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Kojima K, Liu C, Ehrlich S, Kline-Fath BM, Jain S, Parikh NA. Early surgery in very preterm infants is associated with brain abnormalities on term MRI: a propensity score analysis. J Perinatol 2023; 43:877-883. [PMID: 36966211 PMCID: PMC10382249 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-023-01645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between exposure to surgery under general anesthesia and brain abnormalities and neurodevelopmental outcomes in very preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN This prospective observational study includes 392 infants born at or below 32 weeks' gestational age. Participants completed brain MRI at term-equivalent age and Bayley-III assessment at 2 years corrected age. We evaluated the independent effects of surgery on brain MRI abnormalities and neurodevelopmental outcomes after propensity score matching. RESULTS All infants completed brain MRI, and 341 (87%) completed neurodevelopmental testing. Forty-five received surgery. Surgery was associated with worse MRI abnormalities (p < 0.0001) but with none of the developmental outcomes after propensity score matching. The global brain abnormality score was associated with the Bayley Cognitive (p = 0.005) and Motor (p = 0.028) composite scores. CONCLUSIONS Very preterm infants exposed to surgery under general anesthesia were at higher risk of brain abnormalities on MRI at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuaki Kojima
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders Prevention Center, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA
| | - Shelley Ehrlich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA
| | - Beth M Kline-Fath
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders Prevention Center, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA
| | - Shipra Jain
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders Prevention Center, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Nehal A Parikh
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders Prevention Center, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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2
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Adverse effects of perinatal illness severity on neurodevelopment are partially mediated by early brain abnormalities in infants born very preterm. J Perinatol 2021; 41:519-527. [PMID: 33028936 PMCID: PMC7954885 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-020-00854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to determine the mediating effects of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers at term gestation on the relationship between perinatal illness severity and neurodevelopment. METHODS The Clinical Risk Index for Babies-second edition (CRIB-II) was correlated with indices of brain maturation or injury and neurodevelopment at 2-year follow-up in infants born less than 32 weeks gestation. Using a counterfactual mediation analysis, associations between CRIB-II, MRI biomarkers, and neurodevelopment were confirmed, followed by an assessment of the mediating effects of MRI biomarkers on the relationship between CRIB-II and neurodevelopment. RESULTS CRIB-II correlated significantly with neurodevelopment and MRI biomarkers of brain injury or cortical maturation. Two MRI biomarkers, cortical surface area and global injury score, were associated with neurodevelopmental scores at follow-up and included in mediation analyses. CONCLUSION Biomarkers of cortical maturation or brain injury at term-equivalent age mediated a substantial portion of the risks conveyed by perinatal illness severity on neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years corrected age.
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3
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Wang S, Fan P, Xiong D, Yang P, Zheng J, Zhao D. Assessment of neonatal brain volume and growth at different postmenstrual ages by conventional MRI. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11633. [PMID: 30075544 PMCID: PMC6081163 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Data regarding neonatal brain volumes represent a basis for monitoring early brain development, and large sample of neonatal brain volume data has not been well described. This study was focused on neonatal brain volumes at different postmenstrual ages (PMA) and postnatal age (PNA).A cohort of 415 neonates with PMA 30 to 43 weeks were recruited for the determination of brain volumes. Intracranial cavity (ICC), total brain tissue (TBT), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were evaluated on the basis of T1-weighted sagittal plane magnetic resonance images. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was assessed using maturation scoring system and multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to forecast the effect factors of brain volumes.TBT volume reached a peak growth at 39 to 40 weeks, ICC volume presented peak growth later at around 43 to 44 weeks, and CSF had a cliff fallen at 37 to 38 weeks PMA at scan. The maturation score increased along with PMA, and the TBT and CSF volumes were significantly different between higher and lower gestational age (GA) groups. The ICC and TBT volumes in higher GA group were larger than lower GA group. Most infants in higher GA group had higher TMS than those in lower GA group. Gender, PMA, PNA, and birth weight were predictors of TBT and ICC volumes.Our results showed that premature volumes of ICC and TBT enlarged with the increasing PMA, while volumes of CSF decreased at 37 weeks. Premature earlier to leave the uterus can lead to brain mature retard although they had the same GA compared with those later birth neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyi Wang
