1
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Liu Z, Alexander JL, Lin KW, Ahmad T, Pollock KM, Powell N. Infliximab and Tofacitinib Attenuate Neutralizing Antibody Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Ancestral and Omicron Variants in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients After 3 Doses of COVID-19 Vaccine. Gastroenterology 2023; 164:300-303.e3. [PMID: 36270334 PMCID: PMC9578965 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Liu
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James L Alexander
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, and, Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathy Weitung Lin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tariq Ahmad
- Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina M Pollock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Powell
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, and, Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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2
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Sara JDS, Toya T, Ahmad A, Clark MM, Gilliam WP, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Mental Stress and Its Effects on Vascular Health. Mayo Clin Proc 2022; 97:951-990. [PMID: 35512885 PMCID: PMC9058928 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality despite significant advances in risk stratification and management. This has prompted the search for alternative nonconventional risk factors that may provide novel therapeutic targets. Psychosocial stress, or mental stress, has emerged as an important risk factor implicated in a higher incidence of cardiovascular events, and although our understanding of this far ranging and interesting phenomenon has developed greatly over recent times, there is still much to be learned regarding how to measure mental stress and how it may impact physical health. With the current coronavirus disease 2019 global pandemic and its incumbent lockdowns and social distancing, understanding the potentially harmful biological effects of stress related to life-changing events and social isolation has become even more important. In the current review our multidisciplinary team discusses stress from a psychosocial perspective and aims to define psychological stress as rigorously as possible; discuss the pathophysiologic mechanisms by which stress may mediate cardiovascular disease, with a particular focus to its effects on vascular health; outline existing methods and approaches to quantify stress by means of a vascular biomarker; outline the mechanisms whereby psychosocial stressors may have their pathologic effects ultimately transduced to the vasculature through the neuroendocrine immunologic axis; highlight areas for improvement to refine existing approaches in clinical research when studying the consequences of psychological stress on cardiovascular health; and discuss evidence-based therapies directed at reducing the deleterious effects of mental stress including those that target endothelial dysfunction. To this end we searched PubMed and Google Scholar to identify studies evaluating the relationship between mental or psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease with a particular focus on vascular health. Search terms included "myocardial ischemia," "coronary artery disease," "mental stress," "psychological stress," "mental∗ stress∗," "psychologic∗ stress∗," and "cardiovascular disease∗." The search was limited to studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals between 1990 and the present day. To identify potential studies not captured by our database search strategy, we also searched studies listed in the bibliography of relevant publications and reviews.
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Key Words
- cad, coronary artery disease
- cbt, cognitive behavioral therapy
- cvd, cardiovascular disease
- fmd, flow-mediated dilatation
- il, interleukin
- mi, myocardial infarction
- ms, mental stress
- msimi, mental stress induced myocardial ischemia
- pat, peripheral arterial tonometry
- ped, peripheral endothelial dysfunction
- pet, positron emission tomography
- rh, reactive hyperemia
- ses, socioeconomic status
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- vsmc, vascular smooth muscle cells
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takumi Toya
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ali Ahmad
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew M Clark
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Wesley P Gilliam
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lliach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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3
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Abstract
Early in the pandemic, concern that cardiovascular effects would accompany COVID-19 was fueled by lessons from the first SARS epidemic, knowledge that the SARS-COV2 entry receptor (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2) is highly expressed in the heart, early reports of myocarditis, and first-hand accounts by physicians caring for those with severe COVID-19. Over 18 months, our understanding of the cardiovascular manifestations has expanded greatly, leaving more new questions than those conclusively answered. Cardiac involvement is common (∼20%) but not uniformly observed in those who require treatment in a hospitalized setting. Cardiac MRI studies raise the possibility of manifestations in those with minimal symptoms. Some appear to experience protracted cardiovascular symptoms as part of a larger syndrome of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Instances of vaccine induced thrombosis and myocarditis are exceedingly rare but illustrate the need to monitor the cardiovascular safety of interventions that induce inflammation. Here, we will summarize the current understanding of potential cardiovascular manifestations of SARS-COV2. To provide proper context, paradigms of cardiovascular injury due to other inflammatory processes will also be discussed. Ongoing research and a deeper understanding COVID-19 may ultimately reveal new insight into the mechanistic underpinnings of cardiovascular disease. Thus, in this time of unprecedented suffering and risk to global health, there exists the opportunity that well conducted translational research of SARS-COV2 may provide health dividends that outlast the current pandemic.
