1
|
Dhakal S, Park HS, Seddu K, Lee JS, Creisher PS, Seibert B, Davis KM, Hernandez IR, Maul RW, Klein SL. Estradiol mediates greater germinal center responses to influenza vaccination in female than male mice. mBio 2024; 15:e0032624. [PMID: 38441028 PMCID: PMC11005424 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00326-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Adult females of reproductive age develop greater antibody responses to inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV) than males. How sex, age, and sex steroid concentrations impact B cells and durability of IIV-induced immunity and protection over 4 months post-vaccination (mpv) was analyzed. Vaccinated adult females had greater germinal center B cell and plasmablast frequencies in lymphoid tissues, higher neutralizing antibody responses 1-4 mpv, and better protection against live H1N1 challenge than adult males. Aged mice, regardless of sex, had reduced B cell frequencies, less durable antibody responses, and inferior protection after challenge than adult mice, which correlated with diminished estradiol among aged females. To confirm that greater IIV-induced immunity was caused by sex hormones, four core genotype (FCG) mice were used, in which the testes-determining gene, Sry, was deleted from chromosome Y (ChrY) and transferred to Chr3 to separate gonadal sex (i.e., ovaries or testes) from sex chromosome complement (i.e., XX or XY complement). Vaccinated, gonadal female FCG mice (XXF and XYF) had greater numbers of B cells, higher antiviral antibody titers, and reduced pulmonary virus titers following live H1N1 challenge than gonadal FCG males (XYM and XXM). To establish that lower estradiol concentrations cause diminished immunity, adult and aged females received either a placebo or estradiol replacement therapy prior to IIV. Estradiol replacement significantly increased IIV-induced antibody responses and reduced morbidity after the H1N1 challenge among aged females. These data highlight that estradiol is a targetable mechanism mediating greater humoral immunity following vaccination among adult females.IMPORTANCEFemales of reproductive ages develop greater antibody responses to influenza vaccines than males. We hypothesized that female-biased immunity and protection against influenza were mediated by estradiol signaling in B cells. Using diverse mouse models ranging from advanced-age mice to transgenic mice that separate sex steroids from sex chromosome complement, those mice with greater concentrations of estradiol consistently had greater numbers of antibody-producing B cells in lymphoid tissue, higher antiviral antibody titers, and greater protection against live influenza virus challenge. Treatment of aged female mice with estradiol enhanced vaccine-induced immunity and protection against disease, suggesting that estradiol signaling in B cells is critical for improved vaccine outcomes in females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Han-Sol Park
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kumba Seddu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John S. Lee
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick S. Creisher
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brittany Seibert
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly M. Davis
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Isabella R. Hernandez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert W. Maul
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
St Clair LA, Eldesouki RE, Sachithanandham J, Yin A, Fall A, Morris CP, Norton JM, Abdullah O, Dhakal S, Barranta C, Golding H, Bersoff-Matcha SJ, Pilgrim-Grayson C, Berhane L, Cox AL, Burd I, Pekosz A, Mostafa HH, Klein EY, Klein SL. Reduced control of SARS-CoV-2 infection associates with lower mucosal antibody responses in pregnancy. mSphere 2024; 9:e0081223. [PMID: 38426787 PMCID: PMC10964408 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00812-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Pregnant patients are at greater risk of hospitalization with severe COVID-19 than non-pregnant people. This was a retrospective observational cohort study of remnant clinical specimens from patients who visited acute care hospitals within the Johns Hopkins Health System in the Baltimore, MD-Washington DC, area between October 2020 and May 2022. Participants included confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected pregnant people and matched non-pregnant people (the matching criteria included age, race/ethnicity, area deprivation index, insurance status, and vaccination status to ensure matched demographics). The primary dependent measures were clinical COVID-19 outcomes, infectious virus recovery, viral RNA levels, and mucosal anti-spike (S) IgG titers from upper respiratory tract samples. A total of 452 individuals (117 pregnant and 335 non-pregnant) were included in the study, with both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals represented. Pregnant patients were at increased risk of hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] = 4.2; confidence interval [CI] = 2.0-8.6), intensive care unit admittance (OR = 4.5; CI = 1.2-14.2), and being placed on supplemental oxygen therapy (OR = 3.1; CI = 1.3-6.9). Individuals infected during their third trimester had higher mucosal anti-S IgG titers and lower viral RNA levels (P < 0.05) than those infected during their first or second trimesters. Pregnant individuals experiencing breakthrough infections due to the Omicron variant had reduced anti-S IgG compared to non-pregnant patients (P < 0.05). The observed increased severity of COVID-19 and reduced mucosal antibody responses particularly among pregnant participants infected with the Omicron variant suggest that maintaining high levels of SARS-CoV-2 immunity through booster vaccines may be important for the protection of this at-risk population.IMPORTANCEIn this retrospective observational cohort study, we analyzed remnant clinical samples from non-pregnant and pregnant individuals with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections who visited the Johns Hopkins Hospital System between October 2020 and May 2022. Disease severity, including intensive care unit admission, was greater among pregnant than non-pregnant patients. Vaccination reduced recovery of infectious virus and viral RNA levels in non-pregnant patients, but not in pregnant patients. In pregnant patients, increased nasopharyngeal viral RNA levels and recovery of infectious virus were associated with reduced mucosal IgG antibody responses, especially among women in their first trimester of pregnancy or experiencing breakthrough infections from Omicron variants. Taken together, this study provides insights into how pregnant patients are at greater risk of severe COVID-19. The novelty of this study is that it focuses on the relationship between the mucosal antibody response and its association with virus load and disease outcomes in pregnant people, whereas previous studies have focused on serological immunity. Vaccination status, gestational age, and SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant impact mucosal antibody responses and recovery of infectious virus from pregnant patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. St Clair
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Raghda E. Eldesouki
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Medical Genetics Unit, School of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Jaiprasath Sachithanandham
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Yin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amary Fall
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - C. Paul Morris
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie M. Norton
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Omar Abdullah
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caelan Barranta
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hana Golding
- Division of Viral Products, Center of Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Catherine Pilgrim-Grayson
- Division of Urology, Obstetrics, and Gynecology, Office of Rare Diseases, Pediatrics, Urologic and Reproductive Medicine and Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Leah Berhane
- Division of Urology, Obstetrics, and Gynecology, Office of Rare Diseases, Pediatrics, Urologic and Reproductive Medicine and Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea L. Cox
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Irina Burd
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heba H. Mostafa
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eili Y. Klein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics, and Policy, United Nations Office for Disease Risk Reduction, Washington DC, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dhakal S, Park HS, Seddu K, Lee J, Creisher PS, Davis KM, Hernandez IR, Maul RW, Klein SL. Estradiol Mediates Greater Germinal Center Responses to Influenza Vaccination in Female than Male Mice. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.27.568847. [PMID: 38077071 PMCID: PMC10705292 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.27.568847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Adult females of reproductive ages develop greater antibody responses to inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) than males. How sex, age, and sex steroid changes impact B cells and durability of IIV-induced immunity and protection over 4-months post-vaccination (mpv) was analyzed. Vaccinated adult females had greater germinal center (GC) B cell and plasmablast frequencies in lymphoid tissues, higher neutralizing antibody responses 1-4 mpv, and better protection against live H1N1 challenge than adult males. Aged mice, regardless of sex, had reduced B cell frequencies, less durable antibody responses, and inferior protection after challenge than adult mice, which correlated with diminished estradiol among aged females. To confirm that greater IIV-induced immunity was caused by sex hormones, four core genotype (FCG) mice were used, in which the testes determining gene, Sry, was deleted from ChrY and transferred to Chr3, to separate gonadal sex (i.e., ovaries or testes) from sex chromosome complement (i.e., XX or XY complement). Vaccinated, gonadal female FCG mice (XXF and XYF) had greater numbers of B cells, higher antiviral antibody titers, and reduced pulmonary virus titers following live H1N1 challenge than gonadal FCG males (XYM and XXM). To establish that lower estradiol concentrations cause diminished immunity, adult and aged females received either a placebo or estradiol replacement therapy prior to IIV. Estradiol replacement significantly increased IIV-induced antibody responses and reduced morbidity after the H1N1 challenge among aged females. These data highlight that estradiol is a targetable mechanism mediating greater humoral immunity following vaccination among adult females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Han-Sol Park
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kumba Seddu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John Lee
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick S. Creisher
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly M. Davis
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Isabella R. Hernandez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert W. Maul
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Klein S, Dhakal S, Yin A, Escarra-Senmarti M, Demko Z, Pisanic N, Johnston T, Trejo-Zambrano M, Kruczynski K, Lee J, Hardick J, Shea P, Shapiro J, Park HS, Parish M, Caputo C, Ganesan A, Mullapudi S, Gould S, Betenbaugh M, Pekosz A, Heaney CD, Antar A, Manabe Y, Cox A, Karaba A, Andrade F, Zeger S. Application of machine learning models to identify serological predictors of COVID-19 severity and outcomes. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-3463155. [PMID: 38014049 PMCID: PMC10680931 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3463155/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Critically ill people with COVID-19 have greater antibody titers than those with mild to moderate illness, but their association with recovery or death from COVID-19 has not been characterized. In 178 COVID-19 patients, 73 non-hospitalized and 105 hospitalized patients, mucosal swabs and plasma samples were collected at hospital enrollment and up to 3 months post-enrollment (MPE) to measure virus RNA, cytokines/chemokines, binding antibodies, ACE2 binding inhibition, and Fc effector antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2. The association of demographic variables and >20 serological antibody measures with intubation or death due to COVID-19 was determined using machine learning algorithms. Predictive models revealed that IgG binding and ACE2 binding inhibition responses at 1 MPE were positively and C1q complement activity at enrollment was negatively associated with an increased probability of intubation or death from COVID-19 within 3 MPE. Serological antibody measures were more predictive than demographic variables of intubation or death among COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
|
5
|
St Clair LA, Eldesouki RE, Sachithanandham J, Yin A, Fall A, Morris CP, Norton JM, Forman M, Abdullah O, Dhakal S, Barranta C, Golding H, Bersoff-Matcha SJ, Pilgrim-Grayson C, Berhane L, Cox AL, Burd I, Pekosz A, Mostafa HH, Klein EY, Klein SL. Reduced control of SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with lower mucosal antibody responses in pregnant women. medRxiv 2023:2023.03.19.23287456. [PMID: 36993216 PMCID: PMC10055594 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.19.23287456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Importance Pregnant women are at increased risk of severe COVID-19, but the contribution of viral RNA load, the presence of infectious virus, and mucosal antibody responses remain understudied. Objective To evaluate the association of COVID-19 outcomes following confirmed infection with vaccination status, mucosal antibody responses, infectious virus recovery and viral RNA levels in pregnant compared with non-pregnant women. Design A retrospective observational cohort study of remnant clinical specimens from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients between October 2020-May 2022. Setting Five acute care hospitals within the Johns Hopkins Health System (JHHS) in the Baltimore, MD-Washington, DC area. Participants Participants included confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infected pregnant women and matched non-pregnant women (matching criteria included age, race/ethnicity, and vaccination status). Exposure SARS-CoV-2 infection, with documentation of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Main Outcomes The primary dependent measures were clinical COVID-19 outcomes, infectious virus recovery, viral RNA levels, and mucosal anti-spike (S) IgG titers from upper respiratory tract samples. Clinical outcomes were compared using odds ratios (OR), and measures of virus and antibody were compared using either Fisher's exact test, two-way ANOVA, or regression analyses. Results were stratified according to pregnancy, vaccination status, maternal age, trimester of pregnancy, and infecting SARS-CoV-2 variant. Resultss A total of 452 individuals (117 pregnant and 335 non-pregnant) were included in the study, with both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals represented. Pregnant women were at increased risk of hospitalization (OR = 4.2; CI = 2.0-8.6), ICU admittance, (OR = 4.5; CI = 1.2-14.2), and of being placed on supplemental oxygen therapy (OR = 3.1; CI =13-6.9). An age-associated decrease in anti-S IgG titer and corresponding increase in viral RNA levels (P< 0.001) was observed in vaccinated pregnant, but not non-pregnant, women. Individuals in their 3rd trimester had higher anti-S IgG titers and lower viral RNA levels (P< 0.05) than those in their 1st or 2nd trimesters. Pregnant individuals experiencing breakthrough infections due to the omicron variant had reduced anti-S IgG compared to non-pregnant women (P< 0.05). Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, vaccination status, maternal age, trimester of pregnancy, and infecting SARS-CoV-2 variant were each identified as drivers of differences in mucosal anti-S IgG responses in pregnant compared with non-pregnant women. Observed increased severity of COVID-19 and reduced mucosal antibody responses particularly among pregnant participants infected with the Omicron variant suggest that maintaining high levels of SARS-CoV-2 immunity may be important for protection of this at-risk population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A St Clair