- Pediatrics and Neonatology Department, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Panpan Fan
- Pediatrics and Neonatology Department, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Dezhi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Pu Yang
- Pediatrics and Neonatology Department, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Junwen Zheng
- Pediatrics and Neonatology Department, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Dongchi Zhao
- Pediatrics and Neonatology Department, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
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4
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Batalle D, O'Muircheartaigh J, Makropoulos A, Kelly CJ, Dimitrova R, Hughes EJ, Hajnal JV, Zhang H, Alexander DC, Edwards AD, Counsell SJ. Different patterns of cortical maturation before and after 38 weeks gestational age demonstrated by diffusion MRI in vivo. Neuroimage 2018; 185:764-775. [PMID: 29802969 PMCID: PMC6299264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cortical development during the third trimester is characterised by macro- and microstructural changes which are reflected in alterations in diffusion MRI (dMRI) measures, with significant decreases in cortical mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA). This has been interpreted as reflecting increased cellular density and dendritic arborisation. However, the fall in FA stops abruptly at 38 weeks post-menstrual age (PMA), and then tends to plateau, while MD continues to fall, suggesting a more complex picture and raising the hypothesis that after this age development is dominated by continuing increase in neural and organelle density rather than alterations in the geometry of dendritic trees. To test this, we used neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), acquiring multi-shell, high angular resolution dMRI and measures of cortical volume and mean curvature in 99 preterm infants scanned between 25 and 47 weeks PMA. We predicted that increased neurite and organelle density would be reflected in increases in neurite density index (NDI), while a relatively unchanging geometrical structure would be associated with constant orientation dispersion index (ODI). As dendritic arborisation is likely to be one of the drivers of gyrification, we also predicted that measures of cortical volume and curvature would correlate with ODI and show slower growth after 38 weeks. We observed a decrease of MD throughout the period, while cortical FA decreased from 25 to 38 weeks PMA and then increased. ODI increased up to 38 weeks and then plateaued, while NDI rose after 38 weeks. The evolution of ODI correlated with cortical volume and curvature. Regional analysis of cortical microstructure revealed a heterogenous pattern with increases in FA and NDI after 38 weeks confined to primary motor and sensory regions. These results support the interpretation that cortical development between 25 and 38 weeks PMA shows a predominant increase in dendritic arborisation and neurite growth, while between 38 and 47 weeks PMA it is dominated by increasing cellular and organelle density. DTI and NODDI cortical measures between 25 and 47 weeks GA Early cortical changes consistent with dendritic arborisation and neurite growth After 38 weeks cortical changes consistent with increasing cellular density Cortical curvature evolves in parallel with dendritic arborisation
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafnis Batalle
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, SE1 7EH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan O'Muircheartaigh
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, SE1 7EH, London, United Kingdom; Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences & Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher J Kelly
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, SE1 7EH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ralica Dimitrova
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, SE1 7EH, London, United Kingdom; Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences & Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emer J Hughes
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, SE1 7EH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph V Hajnal
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, SE1 7EH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Computer Science & Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel C Alexander
- Department of Computer Science & Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - A David Edwards
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, SE1 7EH, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Serena J Counsell