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Key Words
- ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- pasc, post-acute sequelae of covid-19
- cvd, cardiovascular disease
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- pamp, pathogen associated molecular patterns
- damps, damage associated molecular patterns
- car-t, chimeric antigen receptor therapy
- dvt, deep venous thrombosis
- tf, tissue factor
- psgl, p-selectin glycoprotein ligand
- nets, neutrophil extracellular traps
- lv, left ventricular
- crp, c-reactive protein
- lge, late gadolinium enhancement
- cbv, coxsackie virus b
- b19v, parvovirus b12
- car, coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor
- ns1, nonstructural protein 1
- ec, endothelial cells
- scrnaseq, single cell rna sequencing
- embx, endomyocardial biopsy
- tte, transthoracic echocardiograms
- rv, right ventricular
- gls, global longitudinal strain
- hscrp, high sensitivity c-reative protein
- vitt, vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia
- dtap, diphtheria, tetanus, and polio
- vaers, vaccine adverse event reporting system
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeer Al-Kindi
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David A Zidar
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio; Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
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4
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Ungaro RC, Brenner EJ, Agrawal M, Zhang X, Kappelman MD, Colombel JF. Impact of Medications on COVID-19 Outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Analysis of More Than 6000 Patients From an International Registry. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:316-319.e5. [PMID: 34529987 PMCID: PMC8437703 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Ungaro
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Ryan C. Ungaro, MD, MS, The Feinstein Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical Center, The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029
| | - Erica J Brenner
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Manasi Agrawal
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Xian Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael D Kappelman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jean-Frederic Colombel
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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5
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Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible virus with significant global impact, morbidity, and mortality. The SARS-CoV-2 virus may result in widespread organ manifestations including acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute renal failure, thromboembolism, and myocarditis. Virus-induced endothelial injury may cause endothelial activation, increased permeability, inflammation, and immune response and cytokine storm. Endothelial dysfunction is a systemic disorder that is a precursor of atherosclerotic vascular disease that is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and is highly prevalent in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular and peripheral disease. Several studies have associated various viral infections including SARS-CoV-2 infection with inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and subsequent innate immune response and cytokine storm. Noninvasive monitoring of endothelial function and identification of high-risk patients who may require specific therapies may have the potential to improve morbidity and mortality associated with subsequent inflammation, cytokine storm, and multiorgan involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Prasad
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York City, NY; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Martin Leon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York City, NY
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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6
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Braxton AM, Creisher PS, Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Mulka KR, Dhakal S, Ordonez AA, Beck SE, Jain SK, Villano JS. Hamsters as a Model of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2. Comp Med 2021; 71:398-410. [PMID: 34588095 PMCID: PMC8594257 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-21-000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), rapidly spread across the world in late 2019, leading to a pandemic. While SARS-CoV-2 infections predominately affect the respiratory system, severe infections can lead to renal and cardiac injury and even death. Due to its highly transmissible nature and severe health implications, animal models of SARS-CoV-2 are critical to developing novel therapeutics and preventatives. Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) are an ideal animal model of SARS-CoV-2 infections because they recapitulate many aspects of human infections. After inoculation with SARS-CoV-2, hamsters become moribund, lose weight, and show varying degrees of respiratory disease, lethargy, and ruffled fur. Histopathologically, their pulmonary lesions are consistent with human infections including interstitial to broncho-interstitial pneumonia, alveolar hemorrhage and edema, and granulocyte infiltration. Similar to humans, the duration of clinical signs and pulmonary pathology are short lived with rapid recovery by 14 d after infection. Immunocompromised hamsters develop more severe infections and mortality. Preclinical studies in hamsters have shown efficacy of therapeutics, including convalescent serum treatment, and preventatives, including vaccination, in limiting or preventing clinical disease. Although hamster studies have contributed greatly to our understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of disease after SARS-CoV-2 infection, additional studies are required to better characterize the effects of age, sex, and virus variants on clinical outcomes in hamsters. This review aims to describe key findings from studies of hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2 and to highlight areas that need further investigation.
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Key Words
- ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- ct, computed tomography
- dpi, days post inoculation
- 18f-fdg, fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose
- 18f-fds, fluorine-18-fluorodeoxysorbitol
- ggo, ground glass opacity
- ifny, interferon gamma
- il, interleukin
- il2rg ko, interleukin 2 receptor gamma chain knockout
- in, intranasal
- mo, months
- oc, intraocular
- pfu, plaque-forming units
- rag2 ko, recombination activating gene 2 knockout
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- tcid50, 50% tissue culture infective dose
- tmprss2, transmembrane protease serine 2
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- wk, weeks
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Braxton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patrick S Creisher
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Camilo A Ruiz-Bedoya
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Katie R Mulka
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alvaro A Ordonez
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah E Beck
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jason S Villano
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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7
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Wong SY, Dixon R, Martinez Pazos V, Gnjatic S, Colombel JF, Cadwell K. Serologic Response to Messenger RNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccines in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Receiving Biologic Therapies. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:715-718.e4. [PMID: 33887219 PMCID: PMC8055494 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serre-Yu Wong
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Rebekah Dixon
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Vicky Martinez Pazos
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Tisch Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jean-Frederic Colombel
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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8
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Kemp SB, Pasca di Magliano M, Crawford HC. Myeloid Cell Mediated Immune Suppression in Pancreatic Cancer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1531-42. [PMID: 34303882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), the most common pancreatic cancer, is a nearly universally lethal malignancy. PDA is characterized by extensive infiltration of immunosuppressive myeloid cells, including tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment inhibit cytotoxic T-cell responses promoting carcinogenesis. Immune checkpoint therapy has not been effective in PDA, most likely because of this robust immune suppression, making it critical to elucidate mechanisms behind this phenomenon. Here, we review myeloid cell infiltration and cellular crosstalk in PDA progression and highlight current therapeutic approaches to target myeloid cell-driven immune suppression.
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Key Words
- adm, acinar to ductal metaplasia
- csf1r, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor
- ctla-4, cytotoxic t lymphocyte antigen 4
- egfr, epidermal growth factor receptor
- gm-csf, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- hb-egf, heparin-binding egf-like growth factor
- ikk, inhibitory κb kinase
- il, interleukin
- mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- mdsc, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- m-mdsc, mononuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- nf-κb, nuclear factor kappa b
- panin, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia
- pda, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
- pd-1, programmed cell death
- pmn, polymorphonuclear
- tam, tumor-associated macrophage
- tme, tumor microenvironment
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
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9
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Fernandez-Ruiz R, Paredes JL, Niewold TB. COVID-19 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: lessons learned from the inflammatory disease. Transl Res 2021; 232:13-36. [PMID: 33352298 PMCID: PMC7749645 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As the world navigates the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there is a growing need to assess its impact in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Patients with SLE are a unique population when considering the risk of contracting COVID-19 and infection outcomes. The use of systemic glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants, and underlying organ damage from SLE are potential susceptibility factors. Most patients with SLE have evidence of high type I interferon activity, which may theoretically act as an antiviral line of defense or contribute to the development of a deleterious hyperinflammatory response in COVID-19. Other immunopathogenic mechanisms of SLE may overlap with those described in COVID-19, thus, studies in SLE could provide some insight into immune responses occurring in severe cases of the viral infection. We reviewed the literature to date on COVID-19 in patients with SLE and provide an in-depth review of current research in the area, including immune pathway activation, epidemiology, clinical features, outcomes, and the psychosocial impact of the pandemic in those with autoimmune disease.
