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Bhullar SK, Dhalla NS. Adaptive and maladaptive roles of different angiotensin receptors in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:86-104. [PMID: 37748204 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is formed by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the renin-angiotensin system. This hormone is known to induce cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure and its actions are mediated by the interaction of both pro- and antihypertrophic Ang II receptors (AT1R and AT2R). Ang II is also metabolized by ACE 2 to Ang-(1-7), which elicits the activation of Mas receptors (MasR) for inducing antihypertrophic actions. Since heart failure under different pathophysiological situations is preceded by adaptive and maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy, we have reviewed the existing literature to gain some information regarding the roles of AT1R, AT2R, and MasR in both acute and chronic conditions of cardiac hypertrophy. It appears that the activation of AT1R may be involved in the development of adaptive and maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy as well as subsequent heart failure because both ACE inhibitors and AT1R antagonists exert beneficial effects. On the other hand, the activation of both AT2R and MasR may prevent the occurrence of maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy and delay the progression of heart failure, and thus therapy with different activators of these antihypertrophic receptors under chronic pathological stages may prove beneficial. Accordingly, it is suggested that a great deal of effort should be made to develop appropriate activators of both AT2R and MasR for the treatment of heart failure subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder K Bhullar
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Naranjan S Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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2
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Peng C, Jiang Y, Ou X, Liao L, Yang C, Zhou Q, Wei Y, Chang L, Fan X. Novel XIAP mutation with early-onset Crohn's disease complicated with acute heart failure: a case report. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:368. [PMID: 37479963 PMCID: PMC10362603 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) protein is encoded by the XIAP gene and is critical for multiple cell responses and plays a role in preventing cell death. XIAP mutations are associated with several diseases, primarily including hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We report the clinical features and results associated with hemizygous mutation of the XIAP gene in a young male with Crohn's disease complicated with acute heart failure.This 16-year-old patient ultimately died of heart failure. CASE PRESENTATION A young male of 16 years of age was initially diagnosed with Crohn's disease based on evidences from endoscopic and histological findings. Although supportive care, anti-infective drugs and biologics were administered consecutively for 11 months, his clinical manifestations and laboratory indices (patient's condition) did not improved. Additionally, the patient exhibited a poor nutritional status and sustained weight loss. Subsequently, acute heart failure led to the exacerbation of the patient's condition. He was diagnosed with wet beriberi according to thiamine deficiency, but the standard medical therapy for heart failure and thiamine supplementation did not reverse the adverse outcomes. Comprehensive genetic analysis of peripheral blood-derived DNA revealed a novel hemizygous mutation of the XIAP gene (c.1259_1262 delACAG), which was inherited from his mother. CONCLUSION A novel XIAP mutation (c.1259_1262 delACAG) was identified in this study. It may be one of the potential pathogenic factors in Crohn's disease and plays an important role in the progression of heart failure. Additionally, thiamine deficiency triggers a vicious cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chendong Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuang Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianhong Ou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Liao
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengying Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijia Chang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Hebei Province, 16 Tangu-North Street, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.
| | - Xinrong Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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Liu M, Long X, Xu J, Chen M, Yang H, Guo X, Kang J, Ouyang Y, Luo G, Yang S, Zhou H. Hypertensive heart disease and myocardial fibrosis: How traditional Chinese medicine can help addressing unmet therapeutical needs. Pharmacol Res 2022; 185:106515. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhao Q, Ren X, Song SY, Yu RL, Li X, Zhang P, Shao CL, Wang CY. Deciphering the Underlying Mechanisms of Formula Le-Cao-Shi Against Liver Injuries by Integrating Network Pharmacology, Metabonomics, and Experimental Validation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:884480. [PMID: 35548342 PMCID: PMC9081656 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.884480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Le-Cao-Shi (LCS) has long been used as a folk traditional Chinese medicine formula against liver injuries, whereas its pharmacological mechanisms remain elusive. Our study aims to investigate the underlying mechanism of LCS in treating liver injuries via integrated network pharmacology, metabonomics, and experimental validation. By network pharmacology, 57 compounds were screened as candidate compounds based on ADME parameters from the LCS compound bank (213 compounds collected from the literature of three single herbs). According to online compound–target databases, the aforementioned candidate compounds were predicted to target 87 potential targets related to liver injuries. More than 15 pathways connected with these potential targets were considered vital pathways in collectively modulating liver injuries, which were found to be relevant to cancer, xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450 enzymes, bile secretion, inflammation, and antioxidation. Metabonomics analysis by using the supernatant of the rat liver homogenate with UPLC-Q-TOF/MS demonstrated that 18 potential biomarkers could be regulated by LCS, which was closely related to linoleic acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways. Linoleic acid metabolism and glutathione metabolism pathways were two key common pathways in both network pharmacology and metabonomics analysis. In ELISA experiments with the CCl4-induced rat liver injury model, LCS was found to significantly reduce the levels of inflammatory parameters, decrease liver malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and enhance the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes, which validated that LCS could inhibit liver injuries through anti-inflammatory property and by suppressing lipid peroxidation and improving the antioxidant defense system. Our work could provide new insights into the underlying pharmacological mechanisms of LCS against liver injuries, which is beneficial for its further investigation and modernization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xia Ren
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shu-Yue Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ri-Lei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chang-Lun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Chang-Lun Shao, ; Chang-Yun Wang,
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Chang-Lun Shao, ; Chang-Yun Wang,
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Al-Kindi S, Zidar DA. COVID-lateral damage: cardiovascular manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Transl Res 2022; 241:25-40. [PMID: 34780967 PMCID: PMC8588575 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early in the pandemic, concern that cardiovascular effects would accompany COVID-19 was fueled by lessons from the first SARS epidemic, knowledge that the SARS-COV2 entry receptor (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2) is highly expressed in the heart, early reports of myocarditis, and first-hand accounts by physicians caring for those with severe COVID-19. Over 18 months, our understanding of the cardiovascular manifestations has expanded greatly, leaving more new questions than those conclusively answered. Cardiac involvement is common (∼20%) but not uniformly observed in those who require treatment in a hospitalized setting. Cardiac MRI studies raise the possibility of manifestations in those with minimal symptoms. Some appear to experience protracted cardiovascular symptoms as part of a larger syndrome of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Instances of vaccine induced thrombosis and myocarditis are exceedingly rare but illustrate the need to monitor the cardiovascular safety of interventions that induce inflammation. Here, we will summarize the current understanding of potential cardiovascular manifestations of SARS-COV2. To provide proper context, paradigms of cardiovascular injury due to other inflammatory processes will also be discussed. Ongoing research and a deeper understanding COVID-19 may ultimately reveal new insight into the mechanistic underpinnings of cardiovascular disease. Thus, in this time of unprecedented suffering and risk to global health, there exists the opportunity that well conducted translational research of SARS-COV2 may provide health dividends that outlast the current pandemic.