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, SE1 7EH, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Schneider J, Fischer Fumeaux CJ, Duerden EG, Guo T, Foong J, Graz MB, Hagmann P, Chakravarty MM, Hüppi PS, Beauport L, Truttmann AC, Miller SP. Nutrient Intake in the First Two Weeks of Life and Brain Growth in Preterm Neonates. Pediatrics 2018; 141:peds.2017-2169. [PMID: 29440285 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimizing early nutritional intake in preterm neonates may promote brain health and neurodevelopment through enhanced brain maturation. Our objectives were (1) to determine the association of energy and macronutrient intake in the first 2 weeks of life with regional and total brain growth and white matter (WM) maturation, assessed by 3 serial MRI scans in preterm neonates; (2) to examine how critical illness modifies this association; and (3) to investigate the relationship with neurodevelopmental outcomes. METHODS Forty-nine preterm neonates (21 boys, median [interquartile range] gestational age: 27.6 [2.3] weeks) were scanned serially at the following median postmenstrual weeks: 29.4, 31.7, and 41. The total brain, basal nuclei, and cerebellum were semiautomatically segmented. Fractional anisotropy was extracted from diffusion tensor imaging data. Nutritional intake from day of life 1 to 14 was monitored and clinical factors were collected. RESULTS Greater energy and lipid intake predicted increased total brain and basal nuclei volumes over the course of neonatal care to term-equivalent age. Similarly, energy and lipid intake were significantly associated with fractional anisotropy values in selected WM tracts. The association of ventilation duration with smaller brain volumes was attenuated by higher energy intake. Brain growth predicted psychomotor outcome at 18 months' corrected age. CONCLUSIONS In preterm neonates, greater energy and enteral feeding during the first 2 weeks of life predicted more robust brain growth and accelerated WM maturation. The long-lasting effect of early nutrition on neurodevelopment may be mediated by enhanced brain growth. Optimizing nutrition in preterm neonates may represent a potential avenue to mitigate the adverse brain health consequences of critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Schneider
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Woman-Mother-Child, Clinic of Neonatology and
| | | | - Emma G Duerden
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ting Guo
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Justin Foong
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Patric Hagmann
- Department of Radiology, Clinic of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and
| | - Petra S Hüppi
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lydie Beauport
- Department of Woman-Mother-Child, Clinic of Neonatology and
| | | | - Steven P Miller
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;
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6
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Meng Y, Li G, Gao Y, Lin W, Shen D. Learning-based subject-specific estimation of dynamic maps of cortical morphology at missing time points in longitudinal infant studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 37:4129-4147. [PMID: 27380969 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal neuroimaging analysis of the dynamic brain development in infants has received increasing attention recently. Many studies expect a complete longitudinal dataset in order to accurately chart the brain developmental trajectories. However, in practice, a large portion of subjects in longitudinal studies often have missing data at certain time points, due to various reasons such as the absence of scan or poor image quality. To make better use of these incomplete longitudinal data, in this paper, we propose a novel machine learning-based method to estimate the subject-specific, vertex-wise cortical morphological attributes at the missing time points in longitudinal infant studies. Specifically, we develop a customized regression forest, named dynamically assembled regression forest (DARF), as the core regression tool. DARF ensures the spatial smoothness of the estimated maps for vertex-wise cortical morphological attributes and also greatly reduces the computational cost. By employing a pairwise estimation followed by a joint refinement, our method is able to fully exploit the available information from both subjects with complete scans and subjects with missing scans for estimation of the missing cortical attribute maps. The proposed method has been applied to estimating the dynamic cortical thickness maps at missing time points in an incomplete longitudinal infant dataset, which includes 31 healthy infant subjects, each having up to five time points in the first postnatal year. The experimental results indicate that our proposed framework can accurately estimate the subject-specific vertex-wise cortical thickness maps at missing time points, with the average error less than 0.23 mm. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4129-4147, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Meng
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Yaozong Gao
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dinggang Shen
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina. .,Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Brouwer MJ, Kersbergen KJ, van Kooij BJM, Benders MJNL, van Haastert IC, Koopman-Esseboom C, Neil JJ, de Vries LS, Kidokoro H, Inder TE, Groenendaal F. Preterm brain injury on term-equivalent age MRI in relation to perinatal factors and neurodevelopmental outcome at two years. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177128. [PMID: 28486543 PMCID: PMC5423624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES First, to apply a recently extended scoring system for preterm brain injury at term-equivalent age (TEA-)MRI in a regional extremely preterm cohort; second, to identify independent perinatal factors associated with this score; and third, to assess the prognostic value of this TEA-MRI score with respect to early neurodevelopmental outcome. STUDY DESIGN 239 extremely preterm infants (median gestational age [range] in weeks: 26.6 [24.3-27.9]), admitted to the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital between 2006 and 2012 were included. Brain abnormalities in white matter, cortical and deep grey matter and cerebellum and brain growth were scored on T1- and T2-weighted TEA-MRI using the Kidokoro scoring system. Neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed at two years corrected age using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition. The association between TEA-MRI and perinatal factors as well as neurodevelopmental outcome was evaluated using multivariable regression analysis. RESULTS The distribution of brain abnormalities and brain metrics in the Utrecht cohort differed from the original St. Louis cohort (p < .05). Mechanical ventilation >7 days (β [95% confidence interval, CI]: 1.3 [.5; 2.0]) and parenteral nutrition >21 days (2.2 [1.2; 3.2]) were independently associated with higher global brain abnormality scores (p < .001). Global brain abnormality scores were inversely associated with cognitive (β in composite scores [95% CI]: -.7 [-1.2; -.2], p = .004), fine motor (β in scaled scores [95% CI]: -.1 [-.3; -.0], p = .007) and gross motor outcome (β in scaled scores [95% CI]: -.2 [-.3; -.1], p < .001) at two years corrected age, although the explained variances were low (R2 ≤.219). CONCLUSION Patterns of brain injury differed between cohorts. Prolonged mechanical ventilation and parenteral nutrition were identified as independent perinatal risk factors. The prognostic value of the TEA-MRI score was rather limited in this well-performing cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha J. Brouwer
- Department of Perinatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karina J. Kersbergen
- Department of Perinatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Britt J. M. van Kooij
- Department of Perinatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon J. N. L. Benders
- Department of Perinatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid C. van Haastert
- Department of Perinatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corine Koopman-Esseboom
- Department of Perinatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey J. Neil
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Linda S. de Vries
- Department of Perinatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hiroyuki Kidokoro
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Brain & Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Terrie E. Inder
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Floris Groenendaal
- Department of Perinatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Kersbergen KJ, Leroy F, Išgum I, Groenendaal F, de Vries LS, Claessens NH, van Haastert IC, Moeskops P, Fischer C, Mangin JF, Viergever MA, Dubois J, Benders MJ. Relation between clinical risk factors, early cortical changes, and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants. Neuroimage 2016; 142:301-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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9
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Leviton A, Allred EN, Fichorova RN, Kuban KCK, Michael O'Shea T, Dammann O. Systemic inflammation on postnatal days 21 and 28 and indicators of brain dysfunction 2years later among children born before the 28th week of gestation. Early Hum Dev 2016; 93:25-32. [PMID: 26735345 PMCID: PMC4733407 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation during the first two postnatal weeks in extremely preterm newborns (<28weeks gestation) has been associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental dysfunctions. Little is known, however, about the relationship between systemic inflammation during the third and fourth postnatal weeks and subsequent development. METHODS We measured the concentrations of 16 inflammation-related proteins in blood spots collected on postnatal days 21 (N=749) and 28 (N=697) from infants born before the 28th week of gestation and assessed at age 2years. We then sought the developmental correlates of top quartile concentrations for gestational age and day the specimen was collected. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated from regular or multinomial logistic regression models (as appropriate). RESULTS Top quartile concentrations of CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-6R, TNF-R2, IL-8, ICAM-1, and TSH on both days 21 and 28 were associated with ventriculomegaly (when in the NICU) and microcephaly at age 2years. Top quartile concentrations of CRP, SAA, IL-6, TNF-R2, IL-8, and ICAM-1 were associated with mental development index (MDI) of the Bayley-II<55, while top quartile concentrations of CRP, TNF-α (inversely), IL-8, and ICAM-1 were associated with psychomotor development index (PDI)<55 CONCLUSION: Extremely preterm newborns who had systemic inflammation during the third and fourth postnatal weeks were at increased risk of ventriculomegaly during the months after birth, and of microcephaly, and low Bayley Scale scores at 2years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Leviton
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Elizabeth N Allred
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Raina N Fichorova
- Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Karl C K Kuban
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center and Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - T Michael O'Shea
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Olaf Dammann
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Perinatal Neuropidemiology Unit, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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10