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Key Words
- act-1, adaptor protein nf-κ activator
- ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- aza, azathioprine
- c5ar1, c5a receptor
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- c-19-gra, covid-19 global rheumatology alliance
- cyc, cyclophosphamide
- ebv, epstein-barr virus
- hcq, hydroxychloroquine
- icu, intensive care unit
- ifn, interferon
- irf, interferon regulatory factor
- isg, interferon-stimulated gene
- ifnar, interferon-α/β receptor
- il, interleukin
- jak, janus kinase
- lof, loss-of-function
- masp-2, manna-binding lectin associated serine protease-2
- mtor, mechanistic (mammalian) target of rapamycin
- mmf, mycophenolate mofetil
- myd88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- nac, n-acetylcisteine
- net, neutrophil extracellular trap
- nyc, new york city
- pdc, plasmacytoid dendritic cell
- pi3k, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- treg, regulatory t cell
- rt-pcr, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- ps6, ribosomal protein 6
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- stat, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- sdh, social determinants of health
- sgc, systemic glucocorticoids
- sle, systemic lupus erythematosus
- th17, t helper 17
- tbk1, tank-binding kinase 1
- tlr, toll-like receptor
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- traf, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor
- trif, tirdomain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Fernandez-Ruiz
- Division of Rheumatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York; Colton Center for Autoimmunity, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
| | - Jacqueline L Paredes
- Colton Center for Autoimmunity, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Timothy B Niewold
- Colton Center for Autoimmunity, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Oz M, Lorke DE, Kabbani N. A comprehensive guide to the pharmacologic regulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 221:107750. [PMID: 33275999 PMCID: PMC7854082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic has prompted scientists to address an urgent need for defining mechanisms of disease pathology and treatment. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for COVID-19, employs angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its primary target for cell surface attachment and likely entry into the host cell. Thus, understanding factors that may regulate the expression and function of ACE2 in the healthy and diseased body is critical for clinical intervention. Over 66% of all adults in the United States are currently using a prescription drug and while earlier findings have focused on possible upregulation of ACE2 expression through the use of renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, mounting evidence suggests that various other widely administered drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemias, coagulation disorders, and pulmonary disease may also present a varied risk for COVID-19. Specifically, we summarize mechanisms on how heparin, statins, steroids and phytochemicals, besides their established therapeutic effects, may also interfere with SARS-CoV-2 viral entry into cells. We also describe evidence on the effect of several vitamins, phytochemicals, and naturally occurring compounds on ACE2 expression and activity in various tissues and disease models. This comprehensive review aims to provide a timely compendium on the potential impact of commonly prescribed drugs and pharmacologically active compounds on COVID-19 pathology and risk through regulation of ACE2 and RAS signaling.
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Key Words
- adam17, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17
- ace, angiotensin i converting enzyme
- ace-inh., angiotensin i converting enzyme inhibitor
- ampk, amp-activated protein kinase
- ang-ii, angiotensin ii
- arb, angiotensin ii type 1-receptor blocker
- ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- at1-r, angiotensin ii type 1-receptor
- βarb, β-adrenergic receptor blockers
- bk, bradykinin
- ccb, calcium channel blockers
- ch25h, cholesterol-25-hydroxylase
- copd, chronic obstructive lung disease
- cox, cyclooxygenase
- covid-19, coronavirus disease-2019
- dabk, [des-arg9]-bradykinin
- erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- 25hc, 25-hydroxycholesterol
- hs, heparan sulfate
- hspg, heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- ibd, inflammatory bowel disease
- map, mitogen-activated protein
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome
- mrb, mineralocorticoid receptor blocker
- nos, nitric oxide synthase
- nsaid, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug
- ras, renin-angiotensin system
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- sh, spontaneously hypertensive
- s protein, spike protein
- sirt1, sirtuin 1
- t2dm, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- tcm, traditional chinese medicine
- tmprss2, transmembrane protease, serine 2
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- ufh, unfractionated heparin
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Oz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Dietrich Ernst Lorke
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadine Kabbani
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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Brenner EJ, Pigneur B, Focht G, Zhang X, Ungaro RC, Colombel JF, Turner D, Kappelman MD, Ruemmele FM. Benign Evolution of SARS-Cov2 Infections in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results From Two International Databases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19:394-396.e5. [PMID: 33059040 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the highly infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents most often with mild clinical symptoms, but the severe forms are of major concern.1 SARS-CoV-2 enters human cells via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, expressed on epithelial and endothelial cells.2 Because the highest angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression is in the terminal ileum and colon, and up-regulated further during inflammation, and many COVID-19 patients experience gastrointestinal symptoms, longitudinal data are necessary to determine whether inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are at risk for severe or complicated COVID-19. A recent analysis in IBD patients from the Surveillance Epidemiology of Coronavirus Under Research Exclusion for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (SECURE-IBD) registry showed older age, steroid medication, and comorbidities as risk factors for severe evolution, and the same study showed that the 29 IBD patients younger than age 20 had only mild disease courses.3 This report describes the disease course of COVID-19 in an expanded sample of pediatric IBD patients from 2 international databases.