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Key Words
- ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- pasc, post-acute sequelae of covid-19
- cvd, cardiovascular disease
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- pamp, pathogen associated molecular patterns
- damps, damage associated molecular patterns
- car-t, chimeric antigen receptor therapy
- dvt, deep venous thrombosis
- tf, tissue factor
- psgl, p-selectin glycoprotein ligand
- nets, neutrophil extracellular traps
- lv, left ventricular
- crp, c-reactive protein
- lge, late gadolinium enhancement
- cbv, coxsackie virus b
- b19v, parvovirus b12
- car, coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor
- ns1, nonstructural protein 1
- ec, endothelial cells
- scrnaseq, single cell rna sequencing
- embx, endomyocardial biopsy
- tte, transthoracic echocardiograms
- rv, right ventricular
- gls, global longitudinal strain
- hscrp, high sensitivity c-reative protein
- vitt, vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia
- dtap, diphtheria, tetanus, and polio
- vaers, vaccine adverse event reporting system
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeer Al-Kindi
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David A Zidar
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio; Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
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6
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Mercogliano MF, Bruni S, Mauro F, Elizalde PV, Schillaci R. Harnessing Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha to Achieve Effective Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030564. [PMID: 33540543 PMCID: PMC7985780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a pleiotropic cytokine known to have contradictory roles in oncoimmunology. Indeed, TNFα has a central role in the onset of the immune response, inducing both activation and the effector function of macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and B and T lymphocytes. Within the tumor microenvironment, however, TNFα is one of the main mediators of cancer-related inflammation. It is involved in the recruitment and differentiation of immune suppressor cells, leading to evasion of tumor immune surveillance. These characteristics turn TNFα into an attractive target to overcome therapy resistance and tackle cancer. This review focuses on the diverse molecular mechanisms that place TNFα as a source of resistance to immunotherapy such as monoclonal antibodies against cancer cells or immune checkpoints and adoptive cell therapy. We also expose the benefits of TNFα blocking strategies in combination with immunotherapy to improve the antitumor effect and prevent or treat adverse immune-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Mercogliano
- Laboratorio de Biofisicoquímica de Proteínas, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
| | - Sofía Bruni
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (S.B.); (F.M.); (P.V.E.)
| | - Florencia Mauro
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (S.B.); (F.M.); (P.V.E.)
| | - Patricia Virginia Elizalde
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (S.B.); (F.M.); (P.V.E.)
| | - Roxana Schillaci
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (S.B.); (F.M.); (P.V.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-11-4783-2869; Fax: +54-11-4786-2564
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7
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Miao K, Zhou L, Ba H, Li C, Gu H, Yin B, Wang J, Yang XP, Li Z, Wang DW. Transmembrane tumor necrosis factor alpha attenuates pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy via tumor necrosis factor receptor 2. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000967. [PMID: 33270628 PMCID: PMC7714153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plays an important pathogenic role in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure (HF); however, anti-TNF is paradoxically negative in clinical trials and even worsens HF, indicating a possible protective role of TNF-α in HF. TNF-α exists in transmembrane (tmTNF-α) and soluble (sTNF-α) forms. Herein, we found that TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) knockout (KO) or knockdown (KD) by short hairpin RNA or small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly alleviated cardiac hypertrophy, heart dysfunction, fibrosis, and inflammation with increased tmTNF-α expression, whereas TNFR2 KO or KD exacerbated the pathological phenomena with increased sTNF-α secretion in transverse aortic constriction (TAC)- and isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vivo and in vitro, respectively, indicating the beneficial effects of TNFR2 associated with tmTNF-α. Suppressing TNF-α converting enzyme by TNF-α Protease Inhibitor-1 (TAPI-1) to increase endogenous tmTNF-α expression significantly alleviated TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Importantly, direct addition of exogenous tmTNF-α into cardiomyocytes in vitro significantly reduced ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy and transcription of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and induced proliferation. The beneficial effects of tmTNF-α were completely blocked by TNFR2 KD in H9C2 cells and TNFR2 KO in primary myocardial cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that tmTNF-α displayed antihypertrophic and anti-inflammatory effects by activating the AKT pathway and inhibiting the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway via TNFR2. Our data suggest that tmTNF-α exerts cardioprotective effects via TNFR2. Specific targeting of tmTNF-α processing, rather than anti-TNF therapy, may be more useful for the treatment of hypertrophy and HF. In contrast to detrimental effects of soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) via TNFR1, this study shows that transmembrane TNF-α protects the heart by suppressing pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and inflammation via TNFR2. Targeting tmTNF-α processing may be more useful than TNF-antagonist for treatment of hypertrophy and heart failure.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cardiomegaly/metabolism
- Cardiomegaly/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Miao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiologic Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiologic Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongping Ba
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haiyan Gu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bingjiao Yin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang-ping Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuoya Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (DWW)
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiologic Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (DWW)
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Dalbeni A, Romano S, Bevilacqua M, Piccoli A, Imbalzano E, Mantovani A, Benati M, Montagnana M, Donato A, Torin G, Monaco C, Cattazzo F, Tagetti A, Paon V, Ieluzzi D, Iogna Prat L, Roccarina D, Ribichini F, Capra F, Minuz P, Fava C. Beneficial effects of DAAs on cardiac function and structure in hepatitis C patients with low-moderate liver fibrosis. J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:1214-1221. [PMID: 32593212 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related chronic infection has been associated with a higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases. An altered morphology and function of both left and right heart have been described in HCV patients; however, the causality of the association is still debated. Ninety-eight nonobese and nondiabetic HCV patients (59.5 ± 12.0 years; males 52%) with Fibroscan-Transient Elastography assessed low-moderate liver fibrosis that achieved sustained viral response at 12 and 24 weeks after DAAs (direct-acting antivirals) participated. 56 were matched with 52 control subjects for age, sex and cardiovascular risk factors at baseline. A trans-thoracic echocardiography was performed in each subject at baseline (T0) and repeated in all HCV patients after eradication (6 months later eligibility, T1). TNF-α and IL-10 were measured at baseline and at T1. A concentric remodelling of the left heart in HCV participants was identified, whereas tricuspidal annular plane systolic excursion, right indexed atrial volume, right basal ventricular diameter, inferior vena cava diameter and pulmonary arterial pressure were higher in HCV participants compared to matched controls. After virus eradication, left indexed atrial volume and all right cardiac chambers measures were lower than baseline. A significant reduction of TNF-α was shown at T1, while IL-10 did not change. This study shows a concentric remodelling of the left ventricle and structural modifications in the right sections in HCV patients compared to controls. Virus eradication with DAAs was associated with a reduction of the main right atrioventricular parameters indicating a direct involvement of the HCV in cardiac changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dalbeni
- Division of General Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Division of Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Romano
- Division of General Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Bevilacqua
- Division of General Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Piccoli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Egidio Imbalzano
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Mantovani
- Division of General Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy.,UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital and UCL, London, UK
| | - Marco Benati
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Martina Montagnana
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Angela Donato
- Division of General Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gioia Torin
- Division of General Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cinzia Monaco
- Division of General Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Filippo Cattazzo
- Division of General Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Angela Tagetti
- Division of General Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Veronica Paon
- Division of General Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Division of Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Donatella Ieluzzi
- Division of Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Iogna Prat
- Division of Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy.,UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital and UCL, London, UK
| | - Davide Roccarina
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital and UCL, London, UK
| | - Flavio Ribichini
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Franco Capra
- Division of Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Pietro Minuz
- Division of General Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristiano Fava
