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Sharma A, Balda S, Capalash N, Sharma P. Engineering multifunctional enzymes for agro-biomass utilization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 347:126706. [PMID: 35033642 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a plentiful renewable resource that can be converted into a wide range of high-value-added industrial products. However, the complexity of its structural integrity is one of the major constraints and requires combinations of different fibrolytic enzymes for the cost-effective, industrially and environmentally feasible transformation. An interesting approach is constructing multifunctional enzymes, either in a single polypeptide or by joining multiple domains with linkers and performing diverse reactions simultaneously, in a single host. The production of such chimera proteins multiplies the advantages of different enzymatic reactions in a single setup, in lesser time, at lower production cost and with desirable and improved catalytic activities. This review embodies the various domain-tailoring and extracellular secretion strategies, possible solutions to their challenges, and efforts to experimentally connect different catalytic activities in a single host, as well as their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarjoo Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjeev Balda
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neena Capalash
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prince Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Aza P, de Salas F, Molpeceres G, Rodríguez-Escribano D, de la Fuente I, Camarero S. Protein Engineering Approaches to Enhance Fungal Laccase Production in S. cerevisiae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031157. [PMID: 33503813 PMCID: PMC7866195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases secreted by saprotrophic basidiomycete fungi are versatile biocatalysts able to oxidize a wide range of aromatic compounds using oxygen as the sole requirement. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a preferred host for engineering fungal laccases. To assist the difficult secretion of active enzymes by yeast, the native signal peptide is usually replaced by the preproleader of S. cerevisiae alfa mating factor (MFα1). However, in most cases, only basal enzyme levels are obtained. During directed evolution in S. cerevisiae of laccases fused to the α-factor preproleader, we demonstrated that mutations accumulated in the signal peptide notably raised enzyme secretion. Here we describe different protein engineering approaches carried out to enhance the laccase activity detected in the liquid extracts of S. cerevisiae cultures. We demonstrate the improved secretion of native and engineered laccases by using the fittest mutated α-factor preproleader obtained through successive laccase evolution campaigns in our lab. Special attention is also paid to the role of protein N-glycosylation in laccase production and properties, and to the introduction of conserved amino acids through consensus design enabling the expression of certain laccases otherwise not produced by the yeast. Finally, we revise the contribution of mutations accumulated in laccase coding sequence (CDS) during previous directed evolution campaigns that facilitate enzyme production.
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Yin Q, Zhou G, Peng C, Zhang Y, Kües U, Liu J, Xiao Y, Fang Z. The first fungal laccase with an alkaline pH optimum obtained by directed evolution and its application in indigo dye decolorization. AMB Express 2019; 9:151. [PMID: 31535295 PMCID: PMC6751238 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering of fungal laccases with optimum catalytic activity at alkaline pH has been a long-lasting challenge. In this study, a mutant library containing 3000 clones was obtained by error-prone PCR to adapt the optimum pH of a fungal laccase Lcc9 from the basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea. After three rounds of functional screening, a mutant with three amino acid changes (E116K, N229D, I393T) named PIE5 was selected. PIE5 showed an optimum pH of 8.5 and 8.0 against guaiacol and 2,6-DMP when expressed in Pichia pastoris, representing the first fungal laccase that possesses an optimum pH at an alkaline condition. Site directed mutagenesis disclosed that N229D contributed the most to the optimum pH increment. A single N229D mutation caused an increase in optimum pH by 1.5 units. When used in indigo dye decolorization, PIE5 efficiently decolorized 87.1 ± 1.1% and 90.9 ± 0.3% indigo dye at the optimum conditions of pH 7.0-7.5 and 60 °C, and with either methyl 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoate or 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothazoline-6-sulfonate) as the mediator. In comparison, the commercially available fungal laccase TvLac from Trametes villosa decolorized 84.3 ± 1.8% of indigo dye under its optimum conditions (opt. pH 5.0 and 60 °C). The properties of an alkaline-dependent activity and the high indigo dye decolorization ability (1.3-fold better than the parental Lcc9) make the new fungal laccase PIE5 an alternative for specific industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Can Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yinliang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Ursula Kües
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, China.