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12
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Khan N, Patel D, Xie D, Lewis J, Trivedi C, Yang YX. Impact of Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor and Thiopurine Medications on the Development of COVID-19 in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nationwide Veterans Administration Cohort Study. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:1545-1546.e1. [PMID: 32479823 PMCID: PMC7258834 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Khan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Dhruvan Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dawei Xie
- Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James Lewis
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chinmay Trivedi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yu-Xiao Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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13
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Kalchiem-Dekel O, Yao X, Levine SJ. Meeting the Challenge of Identifying New Treatments for Type 2-Low Neutrophilic Asthma. Chest 2020; 157:26-33. [PMID: 31525357 PMCID: PMC6965689 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.08.2192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Key Words
- apo, apolipoprotein
- balf, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- bet, bromodomain and extraterminal
- cxcl, c-x-c motif chemokine ligand
- cxcr, c-x-c motif chemokine receptor
- dnazyme, deoxyribozyme
- g-csf, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor
- gm-csf, granulocyte/monocyte colony-stimulating factor
- hmsc, human mesenchymal stem cell
- ifn, interferon
- il, interleukin
- ilc, innate lymphoid cell
- lxa4, lipoxin a4
- netosis, neutrophil extracellular trap cell death
- nlrp, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain-containing protein
- rorγt, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γ, thymus specific
- tbet, t box expressed in t cells
- th1, th2, helper t cell type 1, type 2
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- saa, serum amyloid a
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Kalchiem-Dekel
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xianglan Yao
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stewart J Levine
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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14
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Rafei-Shamsabadi DA, van de Poel S, Dorn B, Kunz S, Martin SF, Klose CSN, Arnold SJ, Tanriver Y, Ebert K, Diefenbach A, Halim TYF, McKenzie ANJ, Jakob T. Lack of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Promotes a Type I-Driven Enhanced Immune Response in Contact Hypersensitivity. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1962-1972. [PMID: 29526762 PMCID: PMC6117454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis and its animal model, contact hypersensitivity, are T-cell-mediated inflammatory skin diseases that require activation of the innate immune system. Here we investigate the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) during the elicitation phase of 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity using EomesGfp/+ x Rorc(γt)-CreTg x Rosa26RYfp/+ reporter mice. Ear swelling responses, cutaneous ILC numbers, and cytokine production were determined at different time points. Functional analyses were performed in a CD90.1/.2 congenic adoptive transfer model that allowed selective antibody-mediated depletion of ILCs before hapten challenge, and in Rorasg/floxIl7rCre/+ mice, which lack ILC2. Hapten challenge induced early increases of natural killer cells in skin and ear draining lymph nodes corresponding to the peak ear swelling response. In contrast, ILC1, 2, and 3 showed a delayed increase in numbers corresponding to the contact hypersensitivity resolution phase. Hapten challenge induced increased marker cytokines in all ILC subtypes and an activated phenotype in ILC2. Depletion of all ILC resulted in a significantly enhanced ear swelling response. Similarly, ILC2-deficient mice (Rorasg/floxIl7rCre/+) displayed increased ear swelling responses on hapten challenge, suggesting that ILC2 act as negative regulators in the type 1-dominated immune response of contact hypersensitivity.
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Key Words
- chs, contact hypersensitivity
- ilc, innate lymphoid cell
- ln, lymph node
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- nk, natural killer
- th, t helper
- tncb, 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Rafei-Shamsabadi
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Saskia van de Poel
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Britta Dorn
- Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Campus Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kunz
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph S N Klose
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yakup Tanriver
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karolina Ebert
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Department of Microbiology, Charité-University Medical Centre Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timotheus Y F Halim
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Andrew N J McKenzie
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Campus Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
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15
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Kelsen JR, Baldassano RN, Artis D, Sonnenberg GF. Maintaining intestinal health: the genetics and immunology of very early onset inflammatory bowel disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:462-76. [PMID: 26393237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactoral disease caused by dysregulated immune responses to commensal or pathogenic microbes in the intestine, resulting in chronic intestinal inflammation. An emerging population of patients with IBD occurring before the age of 5 represent a unique form of disease, termed Very Early Onset (VEO)-IBD, which is phenotypically- and genetically-distinct from older-onset IBD. VEO-IBD is associated with increased disease severity, aggressive progression and poor responsiveness to most conventional therapies. Further investigation into the causes and pathogenesis of VEO-IBD will help improve treatment strategies, and may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms that are essential to maintain intestinal health or provoke the development of targeted therapeutic strategies to limit intestinal disease. Here we discuss the phenotypic nature of VEO-IBD, the recent identification of novel gene variants associated with disease, and functional immunologic studies interrogating the contribution of specific genetic variants to the development of chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Key Words
- inflammatory bowel disease
- very early onset inflammatory bowel disease
- whole exome sequencing
- mucosal immunology
- adam17, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 17
- cgd, chronic granulomatous disease
- col7a1, collagen, type vii, α1
- cvid, common variable immunodeficiency
- foxp3, forkhead box protein 3
- gucy2, guanylate cyclase 2
- gwas, genomewide association studies
- ibd, inflammatory bowel disease
- il, interleukin
- ilc, innate lymphoid cells
- ilc3, group 3 innate lymphoid cells
- iga, immunoglobulin a
- ikbkg, inhibitor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in b cells, kinase of, γ
- ipex, immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, and enteropathy, x-linked
- mhcii, major histocompatibility complex class ii
- nemo, nuclear factor-κb essential modulator
- rag, recombination-activating gene
- stat, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- treg, regulatory t cell
- ttc7a, tetratricopeptide repeat domain-containing protein 7a
- veo-ibd, very early onset inflammatory bowel disease
- wasp, wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein
- wes, whole exome sequencing
- xiap, x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein
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16
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Abstract
The leaky gut hypothesis links translocating microbial products with the onset and progression of liver disease, and for a long time was considered one of its major contributors. However, a more detailed picture of the intestinal microbiota contributing to liver disease started to evolve. The gut is colonized by trillions of microbes that aid in digestion, modulate immune response, and generate a variety of products that result from microbial metabolic activities. These products together with host-bacteria interactions influence both normal physiology and disease susceptibility. A disruption of the symbiosis between microbiota and host is known as dysbiosis and can have profound effects on health. Qualitative changes such as increased proportions of harmful bacteria and reduced levels of beneficial bacteria, and also quantitative changes in the total amount of bacteria (overgrowth) have been associated with liver disease. Understanding the link between the pathophysiology of liver diseases and compositional and functional changes of the microbiota will help in the design of innovative therapies. In this review, we focus on factors resulting in dysbiosis, and discuss how dysbiosis can disrupt intestinal homeostasis and contribute to liver disease.
