JJ, Hornberger TA, Phillips SM, Mackey AL, Nader GA, Boppart MD, Kavazis AN, Reidy PT, Ogasawara R, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C, Booth FW, Esser KA. Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2679-2757. [PMID: 37382939 PMCID: PMC10625844 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy have been extensively researched since the landmark report by Morpurgo (1897) of "work-induced hypertrophy" in dogs that were treadmill trained. Much of the preclinical rodent and human resistance training research to date supports that involved mechanisms include enhanced mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, an expansion in translational capacity through ribosome biogenesis, increased satellite cell abundance and myonuclear accretion, and postexercise elevations in muscle protein synthesis rates. However, several lines of past and emerging evidence suggest that additional mechanisms that feed into or are independent of these processes are also involved. This review first provides a historical account of how mechanistic research into skeletal muscle hypertrophy has progressed. A comprehensive list of mechanisms associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy is then outlined, and areas of disagreement involving these mechanisms are presented. Finally, future research directions involving many of the discussed mechanisms are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gustavo A Nader
- Department of Kinesiology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andreas N Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Healthy Food Science Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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Salagas A, Tsoukos A, Terzis G, Paschalis V, Katsikas C, Krzysztofik M, Wilk M, Zajac A, Bogdanis GC. Effectiveness of either short-duration ischemic pre-conditioning, single-set high-resistance exercise, or their combination in potentiating bench press exercise performance. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1083299. [PMID: 36589445 PMCID: PMC9797974 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1083299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effects of short-duration ischemic preconditioning, a single-set high-resistance exercise and their combination on subsequent bench press performance. Twelve men (age: 25.8 ± 6.0 years, bench press 1-RM: 1.21 ± 0.17 kg kg-1 body mass) performed four 12 s sets as fast as possible, with 2 min of recovery between sets, against 60% 1-RM, after: a) 5 min ischemic preconditioning (IPC; at 100% of full arterial occlusion pressure), b) one set of three bench press repetitions at 90% 1-RM (PAPE), c) their combination (PAPE + IPC) or d) control (CTRL). Mean barbell velocity in ischemic preconditioning was higher than CTRL (by 6.6-9.0%, p < 0.05) from set 1 to set 3, and higher than PAPE in set 1 (by 4.4%, p < 0.05). Mean barbell velocity in PAPE was higher than CTRL from set 2 to set 4 (by 6.7-8.9%, p < 0.05), while mean barbell velocity in PAPE + IPC was higher than CTRL only in set 1 (+5.8 ± 10.0%). Peak barbell velocity in ischemic preconditioning and PAPE was higher than CTRL (by 7.8% and 8.5%, respectively; p < 0.05). Total number of repetitions was similarly increased in all experimental conditions compared with CTRL (by 7.0-7.9%, p < 0.05). Rating of perceived exertion was lower in ischemic preconditioning compared with CTRL (p < 0.001) and PAPE (p = 0.045), respectively. These results highlight the effectiveness of short-duration ischemic preconditioning in increasing bench press performance, and suggest that it may be readily used by strength and conditioning coaches during resistance training due to its brevity and lower perceived exertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Salagas
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Katsikas
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece,*Correspondence: Gregory C. Bogdanis,
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de Azevedo Bach S, Radaelli R, Beck Schemes M, Neske R, Garbelotto C, Roschel H, Silveira Pinto R, Dornelles Schneider C. Can supplemental protein to low-protein containing meals superimpose on resistance-training muscle adaptations in older adults? A randomized clinical trial. Exp Gerontol 2022; 162:111760. [PMID: 35240263 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of supplementing protein to the low-protein containing meals on selected parameters of muscle mass, strength, and functional capacity in older individuals undergoing resistance training. METHODS Thirty-one male and female older individuals (60 to 80 years) were randomized into either a whey protein/WP (n = 15, 20 g at breakfast + 20 g at dinner) or placebo-maltodextrin/PL (n = 16, 20 g at breakfast + 20 g at dinner) group. Both groups underwent a supervised, progressive resistance training (2×/week) program for 12 weeks. Maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) of knee extensors, muscle thickness (MT) of knee extensors and elbow flexors, rectus femoris muscle quality (MQ), body composition (as measured by DXA) and functional capacity [as measured by 30-s sit-to-stand (30ss) and timed-up-and-go tests (TUG)] were evaluated at baseline and after the 12-week intervention. RESULTS Knee extensor MIVC (WP ∆ = 11.9 ± 11.4% and PL ∆ = 12.9 ± 9.9%) was significantly increased over time, with no between-group differences (all p < 0.05 for main effect of time). Upper- and lower-limb MT were significantly increased over time, with no effect of supplementation (WP: ∆ = 7.0 ± 7.3%, PL: ∆ = 9.5 ± 10.3%; and WP: ∆ = 4.5 ± 5.8%, PL: ∆ = 14.7 ± 28.9%, respectively; all p = 0.001 for main effect of time, respectively). Total and upper-limb lean mass were significantly increased, irrespective of the dietary intervention (WP: ∆ = 0.2 ± 6.3%, PL: ∆ = 1.8 ± 2.9%; and WP: ∆ = 0.10 ± 0.03%, PL: ∆ = 0.15 ± 0.02%, respectively; all p < 0.05 for main effect of time). Main effects of time (all p < 0.05) were also found for 30SS and TUG (fast and usual speeds) (WP: ∆ = 18.2 ± 34.4%, PL: ∆ = 10.4 ± 16.9%; WP: ∆ = 5.4 ± 6.7%, PL: ∆ = 0.7 ± 6.0% and WP: ∆ = 3.3 ± 6.1%, PL: ∆ = 2.3 ± 5.2%, respectively). CONCLUSION Supplementing additional whey protein to the lowest-protein containing meals (i.e., ~20 g at breakfast and ~20 g at dinner, daily) did not further augment resistance training-induced neuromuscular adaptations (i.e. muscle strength and mass) in healthy older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone de Azevedo Bach