- Division of General Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Hassan M, Karkhur S, Bae JH, Halim MS, Ormaechea MS, Onghanseng N, Nguyen NV, Afridi R, Sepah YJ, Do DV, Nguyen QD. New therapies in development for the management of non-infectious uveitis: A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 47:396-417. [PMID: 30938012 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Uveitis is a spectrum of inflammatory disorders characterized by ocular inflammation and is one of the leading causes of preventable visual loss. The main aim of the treatment of uveitis is to control the inflammation, prevent recurrences of the disease and preserve vision while minimizing the adverse effects associated with the therapeutic agents. Initial management of uveitis relies heavily on the use of corticosteroids. However, monotherapy with high-dose corticosteroids is associated with side effects and cannot be maintained long term. Therefore, steroid-sparing agents are needed to decrease the burden of steroid therapy. Currently, the therapeutic approach for non-infectious uveitis (NIU) consists of a step-ladder strategy with the first-line option being corticosteroids in various formulations followed by the use of first-, second- and third-line agents in cases with suboptimal steroid response. Unfortunately, the agents currently at our disposal have limitations such as having a narrow therapeutic window along with their own individual potential side-effect profiles. Therefore, research has been targeted to identify newer drugs as well as new uses for older drugs that target specific pathways in the inflammatory response. Such efforts are made in order to provide targeted and safer therapy with reduced side effects and greater efficacy. Several specially designed molecular antibodies are currently in various phases of investigations that can potentially halt the inflammation in patients with NIU. In the review, we have provided a comprehensive overview of the current and upcoming therapeutic options for patients with NIU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hassan
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Samendra Karkhur
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, Sadguru Netra Chikitsalaya, Chitrakoot, India
| | - Jeong H Bae
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Maria S Ormaechea
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Neil Onghanseng
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Nam V Nguyen
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Rubbia Afridi
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Yasir J Sepah
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Diana V Do
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Quan D Nguyen
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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10
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Ormaechea MS, Hassan M, Onghanseng N, Park JH, Mahajan S, Al-Kirwi KY, Uludag G, Halim MS, Schlaen A, Sepah YJ, Do DV, Nguyen QD. Safety of systemic therapy for noninfectious uveitis. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2019; 18:1219-1235. [PMID: 31801415 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2019.1692810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The treatment strategies for noninfectious uveitis (NIU) aim to achieve disease remission, prevention of recurrences, and preserving vision, while minimizing the side effects associated with the therapies used.Areas covered: The index review aims to provide a detailed overview of the adverse events and safety parameters associated with the systemic therapies for the management of the NIU.Expert opinion: Despite being the cornerstone of management of acute cases of NIU, long-term corticosteroid use is associated with multi-system side effects, requiring the use of steroid-sparing agents. Adalimumab was recently approved by the FDA for the management of NIU based on the results of VISUAL studies. Similarly, newer drugs targeting various aspects of the inflammatory cascade are being developed. However, until we completely understand the molecular pathways of the inflammatory diseases, the therapeutic profile of these newer agents needs to be broad enough to suppress inflammatory cascade and narrow enough to spare normal cellular processes. Another strategy that has shown some potential in decreasing the systemic side effects is to provide local drug delivery. Therefore, the future of management of NIU is very bright with many novel therapeutic agents and strategies of drug delivery on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Soledad Ormaechea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Muhammad Hassan
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Neil Onghanseng
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jung Hyun Park
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Khalid Yusuf Al-Kirwi
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Imamein Khadhimein Medical City University Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Gunay Uludag
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Ariel Schlaen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yasir J Sepah
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Diana V Do
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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11
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D’Adamio S, Silvaggio D, Lombardo P, Bianchi L, Talamonti M, Galluzzo M. The safety of anti-interleukins monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of psoriasis. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2019; 18:1031-1041. [DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2019.1663168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. D’Adamio
- Dermatology Unit, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - D. Silvaggio
- Dermatology Unit, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - P. Lombardo
- Dermatology Unit, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - L. Bianchi
- Dermatology Unit, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Talamonti
- Dermatology Unit, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Galluzzo
- Dermatology Unit, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammation has been shown to be central to the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Despite detailed understanding of its central role and the cellular dynamics, which contribute to atherosclerotic inflammation, there has been slow progress in finding suitable agents to treat it. The recent CANTOS trial showed that the interleukin-1β inhibitor canakinumab can improve outcomes after acute coronary syndromes. Being a monoclonal antibody, it is expensive and inconvenient to administer for long-term treatment. This review summarizes recent work in finding effective, affordable alternatives to canakinumab. RECENT FINDINGS Statin drugs have anti-inflammatory properties but separating their LDL lowering effect from their anti-inflammatory effect has been difficult. Drugs acting on targets outside of the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) pathway have been tested without finding a suitable candidate. Following the proof of principle provided by the success of canakinumab, other candidates targeting the IL-1β pathway are undergoing detailed evaluation. The most likely candidates are low-dose methotrexate and low-dose colchicine. The potential mechanisms and ongoing clinical trials are described. SUMMARY Targeting the IL-1β pathway has already been successful with canakinumab but its expense and inconvenience of administration may limit its widespread uptake for controlling inflammation in atherosclerosis. Low-dose methotrexate and low-dose colchicine are affordable and more accessible alternatives, currently undergoing detailed evaluation for safety and efficacy in large randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Thompson
- Heart Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia
- GenesisCare, Perth, Australia
| | - S Mark Nidorf
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research
- GenesisCare, Perth, Australia
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13
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Russell‐Hallinan A, Watson CJ, Baugh JA. Epigenetics of Aberrant Cardiac Wound Healing. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:451-491. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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The SAFE pathway for cardioprotection: is this a promising target? Basic Res Cardiol 2018; 113:9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-018-0670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Chemaly M, McGilligan V, Gibson M, Clauss M, Watterson S, Alexander HD, Bjourson AJ, Peace A. Role of tumour necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM17) and associated proteins in coronary artery disease and cardiac events. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 110:700-711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Li P, Zheng Y, Chen X. Drugs for Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases: From Small Molecule Compounds to Anti-TNF Biologics. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:460. [PMID: 28785220 PMCID: PMC5506195 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although initially described as an anti-tumor mediator, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is generally considered as the master pro-inflammatory cytokine. It plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease, ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and psoriasis. Consequently, anti-TNF therapy has become mainstay treatment for autoimmune diseases. Historically, anti-inflammatory agents were developed before the identification of TNF. Salicylates, the active components of Willow spp., were identified in the mid-19th century for the alleviation of pain, fever, and inflammatory responses. Study of this naturally occurring compound led to the discovery of aspirin, which was followed by the development of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) due to the chemical advances in the 19th–20th centuries. Initially, the most of NSAIDs were organic acid, but the non-acidic compounds were also identified as NSAIDs. Although effective in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, NSAIDs have some undesirable and adverse effect, such as ulcers, kidney injury, and bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. In the past two decades, anti-TNF biologics were developed. Drugs belong to this class include soluble TNF receptor 2 fusion protein and anti-TNF antibodies. The introduction of anti-TNF therapeutics has revolutionized the management of autoimmune diseases, such as RA, psoriatic arthritis (PsA), plaque psoriasis (PP), AS, CD and ulcerative colitis (UC). Nevertheless, up to 40% of patients have no response to anti-TNF treatment. Furthermore, this treatment is associated with some adverse effects such as increased risk of infection, and even triggered the de novo development of autoimmune diseases. Such harmful effect of anti-TNF treatment is likely caused by the global inhibition of TNF biological functions. Therefore, specific inhibition of TNF receptor (TNFR1 or TNFR2) may represent a safer and more effective treatment, as proposed by some recent studies. In this review article, the historical development of anti-inflammatory drugs after World War II as briefly described above will be reviewed and analyzed. The future trend in the development of novel TNF receptor-targeting therapeutics will be discussed in the context of latest progress in the research of TNF biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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17