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Key Words
- dysbiosis
- leaky gut
- alcoholic liver disease
- nash
- nafld
- cirrhosis
- microbiome
- pamps
- ald, alcoholic liver disease
- amp, antimicrobial peptides and proteins
- fiaf, fasting-induced adipocyte factor
- hfd, high-fat diet
- ibd, inflammatory bowel disease
- il, interleukin
- lcfa, long-chain fatty acid
- lps, lipopolysaccharide
- nafld, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- nash, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- nlrp, nucleotide-binding domain and leucine rich repeat-containing protein
- nod2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2
- pamps, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- reg3, regenerating islet-derived 3
- tlr, toll-like receptor
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- tnfr, tumor necrosis factor receptor
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Bernd Schnabl, MD, Department of Medicine, University of California–San Diego, Biomedical Research Facility 2 (BRF2), Room 4A22, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0063, La Jolla, California 92093. fax: (858) 822-5370.
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17
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Sewell GW, Hannun YA, Han X, Koster G, Bielawski J, Goss V, Smith PJ, Rahman FZ, Vega R, Bloom SL, Walker AP, Postle AD, Segal AW. Lipidomic profiling in Crohn's disease: abnormalities in phosphatidylinositols, with preservation of ceramide, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine composition. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1839-46. [PMID: 22728312 PMCID: PMC3778899 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition largely affecting the terminal ileum and large bowel. A contributing cause is the failure of an adequate acute inflammatory response as a result of impaired secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages. This defective secretion arises from aberrant vesicle trafficking, misdirecting the cytokines to lysosomal degradation. Aberrant intestinal permeability is also well-established in Crohn's disease. Both the disordered vesicle trafficking and increased bowel permeability could result from abnormal lipid composition. We thus measured the sphingo- and phospholipid composition of macrophages, using mass spectrometry and stable isotope labelling approaches. Stimulation of macrophages with heat-killed Escherichia coli resulted in three main changes; a significant reduction in the amount of individual ceramide species, an altered composition of phosphatidylcholine, and an increased rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis in macrophages. These changes were observed in macrophages from both healthy control individuals and patients with Crohn's disease. The only difference detected between control and Crohn's disease macrophages was a reduced proportion of newly-synthesised phosphatidylinositol 16:0/18:1 over a defined time period. Shotgun lipidomics analysis of macroscopically non-inflamed ileal biopsies showed a significant decrease in this same lipid species with overall preservation of sphingolipid, phospholipid and cholesterol composition.
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Key Words
- cct, phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase
- cd, crohn's disease
- gwas, genome-wide association study
- hc, healthycontrol
- hkec, heat-killed escherichia coli
- pa, phosphatidic acid
- pc, phosphatidylcholine
- pi, phosphatidylinositol
- ps, phosphatidylserine
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- crohn's disease
- macrophage
- lipids
- ceramide
- sphingolipid
- phospholipid
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin W. Sewell
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yusuf A. Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Xianlin Han
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Grielof Koster
- Division of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 803, South Block, Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jacek Bielawski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Victoria Goss
- Division of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 803, South Block, Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Smith
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farooq Z. Rahman
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roser Vega
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart L. Bloom
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ann P. Walker
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony D. Postle
- Division of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 803, South Block, Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W. Segal
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The past decade has brought important advances in the understanding of rheumatoid arthritis and its management and treatment. New classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis, better definitions of treatment outcome and remission, and the introduction of biologic response-modifying drugs designed to inhibit the inflammatory process have greatly altered the approach to managing this disease. More aggressive management of rheumatoid arthritis early after diagnosis and throughout the course of the disease has resulted in improvement in patient functioning and quality of life, reduction in comorbid conditions, and enhanced survival.
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Key Words
- acpa, anti–citrullinated protein antibody
- acr, american college of rheumatology
- best, behandel-strategieën [trial]
- cdai, clinical disease activity index
- crp, c-reactive protein
- ctla-4:ig, cytotoxic t lymphocyte–associated antigen 4:immunoglobulin fusion protein
- das28, disease activity score in 28 joints
- dmard, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
- eular, european league against rheumatism
- hcq, hydroxychloroquine
- mtx, methotrexate
- sdai, simplified disease activity index
- ssz, sulfasalazine
- tear, treatment of early aggressive rheumatoid arthritis [study]
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/therapeutic use
- Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology
- Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/complications
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnosis
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/physiopathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/therapy
- Biological Products/therapeutic use
- Comorbidity
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Evidence-Based Medicine
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use
- Isoxazoles/therapeutic use
- Joints/pathology
- Leflunomide
- Methotrexate/therapeutic use
- Prednisone/therapeutic use
- Prognosis
- Quality of Life
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
- Referral and Consultation
- Remission Induction
- Rituximab
- Severity of Illness Index
- Sulfasalazine/therapeutic use
- Synovitis/etiology
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Davis
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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19
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Han W, Li X, Fu X. The macro domain protein family: structure, functions, and their potential therapeutic implications. Mutat Res 2011; 727:86-103. [PMID: 21421074 PMCID: PMC7110529 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Macro domains are ancient, highly evolutionarily conserved domains that are widely distributed throughout all kingdoms of life. The 'macro fold' is roughly 25kDa in size and is composed of a mixed α-β fold with similarity to the P loop-containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases. They function as binding modules for metabolites of NAD(+), including poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), which is synthesized by PAR polymerases (PARPs). Although there is a high degree of sequence similarity within this family, particularly for residues that might be involved in catalysis or substrates binding, it is likely that the sequence variation that does exist among macro domains is responsible for the specificity of function of individual proteins. Recent findings have indicated that macro domain proteins are functionally promiscuous and are implicated in the regulation of diverse biological functions, such as DNA repair, chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation. Significant advances in the field of macro domain have occurred in the past few years, including biological insights and the discovery of novel signaling pathways. To provide a framework for understanding these recent findings, this review will provide a comprehensive overview of the known and proposed biochemical, cellular and physiological roles of the macro domain family. Recent data that indicate a critical role of macro domain regulation for the proper progression of cellular differentiation programs will be discussed. In addition, the effect of dysregulated expression of macro domain proteins will be considered in the processes of tumorigenesis and bacterial pathogenesis. Finally, a series of observations will be highlighted that should be addressed in future efforts to develop macro domains as effective therapeutic targets.