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Régis Radaelli
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Márcio Beck Schemes
- Strength Training Research Group, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Neske
- Strength Training Research Group, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Charlles Garbelotto
- Nutrition Course, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Strength Training Research Group, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Dornelles Schneider
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Leuchtmann AB, Adak V, Dilbaz S, Handschin C. The Role of the Skeletal Muscle Secretome in Mediating Endurance and Resistance Training Adaptations. Front Physiol 2021; 12:709807. [PMID: 34456749 PMCID: PMC8387622 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.709807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise, in the form of endurance or resistance training, leads to specific molecular and cellular adaptions not only in skeletal muscles, but also in many other organs such as the brain, liver, fat or bone. In addition to direct effects of exercise on these organs, the production and release of a plethora of different signaling molecules from skeletal muscle are a centerpiece of systemic plasticity. Most studies have so far focused on the regulation and function of such myokines in acute exercise bouts. In contrast, the secretome of long-term training adaptation remains less well understood, and the contribution of non-myokine factors, including metabolites, enzymes, microRNAs or mitochondrial DNA transported in extracellular vesicles or by other means, is underappreciated. In this review, we therefore provide an overview on the current knowledge of endurance and resistance exercise-induced factors of the skeletal muscle secretome that mediate muscular and systemic adaptations to long-term training. Targeting these factors and leveraging their functions could not only have broad implications for athletic performance, but also for the prevention and therapy in diseased and elderly populations.
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Ikezoe T, Kobayashi T, Nakamura M, Ichihashi N. Effects of Low-Load, Higher-Repetition vs. High-Load, Lower-Repetition Resistance Training Not Performed to Failure on Muscle Strength, Mass, and Echo Intensity in Healthy Young Men: A Time-Course Study. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:3439-3445. [PMID: 29016473 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ikezoe, T, Kobayashi, T, Nakamura, M, and Ichihashi, N. Effects of low-load, higher-repetition vs. high-load, lower-repetition resistance training not performed to failure on muscle strength, mass, and echo intensity in healthy young men: A time-course study. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3439-3445, 2020-The aim of this study was to compare the effects of low-load, higher-repetition training (LLHR) with those of high-load, lower-repetition training (HLLR) on muscle strength, mass, and echo intensity in healthy young men. Fifteen healthy men (age, 23.1 ± 2.6 years) were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 groups: LLHR or HLLR group. Resistance training on knee extensor muscles was performed 3 days per week for 8 weeks. One repetition maximum (1RM) strength, maximum isometric strength, muscle thickness, and muscle echo intensity on ultrasonography of the rectus femoris muscle were assessed every 2 weeks. Analysis of variance showed no significant group × time interaction, and only a significant main effect of time was observed for all variables. The 8-week resistance training increased 1RM, maximum isometric muscle strength, and muscle thickness by 36.2-40.9%, 24.0-25.5%, and 11.3-20.4%, respectively, whereas it decreased echo intensity by 8.05-16.3%. Significant improvements in muscle strength, thickness, and echo intensity were observed at weeks 2, 4, and 8, respectively. The lack of difference in time-course changes between LLHR and HLLR programs suggests that low-load training can exert similar effects on muscle mass and characteristics as high-load training by increasing the number of repetitions, even when not performed to failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tome Ikezoe
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ichihashi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Duchateau J, Stragier S, Baudry S, Carpentier A. Strength Training: In Search of Optimal Strategies to Maximize Neuromuscular Performance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:2-14. [PMID: 33044332 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Training with low-load exercise performed under blood flow restriction can augment muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength to a similar extent as the classical high-load strength training method. However, the blood flow restriction method elicits only minor neural adaptations. In an attempt to maximize training-related gains, we propose using other protocols that combine high voluntary activation, mechanical tension, and metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alain Carpentier
- Laboratory for Biometry and Exercise Nutrition, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Effect of an Exercise Training Course and Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cell injection on Pax7 and Myogenin Expression in a Rat Model of Arthritis. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.52547/mlj.14.6.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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The Systemic Effects of Exercise on Regulators of Muscle and Bone in Girls and Women. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2020; 32:117-123. [PMID: 32531761 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2019-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the systemic effects of an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise on factors that are known to regulate muscle and bone growth in prepubertal girls and women. METHODS A total of 12 prepubertal girls (8-10 y) and 12 women (20-30 y) cycled at 60% maximal oxygen uptake for 1 hour followed by 1 hour recovery. Blood samples were collected at rest, mid-exercise, end of exercise, mid-recovery, and end of recovery. Plasma was analyzed for interleukin-6, chemokine ligand 1, fibroblast growth factor-2, total insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and free IGF-1 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays assays. RESULTS Both groups had similar concentrations of systemic factors at baseline with the exception of free IGF-1, which was higher in girls (P = .001). Interleukin-6 response was lower in girls versus women (P = .04), with a difference of +105.1% at end of exercise (P < .001), +113.5% at mid-recovery (P = .001), and +93.2% at end of recovery (P = .02). Girls and women exhibited significant declines in chemokine ligand 1, fibroblast growth factor-2, and total IGF-1 during recovery. CONCLUSION Compared with women, an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise in girls elicits a lower inflammatory response, suggesting that other mechanisms may be more important for driving the anabolic effects of exercise on muscle and bone in girls.