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
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Mateljak I, Rice A, Yang K, Tron T, Alcalde M. The Generation of Thermostable Fungal Laccase Chimeras by SCHEMA-RASPP Structure-Guided Recombination in Vivo. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:833-843. [PMID: 30897903 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fungal laccases are biotechnologically relevant enzymes that are capable of oxidizing a wide array of compounds, using oxygen from the air and releasing water as the only byproduct. The laccase structure is comprised of three cupredoxin domains sheltering two copper centers-the T1Cu site and the T2/T3 trinuclear Cu cluster-connected to each other through a highly conserved internal electron transfer pathway. As such, the generation of laccase chimeras with high sequence diversity from different orthologs is difficult to achieve without compromising protein functionality. Here, we have obtained a diverse family of functional chimeras showing increased thermostability from three fungal laccase orthologs with ∼70% protein sequence identity. Assisted by the high frequency of homologous DNA recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, computationally selected SCHEMA-RASPP blocks were spliced and cloned in a one-pot transformation. As a result of this in vivo assembly, an enriched library of laccase chimeras was rapidly generated, with multiple recombination events simultaneously occurring between and within the SCHEMA blocks. The resulting library was screened at high temperature, identifying a collection of thermostable chimeras with considerable sequence diversity, which varied from their closest parent homologue by 46 amino acids on average. The most thermostable variant increased its half-life of thermal inactivation at 70 °C 5-fold (up to 108 min), whereas several chimeras also displayed improved stability at acidic pH. The two catalytic copper sites spanned different SCHEMA blocks, shedding light on the recognition of specific residues involved in substrate oxidation. In summary, this case-study, through comparison with previous laccase engineering studies, highlights the benefits of bringing together computationally guided recombination and in vivo shuffling as an invaluable strategy for laccase evolution, which can be translated to other enzyme systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mateljak
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Austin Rice
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, CALTECH, Pasadena, California 91125-4100, United States
| | - Kevin Yang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, CALTECH, Pasadena, California 91125-4100, United States
| | - Thierry Tron
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Zhou S, Rousselot-Pailley P, Ren L, Charmasson Y, Dezord EC, Robert V, Tron T, Mekmouche Y. Production and manipulation of blue copper oxidases for technological applications. Methods Enzymol 2018; 613:17-61. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Mano
- CNRS, CRPP, UPR 8641, 33600 Pessac, France
- University of Bordeaux, CRPP, UPR 8641, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Anne de Poulpiquet
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, BIP, 31, chemin Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, France
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Bertrand B, Martínez-Morales F, Trejo-Hernández MR. Upgrading Laccase Production and Biochemical Properties: Strategies and Challenges. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:1015-1034. [PMID: 28393483 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Improving laccases continues to be crucial in novel biotechnological developments and industrial applications, where they are concerned. This review breaks down and explores the potential of the strategies (conventional and modern) that can be used for laccase enhancement (increased production and upgraded biochemical properties such as stability and catalytic efficiency). The challenges faced with these approaches are briefly discussed. We also shed light on how these strategies merge and give rise to new options and advances in this field of work. Additionally, this article seeks to serve as a guide for students and academic researchers interested in laccases. This document not only gives basic information on laccases, but also provides updated information on the state of the art of various technologies that are used in this line of investigation. It also gives the readers an idea of the areas extensively studied and the areas where there is still much left to be done. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1015-1034, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandt Bertrand
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62209, México
| | - Fernando Martínez-Morales
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62209, México
| | - María R Trejo-Hernández
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62209, México