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Key Words
- adpr, adp-ribose
- aplf, aprataxin pnk-like factor
- bares, bacterial-produce adp-ribosylating exotoxins
- marts, mono-adp-ribosyltransferases
- ar, androgen receptor
- ber, base excision repair
- bcl2, b cell lymphoma 2
- coast6, collaborator of stat6
- chfr, checkpoint protein with fha and ring domain
- cbp, creb-binding protein
- chip, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- dsbs, dna double-stranded breaks
- 3d, three-dimensional
- dt, diphtheria toxin
- erα, estrogen receptor α
- eta, exotoxin a
- emt, epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- itc, isothermal titration calorimetry
- iaps, inhibitors of apoptosis
- ks, kabuki syndrome
- msci, meiotic sex chromosome inactivation
- nf-κb, nuclear factor-kappab
- oaadpr, o-acetyl-adp-ribose
- par, poly(adp-ribose)
- parps, par polymerases
- parg, par glycohydrolase
- parylation, poly(adp-ribosyl)ation
- parbms, par binding motifs
- ptms, posttranslational modifications
- pbz, par binding zinc finger
- rnap ii, rna polymerase ii
- stat6, signal transducer and activator of transcription-6
- sfv, semliki forest virus
- ssbr, single-strand break repair
- sts, staurosporine
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- trf1, telomeric repeat binding factor-1
- macro domain family
- structural feature
- posttranslational modifications
- biological function
- disease association
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Han
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 6693 7463; fax: +86 10 6693 7516.
| | | | - Xiaobing Fu
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 6898 9955; fax: +86 10 6898 9955.
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20
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Li Y, Zhao H, Wilkins K, Hughes C, Damon IK. Real-time PCR assays for the specific detection of monkeypox virus West African and Congo Basin strain DNA. J Virol Methods 2010; 169:223-7. [PMID: 20643162 PMCID: PMC9628942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Orthopoxvirus monkeypox (MPXV) forms two distinct clades: the MPXV Congo Basin clade viruses are endemic in the Congo Basin, human illness typically presents with symptoms similar to discrete, ordinary smallpox and has a case fatality rate of approximately 10% in unvaccinated populations; the MPXV West African clade viruses have been isolated in West Africa and appear to cause a less severe, and less inter-human transmissible disease. Recently, monkeypox outbreaks were reported in US and Sudan caused by MPXV West African and Congo Basin strains respectively. These events demonstrated the ability and trend of the virus to exploit new hosts and emerge globally; it also emphasizes the need for the diagnosis of MPXV, especially the ability to distinguish between Congo Basin and West African monkeypox strains. In this study, three new real-time PCR assays based on TaqMan probe technology were reported: the MPXV West African specific, Congo Basin strain specific and MPXV generic assays. The new assays demonstrated good specificity and sensitivity in the validation study with multiple platforms and various PCR reagent kits, and will improve the rapid detection and differentiation of monkeypox infections from other rash illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (Proposed), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (Proposed), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States.
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21
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Abstract
A large body of evidence points to the existence of a close, dynamic relationship between the immune system and the male reproductive tract, which has important implications for our understanding of both systems. The testis and the male reproductive tract provide an environment that protects the otherwise highly immunogenic spermatogenic cells and sperm from immunological attack. At the same time, secretions of the testis, including androgens, influence the development and mature functions of the immune system. Activation of the immune system has negative effects on both androgen and sperm production, so that systemic or local infection and inflammation compromise male fertility. The mechanisms underlying these interactions have begun to receive the attention from reproductive biologists and immunologists that they deserve, but many crucial details remain to be uncovered. A complete picture of male reproductive tract function and its response to toxic agents is contingent upon continued exploration of these interactions and the mechanisms involved.