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Nikooie R, Jafari‐Sardoie S, Sheibani V, Nejadvaziri Chatroudi A. Resistance training‐induced muscle hypertrophy is mediated by TGF‐β1‐Smad signaling pathway in male Wistar rats. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5649-5665. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohollah Nikooie
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport SciencesShahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of NeuropharmacologyKerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
| | - Sohil Jafari‐Sardoie
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport SciencesShahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of NeuropharmacologyKerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
| | - Amir Nejadvaziri Chatroudi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of NeuropharmacologyKerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
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Bezerra EDS, Diefenthaeler F, Sakugawa RL, Cadore EL, Izquierdo M, Moro ARP. Effects of different strength training volumes and subsequent detraining on strength performance in aging adults. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2019; 23:466-472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ghanim H, Dhindsa S, Batra M, Green K, Abuaysheh S, Kuhadiya ND, Makdissi A, Chaudhuri A, Dandona P. Effect of Testosterone on FGF2, MRF4, and Myostatin in Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: Relevance to Muscle Growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2094-2102. [PMID: 30629183 PMCID: PMC6481910 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2 is an important stimulatory modulator of satellite cells in skeletal muscle. Satellite cells play a cardinal role in muscle growth and repair. OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether skeletal muscle expression of FGF2 and muscle growth and differentiation factors are reduced in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) and whether testosterone replacement therapy results in their restoration. DESIGN This is a secondary analysis of a previously completed trial of testosterone replacement in men with type 2 diabetes and HH. SETTING Clinical Research Center at a university. PATIENTS Twenty-two men with HH and 20 eugonadal men were compared at baseline. INTERVENTIONS Twelve men with HH were treated with intramuscular injections of 250 mg testosterone every 2 weeks for 22 weeks, and 10 men received placebo injections. Quadriceps muscle biopsies and blood samples were obtained before and after testosterone therapy. OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS The expression of FGF2 and FGF receptor (FGFR)2 in skeletal muscle of men with HH was significantly lower than that in eugonadal men by 57% and 39%, respectively (P < 0.05). After 22 weeks of testosterone, the expression of FGF2 increased, whereas that of myogenic regulatory factor (MRF)4 and myostatin decreased significantly. There was no change in expression of FGFR2, myogenin, or myogenic differentiation protein in the skeletal muscle. Plasma FGF2 and IGF-1 concentrations increased after testosterone therapy. CONCLUSIONS These data show that testosterone is a major modulator of FGF2, MRF4, and myostatin expression in skeletal muscle. These effects may contribute to the increase in muscle mass after testosterone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Ghanim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, Williamsville, New York 14221
| | - Sandeep Dhindsa
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, Williamsville, New York 14221
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Manav Batra
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, Williamsville, New York 14221
| | - Kelly Green
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, Williamsville, New York 14221
| | - Sanaa Abuaysheh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, Williamsville, New York 14221
| | - Nitesh D Kuhadiya
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, Williamsville, New York 14221
| | - Antoine Makdissi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, Williamsville, New York 14221
| | - Ajay Chaudhuri
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, Williamsville, New York 14221
| | - Paresh Dandona
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, Williamsville, New York 14221
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Paresh Dandona, MD, PhD, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1000 Youngs Road, Suite 105, Williamsville, New York 14221. E-mail:
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Rinaldo MA, Jacinto JL, Pacagnelli FL, Shigaki L, Ribeiro AS, Balvedi MCW, Altimari LR, Silva DKD, Andrade WBD, Silva RAD, Aguiar AF. Effects of training volume on lower-body muscle strength in untrained young men: a contralateral control study. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-657420180003e008318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Guitart M, Lloreta J, Mañas‐Garcia L, Barreiro E. Muscle regeneration potential and satellite cell activation profile during recovery following hindlimb immobilization in mice. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:4360-4372. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Guitart
- Department of Pulmonology‐Muscle Wasting Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases Lung Cancer Research GroupIMIM‐Hospital del Mar Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Sciences Experimental Department (CEXS)Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB)BarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES)Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Josep Lloreta