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Robert V, Monza E, Tarrago L, Sancho F, De Falco A, Schneider L, Npetgat Ngoutane E, Mekmouche Y, Pailley PR, Simaan AJ, Guallar V, Tron T. Probing the Surface of a Laccase for Clues towards the Design of Chemo-Enzymatic Catalysts. Chempluschem 2017; 82:607-614. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Robert
- Aix Marseille Université; Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313; 13397 Marseille France
| | - Emanuele Monza
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology; Barcelona Supercomputing Centre; Jordi Girona 29 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Lionel Tarrago
- Aix Marseille Université; Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313; 13397 Marseille France
| | - Ferran Sancho
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology; Barcelona Supercomputing Centre; Jordi Girona 29 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Anna De Falco
- Aix Marseille Université; Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313; 13397 Marseille France
| | - Ludovic Schneider
- Aix Marseille Université; Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313; 13397 Marseille France
| | | | - Yasmina Mekmouche
- Aix Marseille Université; Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313; 13397 Marseille France
| | | | - A. Jalila Simaan
- Aix Marseille Université; Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313; 13397 Marseille France
| | - Victor Guallar
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology; Barcelona Supercomputing Centre; Jordi Girona 29 08034 Barcelona Spain
- ICREA; Passeig Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Thierry Tron
- Aix Marseille Université; Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313; 13397 Marseille France
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Abstract
Laccases are multi-copper oxidoreductases which catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of substrates during the simultaneous reduction of oxygen to water. These enzymes, originally found in fungi, plants, and other natural sources, have many industrial and biotechnological applications. They are used in the food, textile, pulp, and paper industries, as well as for bioremediation purposes. Although natural hosts can provide relatively high levels of active laccases after production optimization, heterologous expression can bring, moreover, engineered enzymes with desired properties, such as different substrate specificity or improved stability. Hence, diverse hosts suitable for laccase production are reviewed here, while the greatest emphasis is placed on yeasts which are commonly used for industrial production of various proteins. Different approaches to optimize the laccase expression and activity are also discussed in detail here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Antošová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Shu C, Zhou J, Crickmore N, Li X, Song F, Liang G, He K, Huang D, Zhang J. In vitro template-change PCR to create single crossover libraries: a case study with B. thuringiensis Cry2A toxins. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23536. [PMID: 27097519 PMCID: PMC4838838 DOI: 10.1038/srep23536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During evolution the creation of single crossover chimeras between duplicated paralogous genes is a known process for increasing diversity. Comparing the properties of homologously recombined chimeras with one or two crossovers is also an efficient strategy for analyzing relationships between sequence variation and function. However, no well-developed in vitro method has been established to create single-crossover libraries. Here we present an in vitro template-change polymerase change reaction that has been developed to enable the production of such libraries. We applied the method to two closely related toxin genes from B. thuringiensis and created chimeras with differing properties that can help us understand how these toxins are able to differentiate between insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Shu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jianqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Xianchun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Fuping Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Gemei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Dafang Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
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Homologous and Heterologous Expression of Basidiomycete Genes Related to Plant Biomass Degradation. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Identification and characterization of laccase-type multicopper oxidases involved in dye-decolorization by the fungus Leptosphaerulina sp. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:74. [PMID: 26268358 PMCID: PMC4535763 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fungal laccases are multicopper oxidases (MCOs) with high biotechnological potential due to their capability to oxidize a wide range of aromatic contaminants using oxygen from the air. Albeit the numerous laccase-like genes described in ascomycete fungi, ascomycete laccases have been less thoroughly studied than white-rot basidiomycetous laccases. A variety of MCO genes has recently been discovered in plant pathogenic ascomycete fungi, however little is known about the presence and function of laccases in these fungi or their potential use as biocatalysts. We aim here to identify the laccase-type oxidoreductases that might be involved in the decolorization of dyes by Leptosphaerulina sp. and to characterize them as potential biotechnological tools. Results A Leptosphaerulina fungal strain, isolated from lignocellulosic material in Colombia, produces laccase as the main ligninolytic oxidoreductase activity during decolorization of synthetic organic dyes. Four laccase-type MCO genes were partially amplified from the genomic DNA using degenerate primers based on laccase-specific signature sequences. The phylogenetic analysis showed the clustering of Lac1, Lac4 and Lac3 with ascomycete laccases, whereas Lac2 grouped with fungal ferroxidases (together with other hypothetical laccases). Lac3, the main laccase produced by Leptosphaerulina sp. in dye decolorizing and laccase-induced cultures (according to the shotgun analysis of both secretomes) was purified and characterized in this study. It is a sensu-stricto laccase able to decolorize synthetic organic dyes with high efficiency particularly in the presence of natural mediator compounds. Conclusions The searching for laccase-type MCOs in ascomycetous families where their presence is poorly known, might provide a source of biocatalysts with potential biotechnological interest and shed light on their role in the fungus. The information provided by the use of genomic and proteomic tools must be combined with the biochemical evaluation of the enzyme to prove its catalytic activity and applicability potential. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-015-0192-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Mekmouche Y, Schneider L, Rousselot-Pailley P, Faure B, Simaan AJ, Bochot C, Réglier M, Tron T. Laccases as palladium oxidases. Chem Sci 2015; 6:1247-1251. [PMID: 29560210 PMCID: PMC5811087 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02564d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first example of a coupled catalytic system involving an enzyme and a palladium(ii) catalyst competent for the aerobic oxidation of alcohol in mild conditions is described. In the absence of dioxygen, the fungal laccase LAC3 is reduced by a palladium(0) species as evidenced by the UV/VIS and ESR spectra of the enzyme. During the oxidation of veratryl alcohol performed in water, at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, LAC3 regenerates the palladium catalyst, is reduced and catalyzes the four-electron reduction of dioxygen into water with no loss of enzyme activity. The association of a laccase with a water-soluble palladium complex results in a 7-fold increase in the catalytic efficiency of the complex. This is the first step in the design of a family of renewable palladium catalysts for aerobic oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Mekmouche
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS , Centrale Marseille , ISM2 UMR 7313 , 13397 , Marseille , France . ;
| | - Ludovic Schneider
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS , Centrale Marseille , ISM2 UMR 7313 , 13397 , Marseille , France . ;
| | - Pierre Rousselot-Pailley
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS , Centrale Marseille , ISM2 UMR 7313 , 13397 , Marseille , France . ;
| | - Bruno Faure
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS , Centrale Marseille , ISM2 UMR 7313 , 13397 , Marseille , France . ;
| | - A Jalila Simaan
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS , Centrale Marseille , ISM2 UMR 7313 , 13397 , Marseille , France . ;
| | - Constance Bochot
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS , Centrale Marseille , ISM2 UMR 7313 , 13397 , Marseille , France . ;
| | - Marius Réglier
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS , Centrale Marseille , ISM2 UMR 7313 , 13397 , Marseille , France . ;
| | - Thierry Tron
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS , Centrale Marseille , ISM2 UMR 7313 , 13397 , Marseille , France . ;
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Engineering the ligninolytic enzyme consortium. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:155-62. [PMID: 25600621 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ligninolytic enzyme consortium is one of the most-efficient oxidative systems found in nature, playing a pivotal role during wood decay and coal formation. Typically formed by high redox-potential oxidoreductases, this array of enzymes can be used within the emerging lignocellulose biorefineries in processes that range from the production of bioenergy to that of biomaterials. To ensure that these versatile enzymes meet industry standards and needs, they have been subjected to directed evolution and hybrid approaches that surpass the limits imposed by nature. This Opinion article analyzes recent achievements in this field, including the incipient groundbreaking research into the evolution of resurrected enzymes, and the engineering of ligninolytic secretomes to create consolidated bioprocessing microbes with synthetic biology applications.