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Key Words
- cytokines
- immunity
- immunoregulation
- inflammation
- leydig cell
- lymphocytes
- macrophages
- nitric oxide
- prostanoids
- seminal plasma
- sertoli cell
- sperm
- spermatogenesis
- steroidogenesis
- toll-like receptors
- 16:0a-lpc, 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- 18:1a-lpc, 1-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- 18:2a-lpc, 1-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- 20:4a-lpc, 1-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- aid, acquired immune deviation
- aire, autoimmune regulator
- ap1, activated protein 1
- apc, antigen-presenting cell
- bambi, bmp and activin membrane-bound inhibitor
- bmp, bone morphogenetic protein
- cox, cyclooxygenase
- crry, complement receptor-related protein
- ctl, cytotoxic t lymphocyte
- eao, experimental autoimmune orchitis
- eds, ethane dimethane sulfonate
- enos, endothelial nos
- fadd, fas-associated death domain protein
- fasl, fas ligand
- fsh, follicle-stimulating hormone
- gc, glucocorticoid
- hcg, human chorionic gonadotropin
- hla, human leukocyte antigen
- hmgb1, high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1
- ice, il1 converting enzyme
- ifn, interferon
- ifnar, ifnα receptor
- il, interleukin
- il1r, interleukin 1 receptor
- il1ra, il1 receptor antagonist
- inos, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- irf, interferon regulatory factor
- jak/stat, janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription
- jnk, jun n-terminal kinase
- lh, luteinizing hormone
- lpc, lysoglycerophosphatidylcholine
- lps, lipopolysaccharide
- map, mitogen-activated protein
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- mif, macrophage migration inhibitory factor
- myd88, myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88
- nfκb, nuclear factor kappa b
- nk, cell natural killer cell
- nkt cell, natural killer t cell
- nlr, nod-like receptor
- nnos, neuronal nos
- nod, nucleotide binding oligomerization domain
- p450c17, 17α-hydroxylase/c17-c20 lyase
- p450scc, cholesterol side-chain cleavage complex
- paf, platelet-activating factor
- pamp, pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- pc, phosphocholine
- pg, prostaglandin
- pges, pge synthase
- pgi, prostacyclin
- pla2, phospholipase a2
- pmn, polymorphonuclear phagocyte
- pparγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
- rig, retinoic acid-inducible gene
- rlh, rig-like helicase
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- star, steroidogenic acute regulatory
- tcr, t cell receptor
- tgf, transforming growth factor
- th cell, helper t cell
- tir, toll/il1r
- tlr, toll-like receptor
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- tnfr, tnf receptor
- tr1, t regulatory 1
- tradd, tnfr-associated death domain protein
- traf, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor
- treg, regulatory t cell
- trif, tir domain-containing adaptor protein inducing interferon β
- tx, thromboxane
- txas, thromboxane a synthase
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22
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Tang L, Yang J, Liu W, Tang X, Chen J, Zhao D, Wang M, Xu F, Lu Y, Liu B, Sun Q, Zhang L, He F. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell lectin, LSECtin, negatively regulates hepatic T-cell immune response. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:1498-508.e1-5. [PMID: 19632227 PMCID: PMC7127102 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The liver is an organ with paradoxic immunologic properties and is known for its tolerant microenvironment, which holds important implications for hepatic diseases. The molecular basis for this local immune suppression, however, is poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of liver sinusoidal endothelial cell lectin (LSECtin), a recently identified member of the dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) family, in the regulation of hepatic T-cell immune response. METHODS The regulation of T-cell effector function by LSECtin was determined by co-stimulated T cells with anti-CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibody and LSECtin protein, or co-culture of T-cell receptor transgenic T cells with mouse LSECs in vitro. We generated LSECtin knockout mice and prepared recombinant LSECtin protein and complementary DNA plasmids to analyze the role of LSECtin in hepatic T-cell immune regulation in vivo. RESULTS We showed that LSECtin specifically recognized activated T cells and negatively regulated their immune responses. In mice with T-cell-mediated acute liver injury, the lack of LSECtin accelerated the disease owing to an increased T-cell immune response, whereas the exogenous administration of recombinant LSECtin protein or plasmid ameliorated the disease via down-regulation of T-cell immunity. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that LSECtin is a novel regulator of T cells and expose a crucial mechanism for hepatic T-cell immune suppression, perhaps opening up a new approach for treatment of inflammatory diseases in the liver.
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Key Words
- clr, c-type lectin receptors
- crd, carbohydrate recognition domain
- dc, dendritic cell
- dc-sign, dendritic cell-specific icam-3 grabbing nonintegrin
- egta, ethylene glycol-bis(b-aminoethyl ether)-n,n,n′,n′-tetraacetic acid
- ifn, interferon
- il, interleukin
- l-sign, liver/lymph node specific icam-3 grabbing nonintegrin
- lsec, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- mgl, macrophage galactose-type c-type lectin
- nf-κβ, nuclear factor-κβ
- ova, ovalbumin
- pbl, peripheral blood lymphocyte
- pbmc, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- pcr, polymerase chain reaction
- pgk, phosphoglycerate kinase
- pma, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate
- q-pcr, quantitative pcr
- sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- sirna, small interfering
- tcr, t-cell receptor
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- wt, wildtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Juntao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China,Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dianyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yantao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qihong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Fuchu He, PhD, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China. fax: (86) 10-68177417
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23
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Lencioni KC, Seamons A, Treuting PM, Maggio-Price L, Brabb T. Murine norovirus: an intercurrent variable in a mouse model of bacteria-induced inflammatory bowel disease. Comp Med 2008; 58:522-533. [PMID: 19149409 PMCID: PMC2710753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNV) has recently been recognized as a widely prevalent viral pathogen in mouse colonies and causes disease and mortality in mice with impaired innate immunity. We tested the hypothesis that MNV infection would alter disease course and immune responses in mice with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). FVB.129P2-Abcb1a(tm1Bor) N7 (Mdr1a-/-) mice develop spontaneous IBD that is accelerated by infection with Helicobacter bilis. As compared with controls, Mdr1a-/- mice coinfected with MNV4 and H. bilis showed greater weight loss and IBD scores indicative of severe colitis, demonstrating that MNV4 can modulate the progression of IBD. Compared with controls, mice inoculated with MNV4 alone had altered levels of serum biomarkers, and flow cytometric analysis of immune cells from MNV4-infected mice showed changes in both dendritic cell (CD11c+) and other nonT cell (CD4- CD8-) populations. Dendritic cells isolated from MNV4-infected mice induced higher IFNgamma production by polyclonal T cells in vitro at 2 d after infection but not at later time points, indicating that MNV4 infection enhances antigen presentation by dendritic cells early after acute infection. These findings indicate that acute infection with MNV4 is immunomodulatory and alters disease progression in a mouse model of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chase Lencioni
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Resources, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.