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raghda E Eldesouki
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Medical Genetics Unit, Histology Department, School of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Jaiprasath Sachithanandham
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna Yin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amary Fall
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C Paul Morris
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie M Norton
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Forman
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Omar Abdullah
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caelan Barranta
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hana Golding
- Division of Viral Products, Center of Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Catherine Pilgrim-Grayson
- Division of Urology, Obstetrics, and Gynecology; Office of Rare Diseases, Pediatrics, Urologic and Reproductive Medicine; Office of New Drugs; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Leah Berhane
- Division of Urology, Obstetrics, and Gynecology; Office of Rare Diseases, Pediatrics, Urologic and Reproductive Medicine; Office of New Drugs; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Andrea L Cox
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Irina Burd
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heba H Mostafa
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eili Y Klein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics, and Policy, Washington DC, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pisanic N, Antar AAR, Kruczynski KL, Gregory Rivera M, Dhakal S, Spicer K, Randad PR, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Betenbaugh MJ, Detrick B, Clarke W, Thomas DL, Manabe YC, Heaney CD. Methodological approaches to optimize multiplex oral fluid SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay performance and correlation with serologic and neutralizing antibody responses. J Immunol Methods 2023; 514:113440. [PMID: 36773929 PMCID: PMC9911157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral fluid (hereafter, saliva) is a non-invasive and attractive alternative to blood for SARS-CoV-2 IgG testing; however, the heterogeneity of saliva as a matrix poses challenges for immunoassay performance. OBJECTIVES To optimize performance of a magnetic microparticle-based multiplex immunoassay (MIA) for SARS-CoV-2 IgG measurement in saliva, with consideration of: i) threshold setting and validation across different MIA bead batches; ii) sample qualification based on salivary total IgG concentration; iii) calibration to U.S. SARS-CoV-2 serological standard binding antibody units (BAU); and iv) correlations with blood-based SARS-CoV-2 serological and neutralizing antibody (nAb) assays. METHODS The salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG MIA included 2 nucleocapsid (N), 3 receptor-binding domain (RBD), and 2 spike protein (S) antigens. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) swab saliva samples were collected before December 2019 (n = 555) and after molecular test-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from 113 individuals (providing up to 5 repeated-measures; n = 398) and used to optimize and validate MIA performance (total n = 953). Combinations of IgG responses to N, RBD and S and total salivary IgG concentration (μg/mL) as a qualifier of nonreactive samples were optimized and validated, calibrated to the U.S. SARS-CoV-2 serological standard, and correlated with blood-based SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA and nAb assays. RESULTS The sum of signal to cutoff (S/Co) to all seven MIA SARS-CoV-2 antigens and disqualification of nonreactive saliva samples with ≤15 μg/mL total IgG led to correct classification of 62/62 positives (sensitivity [Se] = 100.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 94.8%, 100.0%) and 108/109 negatives (specificity [Sp] = 99.1%; 95% CI = 97.3%, 100.0%) at 8-million beads coupling scale and 80/81 positives (Se = 98.8%; 95% CI = 93.3%, 100.0%] and 127/127 negatives (Sp = 100%; 95% CI = 97.1%, 100.0%) at 20-million beads coupling scale. Salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG crossed the MIA cutoff of 0.1 BAU/mL on average 9 days post-COVID-19 symptom onset and peaked around day 30. Among n = 30 matched saliva and plasma samples, salivary SARS-CoV-2 MIA IgG levels correlated with corresponding-antigen plasma ELISA IgG (N: ρ = 0.76, RBD: ρ = 0.83, S: ρ = 0.82; all p < 0.001). Correlations of plasma SARS-CoV-2 nAb assay area under the curve (AUC) with salivary MIA IgG (N: ρ = 0.68, RBD: ρ = 0.78, S: ρ = 0.79; all p < 0.001) and with plasma ELISA IgG (N: ρ = 0.76, RBD: ρ = 0.79, S: ρ = 0.76; p < 0.001) were similar. CONCLUSIONS A salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG MIA produced consistently high Se (> 98.8%) and Sp (> 99.1%) across two bead coupling scales and correlations with nAb responses that were similar to blood-based SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA data. This non-invasive salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG MIA could increase engagement of vulnerable populations and improve broad understanding of humoral immunity (kinetics and gaps) within the evolving context of booster vaccination, viral variants and waning immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Annukka A R Antar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kate L Kruczynski
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Magdielis Gregory Rivera
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristoffer Spicer
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pranay R Randad
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Detrick
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William Clarke
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David L Thomas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dhakal S, Yu T, Yin A, Pisanic N, Demko ZO, Antar AAR, Cox AL, Heaney CD, Manabe YC, Klein SL. Reconsideration of Antinucleocapsid IgG Antibody as a Marker of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Postvaccination for Mild COVID-19 Patients. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofac677. [PMID: 36655185 PMCID: PMC9835753 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antinucleocapsid (anti-N) immunoglobulin G antibody responses were lower in plasma and oral fluid after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in vaccinated patients compared with patients infected before vaccination or infected without vaccination. This raises questions about the long-term use of anti-N antibodies as a marker for natural infection for surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tong Yu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Yin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zoe O Demko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Annukka A R Antar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea L Cox
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shapiro JR, Roberts CW, Arcovio K, Reade L, Klein SL, Dhakal S. Effects of Biological Sex and Pregnancy on SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Vaccine Outcomes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 441:75-110. [PMID: 37695426 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-35139-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19 in humans and has resulted in the death of millions of people worldwide. Similar numbers of infections have been documented in males and females; males, however, are more likely than females to be hospitalized, require intensive care unit, or die from COVID-19. The mechanisms that account for this are multi-factorial and are likely to include differential expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 molecules that are required for viral entry into hosts cells and sex differences in the immune response, which are due to modulation of cellular functions by sex hormones and differences in chromosomal gene expression. Furthermore, as comorbidities are also associated with poorer outcomes to SARS-CoV-2 infection and several comorbidities are overrepresented in males, these are also likely to contribute to the observed sex differences. Despite their relative better prognosis following infection with SARS-CoV-2, females do have poorer outcomes during pregnancy. This is likely to be due to pregnancy-induced changes in the immune system that adversely affect viral immunity and disruption of the renin-angiotensin system. Importantly, vaccination reduces the severity of disease in males and females, including pregnant females, and there is no evidence that vaccination has any adverse effects on the outcomes of pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janna R Shapiro
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Craig W Roberts
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Kasandra Arcovio
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Lisa Reade
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pisanic N, Antar AAR, Kruczynski K, Rivera MG, Dhakal S, Spicer K, Randad PR, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Betenbaugh MJ, Detrick B, Clarke W, Thomas DL, Manabe YC, Heaney CD. Methodological approaches to optimize multiplex oral fluid SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay performance and correlation with serologic and neutralizing antibody responses. medRxiv 2022:2022.12.22.22283858. [PMID: 36597525 PMCID: PMC9810233 DOI: 10.1101/2022.12.22.22283858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Oral fluid (hereafter, saliva) is a non-invasive and attractive alternative to blood for SARS-CoV-2 IgG testing; however, the heterogeneity of saliva as a matrix poses challenges for immunoassay performance. Objectives To optimize performance of a magnetic microparticle-based multiplex immunoassay (MIA) for SARS-CoV-2 IgG measurement in saliva, with consideration of: i) threshold setting and validation across different MIA bead batches; ii) sample qualification based on salivary total IgG concentration; iii) calibration to U.S. SARS-CoV-2 serological standard binding antibody units (BAU); and iv) correlations with blood-based SARS-CoV-2 serological and neutralizing antibody (nAb) assays. Methods The salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG MIA included 2 nucleocapsid (N), 3 receptor-binding domain (RBD), and 2 spike protein (S) antigens. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) swab saliva samples were collected before December, 2019 (n=555) and after molecular test-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from 113 individuals (providing up to 5 repeated-measures; n=398) and used to optimize and validate MIA performance (total n=953). Combinations of IgG responses to N, RBD and S and total salivary IgG concentration (μg/mL) as a qualifier of nonreactive samples were optimized and validated, calibrated to the U.S. SARS-CoV-2 serological standard, and correlated with blood-based SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA and nAb assays. Results The sum of signal to cutoff (S/Co) to all seven MIA SARS-CoV-2 antigens and disqualification of nonreactive saliva samples with ≤15 μg/mL total IgG led to correct classification of 62/62 positives (sensitivity [Se]=100.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI]=94.8%, 100.0%) and 108/109 negatives (specificity [Sp]=99.1%; 95% CI=97.3%, 100.0%) at 8-million beads coupling scale and 80/81 positives (Se=98.8%; 95% CI=93.3%, 100.0%] and 127/127 negatives (Sp=100%; 95% CI=97.1%, 100.0%) at 20-million beads coupling scale. Salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG crossed the MIA cutoff of 0.1 BAU/mL on average 9 days post-COVID-19 symptom onset and peaked around day 30. Among n=30 matched saliva and plasma samples, salivary SARS-CoV-2 MIA IgG levels correlated with corresponding-antigen plasma ELISA IgG (N: ρ=0.67, RBD: ρ=0.76, S: ρ=0.82; all p <0.0001). Correlations of plasma SARS-CoV-2 nAb assay area under the curve (AUC) with salivary MIA IgG (N: ρ=0.68, RBD: ρ=0.78, S: ρ=0.79; all p <0.0001) and with plasma ELISA IgG (N: ρ=0.76, RBD: ρ=0.79, S: ρ=0.76; p <0.0001) were similar. Conclusions A salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG MIA produced consistently high Se (>98.8%) and Sp (>99.1%) across two bead coupling scales and correlations with nAb responses that were similar to blood-based SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA data. This non-invasive salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG MIA could increase engagement of vulnerable populations and improve broad understanding of humoral immunity (kinetics and gaps) within the evolving context of booster vaccination, viral variants and waning immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Annukka A. R. Antar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kate Kruczynski
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Magdielis Gregory Rivera
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristoffer Spicer
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pranay R. Randad
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara Detrick
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William Clarke
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David L. Thomas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukari C. Manabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher D. Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ursin RL, Dhakal S, Liu H, Jayaraman S, Park HS, Powell HR, Sherer ML, Littlefield KE, Fink AL, Ma Z, Mueller AL, Chen AP, Seddu K, Woldetsadik YA, Gearhart PJ, Larman HB, Maul RW, Pekosz A, Klein SL. Greater Breadth of Vaccine-Induced Immunity in Females than Males Is Mediated by Increased Antibody Diversity in Germinal Center B Cells. mBio 2022; 13:e0183922. [PMID: 35856618 PMCID: PMC9426573 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01839-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivated influenza vaccines induce greater antibody responses in females than males among both humans and mice. To test the breadth of protection, we used recombinant mouse-adapted A/California/2009 (maA/Cal/09) H1N1 viruses containing mutations at one (1M), two (2M), or three (3M) antigenic sites, in addition to a virus containing the 1M mutation and a substitution of the Ca2 antigenic site (Sub) with one derived from an H5 hemagglutinin (HA) to challenge mice of both sexes. Following maA/Cal/09 vaccination, females produced greater virus-specific, class-switched total IgG and IgG2c antibodies against the vaccine and all mutant viruses, and antibodies from females recognized a greater number of unique, linear HA epitopes than did antibodies from males. While females had greater neutralizing antibody titers against the vaccine virus, both sexes showed a lower neutralization capacity against mutant viruses. After virus challenge, vaccinated females had lower pulmonary virus titers and reduced morbidity than males for the 1M and 2M viruses, but not the Sub virus. Females generated greater numbers of germinal center (GC) B cells containing superior somatic hypermutation (SHM) frequencies than vaccinated males. Deletion of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (Aicda) eliminated female-biased immunity and protection against the 2M virus. Harnessing methods to improve GC B cell responses and frequencies of SHM, especially in males, should be considered in the development of universal influenza vaccines. IMPORTANCE Adult females develop greater antibody responses to influenza vaccines than males. We hypothesized that female-biased immunity and protection would be dependent on the extent of virus diversity as well as molecular mechanisms in B cells which constrain the breadth of epitope recognition. We developed a panel of mouse-adapted (ma) A/Cal/09 viruses that had mutations in the immunodominant hemagglutinin. Following vaccination against maA/Cal/09, females were better able to neutralize maA/Cal/09 than males, but neutralization of mutant maA/Cal/09 viruses was equally poor in both sexes, despite vaccinated females being better protected against these viruses. Vaccinated females benefited from the greater production of class-switched, somatically hypermutated antibodies generated in germinal center B cells, which increased recognition of more diverse maA/Cal/09 hemagglutinin antigen epitopes. Female-biased protection against influenza infection and disease after vaccination is driven by differential mechanisms in males versus females and should be considered in the design of novel vaccine platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Ursin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hsuan Liu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sahana Jayaraman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Han-Sol Park