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Kallankari H, Kaukola T, Olsén P, Ojaniemi M, Hallman M. Very preterm birth and foetal growth restriction are associated with specific cognitive deficits in children attending mainstream school. Acta Paediatr 2015; 104:84-90. [PMID: 25272976 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated the association of prenatal and neonatal factors with cognitive outcomes in schoolchildren born very preterm without impairments at the age of nine. METHODS We recruited a prospective regional cohort of 154 very low gestational age (VLGA) children of <32 weeks and 90 term-born comparison children born between November 1998 and November 2002 at Oulu University Hospital, Finland. Cognitive outcome was assessed using an inclusive neuropsychological test repertoire at the age of nine. RESULTS The final study group comprised 77 VLGA children without cerebral palsy or any cognitive impairment and 27 term-born children. VLGA was associated with a 1.5-point [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6-2.3] reduction in visuospatial-sensorimotor processing and a 1.2-point (95% CI 0.5-1.9) reduction in attention-executive functions scores. Foetal growth restriction (FGR) was the only clinical risk factor that was associated with cognitive outcome. Children with FGR had a significant decrease in language (1.7 points, 95% CI 0.50-3.0) and memory-learning (1.6 points, 95% CI 0.4-2.8) scores. CONCLUSION Children born very preterm without impairments had poorer performance in specific neurocognitive skills than term-born children. FGR was an independent risk factor for compromised neurocognitive outcome in VLGA children and predicted difficulties in language, memory and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kallankari
- Department of Paediatrics; Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Children and Adolescents; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | - Tuula Kaukola
- Department of Paediatrics; Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Children and Adolescents; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | - Päivi Olsén
- Department of Child Neurology; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | - Marja Ojaniemi
- Department of Paediatrics; Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Children and Adolescents; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | - Mikko Hallman
- Department of Paediatrics; Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Children and Adolescents; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
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11
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Back SA, Miller SP. Brain injury in premature neonates: A primary cerebral dysmaturation disorder? Ann Neurol 2014; 75:469-86. [PMID: 24615937 PMCID: PMC5989572 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With advances in neonatal care, preterm neonates are surviving with an evolving constellation of motor and cognitive disabilities that appear to be related to widespread cellular maturational disturbances that target cerebral gray and white matter. Whereas preterm infants were previously at high risk for destructive brain lesions that resulted in cystic white matter injury and secondary cortical and subcortical gray matter degeneration, contemporary cohorts of preterm survivors commonly display less severe injury that does not appear to involve pronounced glial or neuronal loss. Nevertheless, these milder forms of injury are also associated with reduced cerebral growth. Recent human and experimental studies support that impaired cerebral growth is related to disparate responses in gray and white matter. Myelination disturbances in cerebral white matter are related to aberrant regeneration and repair responses to acute death of premyelinating late oligodendrocyte progenitors (preOLs). In response to preOL death, early oligodendrocyte progenitors rapidly proliferate and differentiate, but the regenerated preOLs fail to normally mature to myelinating cells required for white matter growth. Although immature neurons appear to be more resistant to cell death from hypoxia-ischemia than glia, they display widespread disturbances in maturation of their dendritic arbors, which further contribute to impaired cerebral growth. These complex and disparate responses of neurons and preOLs thus result in large numbers of cells that fail to fully mature during a critical window in development of neural circuitry. These recently recognized forms of cerebral gray and white matter dysmaturation raise new diagnostic challenges and suggest new therapeutic directions centered on reversal of the processes that promote dysmaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Back
- Departments of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Departments of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