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Kubaisi B, Syeda S, Schmidt A, Foster CS. Adalimumab for the treatment of non-infectious uveitis: an updated review. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1279967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Buraa Kubaisi
- Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution (MERSI), Waltham, MA, USA
- Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation, Weston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Syeda
- Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution (MERSI), Waltham, MA, USA
- Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation, Weston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution (MERSI), Waltham, MA, USA
- Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation, Weston, MA, USA
| | - C. Stephen Foster
- Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution (MERSI), Waltham, MA, USA
- Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation, Weston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Agrawal V, Gupta JK, Qureshi SS, Vishwakarma VK. Role of cardiac renin angiotensin system in ischemia reperfusion injury and preconditioning of heart. Indian Heart J 2016; 68:856-861. [PMID: 27931559 PMCID: PMC5143827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardio-vascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Ischemia is a state of oxygen deprivation in tissues, whereas reperfusion is restoration of blood flow in ischemic tissues. Myocardial damage of tissue during reperfusion after ischemic insult is known as myocardial ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. It induces damage to cardiac muscle via increasing expression of oxygen, sodium and calcium ions which are responsible in the activation of proteases and cell death. Heart renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Angiotensin (1–7) is responsible for vasodilation and angiotensin II for vasoconstriction. Here-in we reviewed how myocardial I/R injury sets in by up-regulation of angiotensin II that leads to increased infarct size, which can be reduced by the use of ACE inhibitors, ACE2 activators and angiotensin II antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Agrawal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, UP, India
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19
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Bonsu KO, Owusu IK, Buabeng KO, Reidpath DD, Kadirvelu A. Review of novel therapeutic targets for improving heart failure treatment based on experimental and clinical studies. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2016; 12:887-906. [PMID: 27350750 PMCID: PMC4902145 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s106065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a major public health priority due to its epidemiological transition and the world's aging population. HF is typified by continuous loss of contractile function with reduced, normal, or preserved ejection fraction, elevated vascular resistance, fluid and autonomic imbalance, and ventricular dilatation. Despite considerable advances in the treatment of HF over the past few decades, mortality remains substantial. Pharmacological treatments including β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and aldosterone antagonists have been proven to prolong the survival of patients with HF. However, there are still instances where patients remain symptomatic, despite optimal use of existing therapeutic agents. This understanding that patients with chronic HF progress into advanced stages despite receiving optimal treatment has increased the quest for alternatives, exploring the roles of additional pathways that contribute to the development and progression of HF. Several pharmacological targets associated with pathogenesis of HF have been identified and novel therapies have emerged. In this work, we review recent evidence from proposed mechanisms to the outcomes of experimental and clinical studies of the novel pharmacological agents that have emerged for the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwadwo Osei Bonsu
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Accident and Emergency Directorate, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Isaac Kofi Owusu
- Department of Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kwame Ohene Buabeng
- Department of Clinical and Social Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Daniel Diamond Reidpath
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amudha Kadirvelu
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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20
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Panday A, Inda ME, Bagam P, Sahoo MK, Osorio D, Batra S. Transcription Factor NF-κB: An Update on Intervention Strategies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:463-483. [PMID: 27236331 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor (NF)-κB family of transcription factors are ubiquitous and pleiotropic molecules that regulate the expression of more than 150 genes involved in a broad range of processes including inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The chronic activation or dysregulation of NF-κB signaling is the central cause of pathogenesis in many disease conditions and, therefore, NF-κB is a major focus of therapeutic intervention. Because of this, understanding the relationship between NF-κB and the induction of various downstream signaling molecules is imperative. In this review, we provide an updated synopsis of the role of NF-κB in DNA repair and in various ailments including cardiovascular diseases, HIV infection, asthma, herpes simplex virus infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer. Furthermore, we also discuss the specific targets for selective inhibitors and future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Panday
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Maria Eugenia Inda
- Departamento de Microbiología, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional Rosario, Suipacha 531, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Prathyusha Bagam
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Environmental Toxicology PhD Program, 207 Health Research Center, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Malaya K Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Diana Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Sanjay Batra
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA. .,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Environmental Toxicology PhD Program, 207 Health Research Center, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.
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21
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Chen S, Jiang H, Cao Y, Wang Y, Hu Z, Zhu Z, Chai Y. Drug target identification using network analysis: Taking active components in Sini decoction as an example. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24245. [PMID: 27095146 PMCID: PMC4837341 DOI: 10.1038/srep24245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the molecular targets for the beneficial effects of active small-molecule compounds simultaneously is an important and currently unmet challenge. In this study, we firstly proposed network analysis by integrating data from network pharmacology and metabolomics to identify targets of active components in sini decoction (SND) simultaneously against heart failure. To begin with, 48 potential active components in SND against heart failure were predicted by serum pharmacochemistry, text mining and similarity match. Then, we employed network pharmacology including text mining and molecular docking to identify the potential targets of these components. The key enriched processes, pathways and related diseases of these target proteins were analyzed by STRING database. At last, network analysis was conducted to identify most possible targets of components in SND. Among the 25 targets predicted by network analysis, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was firstly experimentally validated in molecular and cellular level. Results indicated that hypaconitine, mesaconitine, higenamine and quercetin in SND can directly bind to TNF-α, reduce the TNF-α-mediated cytotoxicity on L929 cells and exert anti-myocardial cell apoptosis effects. We envisage that network analysis will also be useful in target identification of a bioactive compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hailong Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ziheng Hu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
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22
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Screening and Validation of Active Ingredients in Sini Decoction by Combination Method of Pharmacophore Modeling and Molecular Docking. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(16)60021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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23
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Martin WJ, Steer AC, Smeesters PR, Keeble J, Inouye M, Carapetis J, Wicks IP. Post-infectious group A streptococcal autoimmune syndromes and the heart. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:710-25. [PMID: 25891492 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need to reduce the high global disease burden of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and its harbinger, acute rheumatic fever (ARF). ARF is a classical example of an autoimmune syndrome and is of particular immunological interest because it follows a known antecedent infection with group A streptococcus (GAS). However, the poorly understood immunopathology of these post-infectious diseases means that, compared to much progress in other immune-mediated diseases, we still lack useful biomarkers, new therapies or an effective vaccine in ARF and RHD. Here, we summarise recent literature on the complex interaction between GAS and the human host that culminates in ARF and the subsequent development of RHD. We contrast ARF with other post-infectious streptococcal immune syndromes - post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) and the still controversial paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS), in order to highlight the potential significance of variations in the host immune response to GAS. We discuss a model for the pathogenesis of ARF and RHD in terms of current immunological concepts and the potential for application of in depth "omics" technologies to these ancient scourges.