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Harrison R. Powell
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Morgan L. Sherer
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten E. Littlefield
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashley L. Fink
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zexu Ma
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alice L. Mueller
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Allison P. Chen
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kumba Seddu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yishak A. Woldetsadik
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia J. Gearhart
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - H. Benjamin Larman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert W. Maul
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Renu S, Deblais L, Patil V, Schrock J, Kathayat D, Srivastava V, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Han Y, Ramesh A, Lakshmanappa YS, Ghimire S, Dhakal S, Rajashekara G, Renukaradhya GJ. Gut Microbiota of Obese Children Influences Inflammatory Mucosal Immune Pathways in the Respiratory Tract to Influenza Virus Infection: Optimization of an Ideal Duration of Microbial Colonization in a Gnotobiotic Pig Model. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0267421. [PMID: 35579462 PMCID: PMC9241774 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02674-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of obesity on the human microbiota, immune maturation, and influenza virus infection has not been yet established in natural host animal models of influenza. In this study, gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs were colonized with human fecal microbiota (HFM) of obese (oHFM) or healthy lean (hHFM) children and infected at different periods (2-, 3-, and 5-weeks post-transplantation) using a zoonotic influenza virus strain. The infected oHFM pigs were characterized by lower levels of Firmicutes (Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Turicibacter, and Streptococcus) and Actinobacteria (Bifidobacterium), which was associated with higher levels of Proteobacteria (Klebsiella), Bacteroidetes, and Verrucomicrobia (Akkermansia) compared with the infected hHFM group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, these genera significantly correlated with the expression of immune effectors, immune regulators, and inflammatory mediators, and displayed opposite trends between oHFM and hHFM groups (P < 0.01). The lymphoid and myeloid immune cell frequencies were differently modulated by the oHFM and hHFM colonization, especially apparent in the 5-weeks HFM colonized piglets. In addition, oHFM group had higher pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFNγ) gene expression in the respiratory tract compared with the hHFM colonized pigs was detected. In conclusion, pigs colonized for longer duration, established oHFM increased the immune maturation favoring the activation of inflammatory mediators, however, the influenza virus load remained comparable with the hHFM group. Further, a longer duration of microbial colonization (5 weeks) may be required to reveal the impact of microbiome on the host immune maturation and susceptibility to influenza virus infection in the humanized Gn pig model. IMPORTANCE The diversity of gut microbiome of obese people differs markedly from that of lean healthy individuals which, in turn, influences the severity of inflammatory diseases because of differential maturation of immune system. The mouse model provides crucial insights into the mechanism(s) regulating the immune systems mediated by the gut microbiota but its applicability to humans is questionable because immune cells in mice are poorly activated in microbiota humanized mice. Several important strains of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium fails to colonize the murine gut. Thus, understanding the role of certain important commensal gut bacterial species influences upon health and disease, a suitable large animal model like pig that supports the growth and colonization of most of the important human gut bacteria and possess comparable immunology and physiology to humans is beneficial to improve health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Renu
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Loic Deblais
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer Schrock
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Dipak Kathayat
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Vishal Srivastava
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Yi Han
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Anikethana Ramesh
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Yashavanth S. Lakshmanappa
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Shristi Ghimire
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Reporting the distribution and inclusion of both males and females in immunology and infectious diseases research is improving, but rigorous analyses of differential outcomes between males and females, including mechanistic inquiries into the causes of sex differences, still lags behind.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sabal Chaulagain
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thompson EA, Roznik K, Karaba A, Cascino K, Dhakal S, Sena L, Biavatti L, Abedon AT, Alejo JL, Klein SL, Warren D, Quin CX, Mitchel J, Garonzik-Wang J, Leone R, Boyarsky B, Segev DL, Tobian AA, Werbel W, Cox AL, Bailey JR. Alternative lineage B cells utilizing fatty acid oxidation predict response to third dose COVID vaccination in solid organ transplant recipients. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.65.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) demonstrate reduced seroconversion and increased breakthrough infection rates following standard two dose mRNA vaccination against SARs-CoV-2. However, within a prospective cohort of SOTRs, the majority of patients (72%) developed a positive anti-Spike (S) IgG following a third vaccine dose, compared to only 15% following two doses. Those who failed to respond to vaccination uniformly received mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). To better understand mechanisms underlying divergent vaccine responses, both global and S-specific B cells were evaluated using flow cytometry to assess immunologic and metabolic phenotypes. Prior to the third dose, 76% of SOTRs demonstrated detectable S-specific B cells even though only 15% had positive anti-S IgG titers. However, B cells were skewed towards a non-class switched phenotype in SOTRs compared to healthy controls. Response to a third dose was predicted by expanded populations of germinal center (GC)-like B cells and CD11c+ alternative lineage B cells with upregulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1a), the rate limiting enzyme for fatty acid oxidation (FAO), a preferred energy source of GC B cells. SOTRs receiving high dose MMF demonstrated significantly lower expression of CPT1a compared to healthy controls, indicating an energetic deficit associated with MMF and failure to respond. Further, in vitro treatment of B cells with MMF reduced the ability to oxidize fatty acids and induced an accumulation of intracellular lipid droplets. Together, these data define alternative lineage B cells present in those who respond to a third vaccine dose, outlining FAO as a metabolic pathway that could be targeted to improve vaccine responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura Sena
- 3Oncology, Johns Hopkins Univ. Sch. of Med
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mueller ARL, Dhakal S, Caputo C, Seddu K, Klein SL. Estradiol replacement improves vaccine-induced antibody responses and protection against influenza in aged female mice. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.64.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Adult female mice generate greater vaccine-induced immunity and protection than their male counterparts, but this female advantage is lost with age. We hypothesized that treatment of aged female mice with exogenous estradiol would improve vaccine-induced antibody responses and protection from both pulmonary infection and disease after live influenza virus challenge. To investigate this, adult (2–3 months old) and aged (17–18 months old) female C57BL/6 mice were implanted with either empty (placebo) capsules or capsules loaded with 17β-estradiol (E2) hormone, and then vaccinated with mouse-adapted A/California/04/09 (ma2009 H1N1) vaccine. Total IgG and neutralizing antibody titers (nAb) were quantified using blood samples collected post vaccination. >1 month post vaccination, mice were challenged intranasally with ma2009 H1N1 drift variant virus. A subset of mice was euthanized at 3 days post challenge to collect lungs and measure infectious virus titer. Another subset was followed for 14 days to measure changes in body mass as a measure of disease severity. We found that aged female mice treated with E2 produced significantly greater IgG and nAb responses compared to placebo-treated aged females, and the responses of E2-treated aged females were comparable to the antibody responses generated in adult females. Treatment with E2 also reduced morbidity, but not pulmonary virus titers, following live virus challenge. Our data suggest that estrogen replacement in aged female mice improves their humoral immune response to influenza vaccination and protects them from severe disease.
Supported by U54AG062333
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kumba Seddu
- 1MMI, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Public Hlth
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Park HS, Kuo H, Liu H, Fenstermacher K, Shapiro J, Jedlicka A, Dhakal S, Ursin R, Wilson J, Shea P, Morgan R, Gearhart PJ, Rothman R, Pekosz A, Klein SL. Sex differences in B cell frequencies and antibody responses following influenza vaccination in healthcare workers during the 2019–2020 season. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.64.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Annual influenza vaccination for healthcare workers (HCWs) is required at Johns Hopkins to reduce influenza spread in healthcare facilities. We conducted a clinical study to evaluate sex differences in virus-specific antibody-producing B cells (i.e., plasmablasts) following receipt of the seasonal influenza vaccine in a highly vaccinated population of healthcare workers. To understand sex differences in immune responses to the influenza vaccine in the HCWs, 83 participants consented to blood draws at baseline and 75 participants returned for the 7- and 28-days post-vaccination survey and blood draw. Participants received their annual quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV). Influenza A specific plasmablasts were quantified at baseline and day 7 post-vaccination. Males had a significantly greater percentage of influenza-specific plasmablasts than females after vaccination (p<0.0003) Plasma collected at baseline and at day 28 post-vaccination was used to measure neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers against H1N1 and H3N2 vaccine viruses. Neutralizing antibody responses against either the H1N1 and H3N2 viruses increase after vaccination to the same degree in both males and females. The proportion of plasmablasts at day 7 was significantly associated with the vaccine-induced fold rise in nAb. This relationship differed by sex, whereby for a given proportion of plasmablasts, females tended to mount a greater fold-rise in nAb than males. These data suggest that despite having potentially fewer plasmablasts after vaccination, females mount an antiviral antibody response to the influenza vaccine viruses equivalent to males. Identification of transcriptional differences in plasmablasts from male and female HCWs is ongoing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sol Park
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Public Hlth
| | - Helen Kuo
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Public Hlth
| | - Hsuan Liu
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Public Hlth
| | | | - Janna Shapiro
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Public Hlth
| | - Anne Jedlicka
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Public Hlth
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Public Hlth
| | - Rebecca Ursin
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Public Hlth
| | - Jo Wilson
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Public Hlth
| | - Patrick Shea
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Public Hlth
| | - Rosemary Morgan
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Public Hlth
| | | | - Richard Rothman
- 3Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Public Hlth
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Public Hlth
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Seddu K, Dhakal S, Ganesan A, Jacobsen H, Klein SL. Sex hormones more than sex chromosomal complement predict sex differences in influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection in mice. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.64.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Following influenza vaccination, adult female mice have greater quantity and quality of antiviral antibodies than males, which is a correlate of protection against live influenza virus challenge. Whether sex steroid hormone concentrations, sex chromosome complement, or both underlie greater immunity and protection following vaccination has not been determined. To dissect the relative contribution of steroid hormones and chromosome complement, we used the Four Core Genotype (FCG) mouse model on a C57BL/6 background to evaluate how gonadal sex (i.e., testes or ovaries) and sex chromosome complement (i.e., XX or XY) can independently or together contribute to sex differences in influenza immunity. Adult FCG mice were vaccinated intramuscularly with inactivated mouse-adapted A/California/04/09 (ma2009 H1N1). Blood samples were collected at several time points post vaccination to measure total IgG and neutralizing antibodies. All mice were challenged intranasally with live ma2009 H1N1 drift variant virus and used to either measure lung virus replication kinetics or disease pathogenesis. Gonadal females (i.e., XXF and XYF), regardless of chromosome complement, produced greater antibody responses and had less pulmonary virus replication than gonadal males (i.e., XYM and XXM). Gonadal sex and sex chromosomal complement intersected to impact disease severity following challenge, in which among gonadal females, XX females experienced less morbidity than XY females. In contrast, there was no effect of chromosome complement among gonadal males. Our data suggests that sex steroid hormones more than sex chromosome complement underlie sex differences in influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection.