- Department of PathologyHospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS)Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Laura Mañas‐Garcia
- Department of Pulmonology‐Muscle Wasting Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases Lung Cancer Research GroupIMIM‐Hospital del Mar Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Sciences Experimental Department (CEXS)Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Esther Barreiro
- Department of Pulmonology‐Muscle Wasting Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases Lung Cancer Research GroupIMIM‐Hospital del Mar Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Sciences Experimental Department (CEXS)Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB)BarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES)Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
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Dennis RA, Garner KK, Kortebein PM, Parkes CM, Bopp MM, Li S, Padala KP, Padala PR, Sullivan DH. Single-Arm Resistance Training Study to Determine the Relationship between Training Outcomes and Muscle Growth Factor mRNAs in Older Adults Consuming Numerous Medications and Supplements. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:269-275. [PMID: 29380855 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-017-0913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine if the muscle mRNA levels of three growth factors (insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF1], ciliary neurotropic factor [CNTF], and vascular endothelial growth factor-D [VEGFD]) are correlated with muscle size and strength gains from resistance exercise while piloting a training program in older adults taking medications and supplements for age-associated problems. DESIGN Single-arm prospective study. SETTING US Veterans Affairs hospital. PARTICIPANTS Older (70±6 yrs) male Veterans (N=14) of US military service. INTERVENTION Thirty-five sessions of high-intensity (80% one-rep max) resistance training including leg press, knee curl, and knee extension to target the thigh muscles. MEASUREMENTS Vastus lateralis biopsies were collected and body composition (DEXA) was determined pre- and post-training. Simple Pearson correlations were used to compare training outcomes to growth factor mRNA levels and other independent variables such as medication and supplement use. RESULTS Average strength increase for the group was ≥ 25% for each exercise. Subjects averaged taking numerous medications (N=5±3) and supplements (N=2±2). Of the growth factors, a significant correlation (R>0.7, P≤0.003) was only found between pre-training VEGFD and gains in lean thigh mass and extension strength. Mass and strength gains were also correlated with use of α-1 antagonists (R=0.55, P=0.04) and pre-training lean mass (R=0.56, P=0.04), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Muscle VEGFD, muscle mass, and use of α-1 antagonists may be predisposing factors that influence the response to training in this population of older adults but additional investigation is required to determine if these relationships are due to muscle angiogenesis and blood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Dennis
- Richard A Dennis, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 2200 Fort Roots Drive, 170/3J, North Little Rock, AR 72114, USA, or 501-257-3503
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15
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Reidy PT, Fry CS, Igbinigie S, Deer RR, Jennings K, Cope MB, Mukherjea R, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Protein Supplementation Does Not Affect Myogenic Adaptations to Resistance Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1197-1208. [PMID: 28346813 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that protein supplementation during resistance exercise training enhances muscle hypertrophy. The degree of hypertrophy during training is controlled in part through the activation of satellite cells and myonuclear accretion. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the efficacy of protein supplementation (and the type of protein) during traditional resistance training on myofiber cross-sectional area, satellite cell content, and myonuclear addition. METHODS Healthy young men participated in supervised whole-body progressive resistance training 3 d·wk for 12 wk. Participants were randomized to one of three groups ingesting a daily 22-g macronutrient dose of soy-dairy protein blend (PB, n = 22), whey protein isolate (WP, n = 15), or an isocaloric maltodextrin placebo (MDP, n = 17). Lean mass, vastus lateralis myofiber-type-specific cross-sectional area, satellite cell content, and myonuclear addition were assessed before and after resistance training. RESULTS PB and the pooled protein treatments (PB + WP = PRO) exhibited a greater whole-body lean mass %change compared with MDP (P = 0.057 for PB) and (P = 0.050 for PRO), respectively. All treatments demonstrated similar leg muscle hypertrophy and vastus lateralis myofiber-type-specific cross-sectional area (P < 0.05). Increases in myosin heavy chain I and II myofiber satellite cell content and myonuclei content were also detected after exercise training (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Protein supplementation during resistance training has a modest effect on whole-body lean mass as compared with exercise training without protein supplementation, and there was no effect on any outcome between protein supplement types (blend vs whey). However, protein supplementation did not enhance resistance exercise-induced increases in myofiber hypertrophy, satellite cell content, or myonuclear addition in young healthy men. We propose that as long as protein intake is adequate during muscle overload, the adaptations in muscle growth and function will not be influenced by protein supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- 1Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; 2Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; 3School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; 4Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; 5Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; 6DuPont Nutrition and Health, St. Louis, MO
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16