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Affiliation(s)
- William John Martin
- Inflammation Division, Water and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Centre for International Child Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne and Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Group A Streptococcus Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Pierre Robert Smeesters
- Centre for International Child Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne and Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Group A Streptococcus Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Joanne Keeble
- Inflammation Division, Water and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Michael Inouye
- Medical Systems Biology, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Ian P Wicks
- Inflammation Division, Water and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Rheumatology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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24
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Patel C, Deoghare S. Heart failure: novel therapeutic approaches. J Postgrad Med 2015; 61:101-8. [PMID: 25766342 PMCID: PMC4943440 DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.153104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorders that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill with or eject blood. Despite effective medical interventions, mortality and morbidity remain substantial. There have been significant advances in the therapy of HF in recent decades, such as the introduction of beta-blockers and antagonists of the renin-angiotensin system but still there is a major unmet need for better therapies for HF. In the present era, pathophysiology of HF has been explored. Various novel pathways, molecular sites have been identified, which contribute to the progression of the disease. By targeting these sites, newer pharmacological agents have been developed, which can play a promising role in the treatment of HF. This article focuses on recent advancements in pharmacotherapy of HF, which include agents targeting myocardial contractility, cytokines and inflammation, fibrosis and remodeling, myocardial metabolism, oxidative stress, and other newly defined pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - S Deoghare
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Surat, Gujarat, India
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25
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Grine L, Dejager L, Libert C, Vandenbroucke RE. An inflammatory triangle in psoriasis: TNF, type I IFNs and IL-17. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:25-33. [PMID: 25434285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a skin disease where various cytokines play a detrimental role, yet our understanding of the disease is still limited. TNF is a validated drug target in psoriasis and other autoimmune diseases, but its use is associated with side effects. Some paradoxical side effects of anti-TNF treatment are supposedly associated with type I IFNs, which are also implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Recently, the IL-23/IL-17 axis has been associated with psoriasis as well, and new drugs targeting this axis have already been developed. Findings suggest that these cytokines are interwoven. We discuss recent findings reinforcing the role of TNF, Type I IFNs and IL-17 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and the apparent inflammatory interplay between these three cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Grine
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Dejager
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Han LN, Guo SL, Li TL, Ding GL, Zhang YJ, Ma JL. Effect of immune modulation therapy on cardiac function and T-bet/GATA-3 gene expression in aging male patients with chronic cardiac insufficiency. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:143-53. [PMID: 23413906 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the role of immune modulation therapy in regulating the imbalance of Th1/Th2, serum IFN-γ, IL-4 and the T-cell-specific transcription factors T-bet/GATA-3 in peripheral blood in aging male patients with chronic cardiac insufficiency (CCI). Patients & methods: In total, 156 participants were divided into three groups: the CCI intervention group, which received regular therapy and thymopetidum (20 mg intramuscular injection, once every other day for 3 months; n = 70), the CCI control group, which received regular therapy (n = 56) and 50 healthy individuals older than 57 years of age, who served as normal controls. Results: Before therapy, in comparison with the control group, levels of left ventricular end diastolic diameter, NT-proBNP, C-reactive protein (CRP), Th1, Th1/Th2, IFN-γ, and T-bet mRNA and T-bet/GATA-3 mRNA all increased, and the level of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), 6MWT, Th2, IL-4, and GATA-3 mRNA also decreased in both the CCI intervention and control groups. Linear correlation analysis indicated that LVEF was inversely correlated with serum NT-proBNP, CRP, Th1/Th2, IFN-γ and T-bet mRNA/GATA-3 mRNA, and was positively correlated with plasma IL-4. After 3 months of therapy, levels of left ventricular end diastolic diameter, NT-proBNP, CRP, Th1, Th1/Th2, IFN-γ, T-bet mRNA and T-bet/GATA-3 mRNA decreased in the two CCI subgroups, but levels in the CCI intervention group were lower in comparison to the control group. Levels of LVEF, 6MWT, Th2 and GATA-3 mRNA increased in the two CCI subgroups, while levels in the CCI intervention group were higher in comparison with the control group. Plasma levels of IL-4 showed no change after treatment. Conclusion: Immune modulation improved cardiac function of CCI patients and was associated with amelioration of T-helper superficial transcription factor polarization and its related cytokine imbalance. Immune modulation might be a new treatment strategy for aging CCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Han
- First Department of Geriatric Cardiology Internal Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Number 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shu-Li Guo
- First Department of Geriatric Cardiology Internal Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Number 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tie-Ling Li
- Department of Cadre Physiotherapy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Number 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Guo-Lei Ding
- First Department of Geriatric Cardiology Internal Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Number 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ya-Jing Zhang
- First Department of Geriatric Cardiology Internal Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Number 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jin-Ling Ma
- First Department of Geriatric Cardiology Internal Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Number 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
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Balakumar P, Taneja G. Fish oil and vascular endothelial protection: bench to bedside. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:271-9. [PMID: 22584102 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fish oil is recommended for the management of hypertriglyceridemia and to prevent secondary cardiovascular disorders. Fish oil is a major source of ω-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Clinical studies suggest that fish oil not only prevents the incidence of detrimental cardiovascular events, but also lowers the cardiovascular mortality rate. In addition to a classic lipid-lowering action, ω-3-PUFAs in fish oil could regulate blood pressure and enhance vascular integrity and compliance. Additionally, ω-3-PUFAs have the ability to protect vascular endothelial cells by decreasing oxidative stress, halting atherosclerotic events, and preventing vascular inflammatory and adhesion cascades. Intriguingly, recent studies have demonstrated that ω-3-PUFAs improve the function of vascular endothelium by enhancing the generation and bioavailability of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide) through upregulation and activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). This certainly opens up a new area of research identifying potential mechanisms influencing fish oil-mediated functional regulatory action on vascular endothelium. We address in this review the potential of fish oil to prevent vascular endothelial dysfunction and associated cardiovascular disorders. Moreover, the mechanisms pertaining to fish oil-mediated eNOS activation and nitric oxide generation in improving endothelial function are delineated. We finally suggest the importance of further studies to determine the dose adjustment of fish oil with an optimal ratio of EPA and DHA for achieving consistent cardiovascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchai Balakumar
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Rajendra Institute of Technology and Sciences, Sirsa 125 055, India.
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Poole DC, Hirai DM, Copp SW, Musch TI. Muscle oxygen transport and utilization in heart failure: implications for exercise (in)tolerance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H1050-63. [PMID: 22101528 PMCID: PMC3311454 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00943.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The defining characteristic of chronic heart failure (CHF) is an exercise intolerance that is inextricably linked to structural and functional aberrations in the O(2) transport pathway. CHF reduces muscle O(2) supply while simultaneously increasing O(2) demands. CHF severity varies from moderate to severe and is assessed commonly in terms of the maximum O(2) uptake, which relates closely to patient morbidity and mortality in CHF and forms the basis for Weber and colleagues' (167) classifications of heart failure, speed of the O(2) uptake kinetics following exercise onset and during recovery, and the capacity to perform submaximal exercise. As the heart fails, cardiovascular regulation shifts from controlling cardiac output as a means for supplying the oxidative energetic needs of exercising skeletal muscle and other organs to preventing catastrophic swings in blood pressure. This shift is mediated by a complex array of events that include altered reflex and humoral control of the circulation, required to prevent the skeletal muscle "sleeping giant" from outstripping the pathologically limited cardiac output and secondarily impacts lung (and respiratory muscle), vascular, and locomotory muscle function. Recently, interest has also focused on the dysregulation of inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β as well as reactive oxygen species as mediators of systemic and muscle dysfunction. This brief review focuses on skeletal muscle to address the mechanistic bases for the reduced maximum O(2) uptake, slowed O(2) uptake kinetics, and exercise intolerance in CHF. Experimental evidence in humans and animal models of CHF unveils the microvascular cause(s) and consequences of the O(2) supply (decreased)/O(2) demand (increased) imbalance emblematic of CHF. Therapeutic strategies to improve muscle microvascular and oxidative function (e.g., exercise training and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant strategies, in particular) and hence patient exercise tolerance and quality of life are presented within their appropriate context of the O(2) transport pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Poole
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, and Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5802, USA.