Financial support provided by NIH/OWRH/NIA U54AG062333
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumba Seddu
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Public Hlth
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Public Hlth
| | - Abhinaya Ganesan
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Public Hlth
| | - Henning Jacobsen
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Public Hlth
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Public Hlth
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gautam N, Dhungana R, Gyawali S, Dhakal S, Pradhan PM. Perception of Medical Students Regarding TU-IOM MBBS Curriculum and Teaching Learning Methods in Nepal. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2022; 20:219-224. [PMID: 37017170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The present Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) curriculum under Tribhuvan University - Institute of Medicine (TU-IOM) was last revised twelve-years back. Though the curriculum was built upon internationally approved recommendations on curriculum design, it is ineffectively practiced in most medical schools of Nepal with major focus on didactic teaching-learning. The curriculum, hence, needs effective implementation and revision. Objective To identify the strengths, weaknesses, and areas of improvement in the medical curriculum through student-based feedback and outline the possibility of incorporating newer evidence-based teaching-learning methodologies in Nepal. Method This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. With appropriate ethical approval, a questionnaire was developed and disseminated virtually to all medical students of Nepal under TU from MBBS fourth year onwards. The questionnaire comprised of Likert and close-ended questions. The data analysis was followed after receiving the filled questionnaire through Google forms. Result A total of 337 respondents participated in the study. The most effectively implemented components out of the SPICES model were Integrated learning (I) and Communitybased learning (C), with 73.89% and 68.84% responses. There were 94.7% (319) students who favored the incorporation of research in the core curriculum. Only 34.2% (115) students found PowerPoint lectures, the most utilized form of teachinglearning in Nepal, as engaging. The respondents (84.6%) showed a high degree of readiness to incorporate newer evidence-based teaching-learning tools such as flipped learning, blended learning, and peer-to-peer learning. Conclusion This study shows that effective interventions must be rethought on various aspects of the curriculum, taking students' feedback on the table while considering curricular revision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Gautam
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - R Dhungana
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - S Gyawali
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - S Dhakal
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - P Ms Pradhan
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Karger AB, Brien JD, Christen JM, Dhakal S, Kemp TJ, Klein SL, Pinto LA, Premkumar L, Roback JD, Binder RA, Boehme KW, Boppana S, Cordon-Cardo C, Crawford JM, Daiss JL, Dupuis AP, Espino AM, Firpo-Betancourt A, Forconi C, Forrest JC, Girardin RC, Granger DA, Granger SW, Haddad NS, Heaney CD, Hunt DT, Kennedy JL, King CL, Krammer F, Kruczynski K, LaBaer J, Lee FEH, Lee WT, Liu SL, Lozanski G, Lucas T, Mendu DR, Moormann AM, Murugan V, Okoye NC, Pantoja P, Payne AF, Park J, Pinninti S, Pinto AK, Pisanic N, Qiu J, Sariol CA, Simon V, Song L, Steffen TL, Stone ET, Styer LM, Suthar MS, Thomas SN, Thyagarajan B, Wajnberg A, Yates JL, Sobhani K. The Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) for COVID-19: Depth and Breadth of Serology Assays and Plans for Assay Harmonization. medRxiv 2022:2022.02.27.22271399. [PMID: 35262095 PMCID: PMC8902887 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.27.22271399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background In October 2020, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) was established to study the immune response to COVID-19, and "to develop, validate, improve, and implement serological testing and associated technologies." SeroNet is comprised of 25 participating research institutions partnering with the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR) and the SeroNet Coordinating Center. Since its inception, SeroNet has supported collaborative development and sharing of COVID-19 serological assay procedures and has set forth plans for assay harmonization. Methods To facilitate collaboration and procedure sharing, a detailed survey was sent to collate comprehensive assay details and performance metrics on COVID-19 serological assays within SeroNet. In addition, FNLCR established a protocol to calibrate SeroNet serological assays to reference standards, such as the U.S. SARS-CoV-2 serology standard reference material and First WHO International Standard (IS) for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (20/136), to facilitate harmonization of assay reporting units and cross-comparison of study data. Results SeroNet institutions reported development of a total of 27 ELISA methods, 13 multiplex assays, 9 neutralization assays, and use of 12 different commercial serological methods. FNLCR developed a standardized protocol for SeroNet institutions to calibrate these diverse serological assays to reference standards. Conclusions SeroNet institutions have established a diverse array of COVID-19 serological assays to study the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 virus and vaccines. Calibration of SeroNet serological assays to harmonize results reporting will facilitate future pooled data analyses and study cross-comparisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Karger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Jayne M. Christen
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Troy J. Kemp
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ligia A. Pinto
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - John D. Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Raquel A. Binder
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Karl W. Boehme
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Suresh Boppana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - James M. Crawford
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | | | - Alan P. Dupuis
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Ana M. Espino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Catherine Forconi
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - J. Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Roxie C. Girardin
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | | | | | - Natalie S. Haddad
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christopher D. Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Danielle T. Hunt
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Joshua L. Kennedy
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Christopher L. King
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kate Kruczynski
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William T. Lee
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Todd Lucas
- Division of Public Health and Department of Epidemiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Damodara Rao Mendu
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ann M. Moormann
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Vel Murugan
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Nkemakonam C. Okoye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Petraleigh Pantoja
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Anne F. Payne
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Jin Park
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Swetha Pinninti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ji Qiu
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Carlos A. Sariol
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lusheng Song
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Tara L. Steffen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - E. Taylor Stone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Linda M. Styer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stefani N. Thomas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ania Wajnberg
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer L. Yates
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Kimia Sobhani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kuo H, Shapiro JR, Dhakal S, Morgan R, Fink AL, Liu H, Westerbeck JW, Sylvia KE, Park HS, Ursin RL, Shea P, Shaw-Saliba K, Fenstermacher K, Rothman R, Pekosz A, Klein SL. Sex-specific effects of age and body mass index on antibody responses to seasonal influenza vaccines in healthcare workers. Vaccine 2022; 40:1634-1642. [PMID: 33678455 PMCID: PMC8417149 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Healthcare institutions with mandatory influenza vaccination policies have over 90% vaccination rates among healthcare workers (HCWs) resulting in a population that has received the influenza vaccine in many, consecutive years. This study explored the impact of sex and other host factors in pre- and post-vaccination neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers and seroconversion against the H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A viruses (IAVs) among HCWs enrolled into a cross-sectional serosurvey during the annual Johns Hopkins Hospital employee vaccination campaign in the 2017-18 and 2018-19 seasons. The study enrolled 111 participants (male = 38, female = 73) in 2017-18 and 163 (male = 44, female = 119) in 2018-19. Serum samples were collected immediately prior to vaccination and approximately 28 days later and nAb titers to vaccine strains determined. An intersectional approach was used to disaggregate the combined effects of sex with age and body mass index (BMI) in the nAb response. Differences between the pre- or post-vaccination geometric mean nAb titers between male and female HCWs were not observed. Male HCWs were 2.86 times more likely to seroconvert compared to female HCWs in 2017-2018, but the same trend was not observed in the following year. When data were disaggregated by age and sex, older female HCWs had higher H1N1 pre- and post-vaccination nAb titers compared to male HCWs in the same age group for both vaccination campaign seasons. In both years, the decline in H3N2 pre-vaccination titers with increasing BMI was greater in female than male HCW. The sex-specific effects of age and BMI on nAb responses to seasonal influenza vaccines require greater consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Kuo
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Janna R Shapiro
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rosemary Morgan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ashley L Fink
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hsuan Liu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jason W Westerbeck
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kristyn E Sylvia
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Han-Sol Park
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca L Ursin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Patrick Shea
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kathryn Shaw-Saliba
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Katherine Fenstermacher
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Richard Rothman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dhakal S, Deshpande S, McMahon M, Strohmeier S, Krammer F, Klein SL. Female-biased effects of aging on a chimeric hemagglutinin stalk-based universal influenza virus vaccine in mice. Vaccine 2022; 40:1624-1633. [PMID: 33293159 PMCID: PMC8178415 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To determine if biological sex and age intersect to affect universal influenza vaccine-induced immunity, adult and aged male and female C57BL/6 mice were sequentially immunized with a chimeric-hemagglutinin (cHA) stalk-based H1 vaccine. Adult mice developed greater quantity and quality of H1-stalk antibodies, that were more cross-reactive with other group 1, but not group 2, influenza viruses, than aged mice. The vaccine did not induce neutralizing or hemagglutination inhibition antibodies, but rather antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, which was greater in adult than aged mice. Vaccinated adult mice were better protected than aged mice after challenge with 2009 H1N1 virus, experiencing less morbidity and having lower pulmonary virus titers. The age-associated decline in immunity and protection was consistently greater among females than males, with the reduction in immunity and protection for aged as compared with adult females often being the sole comparison driving the overall age-associated significant differences. The age-associated reduction in stalk-based immunity in females was not, however, associated with changes in estradiol. To determine if the better antibodies in adults could be utilized to protect aged mice, serum was passively transferred from vaccinated adult mice into naïve sex-matched aged mice. Even with transferred serum from young adult mice, aged females still suffered greater morbidity than aged males. These data suggest there are sex-dependent effects of aging on cHA-based universal influenza virus vaccine-induced immunity that cannot be reversed through transfer of serum from young animals. The lack of consideration of sex-specific effects of aging on immunity could hinder efforts toward universal vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sharvari Deshpande
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Meagan McMahon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jiang L, Driedonks TA, Jong WS, Dhakal S, Bart van den Berg van Saparoea H, Sitaras I, Zhou R, Caputo C, Littlefield K, Lowman M, Chen M, Lima G, Gololobova O, Smith B, Mahairaki V, Riley Richardson M, Mulka KR, Lane AP, Klein SL, Pekosz A, Brayton C, Mankowski JL, Luirink J, Villano JS, Witwer KW. A bacterial extracellular vesicle-based intranasal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 protects against disease and elicits neutralizing antibodies to wild-type and Delta variants. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12192. [PMID: 35289114 PMCID: PMC8920961 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several vaccines have been introduced to combat the coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines include mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles or adenoviral vectors that encode the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, inactivated virus, or protein subunits. Despite growing success in worldwide vaccination efforts, additional capabilities may be needed in the future to address issues such as stability and storage requirements, need for vaccine boosters, desirability of different routes of administration, and emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants such as the Delta variant. Here, we present a novel, well-characterized SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate based on extracellular vesicles (EVs) of Salmonella typhimurium that are decorated with the mammalian cell culture-derived Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD). RBD-conjugated outer membrane vesicles (RBD-OMVs) were used to immunize the golden Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) model of COVID-19. Intranasal immunization resulted in high titres of blood anti-RBD IgG as well as detectable mucosal responses. Neutralizing antibody activity against wild-type and Delta variants was evident in all vaccinated subjects. Upon challenge with live virus, hamsters immunized with RBD-OMV, but not animals immunized with unconjugated OMVs or a vehicle control, avoided body mass loss, had lower virus titres in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and experienced less severe lung pathology. Our results emphasize the value and versatility of OMV-based vaccine approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linglei Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Tom A.P. Driedonks
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | | | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Ioannis Sitaras
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ruifeng Zhou
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Christopher Caputo
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Maggie Lowman
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Mengfei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Gabriela Lima
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Olesia Gololobova
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Barbara Smith
- Department of Cell BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Vasiliki Mahairaki
- Department of Genetic Medicine and The Richman Family Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - M. Riley Richardson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Kathleen R. Mulka
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Andrew P. Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Cory Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Joseph L. Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Joen Luirink
- Abera Bioscience ABUppsalaSweden
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS)Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jason S. Villano
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