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Reloading Promotes Recovery of Disuse Muscle Loss by Inhibiting TGFβ Pathway Activation in Rats After Hind Limb Suspension. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2017; 96:430-437. [PMID: 27610551 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper was to study the effect of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway on reloading-mediated restoration of disuse muscle loss induced by hind limb suspension in rats. DESIGN Rats were divided into 4 groups: control group (CON), HLS group (hind limb suspension for 2 weeks), HLS + R group (hind limb suspension for 2 weeks followed by 2 weeks of natural reloading), and HRS + E group (hind limb suspension for 2 weeks followed by 2 weeks of treadmill exercise). Body weight, and weight and protein concentration of gastrocnemius were determined. The expression of members of canonical and noncanonical TGFβ signaling pathways, including TGFβ1, myostatin (MSTN), phospho-smad2/3, phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38, JNK1/2, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 [ERK1]/ERK2), as well as the corresponding downstream effectors of muscle mass-p21, Pax7, MyoD, and MyoG-was determined at protein or messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. RESULTS Reloading increased MyoD mRNA and restored the decreased gastrocnemius weight/body weight ratio, protein concentration of gastrocnemius, phospho-ERK2, Pax7 and the increased TGFβ1, MSTN, phospho-smad2/3, phospho-p38, phospho-JNK1/2, and p21 induced by hind limb suspension. Moreover, the effects of exercise reloading on the restoration of gastrocnemius weight/body weight ratio, TGFβ1, MSTN, phospho-smad2, phospho-p38, phospho-JNK2, Pax7, as well as the induction of MyoD mRNA were stronger than those of natural reloading. CONCLUSIONS Disuse muscle loss can be recovered by reloading in an intensity-dependent manner through canonical and noncanonical TGFβ signaling pathways. Pax7 and MyoD might be the effectors of TGFβ pathway in mediating the recovery effect of reloading.
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17
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Ceccarelli G, Benedetti L, Arcari ML, Carubbi C, Galli D. Muscle Stem Cell and Physical Activity: What Point is the Debate at? Open Med (Wars) 2017; 12:144-156. [PMID: 28765836 PMCID: PMC5529938 DOI: 10.1515/med-2017-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 15 years, it emerged that the practice of regular physical activity reduces the risks of many diseases (cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, etc.) and it is fundamental in weight control and energy consuming to contrast obesity. Different groups proposed many molecular mechanisms as responsible for the positive effects of physical activity in healthy life. However, many points remain to be clarified. In this mini-review we reported the latest observations on the effects of physical exercise on healthy skeletal and cardiac muscle focusing on muscle stem cells. The last ones represent the fundamental elements for muscle regeneration post injury, but also for healthy muscle homeostasis. Interestingly, in both muscle tissues the morphological consequence of physical activity is a physiological hypertrophy that depends on different phenomena both in differentiated cells and stem cells. The signaling pathways for physical exercise effects present common elements in skeletal and cardiac muscle, like activation of specific transcription factors, proliferative pathways, and cytokines. More recently, post translational (miRNAs) or epigenetic (DNA methylation) modifications have been demonstrated. However, several points remain unresolved thus requiring new research on the effect of exercise on muscle stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Center of Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Benedetti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Center of Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Arcari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, S.Bi.Bi.T. Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cecilia Carubbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, S.Bi.Bi.T. Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniela Galli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, S.Bi.Bi.T. Unit and Sport and Exercise Medicine Center (SEM)., University of Parma c/o Ospedale Maggiore, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126, Tel: +39-0521-036306, , Parma, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, S.Bi.Bi.T. Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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18
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Reduced Appendicular Lean Body Mass, Muscle Strength, and Size of Type II Muscle Fibers in Patients with Spondyloarthritis versus Healthy Controls: A Cross-Sectional Study. ScientificWorldJournal 2016; 2016:6507692. [PMID: 27672678 PMCID: PMC5031855 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6507692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The purpose of this study was to investigate body composition, muscle function, and muscle morphology in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA). Methods. Ten male SpA patients (mean ± SD age 39 ± 4.1 years) were compared with ten healthy controls matched for sex, age, body mass index, and self-reported level of physical exercise. Body composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Musculus quadriceps femoris (QF) strength was assessed by maximal isometric contractions prior to test of muscular endurance. Magnetic resonance imaging of QF was used to measure muscle size and calculate specific muscle strength. Percutaneous needle biopsy samples were taken from m. vastus lateralis. Results. SpA patients presented with significantly lower appendicular lean body mass (LBM) (p = 0.02), but there was no difference in bone mineral density, fat mass, or total LBM. Absolute QF strength was significantly lower in SpA patients (p = 0.03) with a parallel trend for specific strength (p = 0.08). Biopsy samples from the SpA patients revealed significantly smaller cross-sectional area (CSA) of type II muscle fibers (p = 0.04), but no difference in CSA type I fibers. Conclusions. Results indicate that the presence of SpA disease is associated with reduced appendicular LBM, muscle strength, and type II fiber CSA.