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Yoon HK, Kim YK. The T allele of the interferon-gamma +874A/T polymorphism is associated with bipolar disorder. Nord J Psychiatry 2012; 66:14-8. [PMID: 21728784 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2011.593045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that patients with bipolar disorder (BD) tend to have altered immune system function. Several studies have reported that changes in interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) may play an important role in the development of BD. AIMS To investigate the relationship between IFN-γ and BD, 156 patients with BD and 175 control subjects were genotyped for the IFN-γ +874A/T single nucleotide polymorphism. RESULTS We detected significant differences in the genotype distributions and allele frequencies of the IFN-γ +874A/T single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2430561) between patients with BD and normal controls. The T allele was found to be significantly more common among patients with BD than in controls. Additionally, significant differences in scores on the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) were found between the three genotypes of this polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the IFN-γ +874A/T polymorphism may have important effects related to susceptibility to BD and that the T allele may be associated with an increased risk of developing BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Kyoung Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Korea
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30
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Torzewski M, Wenzel P, Kleinert H, Becker C, El-Masri J, Wiese E, Brandt M, Pautz A, Twardowski L, Schmitt E, Münzel T, Reifenberg K. Chronic Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy of Interferon γ–Overexpressing Transgenic Mice Is Mediated by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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31
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Chiong M, Wang ZV, Pedrozo Z, Cao DJ, Troncoso R, Ibacache M, Criollo A, Nemchenko A, Hill JA, Lavandero S. Cardiomyocyte death: mechanisms and translational implications. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e244. [PMID: 22190003 PMCID: PMC3252742 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although treatments have improved, development of novel therapies for patients with CVD remains a major research goal. Apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy occur in cardiac myocytes, and both gradual and acute cell death are hallmarks of cardiac pathology, including heart failure, myocardial infarction, and ischemia/reperfusion. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of autophagy, apoptosis, or necrosis diminishes infarct size and improves cardiac function in these disorders. Here, we review recent progress in the fields of autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis. In addition, we highlight the involvement of these mechanisms in cardiac pathology and discuss potential translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chiong
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula, Departamento de Bioquimica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Figueiredo TC, de Oliveira JRM. Reconsidering the association between the major histocompatibility complex and bipolar disorder. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 47:26-30. [PMID: 21987052 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9656-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a cyclical and chronic affective disorder, globally recognized as an important public health problem and characterized by mood changes with recurring phases such as mania and depression. It is considered a complex disease, depending on the interaction of genetic and environmental triggers (stressors factors), but with a poorly known pathogenesis. Recent studies have implicated immune factors in the pathogenesis of BD and more particularly associated with different human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) regions. A major consortium study have recently linked BD to hundreds of variations with stronger associations in the MHC region, such as the rs3130297 SNP, located in the NOTCH4 gene, with an additional overlapping association with schizophrenia. This short review focuses on studies that investigated the association between bipolar disorder and the MHC, and the involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis of the disease, in order to provide further information for additional diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Fully understanding the etiology and pathophysiology of BD is extremely important to define new approaches for intervention and prevention, maybe through the modulation of the immune system.
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Hedayat M, Mahmoudi MJ, Rose NR, Rezaei N. Proinflammatory cytokines in heart failure: double-edged swords. Heart Fail Rev 2011; 15:543-62. [PMID: 20405319 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-010-9168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increased circulating and intracardiac levels of proinflammatory cytokines have been associated with chronic heart failure. Following an initial insult, the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, and IL-18, jeopardizes the surrounding tissue through propagation of the inflammatory response and direct effects on the cardiac myocyte structure and function. Cardiac myocyte hypertrophy, contractile dysfunction, cardiac myocyte apoptosis, and extracellular matrix remodeling contribute enormously to the development and progression of chronic heart failure. Despite the identification of efficacious pharmacological regimens and introduction of mechanical interventions, chronic heart failure remains among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. To introduce novel therapeutic strategies that modulate the inflammatory response in the context of the failing heart, it is of prime importance to determine the contributions of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, and IL-18 in mediating cardiac adaptive and maladaptive responses, as well as delineating their downstream intracellular signaling pathways and their potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Hedayat
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. Anti-TNF therapy in the injured spinal cord. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 32:107-15. [PMID: 21185611 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) has a significant impact on the quality and expectancy of life. It also carries a heavy economic burden, with considerable costs associated with primary care and loss of income. The normal architecture of the spinal cord is radically disrupted by injury. After the initial insult, structure and function are lost through active secondary processes that involve reactive astrocytes, glial progenitors, microglia, macrophages, fibroblasts and Schwann cells. These cells produce chemokines and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, which mediate the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the injury site. Targeting of these cytokines represents a potential strategy to reduce the secondary damage in SCI. In this review, we focus on several emerging strategies to neutralize TNF-α, including antibodies, soluble receptors, recombinant TNF-binding proteins, TNF receptor fusion proteins, and non-specific agents (e.g. thalidomide) and discuss their potential as therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Torre Biologica - Policlinico Universitario Via C. Valeria - Gazzi - 98100 Messina, Italy
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35
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Connor V. Anti-TNF therapies: a comprehensive analysis of adverse effects associated with immunosuppression. Rheumatol Int 2009; 31:327-37. [PMID: 20013267 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-009-1292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge and understanding about the immunosuppressive properties of anti-TNF therapies and the adverse effects these causes have advanced over the last 10 years since the first of these drugs was approved. These drugs work by inhibiting tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in the body, which plays an essential role in the immune response to invading pathogens. Anti-TNF drugs have therapeutic value because high levels of TNF are thought to be part of the pathophysiology of many chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF drugs are usually well-tolerated, however, there have been reports of many potentially serious adverse effects. This article will comprehensively analyse these adverse effects; the incidence, symptoms and mechanisms will be discussed. In addition, the contraindications of this class of drugs will be explored and the detection and prevention methods that should be put in place by health care professionals who treat patients on these drugs will be described.