- Department of Genetic Medicine and The Richman Family Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiang L, Driedonks TA, Jong WS, Dhakal S, van den Berg van Saparoea HB, Sitaras I, Zhou R, Caputo C, Littlefield K, Lowman M, Chen M, Lima G, Gololobova O, Smith B, Mahairaki V, Richardson MR, Mulka KR, Lane AP, Klein SL, Pekosz A, Brayton CF, Mankowski JL, Luirink J, Villano JS, Witwer KW. A bacterial extracellular vesicle-based intranasal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 protects against disease and elicits neutralizing antibodies to wild-type and Delta variants. bioRxiv 2022:2021.06.28.450181. [PMID: 35132418 PMCID: PMC8820665 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.28.450181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several vaccines have been introduced to combat the coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines include mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles or adenoviral vectors that encode the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, inactivated virus, or protein subunits. Despite growing success in worldwide vaccination efforts, additional capabilities may be needed in the future to address issues such as stability and storage requirements, need for vaccine boosters, desirability of different routes of administration, and emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants such as the Delta variant. Here, we present a novel, well-characterized SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate based on extracellular vesicles (EVs) of Salmonella typhimurium that are decorated with the mammalian cell culture-derived Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD). RBD-conjugated outer membrane vesicles (RBD-OMVs) were used to immunize the golden Syrian hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ) model of COVID-19. Intranasal immunization resulted in high titers of blood anti-RBD IgG as well as detectable mucosal responses. Neutralizing antibody activity against wild-type and Delta variants was evident in all vaccinated subjects. Upon challenge with live virus, hamsters immunized with RBD-OMV, but not animals immunized with unconjugated OMVs or a vehicle control, avoided body mass loss, had lower virus titers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and experienced less severe lung pathology. Our results emphasize the value and versatility of OMV-based vaccine approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linglei Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tom A.P. Driedonks
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Ioannis Sitaras
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruifeng Zhou
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher Caputo
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maggie Lowman
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mengfei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gabriela Lima
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olesia Gololobova
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vasiliki Mahairaki
- Department of Genetic Medicine and The Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - M. Riley Richardson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen R. Mulka
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew P. Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cory F. Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph L. Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joen Luirink
- Abera Bioscience AB, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- These authors are designated as co-corresponding authors. ; ;
| | - Jason S. Villano
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- These authors are designated as co-corresponding authors. ; ;
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine and The Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- These authors are designated as co-corresponding authors. ; ;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Mota F, Ordonez AA, Foss CA, Singh AK, Praharaj M, Mahmud FJ, Ghayoor A, Flavahan K, De Jesus P, Bahr M, Dhakal S, Zhou R, Solis CV, Mulka KR, Bishai WR, Pekosz A, Mankowski JL, Villano J, Klein SL, Jain SK. 124I-Iodo-DPA-713 Positron Emission Tomography in a Hamster Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:135-143. [PMID: 34424479 PMCID: PMC8381721 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01638-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular imaging has provided unparalleled opportunities to monitor disease processes, although tools for evaluating infection remain limited. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is mediated by lung injury that we sought to model. Activated macrophages/phagocytes have an important role in lung injury, which is responsible for subsequent respiratory failure and death. We performed pulmonary PET/CT with 124I-iodo-DPA-713, a low-molecular-weight pyrazolopyrimidine ligand selectively trapped by activated macrophages cells, to evaluate the local immune response in a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. PROCEDURES Pulmonary 124I-iodo-DPA-713 PET/CT was performed in SARS-CoV-2-infected golden Syrian hamsters. CT images were quantified using a custom-built lung segmentation tool. Studies with DPA-713-IRDye680LT and a fluorescent analog of DPA-713 as well as histopathology and flow cytometry were performed on post-mortem tissues. RESULTS Infected hamsters were imaged at the peak of inflammatory lung disease (7 days post-infection). Quantitative CT analysis was successful for all scans and demonstrated worse pulmonary disease in male versus female animals (P < 0.01). Increased 124I-iodo-DPA-713 PET activity co-localized with the pneumonic lesions. Additionally, higher pulmonary 124I-iodo-DPA-713 PET activity was noted in male versus female hamsters (P = 0.02). DPA-713-IRDye680LT also localized to the pneumonic lesions. Flow cytometry demonstrated a higher percentage of myeloid and CD11b + cells (macrophages, phagocytes) in male versus female lung tissues (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION 124I-Iodo-DPA-713 accumulates within pneumonic lesions in a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. As a novel molecular imaging tool, 124I-Iodo-DPA-713 PET could serve as a noninvasive, clinically translatable approach to monitor SARS-CoV-2-associated pulmonary inflammation and expedite the development of novel therapeutics for COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilo A Ruiz-Bedoya
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II Room 109, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Filipa Mota
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II Room 109, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II Room 109, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Catherine A Foss
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alok K Singh
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Monali Praharaj
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Farina J Mahmud
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II Room 109, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Kelly Flavahan
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II Room 109, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patricia De Jesus
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II Room 109, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Melissa Bahr
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II Room 109, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruifeng Zhou
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clarisse V Solis
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen R Mulka
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William R Bishai
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jason Villano
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II Room 109, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kobayashi RKT, Dhakal S, Nakazato G. Editorial: The Use of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Infectious Disease in Animals. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:829540. [PMID: 35004937 PMCID: PMC8739900 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.829540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renata K T Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Joshi LR, Knudsen D, Piñeyro P, Dhakal S, Renukaradhya GJ, Diel DG. Protective Efficacy of an Orf Virus-Vector Encoding the Hemagglutinin and the Nucleoprotein of Influenza A Virus in Swine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747574. [PMID: 34804030 PMCID: PMC8602839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease of pigs caused by influenza A viruses (IAV-S). IAV-S causes significant economic losses to the swine industry and poses challenges to public health given its zoonotic potential. Thus effective IAV-S vaccines are needed and highly desirable and would benefit both animal and human health. Here, we developed two recombinant orf viruses, expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene (OV-HA) or the HA and the nucleoprotein (NP) genes of IAV-S (OV-HA-NP). The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these two recombinant viruses were evaluated in pigs. Both OV-HA and OV-HA-NP recombinants elicited robust virus neutralizing antibody response in pigs, with higher levels of neutralizing antibodies (NA) being detected in OV-HA-NP-immunized animals pre-challenge infection. Although both recombinant viruses elicited IAV-S-specific T-cell responses, the frequency of IAV-S-specific proliferating CD8+ T cells upon re-stimulation was higher in OV-HA-NP-immunized animals than in the OV-HA group. Importantly, IgG1/IgG2 isotype ELISAs revealed that immunization with OV-HA induced Th2-biased immune responses, whereas immunization with OV-HA-NP virus resulted in a Th1-biased immune response. While pigs immunized with either OV-HA or OV-HA-NP were protected when compared to non-immunized controls, immunization with OV-HA-NP resulted in incremental protection against challenge infection as evidenced by a reduced secondary antibody response (NA and HI antibodies) following IAV-S challenge and reduced virus shedding in nasal secretions (lower viral RNA loads and frequency of animals shedding viral RNA and infectious virus), when compared to animals in the OV-HA group. Interestingly, broader cross neutralization activity was also observed in serum of OV-HA-NP-immunized animals against a panel of contemporary IAV-S isolates representing the major genetic clades circulating in swine. This study demonstrates the potential of ORFV-based vector for control of swine influenza virus in swine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lok R Joshi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - David Knudsen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Braxton AM, Creisher PS, Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Mulka KR, Dhakal S, Ordonez AA, Beck SE, Jain SK, Villano JS. Hamsters as a Model of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2. Comp Med 2021; 71:398-410. [PMID: 34588095 PMCID: PMC8594257 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-21-000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), rapidly spread across the world in late 2019, leading to a pandemic. While SARS-CoV-2 infections predominately affect the respiratory system, severe infections can lead to renal and cardiac injury and even death. Due to its highly transmissible nature and severe health implications, animal models of SARS-CoV-2 are critical to developing novel therapeutics and preventatives. Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) are an ideal animal model of SARS-CoV-2 infections because they recapitulate many aspects of human infections. After inoculation with SARS-CoV-2, hamsters become moribund, lose weight, and show varying degrees of respiratory disease, lethargy, and ruffled fur. Histopathologically, their pulmonary lesions are consistent with human infections including interstitial to broncho-interstitial pneumonia, alveolar hemorrhage and edema, and granulocyte infiltration. Similar to humans, the duration of clinical signs and pulmonary pathology are short lived with rapid recovery by 14 d after infection. Immunocompromised hamsters develop more severe infections and mortality. Preclinical studies in hamsters have shown efficacy of therapeutics, including convalescent serum treatment, and preventatives, including vaccination, in limiting or preventing clinical disease. Although hamster studies have contributed greatly to our understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of disease after SARS-CoV-2 infection, additional studies are required to better characterize the effects of age, sex, and virus variants on clinical outcomes in hamsters. This review aims to describe key findings from studies of hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2 and to highlight areas that need further investigation.
Collapse
Key Words
- ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- ct, computed tomography
- dpi, days post inoculation
- 18f-fdg, fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose
- 18f-fds, fluorine-18-fluorodeoxysorbitol
- ggo, ground glass opacity
- ifny, interferon gamma
- il, interleukin
- il2rg ko, interleukin 2 receptor gamma chain knockout
- in, intranasal
- mo, months
- oc, intraocular
- pfu, plaque-forming units
- rag2 ko, recombination activating gene 2 knockout
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- tcid50, 50% tissue culture infective dose
- tmprss2, transmembrane protease serine 2
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- wk, weeks
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Braxton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patrick S Creisher
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Camilo A Ruiz-Bedoya
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Katie R Mulka
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alvaro A Ordonez
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah E Beck
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jason S Villano
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dhakal S, Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Zhou R, Creisher PS, Villano JS, Littlefield K, Ruelas Castillo J, Marinho P, Jedlicka AE, Ordonez AA, Bahr M, Majewska N, Betenbaugh MJ, Flavahan K, Mueller ARL, Looney MM, Quijada D, Mota F, Beck SE, Brockhurst J, Braxton AM, Castell N, Stover M, D’Alessio FR, Metcalf Pate KA, Karakousis PC, Mankowski JL, Pekosz A, Jain SK, Klein SL. Sex Differences in Lung Imaging and SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses in a COVID-19 Golden Syrian Hamster Model. mBio 2021; 12:e0097421. [PMID: 34253053 PMCID: PMC8406232 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00974-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), more severe outcomes are reported in males than in females, including hospitalizations and deaths. Animal models can provide an opportunity to mechanistically interrogate causes of sex differences in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Adult male and female golden Syrian hamsters (8 to 10 weeks of age) were inoculated intranasally with 105 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) of SARS-CoV-2/USA-WA1/2020 and euthanized at several time points during the acute (i.e., virus actively replicating) and recovery (i.e., after the infectious virus has been cleared) phases of infection. There was no mortality, but infected male hamsters experienced greater morbidity, losing a greater percentage of body mass, developed more extensive pneumonia as noted on chest computed tomography, and recovered more slowly than females. Treatment of male hamsters with estradiol did not alter pulmonary damage. Virus titers in respiratory tissues, including nasal turbinates, trachea, and lungs, and pulmonary cytokine concentrations, including interferon-β (IFN-β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were comparable between the sexes. However, during the recovery phase of infection, females mounted 2-fold greater IgM, IgG, and IgA responses against the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein (S-RBD) in both plasma and respiratory tissues. Female hamsters also had significantly greater IgG antibodies against whole-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and mutant S-RBDs as well as virus-neutralizing antibodies in plasma. The development of an animal model to study COVID-19 sex differences will allow for a greater mechanistic understanding of the SARS-CoV-2-associated sex differences seen in the human population. IMPORTANCE Men experience more severe outcomes from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) than women. Golden Syrian hamsters were used to explore sex differences in the pathogenesis of a human isolate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). After inoculation, male hamsters experienced greater sickness, developed more severe lung pathology, and recovered more slowly than females. Sex differences in disease could not be reversed by estradiol treatment in males and were not explained by either virus replication kinetics or the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in the lungs. During the recovery period, antiviral antibody responses in the respiratory tract and plasma, including to newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, were greater in female than in male hamsters. Greater lung pathology during the acute phase combined with lower antiviral antibody responses during the recovery phase of infection in males than in females illustrate the utility of golden Syrian hamsters as a model to explore sex differences in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine-induced immunity and protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Camilo A. Ruiz-Bedoya