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Graca AM, Cardoso KRV, da Costa JMFP, Cowan FM. Cerebral volume at term age: comparison between preterm and term-born infants using cranial ultrasound. Early Hum Dev 2013; 89:643-8. [PMID: 23707692 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Very preterm infants are at particular risk of neurodevelopmental impairments. This risk can be anticipated when major lesions are seen on cerebral ultrasound (cUS). However, most preterm infants do not have such lesions yet many have a relatively poor outcome. Our study aims were to describe a tri-dimensional cUS model for measuring cranial and brain volume and to determine the range of brain volumes found in preterm infants without major cUS lesions at term equivalent age (TEA) compared to term-born control infants. We also aimed to evaluate whether gestational age (GA) at birth or being small for gestational age (SGA) influenced estimated brain size. METHODS We scanned a cohort of very preterm infants at TEA and term-born controls. Infants with major cerebral lesions were excluded. Measurements of intracranial diameters (bi-parietal, longitudinal, cranial height), brain structures, ventricles and extracerebral space (ECS) were made. A mathematical model was built to estimate from the cUS measurements the axial area and volumes of the cranium and brain. Appropriate statistical methods were used for comparisons; a p-value under 0.05 was considered significant. SGA infants from both groups were analysed separately. RESULTS We assessed 128 infants (72 preterms and 56 controls). The preterms' head was longer (11.5 vs. 10.5 cm, p < 0.001), narrower (7.8 vs. 8.4 cm, p < 0.001) and taller (8.9 vs. 8.6 cm, p < 0.01) than the controls'. Estimated intracranial volume was not statistically different between the groups (411 vs. 399 cm(3), NS), but preterms had larger estimated ECS volume (70 vs. 22 cm(3), p < 0.001), lateral ventricular coronal areas (33 vs. 12 mm(2), p < 0.001) and thalamo-occipital distances (20 vs. 16 mm, p < 0.001), but smaller estimated cerebral volume (340 vs. 377 cm(3), p < 0.001). Smaller brain volumes were associated with being of lower gestational age and birth weight and being small-for-gestational age. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a model using cranial ultrasound for measuring cranial and brain volumes. Using this model our data suggest that even in the absence of major cerebral lesions, the average extrauterine cerebral growth of very preterm infants is compromised. Our model can help in identifying those preterm infants with smaller brains. Later follow-up data will determine the neurodevelopmental outcome of these preterm infants in relation to their estimated brain volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre M Graca
- Serviço de Neonatologia - Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital de Santa Maria/Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Duerden EG, Taylor MJ, Miller SP. Brain development in infants born preterm: looking beyond injury. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2013; 20:65-74. [PMID: 23948681 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infants born very preterm are high risk for acquired brain injury and disturbances in brain maturation. Although survival rates for preterm infants have increased in the last decades owing to improved neonatal intensive care, motor disabilities including cerebral palsy persist, and impairments in cognitive, language, social, and executive functions have not decreased. Evidence from neuroimaging studies exploring brain structure, function, and metabolism has indicated abnormalities in the brain development trajectory of very preterm-born infants that persist through to adulthood. In this chapter, we review neuroimaging approaches for the identification of brain injury in the preterm neonate. Advances in medical imaging and availability of specialized equipment necessary to scan infants have facilitated the feasibility of conducting longitudinal studies to provide greater understanding of early brain injury and atypical brain development and their effects on neurodevelopmental outcome. Improved understanding of the risk factors for acquired brain injury and associated factors that affect brain development in this population is setting the stage for improving the brain health of children born preterm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma G Duerden
- Neurosciences & Mental Health, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Score for neonatal acute physiology-II and neonatal pain predict corticospinal tract development in premature newborns. Pediatr Neurol 2013; 48:123-129.e1. [PMID: 23337005 PMCID: PMC4489879 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Premature infants are at risk for adverse motor outcomes, including cerebral palsy and developmental coordination disorder. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of antenatal, perinatal, and postnatal risk factors for abnormal development of the corticospinal tract, the major voluntary motor pathway, during the neonatal period. In a prospective cohort study, 126 premature neonates (24-32 weeks' gestational age) underwent serial brain imaging near birth and at term-equivalent age. With diffusion tensor tractography, mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy of the corticospinal tract were measured to reflect microstructural development. Generalized estimating equation models examined associations of risk factors on corticospinal tract development. The perinatal risk factor of greater early illness severity (as measured by the Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology-II [SNAP-II]) was associated with a slower rise in fractional anisotropy of the corticospinal tract (P = 0.02), even after correcting for gestational age at birth and postnatal risk factors (P = 0.009). Consistent with previous findings, neonatal pain adjusted for morphine and postnatal infection were also associated with a slower rise in fractional anisotropy of the corticospinal tract (P = 0.03 and 0.02, respectively). Lessening illness severity in the first hours of life might offer potential to improve motor pathway development in premature newborns.