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Immunosuppression with an interleukin-2 fusion protein leads to improved LV function in experimental ischemic cardiomyopathy. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 10:207-12. [PMID: 19897056 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several cytokines are activated in chronic heart failure (CHF), including interleukin-2 (IL-2). IL-2 is important for the survival of regulatory T cells, as well as for the function of activated T cells. Its role in ischemic cardiomyopathy has not yet been investigated. We therefore studied left ventricular (LV) performance and remodeling in a rat model of myocardial infarction (MI) after treatment with an IL-2IgG2b fusion protein to stimulate IL-2 signaling. Spraque-Dawley rats (SD) were submitted to permanent ligation of the left descending artery (LAD) to induce a MI or to a sham operation. Twenty-four hours, 6 days and 3 weeks after MI, LV function was determined in vivo using a tip catheter. Cardiac IL-2 and IL-1beta content was measured by immunohistochemical staining on cryo-fixed heart cross sections at 24h and 6 days post MI. Total collagen content of the LV was determined by Sirius red stained formalin-stored sections under circularly polarized light 3 weeks post MI. Compared to sham-operated animals, IL-2 content was increased 13-fold (P<0.01) 24h post MI and 16-fold (P<0.01) 6 days post MI in the infarction area as well as 2-fold (P<0.05) 6 days post MI in the non-infarction area. Despite similar infarct sizes, LV function and remodeling were ameliorated in IL-2 fusion protein-treated ischemic rats, indicated by improved LV pressure (LVP), contractility (LVdP/dt(max)) and relaxation (LVdP/dt(min)) at all three time points. LV collagen content as a surrogate parameter for remodeling and IL-1beta expression as a marker for myocardial inflammation were reduced in the non-infarcted LV, but not in the LV infarction area compared to vehicle-treated controls. LV contractile dysfunction after experimental MI is improved after treatment with an IL-2-IgG2b fusion protein.
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37
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Wang Y, Zhou Y, Meng L, Lu X, Ou N, Li X. Inflammatory mediators in Chinese patients with congestive heart failure. J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 49:591-9. [PMID: 19398605 DOI: 10.1177/0091270009333265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, circulating levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators are studied in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) in China. Sixty-five patients with CHF and 32 control subjects are studied. The proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in plasma are determined by immunoradiometric assay kits. Catecholamine (CA) in plasma is evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma levels of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha, ANP, BNP, and CA in CHF patients are significantly higher than those in control subjects. Patients in a higher New York Heart Association (NYHA) class show higher concentrations of inflammatory mediators than those in a lower NYHA class, although the ratio of plasma IL-10 to TNF-alpha in patients with CHF is significantly lower than in the control group. It is concluded that proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels are increased and IL-10/TNF-alpha is decreased in Chinese patients with CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Wang
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Balakumar P, Reddy J, Singh M. Do resident renal mast cells play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy? Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 330:187-92. [PMID: 19415459 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is associated with high morbidity and mortality and the prevalence of this disease is continuously increasing world wide. Though, the major risk factors like hyperglycemia and hypertension play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, the etiology of this insidious disorder is not well understood. Mast cells are pluripotent bone marrow derived cells that play a key role in inflammation. Degranulation of mast cells releases various mediators including inflammatory cytokines, endothelins, growth factors, and proteolytic enzymes. Infiltration of mast cells has been noted to occur in renal diseases. In addition, the renal density of mast cells is significantly increased in diabetic patients with nephropathy. It remains unclear whether resident renal mast cells derived mediators play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Recent studies suggest the involvement of renal mast cell infiltration and degranulation in diabetic nephropathy. The present review focuses on the role of resident renal mast cells in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchai Balakumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Kontermann RE, Scheurich P, Pfizenmaier K. Antagonists of TNF action: clinical experience and new developments. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:279-92. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440902785167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ling S, Luo R, Dai A, Guo Z, Guo R, Komesaroff PA. A pharmaceutical preparation of Salvia miltiorrhiza protects cardiac myocytes from tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis and reduces angiotensin II-stimulated collagen synthesis in fibroblasts. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 16:56-64. [PMID: 19010649 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza is a medicinal herb commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. This study investigated the effects of Cardiotonic Pill (CP), a pharmaceutical preparation of Salvia miltiorrhiza, on cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts with respect to the viability, proliferation, and collagen synthesis in these cells under various conditions. A cardiac myocyte line, H9c2, and primarily cultured fibroblasts from rat hearts were incubated with CP over a broad concentration range (50-800 microg/ml) under normal cultures, conditions of ischemia (serum-free culture), and stimulation by angiotensin II (AII, 100 nM), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2), 50-200 microM), or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha, 40 ng/ml) for 24-48 h. Cell growth, apoptosis, DNA and collagen synthesis, and expression of relevant genes were assessed via cell number study, morphological examination, Annexin-V staining, flow-cytometry, [(3)H]-thymidine or [(3)H]-proline incorporation assay, and Western blotting analysis. It was found that (1) at therapeutic (50 microg/ml) and double therapeutic (100 microg/ml) concentrations, CP did not significantly affect normal DNA synthesis and cell growth in these cardiac cells, while at higher (over 4-fold therapeutic) concentrations (200-800 microg/ml), CP decreased DNA synthesis and cell growth and increased cell death; (2) CP treatment (50 microg/ml) significantly inhibited TNFalpha-induced apoptosis in myocytes, with 12.3+/-1.46% cells being apoptosis in CP treatment group and 37.0+/-7.34% in the control (p<0.01), and simultaneously, expression of activated (phosphorylated) Akt protein was increased by about 2 folds in the CP-treated cells; and (3) in cultured fibroblasts, CP significantly reduced AII-induced collagen synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner (by approximately 50% and approximately 90% reduction of AII-induced collagen synthesis at 50 and 100 microg/ml, respectively). Thus, Salvia miltiorrhiza preparation CP is physiologically active on cardiac cells. The actions by CP to reduce apoptotic damage in myocytes and collagen synthesis in fibroblasts may help to preserve the heart function and reduce heart failure risk. The actions by CP to inhibit DNA synthesis and cell growth, which occurred at over therapeutic doses, may weaken the ability of heart repair. Further studies are needed to identify the chemical compounds in this herbal product that are responsible for these observed physiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhong Ling
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Toli K, Paraskevas KI, Poulakou MV, Agrogiannis G, Kavantzas N, Xanthopoulos V, Iliopoulos DG, Mantas I, Papachristodoulou A, Patsouris E, Mikhailidis DP, Perrea DN. Association between plasma levels and immunolocalization of cytokines in heart valve lesions: a possible target for treatment? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:1209-15. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.10.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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A humanized tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1)-specific antagonistic antibody for selective inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) action. J Immunother 2008; 31:225-34. [PMID: 18317365 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31816a88f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a recognized pathogenic mediator in a number of chronic and acute inflammatory diseases. Antibodies targeting TNF have significantly improved therapy of chronic inflammatory diseases, in particular rheumatoid arthritis. Despite this success, anti-TNF treatment shows clinical efficacy only in part of the patients and is often transient, necessitating the development of alternative reagents to combat TNF action. We here describe humanization and functional properties of a TNFR1-specific, monovalent antibody fragment, designated IZI-06.1, which binds to the cysteine-rich domain 1 of TNFR1 with high affinity and competes ligand binding. IZI-06.1 serves as a receptor-selective inhibitor of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic TNF actions, revealed from complete blockage of TNFR1-dependent apoptosis and interleukin-6 induction in Kym 1 and HeLa cells, respectively, whereas TNFR2-mediated signals remained intact, evident from TNF and interleukin-2-mediated costimulation of interferon-gamma production in T cells. Accordingly, IZI-06.1 is a TNFR1-selective TNF antagonist and holds great promise to be developed into a clinically applicable therapeutic. IZI-06.1 could be a useful therapeutic alternative in all diseases already known to clinically respond to anti-TNF treatment and particularly in those diseases, where anti-TNF treatment has failed because of complete blockade of TNF action.