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruifeng Zhou
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick S. Creisher
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason S. Villano
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Paula Marinho
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne E. Jedlicka
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alvaro A. Ordonez
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Melissa Bahr
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Natalia Majewska
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly Flavahan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alice R. L. Mueller
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Monika M. Looney
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Darla Quijada
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Filipa Mota
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah E. Beck
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacqueline Brockhurst
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alicia M. Braxton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Natalie Castell
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mitchel Stover
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Franco R. D’Alessio
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly A. Metcalf Pate
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Petros C. Karakousis
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph L. Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Basnet BB, Bishwakarma K, Pant RR, Dhakal S, Pandey N, Gautam D, Ghimire A, Basnet TB. Combating the COVID-19 Pandemic: Experiences of the First Wave From Nepal. Front Public Health 2021; 9:613402. [PMID: 34322466 PMCID: PMC8310916 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.613402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Unprecedented and unforeseen highly infectious Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a significant public health concern for most of the countries worldwide, including Nepal, and it is spreading rapidly. Undoubtedly, every nation has taken maximum initiative measures to break the transmission chain of the virus. This review presents a retrospective analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal, analyzing the actions taken by the Government of Nepal (GoN) to inform future decisions. Data used in this article were extracted from relevant reports and websites of the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) of Nepal and the WHO. As of January 22, 2021, the highest numbers of cases were reported in the megacity of the hilly region, Kathmandu district (population = 1,744,240), and Bagmati province. The cured and death rates of the disease among the tested population are ~98.00 and ~0.74%, respectively. Higher numbers of infected cases were observed in the age group 21–30, with an overall male to female death ratio of 2.33. With suggestions and recommendations from high-level coordination committees and experts, GoN has enacted several measures: promoting universal personal protection, physical distancing, localized lockdowns, travel restrictions, isolation, and selective quarantine. In addition, GoN formulated and distributed several guidelines/protocols for managing COVID-19 patients and vaccination programs. Despite robust preventive efforts by GoN, pandemic scenario in Nepal is, yet, to be controlled completely. This review could be helpful for the current and future effective outbreak preparedness, responses, and management of the pandemic situations and prepare necessary strategies, especially in countries with similar socio-cultural and economic status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kiran Bishwakarma
- Nepal Environment and Development Consultant Pvt. Ltd., Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ramesh Raj Pant
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Nashib Pandey
- Kantipur Dental College Teaching Hospital and Research Center, Kathmandu University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dhruba Gautam
- National Disaster Risk Reduction Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Archana Ghimire
- Nepal Environment and Development Consultant Pvt. Ltd., Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lakhe G, Pradhan S, Dhakal S. Hemodynamic Response to Laryngoscopy and Intubation Using McCoy Laryngoscope: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 59:554-557. [PMID: 34508397 PMCID: PMC8369551 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.6752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Laryngoscopy and intubation are stressful as they lead to a rise in heart rate and blood pressure. Though transient, it may be detrimental to the cardiac and neurosurgical patients. There is a need to explore the possibility of obtunding the pressor response to laryngoscopy and intubation with the use of McCoy blade laryngoscope. We aimed to find out the hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and intubation using McCoy laryngoscope in adult patients undergoing general anesthesia. Methods: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 37 American Society of Anesthesiologists' Physical Status I/IIpatients, with normal airway from December 2019-May 2020 in a tertiary care hospital. Ethical approval was obtained from Institutional Research Committee (reference number.: MEMG/IRC/290/GA). Convenience sampling method was used. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured at baseline, one, three and five minutes after laryngoscopy and intubation. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 21.0. Results: In the first minute after laryngoscopy and intubation, the rise in mean blood pressure was noted in 14 (37.83%) cases. The peak rise in mean blood pressure was 3%, note done minute after laryngoscopy and intubation. Conclusions: We noted better attenuation of pressor response to laryngoscopy and intubation using McCoy blade laryngoscope in adult patients undergoing general anesthesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gajal Lakhe
- Department of Anesthesia, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Phulbari, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Suresh Pradhan
- Department of Anesthesia, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Phulbari, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Department of Anesthesia, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Phulbari, Pokhara, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gourapura RJ, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Patil V, Schrock J, Han Y, Ramesh A, Dhakal S, Krakowka S, Renu S. Mannose Conjugated Chitosan-based Influenza Nanovaccine Intranasal Inoculation Enhances the Cross-reactive Immunity in Maternal Antibodies Positive Pigs. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.19.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) causes respiratory tract infection in pigs. Parenteral administration of inactivated SwIAV vaccine in weaned piglets provides variable protection due to preexisting specific maternal derived antibodies (MDA). We developed killed SwIAV antigen (KAg) encapsulated mannose-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles (mCS NPs-KAg) vaccine which targets dendritic cells. In MDA-positive piglets, prime-boost intranasal inoculation of mCS NPs-KAg vaccine elicited enhanced homologous (H1N2-OH10), heterologous (H1N1-OH7), and heterosubtypic (H3N2-OH4) influenza virus-specific secretory IgA (sIgA) antibody response in nasal passage compared to control CS NPs-KAg vaccinates. In both mCS NPs-KAg and CS NPs-KAg vaccinates upon challenge with a heterologous virus observed augmented cross-reactive virus-specific sIgA antibody response in nasal swab, lung lysate, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and IgG antibody levels in lung lysate and BAL fluid samples. Whereas the multivalent commercial inactivated SwIAV vaccine administered intramuscular had increased only the specific serum IgG antibody response. Additionally, mCS NPs-KAg vaccine increased the specific recall lymphocyte proliferation, and the frequency of IFNγ secreting T cells, late effector and effector memory T cells, and cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and IFNγ gene expression compared to CS NPs-KAg and commercial SwIAV vaccinates. Both the mCS NPs-KAg and CS NPs-KAg vaccines efficiently cleared the challenge virus load from airways and reduced the lung lesions compared to commercial vaccine. Overall, mCS NP-KAg vaccine in MDA-positive pigs induced a robust cross-reactive immunity and offered cross-protection against influenza virus.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ogega CO, Skinner NE, Blair PW, Park HS, Littlefield K, Ganesan A, Dhakal S, Ladiwala P, Antar AA, Ray SC, Betenbaugh MJ, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Manabe YC, Cox AL, Bailey JR. Durable SARS-CoV-2 B cell immunity after mild or severe disease. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:145516. [PMID: 33571162 DOI: 10.1172/jci145516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have shown loss of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific (SARS-CoV-2-specific) antibodies over time after infection, raising concern that humoral immunity against the virus is not durable. If immunity wanes quickly, millions of people may be at risk for reinfection after recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, memory B cells (MBCs) could provide durable humoral immunity even if serum neutralizing antibody titers decline. We performed multidimensional flow cytometric analysis of S protein receptor binding domain-specific (S-RBD-specific) MBCs in cohorts of ambulatory patients with COVID-19 with mild disease (n = 7), and hospitalized patients with moderate to severe disease (n = 7), at a median of 54 days (range, 39-104 days) after symptom onset. We detected S-RBD-specific class-switched MBCs in 13 of 14 participants, failing only in the individual with the lowest plasma levels of anti-S-RBD IgG and neutralizing antibodies. Resting MBCs (rMBCs) made up the largest proportion of S-RBD-specific MBCs in both cohorts. FCRL5, a marker of functional memory on rMBCs, was more dramatically upregulated on S-RBD-specific rMBCs after mild infection than after severe infection. These data indicate that most SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals develop S-RBD-specific, class-switched rMBCs that resemble germinal center-derived B cells induced by effective vaccination against other pathogens, providing evidence for durable B cell-mediated immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after mild or severe disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clinton O Ogega
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole E Skinner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul W Blair
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Han-Sol Park
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Abhinaya Ganesan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pranay Ladiwala
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Annukka Ar Antar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stuart C Ray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea L Cox
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin R Bailey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dhakal S, Loube J, Misplon JA, Lo CY, Creisher PS, Mulka KR, Deshpande S, Mitzner W, Klein SL, Epstein SL. Effect of an Adenovirus-Vectored Universal Influenza Virus Vaccine on Pulmonary Pathophysiology in a Mouse Model. J Virol 2021; 95:e02359-20. [PMID: 33627390 PMCID: PMC8104105 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02359-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines, live attenuated or inactivated, do not protect against antigenically novel influenza A viruses (IAVs) of pandemic potential, which has driven interest in the development of universal influenza vaccines. Universal influenza vaccine candidates targeting highly conserved antigens of IAV nucleoprotein (NP) are promising as vaccines that induce T cell immunity, but concerns have been raised about the safety of inducing robust CD8 T cell responses in the lungs. Using a mouse model, we systematically evaluated effects of recombinant adenovirus vectors (rAd) expressing IAV NP (A/NP-rAd) or influenza B virus (IBV) NP (B/NP-rAd) on pulmonary inflammation and function after vaccination and following live IAV challenge. After A/NP-rAd or B/NP-rAd vaccination, female mice exhibited robust systemic and pulmonary vaccine-specific B cell and T cell responses and experienced no morbidity (e.g., body mass loss). Both in vivo pulmonary function testing and lung histopathology scoring revealed minimal adverse effects of intranasal rAd vaccination compared with unvaccinated mice. After IAV challenge, A/NP-rAd-vaccinated mice experienced significantly less morbidity, had lower pulmonary virus titers, and developed less pulmonary inflammation than unvaccinated or B/NP-rAd-vaccinated mice. Based on analysis of pulmonary physiology using detailed testing not previously applied to the question of T cell damage, mice protected by vaccination also had better lung function than controls. Results provide evidence that, in this model, adenoviral universal influenza vaccine does not damage pulmonary tissue. In addition, adaptive immunity, in particular, T cell immunity in the lungs, does not cause damage when restimulated but instead mitigates pulmonary damage following IAV infection.IMPORTANCE Respiratory viruses can emerge and spread rapidly before vaccines are available. It would be a tremendous advance to use vaccines that protect against whole categories of viruses, such as universal influenza vaccines, without the need to predict which virus will emerge. The nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza virus provides a target conserved among strains and is a dominant T cell target. In animals, vaccination to NP generates powerful T cell immunity and long-lasting protection against diverse influenza strains. Concerns have been raised, but not evaluated experimentally, that potent local T cell responses might damage the lungs. We analyzed lung function in detail in the setting of such a vaccination. Despite CD8 T cell responses in the lungs, lungs were not damaged and functioned normally after vaccination alone and were protected upon subsequent infection. This precedent provides important support for vaccines based on T cell-mediated protection, currently being considered for both influenza and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Loube
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia A Misplon
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Chia-Yun Lo
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick S Creisher
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen R Mulka
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharvari Deshpande
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wayne Mitzner
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Suzanne L Epstein
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dhakal S, Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Zhou R, Creisher P, Villano J, Littlefield K, Castillo J, Marinho P, Jedlicka A, Ordonez A, Majewska N, Betenbaugh M, Flavahan K, Mueller A, Looney M, Quijada D, Mota F, Beck SE, Brockhurst JK, Braxton A, Castell N, D'Alessio F, Metcalf Pate KA, Karakousis PC, Mankowski JL, Pekosz A, Jain SK, Klein SL. Sex differences in lung imaging and SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in a COVID-19 golden Syrian hamster model. bioRxiv 2021:2021.04.02.438292. [PMID: 33821269 PMCID: PMC8020969 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.02.438292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), more severe outcomes are reported in males compared with females, including hospitalizations and deaths. Animal models can provide an opportunity to mechanistically interrogate causes of sex differences in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Adult male and female golden Syrian hamsters (8-10 weeks of age) were inoculated intranasally with 10 5 TCID 50 of SARS-CoV-2/USA-WA1/2020 and euthanized at several time points during the acute (i.e., virus actively replicating) and recovery (i.e., after the infectious virus has been cleared) phases of infection. There was no mortality, but infected male hamsters experienced greater morbidity, losing a greater percentage of body mass, developing more extensive pneumonia as noted on chest computed tomography, and recovering more slowly than females. Treatment of male hamsters with estradiol did not alter pulmonary damage. Virus titers in respiratory tissues, including nasal turbinates, trachea, and lungs, and pulmonary cytokine concentrations, including IFNb and TNFa, were comparable between the sexes. However, during the recovery phase of infection, females mounted two-fold greater IgM, IgG, and IgA responses against the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein (S-RBD) in both plasma and respiratory tissues. Female hamsters also had significantly greater IgG antibodies against whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and mutant S-RBDs, as well as virus neutralizing antibodies in plasma. The development of an animal model to study COVID-19 sex differences will allow for a greater mechanistic understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 associated sex differences seen in the human population.