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Laccase engineering by rational and evolutionary design. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:897-910. [PMID: 25586560 PMCID: PMC4323517 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Laccases are considered as green catalysts of great biotechnological potential. This has attracted a great interest in designing laccases a la carte with enhanced stabilities or activities tailored to specific conditions for different fields of application. Over 20 years, numerous efforts have been taken to engineer these multicopper oxidases and to understand their reaction mechanisms by site-directed mutagenesis, and more recently, using computational calculations and directed evolution tools. In this work, we review the most relevant contributions made in the field of laccase engineering, from the comprehensive study of their structure–function relationships to the tailoring of outstanding biocatalysts.
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Laccase engineering: From rational design to directed evolution. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:25-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Liu Y, Cusano AM, Wallace EC, Mekmouche Y, Ullah S, Robert V, Tron T. Characterization of C-terminally engineered laccases. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 69:435-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Construction of a Laccase Chimerical Gene: Recombinant Protein Characterization and Gene Expression via Yeast Surface Display. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:2916-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mate DM, Gonzalez-Perez D, Falk M, Kittl R, Pita M, De Lacey AL, Ludwig R, Shleev S, Alcalde M. Blood tolerant laccase by directed evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:223-31. [PMID: 23438751 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
High-redox potential laccases are powerful biocatalysts with a wide range of applications in biotechnology. We have converted a thermostable laccase from a white-rot fungus into a blood tolerant laccase. Adapting the fitness of this laccase to the specific composition of human blood (above neutral pH, high chloride concentration) required several generations of directed evolution in a surrogate complex blood medium. Our evolved laccase was tested in both human plasma and blood, displaying catalytic activity while retaining a high redox potential at the T1 copper site. Mutations introduced in the second coordination sphere of the T1 site shifted the pH activity profile and drastically reduced the inhibitory effect of chloride. This proof of concept that laccases can be adapted to function in extreme conditions opens an array of opportunities for implantable nanobiodevices, chemical syntheses, and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Mate
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Mekmouche Y, Zhou S, Cusano AM, Record E, Lomascolo A, Robert V, Simaan AJ, Rousselot-Pailley P, Ullah S, Chaspoul F, Tron T. Gram-scale production of a basidiomycetous laccase in Aspergillus niger. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 117:25-7. [PMID: 23867099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report on the expression in Aspergillus niger of a laccase gene we used to produce variants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Grams of recombinant enzyme can be easily obtained. This highlights the potential of combining this generic laccase sequence to the yeast and fungal expression systems for large-scale productions of variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Mekmouche
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France.
| | - Simeng Zhou
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, INRA, UMR 1163, Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy-Polytech, Case 925, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Angela M Cusano
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Eric Record
- Aix-Marseille Université, INRA, UMR 1163, Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy-Polytech, Case 925, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Anne Lomascolo
- Aix-Marseille Université, INRA, UMR 1163, Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy-Polytech, Case 925, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Viviane Robert
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - A Jalila Simaan
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | | | - Sana Ullah
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Florence Chaspoul
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IMBE, UMR 7263, Laboratoire Chimie Physique et Prévention des Risques et Nuisances Technologiques, FR3098 ECCOREV, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Tron
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
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21