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19
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Kim JS, Yoon DH, Kim HJ, Choi MJ, Song W. Resistance exercise reduced the expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 in skeletal muscle of aged mice. Integr Med Res 2016; 5:230-235. [PMID: 28462123 PMCID: PMC5390455 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) protein level has been shown to be elevated in aged mice muscle compared to adult mice. It activates the satellite cell quiescence, which leads to satellite cell depletion and may accelerate aging process. The purpose of this study was to see the effect of resistance exercise on skeletal muscle FGF-2 protein level in aged mice. METHODS This study included eight young adult control C57BL/6 male mice (age 12 weeks, YCON group) and 14 aged C57BL/6 male mice (age 19 months), randomly divided into two groups (old control, OCON, n = 7; old resistance exercise, ORT, n = 7). Resistance ladder climbing exercise was conducted 3 d/wk for 12 weeks. Soleus and tibialis anterior muscles were collected for body composition, relative grip strength, and muscle wet weight and for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay protein analysis. RESULTS Relative soleus muscle wet weight and hindlimb lean mass showed a significant increase in ORT group compared to OCON group (p = 0.013 and p = 0.015, respectively). In relative grip strength, both OCON and ORT showed a significant decrease compared to YCON (p < 0.001 and p = 0.011, respectively). However, ORT showed a significant increase compared to OCON (p = 0.02). OCON showed a significant increase in skeletal muscle FGF-2 protein level compared to YCON in soleus (p = 0.035), and ORT showed a significant decrease compared to OCON in soleus muscle (p = 0.045). FGF-2 protein level was significantly decreased in tibialis anterior muscle in the ORT group compared to OCON (p = 0.022). Correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between FGF-2 protein level and soleus and tibialis anterior muscle weight (r2 = 0.514, p = 0.0035; r2 = 0.312, p = 0.025, respectively). CONCLUSION Twelve weeks of resistance exercise reduced soleus and tibialis anterior muscle FGF-2 protein level in aged mice with improvement in appendicular lean mass and muscle strength. Thus, resistance exercise could be an efficient intervention for preventing age-related increase of FGF-2 in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Soo Kim
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Yoon
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-jae Kim
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-jung Choi
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wook Song
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Botton CE, Radaelli R, Wilhelm EN, Rech A, Brown LE, Pinto RS. Neuromuscular Adaptations to Unilateral vs. Bilateral Strength Training in Women. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1924-32. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Aguayo D, Mueller SM, Boutellier U, Auer M, Jung HH, Flück M, Toigo M. One bout of vibration exercise with vascular occlusion activates satellite cells. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:295-307. [DOI: 10.1113/ep085330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Aguayo
- Exercise Physiology; Institute of Human Movement Sciences; ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sandro Manuel Mueller
- Exercise Physiology; Institute of Human Movement Sciences; ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Urs Boutellier
- Exercise Physiology; Institute of Human Movement Sciences; ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Maria Auer
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Hans H. Jung
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Martin Flück
- Department of Orthopaedics, Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, University of Zurich; Balgrist University Hospital; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Marco Toigo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, University of Zurich; Balgrist University Hospital; Zurich Switzerland
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22
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Roberts LA, Raastad T, Markworth JF, Figueiredo VC, Egner IM, Shield A, Cameron-Smith D, Coombes JS, Peake JM. Post-exercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signalling and long-term adaptations in muscle to strength training. J Physiol 2015; 593:4285-301. [PMID: 26174323 DOI: 10.1113/jp270570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated functional, morphological and molecular adaptations to strength training exercise and cold water immersion (CWI) through two separate studies. In one study, 21 physically active men strength trained for 12 weeks (2 days per week), with either 10 min of CWI or active recovery (ACT) after each training session. Strength and muscle mass increased more in the ACT group than in the CWI group (P < 0.05). Isokinetic work (19%), type II muscle fibre cross-sectional area (17%) and the number of myonuclei per fibre (26%) increased in the ACT group (all P < 0.05), but not the CWI group. In another study, nine active men performed a bout of single-leg strength exercises on separate days, followed by CWI or ACT. Muscle biopsies were collected before and 2, 24 and 48 h after exercise. The number of satellite cells expressing neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) (10-30%) and paired box protein (Pax7) (20-50%) increased 24-48 h after exercise with ACT. The number of NCAM(+) satellite cells increased 48 h after exercise with CWI. NCAM(+) - and Pax7(+) -positive satellite cell numbers were greater after ACT than after CWI (P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase(Thr421/Ser424) increased after exercise in both conditions but was greater after ACT (P < 0.05). These data suggest that CWI attenuates the acute changes in satellite cell numbers and activity of kinases that regulate muscle hypertrophy, which may translate to smaller long-term training gains in muscle strength and hypertrophy. The use of CWI as a regular post-exercise recovery strategy should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llion A Roberts