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Kaukola T, Kallankari H, Tuimala J, Olsén P, Tammela O, Kingsmore SF, Hallman M. Perinatal immunoproteins predict the risk of cerebral palsy in preterm children. Ann Med 2013; 45:57-65. [PMID: 22040034 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2011.625970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether blood cytokines during the perinatal period predict the risk of cerebral palsy (CP) in preterm infants. METHODS This prospective cohort study comprised 169 children born before 32 weeks of gestation. Cord blood was drawn at birth, and 109 cytokines were analyzed using microarrays. Eleven cytokines were further measured from both cord and peripheral blood on days 1 and 7. Cerebral palsy was confirmed at 5 years of age. RESULTS Cerebral palsy was diagnosed in 19 children. Five clusters of cord blood cytokines were scored using factor analysis. According to logistic regression analysis, the scores of factors 1 and 2 independently predicted the risk of CP. These cytokines included several growth factors and chemokines, and they all tended to be higher in children with CP than in children without CP. Inflammatory cytokine levels were associated with CP risk on days 1 and 7 after birth. CONCLUSION The high blood concentrations of various cytokines during the perinatal period may relate to CP, and these cytokines may influence the pathways leading to early insult in the central nervous system. The risk profile of inflammatory cytokines is different at birth than during the first week after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuula Kaukola
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland.
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Stolp H, Neuhaus A, Sundramoorthi R, Molnár Z. The Long and the Short of it: Gene and Environment Interactions During Early Cortical Development and Consequences for Long-Term Neurological Disease. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:50. [PMID: 22701439 PMCID: PMC3372875 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical development is a complex amalgamation of proliferation, migration, differentiation, and circuit formation. These processes follow defined timescales and are controlled by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. It is currently unclear how robust and flexible these processes are and whether the developing brain has the capacity to recover from disruptions. What is clear is that there are a number of cognitive disorders or conditions that are elicited as a result of disrupted cortical development, although it may take a long time for the full pathophysiology of the conditions to be realized clinically. The critical window for the manifestation of a neurodevelopmental disorder is prolonged, and there is the potential for a complex interplay between genes and environment. While there have been extended investigations into the genetic basis of a number of neurological and mental disorders, limited definitive associations have been discovered. Many environmental factors, including inflammation and stress, have been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, and it may be that a better understanding of the interplay between genes and environment will speed progress in this field. In particular, the development of the brain needs to be considered in the context of the whole materno-fetal unit as the degree of the metabolic, endocrine, or inflammatory responses, for example, will greatly influence the environment in which the brain develops. This review will emphasize the importance of extending neurodevelopmental studies to the contribution of the placenta, vasculature, cerebrospinal fluid, and to maternal and fetal immune response. These combined investigations are more likely to reveal genetic and environmental factors that influence the different stages of neuronal development and potentially lead to the better understanding of the etiology of neurological and mental disorders such as autism, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Stolp