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Chairin T, Nitheranont T, Watanabe A, Asada Y, Khanongnuch C, Lumyong S. Purification and characterization of the extracellular laccase produced by Trametes polyzona WR710-1 under solid-state fermentation. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 54:35-43. [PMID: 23775771 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201200456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Laccase from Trametes polyzona WR710-1 was produced under solid-state fermentation using the peel from the Tangerine orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco) as substrate, and purified to homogeneity. This laccase was found to be a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of about 71 kDa estimated by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH was 2.0 for ABTS, 4.0 for L-DOPA, guaiacol, and catechol, and 5.0 for 2,6-DMP. The K(m) value of the enzyme for the substrate ABTS was 0.15 mM, its corresponding V(max) value was 1.84 mM min(-1), and the k(cat)/K(m) value was about 3960 s(-1) mM(-1). The enzyme activity was stable between pH 6.0 and 8.0, at temperatures of up to 40 °C. The laccase was inhibited by more than 50% in the presence of 20 mM NaCl, by 95% at 5 mM of Fe(2+), and it was completely inhibited by 0.1 mM NaN(3). The N-terminal amino acid sequence of this laccase is AVTPVADLQISNAGISPDTF, which is highly similar to those of laccases from other white-rot basidiomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanunchanok Chairin
- Biotechnology Program, Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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22
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Abdellaoui S, Noiriel A, Henkens R, Bonaventura C, Blum LJ, Doumèche B. A 96-well electrochemical method for the screening of enzymatic activities. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3690-7. [PMID: 23461701 DOI: 10.1021/ac303777r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rapid electrochemical screening of enzyme activities in bioelectronics is still a challenging issue. In order to solve this problem, we propose to use a 96-well electrochemical assay. This system is composed of 96 screen-printed electrodes on a printed circuit board adapted from a commercial system (carbon is used as the working electrode and silver chloride as the counter/reference electrode). The associated device allows for the measurements on the 96 electrodes to be performed within a few seconds. In this work, we demonstrate the validity of the screening method with the commercial laccase from the fungus Trametes versicolor. The signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) is found to be the best way to analyze the electrochemical signals. The S/N follows a saturation-like mechanism with a dynamic linear range of two decades ranging from 0.5 to 75 ng of laccase (corresponding to enzymatic activities from 62 × 10(-6) to 9.37 × 10(-3) μmol min(-1)) and a sensitivity of 3027 μg(-1) at +100 mV versus Ag/AgCl. Laccase inhibitors (azide and fluoride anions), pH optima, and interfering molecules could also be identified within a few minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiène Abdellaoui
- GEMBAS (Génie Enzymatique, Membranes Biomimétiques et Assemblages Supramoléculaires), ICBMS UMR 5246, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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23
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Pardo I, Vicente AI, Mate DM, Alcalde M, Camarero S. Development of chimeric laccases by directed evolution. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:2978-86. [PMID: 22729887 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
DNA recombination methods are useful tools to generate diversity in directed evolution protein engineering studies. We have designed an array of chimeric laccases with high-redox potential by in vitro and in vivo DNA recombination of two fungal laccases (from Pycnoporus cinnabarinus and PM1 basidiomycete), which were previously tailored by laboratory evolution for functional expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The laccase fusion genes (including the evolved α-factor prepro-leaders for secretion in yeast) were subjected to a round of family shuffling to construct chimeric libraries and the best laccase hybrids were identified in dual high-throughput screening (HTS) assays. Using this approach, we identified chimeras with up to six crossover events in the whole sequence, and we obtained active hybrid laccases with combined characteristics in terms of pH activity and thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pardo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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24
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Gonzalez-Perez D, Garcia-Ruiz E, Alcalde M. Saccharomyces cerevisiae in directed evolution: An efficient tool to improve enzymes. Bioeng Bugs 2012; 3:172-7. [PMID: 22572788 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.19544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, directed evolution has been seen to be the most reliable approach to protein engineering. Emulating the natural selection algorithm, ad hoc enzymes with novel features can be tailor-made for practical purposes through iterative rounds of random mutagenesis, DNA recombination and screening. Of the heterologous hosts used in laboratory evolution experiments, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has become the best choice to express eukaryotic proteins with improved properties. S. cerevisiae not only allows mutant enzymes to be secreted but also, it permits a wide range of genetic manipulations to be employed, ranging from in vivo cloning to the creation of greater molecular diversity, thanks to its efficient DNA recombination apparatus. Here, we summarize some successful examples of the use of the S. cerevisiae machinery to accelerate artificial evolution, complementing the traditional in vitro methods to generate tailor-made enzymes.