- University of Queensland, School of Human Movement Studies and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Ingrid M Egner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anthony Shield
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Jeff S Coombes
- University of Queensland, School of Human Movement Studies and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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23
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The effect of concurrent training organisation in youth elite soccer players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2367-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Radaelli R, Fleck SJ, Leite T, Leite RD, Pinto RS, Fernandes L, Simão R. Dose-Response of 1, 3, and 5 Sets of Resistance Exercise on Strength, Local Muscular Endurance, and Hypertrophy. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1349-58. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Dalbo VJ, Roberts MD. The activity of satellite cells and myonuclei during 8 weeks of strength training in young men with suppressed testosterone. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:556-8. [PMID: 25330255 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. J. Dalbo
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory; Central Queensland University; Rockhampton QLD Australia
| | - M. D. Roberts
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory; School of Kinesiology; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
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26
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Radaelli R, Wilhelm EN, Botton CE, Rech A, Bottaro M, Brown LE, Pinto RS. Effects of single vs. multiple-set short-term strength training in elderly women. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9720. [PMID: 25358552 PMCID: PMC4214965 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The strength training has been shown to be effective for attenuating the age-related physiological decline. However, the adequate volume of strength training volume adequate to promote improvements, mainly during the initial period of training, still remains controversial. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a short-term strength training program with single or multiple sets in elderly women. Maximal dynamic (1-RM) and isometric strength, muscle activation, muscle thickness (MT), and muscle quality (MQ = 1-RM and MT quadriceps quotient) of the knee extensors were assessed. Subjects were randomly assigned into one of two groups: single set (SS; n = 14) that performed one set per exercise or multiple sets (MS; n = 13) that performed three-sets per exercise, twice weekly for 6 weeks. Following training, there were significant increases (p ≤ 0.05) in knee extension 1-RM (16.1 ± 12 % for SS group and 21.7 ± 7.7 % for MS group), in all MT (p ≤ 0.05; vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius), and in MQ (p ≤ 0.05); 15.0 ± 12.2 % for SS group and 12.6 ± 7.2 % for MS group), with no differences between groups. These results suggest that during the initial stages of strength training, single- and multiple-set training demonstrate similar capacity for increasing dynamic strength, MT, and MQ of the knee extensors in elderly women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis Radaelli
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Felizardo, 750-Bairro Jardim Botânico, 90690-200, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,
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27
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Paulsen G, Cumming KT, Hamarsland H, Børsheim E, Berntsen S, Raastad T. Can supplementation with vitamin C and E alter physiological adaptations to strength training? BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2014; 6:28. [PMID: 25075311 PMCID: PMC4114441 DOI: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Antioxidant supplementation has recently been demonstrated to be a double-edged sword, because small to moderate doses of exogenous antioxidants are essential or beneficial, while high doses may have adverse effects. The adverse effects can be manifested in attenuated effects of exercise and training, as the antioxidants may shut down some redox-sensitive signaling in the exercised muscle fibers. However, conditions such as age may potentially modulate the need for antioxidant intake. Therefore, this paper describes experiments for testing the hypothesis that high dosages of vitamin C (1000 mg/day) and E (235 mg/day) have negative effects on adaptation to resistance exercise and training in young volunteers, but positive effects in older men. Methods/design We recruited a total of 73 volunteers. The participants were randomly assigned to receiving either vitamin C and E supplementation or a placebo. The study design was double-blinded, and the participants followed an intensive training program for 10–12 weeks. Tests and measurements aimed at assessing changes in physical performance (maximal strength) and physiological characteristics (muscle mass), as well as biochemical and cellular systems and structures (e.g., cell signaling and morphology). Discussion Dietary supplements, such as vitamin C and E, are used by many people, especially athletes. The users often believe that high dosages of supplements improve health (resistance to illness and disease) and physical performance. These assumptions are, however, generally not supported in the scientific literature. On the contrary, some studies have indicated that high dosages of antioxidant supplements have negative effects on exercise-induced adaptation processes. Since this issue concerns many people and few randomized controlled trials have been conducted in humans, further studies are highly warranted. Trial registration ACTRN12614000065695
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Affiliation(s)
- Gøran Paulsen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway ; Norwegian Olympic Sport Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristoffer T Cumming
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard Hamarsland
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabet Børsheim