Collapse
|
34
|
Renu S, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Patil V, Schrock J, Han Y, Ramesh A, Dhakal S, Hanson J, Krakowka S, Renukaradhya GJ. Immunity and Protective Efficacy of Mannose Conjugated Chitosan-Based Influenza Nanovaccine in Maternal Antibody Positive Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:584299. [PMID: 33746943 PMCID: PMC7969509 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.584299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parenteral administration of killed/inactivated swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) vaccine in weaned piglets provides variable levels of immunity due to the presence of preexisting virus specific maternal derived antibodies (MDA). To overcome the effect of MDA on SwIAV vaccine in piglets, we developed an intranasal deliverable killed SwIAV antigen (KAg) encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles called chitosan-based NPs encapsulating KAg (CS NPs-KAg) vaccine. Further, to target the candidate vaccine to dendritic cells and macrophages which express mannose receptor, we conjugated mannose to chitosan (mCS) and formulated KAg encapsulated mCS nanoparticles called mannosylated chitosan-based NPs encapsulating KAg (mCS NPs-KAg) vaccine. In MDA-positive piglets, prime-boost intranasal inoculation of mCS NPs-KAg vaccine elicited enhanced homologous (H1N2-OH10), heterologous (H1N1-OH7), and heterosubtypic (H3N2-OH4) influenza virus-specific secretory IgA (sIgA) antibody response in nasal passage compared to CS NPs-KAg vaccinates. In vaccinated upon challenged with a heterologous SwIAV H1N1, both mCS NPs-KAg and CS NPs-KAg vaccinates augmented H1N2-OH10, H1N1-OH7, and H3N2-OH4 virus-specific sIgA antibody responses in nasal swab, lung lysate, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid; and IgG antibody levels in lung lysate and BAL fluid samples. Whereas, the multivalent commercial inactivated SwIAV vaccine delivered intramuscularly increased serum IgG antibody response. In mCS NPs-KAg and CS NPs-KAg vaccinates increased H1N2-OH10 but not H1N1-OH7 and H3N2-OH4-specific serum hemagglutination inhibition titers were observed. Additionally, mCS NPs-KAg vaccine increased specific recall lymphocyte proliferation and cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and IFNγ gene expression compared to CS NPs-KAg and commercial SwIAV vaccinates in tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Consistent with the immune response both mCS NPs-KAg and CS NPs-KAg vaccinates cleared the challenge H1N1-OH7 virus load in upper and lower respiratory tract more efficiently when compared to commercial vaccine. The virus clearance was associated with reduced gross lung lesions. Overall, mCS NP-KAg vaccine intranasal immunization in MDA-positive pigs induced a robust cross-reactive immunity and offered protection against influenza virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Renu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer Schrock
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Yi Han
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Anikethana Ramesh
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Juliette Hanson
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Steven Krakowka
- The Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Patil V, Renu S, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Han Y, Ramesh A, Schrock J, Dhakal S, HogenEsch H, Renukaradhya GJ. Intranasal Delivery of Inactivated Influenza Virus and Poly(I:C) Adsorbed Corn-Based Nanoparticle Vaccine Elicited Robust Antigen-Specific Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Maternal Antibody Positive Nursery Pigs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:596964. [PMID: 33391267 PMCID: PMC7772411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.596964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed the killed swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) H1N2 antigen (KAg) with polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid [(Poly(I:C)] adsorbed corn-derived Nano-11 particle based nanovaccine called Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C), and evaluated its immune correlates in maternally derived antibody (MDA)-positive pigs against a heterologous H1N1 SwIAV infection. Immunologically, in tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) detected enhanced H1N2-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates, and in commercial vaccinates detected CTLs with mainly IL-17A+ and early effector phenotypes specific to both H1N2 and H1N1 SwAIV. In commercial vaccinates, activated H1N2- and H1N1-specific IFNγ+&TNFα+, IL-17A+ and central memory T-helper/Memory cells, and in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates H1N2-specific central memory, IFNγ+ and IFNγ+&TNFα+, and H1N1-specific IL-17A+ T-helper/Memory cells were observed. Systemically, Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccine augmented H1N2-specific IFNγ+ CTLs and H1N1-specific IFNγ+ T-helper/Memory cells, and commercial vaccine boosted H1N2- specific early effector CTLs and H1N1-specific IFNγ+&TNFα+ CTLs, as well as H1N2- and H1N1-specific T-helper/Memory cells with central memory, IFNγ+&TNFα+, and IL-17A+ phenotypes. Remarkably, commercial vaccine induced an increase in H1N1-specific T-helper cells in TBLN and naive T-helper cells in both TBLN and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), while H1N1- and H1N2-specific only T-helper cells were augmented in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates in both TBLN and PBMCs. Furthermore, the Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccine stimulated robust cross-reactive IgG and secretory IgA (SIgA) responses in lungs, while the commercial vaccine elicited high levels of serum and lung IgG and serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers. In conclusion, despite vast genetic difference (77% in HA gene identity) between the vaccine H1N2 and H1N1 challenge viruses in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates, compared to over 95% identity between H1N1 of commercial vaccine and challenge viruses, the virus load and macroscopic lesions in the lungs of both types of vaccinates were comparable, but the Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccine cleared the virus from the nasal passage better. These data suggested the important role played by Nano-11 and Poly(I:C) in the induction of polyfunctional, cross-protective cell-mediated immunity against SwIAV in MDA-positive pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sankar Renu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yi Han
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anikethana Ramesh
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer Schrock
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Poudel U, Subedi D, Pantha S, Dhakal S. Animal coronaviruses and coronavirus disease 2019: Lesson for One Health approach. Open Vet J 2020; 10:239-251. [PMID: 33282694 PMCID: PMC7703617 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a group of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that are broadly classified into alpha, beta, gamma, and delta coronavirus genera based on the viral genome. Coronavirus was not thought to be a significant problem in humans until the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2002, but infections in animals, including pigs, cats, dogs, and poultry, have been problematic for a long time. The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, drew special attention towards this virus once again. The intermediate host of this novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is yet to be determined, but it has a very close genomic relationship with the bat coronavirus (Bat-CoV), RaTG13 strain, and the pangolin coronaviruses. As veterinary medicine has a long-term experience dealing with coronaviruses, this could be helpful in better understanding and detecting the origin of SARS-CoV-2 and drive human medicine towards the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs through the collaborative and transdisciplinary approaches of One Health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uddab Poudel
- Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Paklihawa Campus, Tribhuvan University, Siddharthanagar, Nepal
| | - Deepak Subedi
- Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Paklihawa Campus, Tribhuvan University, Siddharthanagar, Nepal
| | - Saurav Pantha
- Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Paklihawa Campus, Tribhuvan University, Siddharthanagar, Nepal
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Salajegheh Tazerji S, Magalhães Duarte P, Rahimi P, Shahabinejad F, Dhakal S, Singh Malik Y, Shehata AA, Lama J, Klein J, Safdar M, Rahman MT, Filipiak KJ, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Sobur MA, Kabir F, Vazir B, Mboera L, Caporale M, Islam MS, Amuasi JH, Gharieb R, Roncada P, Musaad S, Tilocca B, Koohi MK, Taghipour A, Sait A, Subbaram K, Jahandideh A, Mortazavi P, Abedini MA, Hokey DA, Hogan U, Shaheen MNF, Elaswad A, Elhaig MM, Fawzy M. Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to animals: an updated review. J Transl Med 2020; 18:358. [PMID: 32957995 PMCID: PMC7503431 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan (Hubei province, China) during late 2019. It has spread across the globe affecting nearly 21 million people with a toll of 0.75 million deaths and restricting the movement of most of the world population during the past 6 months. COVID-19 became the leading health, economic, and humanitarian challenge of the twenty-first century. In addition to the considerable COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths in humans, several cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections in animal hosts (dog, cat, tiger, lion, and mink) have been reported. Thus, the concern of pet owners is increasing. Moreover, the dynamics of the disease requires further explanation, mainly concerning the transmission of the virus from humans to animals and vice versa. Therefore, this study aimed to gather information about the reported cases of COVID-19 transmission in animals through a literary review of works published in scientific journals and perform genomic and phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from animal hosts. Although many instances of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 have been reported, caution and further studies are necessary to avoid the occurrence of maltreatment in animals, and to achieve a better understanding of the dynamics of the disease in the environment, humans, and animals. Future research in the animal–human interface can help formulate and implement preventive measures to combat the further transmission of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Salajegheh Tazerji
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Phelipe Magalhães Duarte
- Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade de Cuiabá (UNIC), Primavera Do Leste, MT, Brazil
| | - Parastoo Rahimi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Awad A Shehata
- Research and Development Section, PerNaturam GmbH, 56290, Gödenroth, Germany.,Avian and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Juan Lama
- RetroVirox, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jörn Klein
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Muhammad Safdar
- Department of Breeding and Genetics, Cholistan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Md Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | | | - Alfonso J Rodríguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigacion Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Md Abdus Sobur
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Farrokhreza Kabir
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Vazir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leonard Mboera
- Emerging and Vector-borne Diseases Program, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Marco Caporale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - John H Amuasi
- Global Health, and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Kumasi Collaborative Center for Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Rasha Gharieb
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia Province, Egypt
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sahar Musaad
- Kanad Hospital, Alain, P.O. Box 1016, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bruno Tilocca
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mohammad Kazem Koohi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ahmet Sait
- Virology Department, Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Ministry of Food and Forestry, 34890, Pendik-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kannan Subbaram
- Department of Preparatory (Biology), Al-Ghad International Colleges for Applied Medical Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alireza Jahandideh
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pejman Mortazavi
- Pathobiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Abedini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Unarose Hogan
- Infection Prevention and Control, Technical Unit, Americares, Stamford, UK
| | - Mohamed N F Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elaswad
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Elhaig
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fawzy
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nickla DL, Sarfare S, McGeehan B, Wei W, Elin-Calcador J, He L, Dhakal S, Dixon J, Maguire MG, Stone RA, Iuvone PM. Visual conditions affecting eye growth alter diurnal levels of vitreous DOPAC. Exp Eye Res 2020; 200:108226. [PMID: 32905843 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In chicks, the diurnal patterns of retinal dopamine synthesis and release are associated with refractive development. To assess the within-day patterns of dopamine release, we assayed vitreal levels of DOPAC (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, at 4-h intervals over 24 h in eyes with experimental manipulations that change ocular growth rates. Chicks were reared under a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle; experiments began at 12 days of age. Output was assessed by modelling using the robust variance structure of Generalized Estimating Equations. Continuous spectacle lensdefocus or form deprivation: One group experienced non-restricted visual input to both eyes and served as untreated "normal" controls. Three experimental cohorts underwent monocular visual alterations known to alter eye growth and refraction: wearing a diffuser, a negative lens or a positive lens. After one full day of device-wear, chicks were euthanized at 4-h intervals over 24 h (8 birds per time/condition). Brief hyperopic defocus: Chicks wore negative lenses for only 2 daily hours either in the morning (starting at ZT 0; n = 16) or mid-day (starting at ZT 4; n = 8) for 3 days. Vitreal DOPAC was assayed. In chicks with bilateral non-restricted vision, or with continuous defocus or form-deprivation, there was a diurnal variation in vitreal DOPAC levels for all eyes (p < 0.001 for each). In normal controls, DOPAC was highest during the daytime, lowest at night, and equivalent for both eyes. In experimental groups, regardless of whether experiencing a growth stimulatory input (diffuser; negative lens) or growth inhibitory input (positive lens), DOPAC levels were reduced compared both to fellow eyes and to those of normal controls (p < 0.001 for each). These diurnal variations in vitreous DOPAC levels under different visual conditions indicate a complexity for dopaminergic mechanisms in refractive development that requires further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Nickla
- Department of Biosciences, The New England College of Optometry, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - S Sarfare
- Department of Biosciences, The New England College of Optometry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B McGeehan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - W Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Elin-Calcador
- Department of Biosciences, The New England College of Optometry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S Dhakal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Dixon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M G Maguire
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R A Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P M Iuvone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dhakal S, Shafaat H, Balasubramaniam VM. Thermal and high‐pressure treatment stability of egg‐white avidin in aqueous solution. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- Department of Food Science & TechnologyThe Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Hannah Shafaat
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| | - V. M. Balasubramaniam
- Department of Food Science & TechnologyThe Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
- Department of Food Agricultural and Biological EngineeringThe Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first reported in late 2019 from Wuhan, China. Considering COVID-19's alarming levels of spread and severity, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. The first case of COVID-19 in Nepal was reported on January 23, 2020. The Government of Nepal implemented different public health measures to contain COVID-19, including border closures and a countrywide lockdown. We collected the daily data provided by the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) of the Government of Nepal and illustrated the early epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in Nepal. By May 31, 2020, 1,572 cases and eight deaths were reported in Nepal associated with COVID-19. The estimate of prevalence for COVID-19 among tested populations was 2.25% (95% CI: 2.15–2.37%) and case-fatality rate was 0.5%. The majority of the cases were young males (n = 1,454, 92%), with overall average age being 30.5 years (ranging from 2 months to 81 years) and were mostly asymptomatic. There were only five cases from three districts until the end of March, but cases surged from April and spread to 57 out of 77 districts of Nepal by the end of May 2020 despite the continuous lockdown. Most of these cases are from the southern plains of Nepal, bordering India. As the effect of COVID-19 is expected to persist longer, the Government of Nepal should make appropriate strategies for loosening lockdowns in a phase-wise manner while maintaining social distancing and personal hygiene and increasing its testing, tracking, and medical capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Surendra Karki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kirtipur, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Rabies is a global problem, but the burden is higher in less developed or developing countries of Asia and Africa. In Nepal, rabies is reported to kill around 500 animals and up to 32 human beings in recent years, with possible under-reporting of cases and deaths. As a prophylactic measure, around 30,000 livestock and 300,000 humans get vaccinated each year in Nepal. This review summarizes the past, present and future perspectives of rabies control and prevention in Nepal. The global strategic plan of World Health Organization (WHO) aims to bring human deaths from dog-transmitted rabies to zero by 2030. To achieve this goal of ‘Zero by 30’, the concerned governmental and non-governmental agencies in Nepal should work together using the One Health concept. Rabies is caused by Lyssa virus that is responsible for deaths of 55,000 people annually across the world. Dogs are responsible for 95% of rabies cases around the globe and 99% in endemic regions. Asia has the highest burden of rabies and India alone accounts for around 35% of world rabies cases. In Nepal, less than 35 people have died each year due to rabies. One health approach is mandatory to end dog mediated rabies by the year 2030.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Pantha
- Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Paklihawa, Rupandehi, Nepal
| | - Deepak Subedi
- Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Paklihawa, Rupandehi, Nepal