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25
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Robert V, Mekmouche Y, Pailley PR, Tron T. Engineering laccases: in search for novel catalysts. Curr Genomics 2011; 12:123-9. [PMID: 21966250 PMCID: PMC3129046 DOI: 10.2174/138920211795564340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases (p-diphenol oxidase, EC 1.10.3.2) are blue multicopper oxidases that catalyze the reduction of dioxygen to water, with a concomitant oxidation of small organic substrates. Since the description at the end of the nineteenth century of a factor catalyzing the rapid hardening of the latex of the Japanese lacquer trees (Rhus sp.) exposed to air laccases from different origins (plants, fungi bacteria) have been continuously discovered and extensively studied. Nowadays, molecular evolution and other powerful protein modification techniques offer possibilities to develop tailored laccases for a wide array of applications including drug synthesis, biosensors or biofuel cells. Here, we give an overview on strategies and results of our laboratory in the design of new biocatalysts based on laccases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Robert
- Laboratoire Biosciences, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, Université Aix-Marseille, ISM2 CNRS UMR 6263, Marseille Cedex 20, France
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26
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Maté D, García-Ruiz E, Camarero S, Alcalde M. Directed evolution of fungal laccases. Curr Genomics 2011; 12:113-22. [PMID: 21966249 PMCID: PMC3129045 DOI: 10.2174/138920211795564322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal laccases are generalists biocatalysts with potential applications that range from bioremediation to novel green processes. Fuelled by molecular oxygen, these enzymes can act on dozens of molecules of different chemical nature, and with the help of redox mediators, their spectrum of oxidizable substrates is further pushed towards xenobiotic compounds (pesticides, industrial dyes, PAHs), biopolymers (lignin, starch, cellulose) and other complex molecules. In recent years, extraordinary efforts have been made to engineer fungal laccases by directed evolution and semi-rational approaches to improve their functional expression or stability. All these studies have taken advantage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a heterologous host, not only to secrete the enzyme but also, to emulate the introduction of genetic diversity through in vivo DNA recombination. Here, we discuss all these endeavours to convert fungal laccases into valuable biomolecular platforms on which new functions can be tailored by directed evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Maté
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Piscitelli A, Pezzella C, Giardina P, Faraco V, Giovanni S. Heterologous laccase production and its role in industrial applications. Bioeng Bugs 2011; 1:252-62. [PMID: 21327057 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.4.11438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Laccases are blue multicopper oxidases, catalyzing the oxidation of an array of aromatic substrates concomitantly with the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. These enzymes are implicated in a variety of biological activities. Most of the laccases studied thus far are of fungal origin. The large range of substrates oxidized by laccases has raised interest in using them within different industrial fields, such as pulp delignification, textile dye bleaching, and bioremediation. Laccases secreted from native sources are usually not suitable for large-scale purposes, mainly due to low production yields and high cost of preparation/purification procedures. Heterologous expression may provide higher enzyme yields and may permit to produce laccases with desired properties (such as different substrate specificities, or improved stabilities) for industrial applications. This review surveys researches on heterologous laccase expression focusing on the pivotal role played by recombinant systems towards the development of robust tools for greening modern industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Piscitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Napoli, Italy.
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28
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Maté D, García-Burgos C, García-Ruiz E, Ballesteros AO, Camarero S, Alcalde M. Laboratory evolution of high-redox potential laccases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 17:1030-41. [PMID: 20851352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Thermostable laccases with a high-redox potential have been engineered through a strategy that combines directed evolution with rational approaches. The original laccase signal sequence was replaced by the α-factor prepro-leader, and the corresponding fusion gene was targeted for joint laboratory evolution with the aim of improving kinetics and secretion by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while retaining high thermostability. After eight rounds of molecular evolution, the total laccase activity was enhanced 34,000-fold culminating in the OB-1 mutant as the last variant of the evolution process, a highly active and stable enzyme in terms of temperature, pH range, and organic cosolvents. Mutations in the hydrophobic core of the evolved α-factor prepro-leader enhanced functional expression, whereas some mutations in the mature protein improved its catalytic capacities by altering the interactions with the surrounding residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Maté
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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