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Wernbom M, Apro W, Paulsen G, Nilsen TS, Blomstrand E, Raastad T. Acute low-load resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction increased protein signalling and number of satellite cells in human skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 113:2953-65. [PMID: 24078212 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate hypertrophic signalling after a single bout of low-load resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction (BFR). METHODS Seven subjects performed unilateral knee extensions at 30 % of their one repetition maximum. The subjects performed five sets to failure with BFR on one leg, and then repeated the same amount of work with the other leg without BFR. Biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis before and 1, 24 and 48 h after exercise. RESULTS At 1-h post-exercise, phosphorylation of p70S6KThr389 and p38MAPKThr180/Tyr182 was elevated in the BFR leg, but not in the free-flow leg. Phospho-p70S6KThr389 was elevated three- to fourfold in both legs at 24-h post-exercise, but back to baseline at 48 h. The number of visible satellite cells (SCs) per muscle fibre was increased for all post-exercise time points and in both legs (33–53 %). The proportion of SCs with cytoplasmic extensions was elevated at 1-h post in the BFR leg and the number of SCs positive for myogenin and/or MyoD was increased at 1- and 24-h post-exercise for both legs combined. CONCLUSION Acute low-load resistance exercise with BFR resulted in early (1 h) and late (24 h) enhancement of phospho-p70S6KThr389, an early response of p38MAPK, and an increased number of SCs per muscle fibre. Enhanced phospho-p70S6KThr389 at 24-h post-exercise and increases in SC numbers were seen also in the free-flow leg. Implications of these findings for the hypertrophic effects of fatiguing low-load resistance exercise with and without BFR are discussed.
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29
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Irisin and FNDC5: effects of 12-week strength training, and relations to muscle phenotype and body mass composition in untrained women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1875-88. [PMID: 24906447 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of strength training on abundances of irisin-related biomarkers in skeletal muscle and blood of untrained young women, and their associations with body mass composition, muscle phenotype and levels of thyroid hormones. METHODS Eighteen untrained women performed 12 weeks of progressive whole-body heavy strength training, with measurement of strength, body composition, expression of irisin-related genes (FNDC5 and PGC1α) in two different skeletal muscles, and levels of serum-irisin and -thyroid hormones, before and after the training intervention. RESULTS The strength training intervention did not result in changes in serum-irisin or muscle FNDC5 expression, despite considerable effects on strength, lean body mass (LBM) and skeletal muscle phenotype. Our data indicate that training affects irisin biology in a LBM-dependent manner. However, no association was found between steady-state serum-irisin or training-associated changes in serum-irisin and alterations in body composition. FNDC5 expression was higher in m.Biceps brachii than in m.Vastus lateralis, with individual expression levels being closely correlated, suggesting a systemic mode of transcriptional regulation. In pre-biopsies, FNDC5 expression was correlated with proportions of aerobic muscle fibers, a relationship that disappeared in post-biopsies. No association was found between serum-thyroid hormones and FNDC5 expression or serum-irisin. CONCLUSION No evidence was found for an effect of strength training on irisin biology in untrained women, though indications were found for a complex interrelationship between irisin, body mass composition and muscle phenotype. FNDC5 expression was closely associated with muscle fiber composition in untrained muscle.
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30
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Ellefsen S, Vikmoen O, Zacharoff E, Rauk I, Slettaløkken G, Hammarström D, Strand TA, Whist JE, Hanestadhaugen M, Vegge G, Fagernes CE, Nygaard H, Hollan I, Rønnestad BR. Reliable determination of training-induced alterations in muscle fiber composition in human skeletal muscle using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 24:e332-42. [PMID: 24924099 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Determination of muscle fiber composition in human skeletal muscle biopsies is often performed using immunohistochemistry, a method that tends to be both time consuming, technically challenging, and complicated by limited availability of tissue. Here, we introduce quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)-based Gene-family profiling (GeneFam) of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) mRNA expression as a high-throughput, sensitive, and reliable alternative. We show that GeneFam and immunohistochemistry result in similar disclosures of alterations in muscle fiber composition in biopsies from musculus vastus lateralis and musculus biceps brachii of previously untrained young women after 12 weeks of progressive strength training. The adaptations were evident as (a) consistent increases in MyHC2A abundance; (b) consistent decreases in MyHC2X abundance; and (c) consistently stable MyHC1 abundance, and were not found using traditional reference gene-based qRT-PCR analyses. Furthermore, muscle fiber composition found using each of the two approaches was correlated with each other (r = 0.50, 0.74, and 0.78 for MyHC1, A, and X, respectively), suggesting that GeneFam may be suitable for ranking of individual muscle phenotype, particularly for MyHC2 fibers. In summary, GeneFam of MyHC mRNA resulted in reliable assessment of alterations in muscle fiber composition in skeletal muscle of previously untrained women after 12 weeks of strength training.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ellefsen
- Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway
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