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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Nie J, Li G, Wang L, Gilmore JH, Lin W, Shen D. A computational growth model for measuring dynamic cortical development in the first year of life. Cereb Cortex 2011; 22:2272-84. [PMID: 22047969 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral cortex develops extremely fast in the first year of life. Quantitative measurement of cortical development during this early stage plays an important role in revealing the relationship between cortical structural and high-level functional development. This paper presents a computational growth model to simulate the dynamic development of the cerebral cortex from birth to 1 year old by modeling the cerebral cortex as a deformable elastoplasticity surface driven via a growth model. To achieve a high accuracy, a guidance model is also incorporated to estimate the growth parameters and cortical shapes at later developmental stages. The proposed growth model has been applied to 10 healthy subjects with longitudinal brain MR images acquired at every 3 months from birth to 1 year old. The experimental results show that our proposed method can capture the dynamic developmental process of the cortex, with the average surface distance error smaller than 0.6 mm compared with the ground truth surfaces, and the results also show that 1) the curvedness and sharpness decrease from 2 weeks to 12 months and 2) the frontal lobe shows rapidly increasing cortical folding during this period, with relatively slower increase of the cortical folding in the occipital and parietal lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Nie
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The rates of caesarean section (CS) are increasing worldwide. The short-term effects of CS in the newborn have been described and long-term reported risks of alterations of pathophysiology include altered microflora, increased risk of childhood asthma and childhood-onset type I diabetes mellitus. There has been emphasis on the respiratory morbidity related to the timing of elective CS. More recently, a population study demonstrated dose-dependent effect of each week of gestation on the need for special education. This highlights the importance of intrauterine brain development towards the end of pregnancy and hitherto largely unexplored possible effects on neurodevelopment if it is interrupted. CONCLUSION The timing of CS is important not only because delivery before 39 weeks can increase respiratory morbidity, but also owing to the fact that ongoing intrauterine brain maturation could be significant for future neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kapellou
- Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Rathbone R, Counsell SJ, Kapellou O, Dyet L, Kennea N, Hajnal J, Allsop JM, Cowan F, Edwards AD. Perinatal cortical growth and childhood neurocognitive abilities. Neurology 2011; 77:1510-7. [PMID: 21998316 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318233b215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This observational cohort study addressed the hypothesis that after preterm delivery brain growth between 24 and 44 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) is related to global neurocognitive ability in later childhood. METHODS Growth rates for cerebral volume and cortical surface area were estimated in 82 infants without focal brain lesions born before 30 weeks PMA by using 217 magnetic resonance images obtained between 24 and 44 weeks PMA. Abilities were assessed at 2 years using the Griffiths Mental Development Scale and at 6 years using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI-R), the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY), and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC). Analysis was by generalized least-squares regression. RESULTS Mean test scores approximated population averages. Cortical growth was directly related to the Griffiths Developmental Quotient (DQ), the WPPSI-R full-scale IQ, and a NEPSY summary score but not the MABC score and in exploration of subtests to attention, planning, memory, language, and numeric and conceptual abilities but not motor skills. The mean (95% confidence interval) estimated reduction in cortical surface area at term corrected age associated with a 1 SD fall in test score was as follows: DQ 7.0 (5.8-8.5); IQ 6.0 (4.9-7.3); and NEPSY 9.1 (7.5-11.0) % · SD(-1). Total brain volume growth was not correlated with any test score. CONCLUSIONS The rate of cerebral cortical growth between 24 and 44 weeks PMA predicts global ability in later childhood, particularly complex cognitive functions but not motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rathbone
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Taylor HG, Filipek PA, Juranek J, Bangert B, Minich N, Hack M. Brain Volumes in Adolescents With Very Low Birth Weight: Effects on Brain Structure and Associations With Neuropsychological Outcomes. Dev Neuropsychol 2011; 36:96-117. [PMID: 21253993 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2011.540544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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