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24
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Wang N, Ahmed S, Haqqi TM. Genomic structure and functional characterization of the promoter region of human IkappaB kinase-related kinase IKKi/IKKvarepsilon gene. Gene 2005; 353:118-33. [PMID: 15939554 PMCID: PMC1266289 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2004] [Revised: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The inducible IkappaB kinase (IKKi/IKKepsilon) is a recently described serine-threonine kinase that activates the transcription factors NFkappaB, interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF3) and CCAAA/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPdelta). Several inflammatory agents have been shown to induce the expression of the IKKi gene in macrophages and other cell types but the mechanism is unknown. We have found that the IKKi expression was constitutive in human chondrocytes from OA cartilage and a human chondrocytic cell line C28/I2 but was up-regulated by the inflammatory cytokines TNFalpha or IL-1betain an NFkappaB-dependent manner. To understand the constitutive and inducible expression of the IKKi gene we localized the transcription start site (TSS), cloned and sequenced a 2 kb genomic DNA fragment 5' of the TSS and characterized the putative promoter region (PPR), and identified the motifs therein that are required for basal and cytokine-induced IKKi gene promoter activity. We found that IKKi core promoter was TATA-less and by using PCR generated deletion mutants of the PPR we found that the cis-elements responsible for basal transcriptional activity were located between -51 and -100 bp upstream of the TSS while the cytokine response elements were located distally between -501 and -1000 bp upstream of the TSS. The DNA region containing the cytokine response elements had two kappaB sites as the most relevant regulatory motifs. The results of site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the kappaB site located between -833 and -847 bp upstream of the TSS was biologically functional and required for cytokine-induced IKKi promoter activity in human chondrocytes and HeLa cells. The silence of the other kappaB site (-816/-802) was positional, rather than sequence-specific. Over-expression of NFkappaB p65 mimics the TNFalpha-induced activation of the IKKi promoter. Also the gel shift assay suggested that NFkappaB p65 is responsible for activation of the IKKi promoter. These data for the first time characterize the promoter region and provide further insights into the transcriptional regulation of IKKi in human chondrocytes and other cell types.
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Key Words
- ikki/ikkɛ promoter
- cis-acting element
- transcriptional regulation
- nfκb, chondrocyte
- 5’-race, 5’-rapid amplification of cdna ends
- actd, actinomycin d
- bp, base pair(s)
- bre, tfiib responsive element
- chx, cycloheximide
- dpe, downstream promoter element
- emsa, electrophoretic mobility shift assay
- emssa, electrophoretic mobility supershift assay
- iκb, inhibitor of nfκb
- ikki/ikkɛ, inducible iκb kinase
- il, interleukin
- inr, initiator
- nfκb, nuclear factor kappa b
- nt, nucleotide(s)
- ppr, putative promoter region
- rt-pcr, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
- seap, secreted form of human placental alkaline phosphatase
- tbp, tata-binding protein
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- tss, transcription start site
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tariq M. Haqqi
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 U. S. A
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25
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Abstract
Cells resident within the central nervous system (CNS) can synthesize, secrete and respond to inflammatory cytokines not only contributing to the responses to injury or immunological challenge within the CNS, but also regulating their own growth and differentiation potential. The actions and cell communication via cytokines in the CNS are designated as the CNS cytokine network, in which microglia and astrocytes play the central roles. To further characterize the CNS cytokine network we investigated the differences in roles of these cells, and found that microglia might contribute to the early phase of cytokine production reaction and that astrocytes might contribute the late phase of the reaction. We also investigated roles of inhibitory cytokines such as TGF beta, IL-4, and IL-10, and showed that each might play a distinct role in the inhibitory regulation in the CNS. We summarized our previous report about cellular distribution of cytokine receptors in the CNS cells and discussed their roles in the CNS cytokine network. Finally, we investigated that expression of IL-6 and IL-2 receptors in neuronal and oligodendrocytic differentiation, respectively. From these results, we discussed the features of the CNS cytokine network.
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Key Words
- cytokine network
- glial cells
- neuronal cells
- differentiation
- cns, central nervous system
- csf, colony-stimulating factor
- dbcamp, dibutyryl cyclic amp
- gm-csf, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- ifn, interferon
- il, interleukin
- m-csf, macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- lps, lipopolysaccharide
- tgf, transforming growth factor
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sawada
- Division of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
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Abstract
In this report, we describe an in vitro culture method for feline bone marrow cells, which yields large numbers of quiescent macrophages after 14 days of culture. The bulk of the cultured cell population consists of macrophages as assessed by morphology, macrophage specific cytochemistry, and phagocytosis. The remaining cells were lymphocytes, bone marrow stromal cells, fibroblasts and occasional polymorphonuclear leukocytes. While resting cells produced no detectable interleukin 1, stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced the production of biologically active interleukin 1. After 6 h LPS stimulation, mRNA for tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta was detectable. The absence of mRNA in unstimulated cells indicates cultured macrophages were not activated until stimulated by LPS or plastic adherence. This approach provides a useful means to measure potential modulatory effects by virus infections or other agents upon feline macrophage gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Daniel
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-0845
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27
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Abstract
Allogeneic PM/86 melanoma cells of Munich Troll miniature swine have been used for the demonstration of porcine peripheral blood NK cell activity. Compared with the specific lysis of xenogeneic K562-, U937- and Vero-target cells, NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NK-CMC) against PM/86 melanoma tumor cells was significantly lower in a 16 h chromium release assay. The target cell susceptibility to peripheral blood NK-CMC of both adult Troll miniature swine and German Landrace sows was very similar. Cold target inhibition assays revealed the allogeneic PM/86 melanoma cells to be the most powerful inhibitors of NK-CMC. Nylon wool non-adherent lymphocytes produced interferon (IFN)-alpha in different quantities upon contact with NK susceptible target cells. The NK effector cells could be stimulated to a higher lytic activity against all susceptible targets by a moderate dose of natural human interleukin-2 (nhuIL-2). The role of NK-CMC in melanoma tumor rejection and/or prevention of metastases is yet unknown in swine although porcine melanoma serves as a good model for the disease in man.
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Key Words
- fcs, fetal calf serum
- ifn, interferon
- leuome, l-leucine methyl ester
- mem, minimal essential medium
- mr, maximal release
- nhuil-2, natural human interleukin-2
- nk, natural killer
- nk-cmc, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- pbmc, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- pbs, phosphate-buffered saline
- spf, specific pathogen free
- sr, spontaneous release
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- vsv, vesicular stomatitis virus
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Affiliation(s)
- M Büttner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, München, FRG
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