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Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) is a key proinflammatory cytokine involved in chronic inflammatory diseases. Infliximab, a chimeric (human-murine) monoclonal IgG1 anti-TNFalpha antibody, is used in the treatment of Crohn's disease (including fistulising disease) and rheumatoid arthritis (in combination with methotrexate) if standard treatments have failed. The indications for infliximab have recently been expanded to include ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis and ulcerative colitis. The biological agent infliximab is given by multiple intravenous infusions in a dosage of 3-5 mg/kg (initially at weeks 0, 2 and 6; subsequently in intervals of 4-8 weeks). In controlled trials, clinical response rates of 20-40% have been achieved with such regimens in Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. However, the therapeutic benefits must be balanced against the risks of a variety of severe adverse events (e.g. severe infections including tuberculosis, hepatotoxicity, infusion reactions, serum sickness-like disease and lymphoma). Following single and multiple infusions of infliximab, no relevant differences in median concentration-time profiles have been observed between patients with Crohn's disease, patients with rheumatoid arthritis and patients with psoriasis. The apparent volume of distribution of the high-molecular-weight infliximab (149.1 kDa) is low (3-6L) and represents the intravascular space. The long persistence in this compartment (elimination half-life 7-12 days, mean residence time 12-17 days) is due to the very low systemic clearance of about 11-15 mL/hour (0.18-0.25 mL/minute). Elimination of infliximab is most probably accomplished through degradation by unspecific proteases. During multiple infusions (every 4-8 weeks), no accumulation was observed, and serum concentrations and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of infliximab increased in proportion to the infused dose, indicating linear pharmacokinetics. Co-medication with methotrexate delayed the decline in the serum concentrations of infliximab. When relating serum concentrations to the clinical response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and patients with Crohn's disease, it can be assumed that trough concentrations above 1 microg/mL could be used as a kind of therapeutic target. In the future, identification of biomarkers for (non-)response and risk factors for adverse drug reactions would be very helpful. Furthermore, combined biological, pharmacokinetic, pharmacogenomic and clinical studies have not yet been performed and are needed to optimise the therapeutic potential of infliximab, which is currently established as a rescue treatment in refractory patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Klotz
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Balakumar P, Singh AP, Ganti SS, Krishan P, Ramasamy S, Singh M. Resident cardiac mast cells: are they the major culprit in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 102:5-9. [PMID: 17973902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells originate from pluripotent progenitor cells in bone marrow and are major players in the inflammation process. The involvements of mast cells in various cardiovascular complications such as arrhythmias, ischaemia reperfusion injury and graft rejection are well documented. Moreover, recent studies suggest the involvement of mast cells in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. The present review focuses on the role of mast cells in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchai Balakumar
- ISF Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Moga, Punjab, India.
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Rose M, Balakumar P, Singh M. Ameliorative Effect of Combination of Fenofibrate and Rosiglitazone in Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy in Rats. Pharmacology 2007; 80:177-84. [PMID: 17570955 DOI: 10.1159/000103917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study has been designed to investigate the effects of fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha agonist, rosiglitazone, a PPARgamma agonist and the combination of both fenofibrate and rosiglitazone in partial abdominal aortic constriction (PAAC)-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Rats were subjected to PAAC for 4 weeks to produce pathological cardiac hypertrophy. The fenofibrate (3 mg/kg day(-1), p.o.), rosiglitazone (3 mg/kg day(-1), p.o.) and the combination of both fenofibrate (3 mg/kg day(-1), p.o.) and rosiglitazone (3 mg/kg day(-1), p.o.) were administered 3 days before PAAC and continued for 4 weeks after PAAC. The development of cardiac hypertrophy was assessed in terms of measuring ratio of left ventricular (LV) weight to body weight (LVW/BW), LV wall thickness (LVWT), LV protein content and LV collagen content. Further, the collagen accumulation in left ventricle was analyzed using picrosirius red staining. Moreover, the cross-sectional area (CSA) of cardiomyocytes was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and measured using a NIH Scion image analyzer. The PAAC produced cardiac hypertrophy by increasing LVW/BW, LVWT, LV protein content, LV collagen content and mean CSA of cardiomyocytes. However, treatment with fenofibrate and rosiglitazone either alone or in combination significantly attenuated PAAC-induced increase in LVW/BW, LVWT, LV protein content, LV collagen content and mean CSA of cardiomyocytes. The combination of fenofibrate and rosiglitazone was more effective in attenuating the PAAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy than either drug alone. Thus, it may be concluded that dual activation of PPARalpha and PPARgamma may provide synergistic benefits in preventing the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhankumar Rose
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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Balakumar P, Rose M, Singh M. PPAR Ligands: Are They Potential Agents for Cardiovascular Disorders? Pharmacology 2007; 80:1-10. [PMID: 17496434 DOI: 10.1159/000102594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. The PPAR subfamily consists of three members: PPARalpha, PPARgamma, and PPARbeta/delta. Fibrates are acting via PPARalpha, and they are used as lipid-lowering agents. PPARgamma agonists reduce insulin resistance and have been used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. As the knowledge of the pleiotropic effects of these agents advances, further potential indications are being revealed, including a novel role in the management of cardiovascular disorders (CVD). PPARalpha/gamma dual agonists are currently under development and hold considerable promise in the management of type 2 diabetes and provide an effective therapeutic option for treating the multifactorial components of CVD. Several experimental and clinical evidences elucidated the beneficial effects of PPAR ligands in prevention and treatment of various CVD. However, PPARalpha and PPARgamma agonists have been shown to be proinflammatory and proatherogenic in a few studies. Further, PPARgamma ligands have been noted to be involved in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure. These controversial results obtained from a few studies created further complication in understanding the role of PPARs. The function of PPARdelta and its potential as a cardiovascular therapeutic target are currently under investigation. The present review focuses on the merits and limitations of PPAR agonists with regard to their use in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchai Balakumar
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India.
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47
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. PB, . APS, . SSG, . MS. Hyperhomocysteinemia and Cardiovascular Disorders: Is There a Correlation? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/tmr.2007.160.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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48
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. PB, . MR, . MS. Effect of Fenofibrate in Pressure Overload-induced Experimental Cardiac Hypertrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/ijbc.2007.104.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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49
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Balakumar P, Rose M, Singh M. Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Agonists: Emerging Therapy for Cardiovascular Complications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2007.205.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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50
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Rodent models of heart failure. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2007; 56:1-10. [PMID: 17391988 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure, a complex disorder with heterogeneous aetiologies remains one of the most threatening diseases known. It is a clinical syndrome attributable to a multitude of factors that begins with the compensatory response known as hypertrophy, followed by a decompensated state that finally results in heart failure. Given the lack of a unified theory of heart failure, future research efforts are required to unify and synthesize our current understanding of the multiple mechanisms that control remodelling in heart under various stress conditions. During the past few decades, use of animal models has provided new insights into the complex pathogenesis of this syndrome. Rodents have contributed significantly in the understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of heart failure. With the advent of the transgenic era, rodent models have revolutionized preclinical research associated with heart failure. These models combined with physiological measurements of cardiac hemodynamics, are expected to yield more valuable information regarding the molecular mechanisms of heart failure and aid in the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. However, all animal models used have advantages and limitations, and the issues determining transfer from preclinical to clinical require critical evaluation. The present review focuses upon rodent models of heart failure.
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