| | - Uddab Poudel
- Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Paklihawa, Rupandehi, Nepal
| | - Sanju Subedi
- Bachelor of Public Health, Chitwan Medical College, Tribhuvan University, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Krishna Kaphle
- Associate Professor and Director, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Paklihawa, Rupandehi, Nepal
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Poudel U, Dahal U, Upadhyaya N, Chaudhari S, Dhakal S. Livestock and Poultry Production in Nepal and Current Status of Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020322. [PMID: 32575369 PMCID: PMC7350241 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The livestock and poultry sectors are an integral part of Nepalese economy and lifestyle. Livestock and poultry populations have continuously been increasing in the last decade in Nepal and are likely to follow that trend as the interests in this field is growing. Infectious diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), hemorrhagic septicemia (HS), black quarter (BQ), swine fever, avian influenza, and Newcastle disease (ND) constitute one of the major health challenges to the Nepalese livestock and poultry industry. Vaccinations are an efficient means of preventing the occurrence and spread of several diseases in animals and birds. Considering this fact, the government of Nepal began the production of veterinary vaccines in the 1960s. Nepal is self-reliant in producing several vaccines for cattle and buffaloes, sheep and goats, pigs, and poultry. Despite these efforts, the demand for vaccines is not met, especially in the commercial poultry sector, as Nepal spends billions of rupees in vaccine imports each year. There is a need of strengthening laboratory facilities for the isolation and characterization of field strains of pathogens and capacity building for the production of different types of vaccines using the latest technologies to be self-reliant in veterinary vaccine production in the future in Nepal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uddab Poudel
- Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Tribhuvan University, Siddharthanagar-1, Rupandehi 32900, Nepal;
| | - Umesh Dahal
- National Vaccine Production Laboratory, Department of Livestock Services, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal; (U.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Nabin Upadhyaya
- Veterinary Standards and Drug Regulatory Laboratory, Budhanilkantha, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal;
| | - Saroj Chaudhari
- National Vaccine Production Laboratory, Department of Livestock Services, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal; (U.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
The current novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is revealing profound differences between men and women in disease outcomes worldwide. In the United States, there has been inconsistent reporting and analyses of male-female differences in COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. We seek to raise awareness about the male-biased severe outcomes from COVID-19, highlighting the mechanistic differences including in the expression and activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as well as in antiviral immunity. We also highlight how sex differences in comorbidities, which can be associated with both age and race, impact male-biased outcomes from COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. Ursin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharvari Deshpande
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Departments of Medicine and Nephrology & Hypertension, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Diabetes Discovery & Sex-Based Medicine Laboratory, Section of Endocrinology, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Renu S, Han Y, Dhakal S, Lakshmanappa YS, Ghimire S, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Senapati S, Narasimhan B, Selvaraj R, Renukaradhya GJ. Chitosan-adjuvanted Salmonella subunit nanoparticle vaccine for poultry delivered through drinking water and feed. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 243:116434. [PMID: 32532387 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poor induction of mucosal immunity in the intestines by current Salmonella vaccines is a challenge to the poultry industry. We prepared and tested an oral deliverable Salmonella subunit vaccine containing immunogenic outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and flagellin (F) protein loaded and F-protein surface coated chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) (OMPs-F-CS NPs). The OMPs-F-CS NPs had mean particle size distribution of 514 nm, high positive charge and spherical in shape. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed the F-protein surface coated CS NPs were specifically targeted to chicken immune cells. The OMPs-F-CS NPs treatment of chicken immune cells upregulated TLRs, and Th1 and Th2 cytokines mRNA expression. Oral delivery of OMPs-F-CS NPs in birds enhanced the specific systemic IgY and mucosal IgA antibodies responses as well as reduced the challenge Salmonella load in the intestines. Thus, user friendly oral deliverable chitosan-based Salmonella vaccine for poultry is a viable alternative to current vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Renu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yi Han
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yashavanth S Lakshmanappa
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shristi Ghimire
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sujata Senapati
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Ramesh Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Renu S, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Lu F, Ghimire S, Han Y, Schrock J, Dhakal S, Patil V, Krakowka S, HogenEsch H, Renukaradhya GJ. A Nanoparticle-Poly(I:C) Combination Adjuvant Enhances the Breadth of the Immune Response to Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020229. [PMID: 32443416 PMCID: PMC7349929 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal vaccination elicits secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies in the airways, which is required for cross-protection against influenza. To enhance the breadth of immunity induced by a killed swine influenza virus antigen (KAg) or conserved T cell and B cell peptides, we adsorbed the antigens together with the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) electrostatically onto cationic alpha-D-glucan nanoparticles (Nano-11) resulting in Nano-11-KAg-poly(I:C) and Nano-11-peptides-poly(I:C) vaccines. In vitro, increased TNF-α and IL-1ß cytokine mRNA expression was observed in Nano-11-KAg-poly(I:C)-treated porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Nano-11-KAg-poly(I:C), but not Nano-11-peptides-poly(I:C), delivered intranasally in pigs induced high levels of cross-reactive virus-specific SIgA antibodies secretion in the nasal passage and lungs compared to a multivalent commercial influenza virus vaccine administered intramuscularly. The commercial and Nano-11-KAg-poly(I:C) vaccinations increased the frequency of IFNγ secreting T cells. The poly(I:C) adjuvanted Nano-11-based vaccines increased various cytokine mRNA expressions in lymph nodes compared to the commercial vaccine. In addition, Nano-11-KAg-poly(I:C) vaccine elicited high levels of virus neutralizing antibodies in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Microscopic lung lesions and challenge virus load were partially reduced in poly(I:C) adjuvanted Nano-11 and commercial influenza vaccinates. In conclusion, compared to our earlier study with Nano-11-KAg vaccine, addition of poly(I:C) to the formulation improved cross-protective antibody and cytokine response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Renu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.R.); (N.F.-R.); (S.G.); (Y.H.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (V.P.)
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.R.); (N.F.-R.); (S.G.); (Y.H.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (V.P.)
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Fangjia Lu
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (F.L.); (H.H.)
| | - Shristi Ghimire
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.R.); (N.F.-R.); (S.G.); (Y.H.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (V.P.)
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yi Han
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.R.); (N.F.-R.); (S.G.); (Y.H.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (V.P.)
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jennifer Schrock
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.R.); (N.F.-R.); (S.G.); (Y.H.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (V.P.)
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.R.); (N.F.-R.); (S.G.); (Y.H.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (V.P.)
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.R.); (N.F.-R.); (S.G.); (Y.H.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (V.P.)
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Steven Krakowka
- The Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (F.L.); (H.H.)
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.R.); (N.F.-R.); (S.G.); (Y.H.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (V.P.)
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-330-263-3748; Fax: +1-330-263-3677
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Park HS, Kuo H, Dhakal S, Ursin R, Shaw-Saliba K, Fenstermacher K, Gearhart PJ, Rothman R, Pekosz A, Morgan R, Klein SL. Sex differences in immune responses to influenza vaccine in healthcare workers during the 2019–2020 influenza season. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.245.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Seasonal influenza epidemics affect 5–15% of the world population with an estimated 290,000–650,000 annual respiratory deaths due to influenza. The Center for Disease Control recommends annual influenza vaccination for healthcare workers (HCWs) because not only does their occupation increase their risk of contracting influenza, but HCWs care for people at higher risk for developing influenza-related complications. Studies have shown immune responses, such as seroconversion, differ between male and female vaccine recipients, but few have focused on HCWs and their influenza vaccine responses by sex. To understand sex differences in immune responses to the influenza vaccine in the HCW population, 50 male and 50 female were recruited during the 2019–2020 influenza season as part of the Johns Hopkins Center for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance (JH-CEIRS) annual serological surveys among Johns Hopkins Hospital HCWs that takes part in the annual hospital-wide vaccination campaigns. Participants were recruited just prior to receiving their annual quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV), which targets influenza strains A/Brisbane/H1N1, A/Kansas/H3N2, B/Colorado (Victoria lineage), and B/Phuket (Yamagata lineage). Whole blood was collected at 0, 7 and 28 days post-vaccination. Neutralizing antibody assays will be used to measure pre and post antibody titers against the H1N1 and H3N2 vaccine components. We will also analyze vaccine-specific B cell responses from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at 7 and 28 days post-vaccination via flow-cytometry. This study will provide extensive data on the effects of patient sex on influenza vaccine-induced antibody responses and B cell phenotypes in the HCW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Kuo
- 1Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch. of Publ. Hlth
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Prajapati D, Poudel P, Hirachan A, Sherpa K, Sharma B, Karki D, Yadav M, Dhakal S, Dewan A, Shakya R, Tamrakar B, Shakya U, Acharya KP. Prevalence and determinants of Systemic Hypertension in Inhabitants of high altitude of Nepal. Asian J Med Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.3126/ajms.v11i3.27064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several studies have shown increase in prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the individuals residing in high altitude in various parts of the world.
Aims and Objective: This study was conducted with an aim to estimate the prevalence and determinants of hypertension among the high-altitude population of Jomsom district of Nepal.
Materials and Methods: We carried out a prospective camp based survey in Jomsom area on 4th and 5th June of 2017 where we measured the blood pressure, recorded anthropometric measurements like weight, height, BMI, Waist, Hip, Waist/hip ratio and maintained the thorough recorded after verbal consent of the participants.
Results: A total of 617 local residents of Jomsom were screened. The mean age was 44.4±17. 6 years with predominant female subjects (53.5% female vs. 46.5% male). Hypertension was present in 142(23.0%) which was significantly lower than in the general population of Nepal as compared to other large scale studies. In addition, alcohol consumption in 29.3%, cigarette smoking in 15.9% and tobacco consumption in 8.3% was present. Higher BMI and waist/hip ratio was significantly associated with male sex and hypertension
Conclusion: The overall prevalence of hypertension is lower among the individuals residing in higher altitude compared to the general population although the other determinants are comparable.
Collapse
|
48
|
Gourapura RJ, Feliciano-Ruiza N, Renu S, Lu F, Han Y, Schrock J, Dhakal S, Patil V, HogenEsch H. Corn based nanoparticle delivered inactivated influenza virus vaccine intranasally augments mucosal immune response in pigs. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.166.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Swine influenza A virus (SwIV) causes respiratory tract infection in pigs. Available SwIV vaccines fail to provide cross-protective immunity in pigs. Nano-11 is an amphiphilic nanoparticle (70–80nm) obtained from sweet corn-derived phytoglycogen. Nano-11 carries high surface positive charge and thus facilitates easy preparation of nanoparticle based vaccine by electrostatic interaction with killed SwIAV antigen (KAg) or peptides (negative charge). Earlier we showed that Nano-11 bound killed SwIV H1N2 Ag (Nano-11+KAg) delivered intranasally in pigs induced mucosal antibody response, but the challenge heterologous H1N1 SwIV load was not substantially reduced in the airways. In this study, KAg or conserved ten IAV peptides co-adsorbed with adjuvant Poly(I:C) (negative charge) on Nano-11 [Nano-11+KAg/peptides+Poly(I:C)] was vaccinated to influenza-free pigs intranasally, twice, and challenged with a heterologous SwIV. We observed increased SIgA and IgG responses in the airways and enhanced proliferation of IFN-g+ gd T cells in PBMCs in Nano-11+KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates compared to control. In Nano-11+peptides+Poly(I:C) vaccinates noticed an increased proliferation of IFN-g+ gd T cells and IFN-g+ cytotoxic T cells in PBMCs compared to control. Commercial vaccine group induced higher IgG response in serum and proliferation of IFN-g+ T-helper/memory cells in PBMCs compared to control. However, reduction in challenge virus load in any of the vaccinated groups was not statistically significant. In conclusion, inclusion of Poly(I:C) in Nano-11 flu vaccine improved the T cell response, but further improvements in the vaccine formulation is required to take advantage of this easy to prepare particle based mucosal flu vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yi Han
- 1The Ohio State University
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Koirala R, Panthee N, Pradhan S, Rajbhandari N, Shrestha DK, Chhetri S, Shrestha Y, Dahal A, Dhakal S, Thapa S. Multi-drug Resistant and Extended Spectrum β-lactamase Producing Salmonella Species Isolated from Fresh Chicken Liver Samples. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2020; 18:133-138. [PMID: 33594018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Ductus arteriosus is a vascular structure which connects the roof of main pulmonary artery near the origin of the left branch pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure is indicated for any patient who is symptomatic from left to right shunting. Objective To investigate the hospital outcomes of surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus over last 19 years starting from the very first case of our center. Method This is a retrospective analysis of all patent ductus arteriosus treated surgically from August 2001 to July 2019. Patients who underwent isolated surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus were included. Data have been presented in three different eras (Era 1: 2001-2007, Era 2: 2008-2013, and Era 3: 2014-2019) to see the trend of evolution of this surgery. Result A total of 901 patients aged 8.67±8.76 years under went patent ductus arteriosus surgical closure over last 19 years. Patients in the initial era 2001-2007 were significantly older compared with other 2 eras (p=0.000). Males accounted for 35.5% of all cases. Twenty percent had severe pulmonary artery hypertension.Duration of mechanical ventilation was 3.57±9.64 hours with ICU stay of 1.55±1.53 days, and hospital stay of 3.9±2.3 days. Overall in hospital mortality was 0.8%; for isolated patent ductus arteriosus diagnosis, mortality was 0.2%. Chylothorax was noted in 0.4%. Conclusion This is the first report to analyze surgical outcomes of patent ductus arteriosus ligation in our center. We have discussed the evolution of patent ductus arteriosus surgery in our center, and have shown favorable outcomes in terms of morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Koirala
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center, Bansbari, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - N Panthee
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center, Bansbari, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - S Pradhan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center, Bansbari, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - N Rajbhandari
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center, Bansbari, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - D K Shrestha
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center, Bansbari, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - S Chhetri
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center, Bansbari, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Y Shrestha
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center, Bansbari, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - A Dahal
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center, Bansbari, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - S Dhakal
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center, Bansbari, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - S Thapa
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center, Bansbari, Kathmandu, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Shrestha A, Dhakal S. Endometrial Tuberculosis a Treatable Cause of Infertility. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2020; 18:205-206. [PMID: 33594033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a case of 29 years lady with secondary infertility and amenorrhea. Her clinical findings were normal. Her hormone assays and ultrasonography was normal. She underwent hysteroscopy which showed atrophic endometrium and PCR for mycobacterium tuberculosis was sent which was reported positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. She was diagnosed as a case of Endometrial tuberculosis. Anti tuberculosis therapy was started for six months. After the completion of medical therapy she spontaneously conceived and delivered a healthy full term baby. Tuberculosis is a major public health problem among developing country like Nepal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Shrestha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - S Dhakal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|